Professor Jeff McKendricks

Human Biology Lecture on Taxonomy, Homologies, Evolutionary

Systemics, Cladistics, and Brains

Species

• The term species has its origins in the ancient Latin language. In this language, the word species means kind.

Binomial nomenclature

• Linnaeus suggested that every organism should be classified with a unique binomial name.

Genus.speciesCarolus Linnaeus Systema Naturae 1758

New order

• Modern classification systems are much more complicated having many levels of hierarchical organization

• Taxonomy (physical)• Phylogeny (genes)

Taxonomy• Kingdom metazoa/animall• Subkingdom • Phylum chordata/spinal chord• Subphylum vertebrata spinal column• Class mammalia/mammals• Subclass eutheria/placential• Order Primates • suborder anthropodae/all monkeys apes, humans• infraorder Catarhini/old world monkeys ,apes, humans• Superfamily Hominodea/apes and humans• Family Hominidae/ Human• subfamily • Genus Homo bipedal/same as • Specie sapiens sapiens wise man

Flying reptiles to bats to birds

http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/precursors/precurscommdesc.html

Horse human whale crocodile bird

hoopermuseum.earthsci.carleton.ca/classificat...

Analogies or homologies?

www.cbu.edu/~seisen/Darwin.htm

Analogy/Homoplasy/convergent

Cladistics

evolution.berkeley.edu/.../_0_0/similarity_hs_09

Derived/modified

Clade shows close ties

scienceblogs.com/.../05/the_platypus_genome.php

Is this less clear?

or more clear?

www.ecotao.com/holism/glosoz.htm

Evolutionary Systematics

colab.cim3.net/.../Data_Context_Section

Mid range cranial capacity

addingup.org/.../18/human-brain-size-evolution/

Brain case

primatology.net/.../

Brain model

blog.thirdeyehealth.com/.../

ReptilianLimbicCerebral cortex-frontal/parietal /occipital

www.drpribut.com/blog/index.php/tag/biochemistry/

brainandlearning.blogspot.com/2008_04_01_arch...

Homology or analogy?Phylogeny or clade?

www.colorado.edu/.../Class/IPHY3730/05cns.html

Complex Brain

library.thinkquest.org/18299/function.htm

Phylogeny of the brain

dbm.neuro.uni-jena.de/.../

Which brings us too

www.nature.com/.../fig_tab/nature01400_F1.html

But we start here… Chpt 6

Assignment 11 and 12

11 What are the mechanisms of evolution12Describe the evidence of one species for

macroevolution.

References

Robert Jurmain, Lynn Kilgore, Wenda Trevathan. “Macroevolution: Processes of Vertebrate and Mammalian Evolution. “ Essentials of Physical Anthropology (7th edition). Belmont: Wadsworth, 2009

Understanding Evolution. University of California. Access date Nov. 22, 2008 Not All Similarity is Homology. http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/_0_0/similarity_hs_06

Talking Origins. Mammalian Forelimb Homologies. Access date Nov 22, 2008. http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/anatomy.html

Physical Geography. Introduction to the Biosphere (b). Biological Classification of Organisms. Access date Nov 22, 2008

http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/9b.html