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A guide to the identification of Eastern North American Bee Genera in the Family Halictidae. Includes descriptions, pictures, and identification tips
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A guide to their Identification in Eastern North America
Acknowledgements
This presentation has been put together by a consortium of North American bee biologists
This presentation has developed over many years and the original web picture acknowledgements were lost, if you see one of your pictures let us know and we will add your picture credit
Correspondence can be sent to Sam Droege at [email protected]
Format
Each Genus has an information page followed by a page of illustrations and a map of the distribution of Eastern North American species; western populations of Eastern species are shown, but the Western species are not mapped.
The number of Eastern species are listed at the top of the page
Halictidae Groups of Genera
Agapostemon – 4 species
Augochlora pura - 1
Augochlorella - 3 Augochloropsis -
3
Halictus – 6 Lasioglossum –
115 or so Sphecodes – 34
or so
Dieunomia - 3 Nomia - 2 Dufourea - 3
Agapostemon
Larger than the other bright green halictids Has a prominent raised line or carina that circles
the OUTSIDE of the rear face of the propodeum Males with alternating bands of black and yellow
on the abdomen Common in fields, much less common in urban
areas A. virescens is usually the most common and
females easy to identify because of its black abdomen (the others are green)
Males and green females take some practice to differentiate due to often subtle differences
Similar genera: Augochlora, Augochlorella, Augochloropsis
Agapostemon – 4 Biggest of the green bees
Common
Fields
Male
Female
Augochlora pura
Common, particularly in wooded regions, nests in decaying logs
Shape and color (all black) of the tip of the female’s mandibles is distinctive
Rim of S4 in the males is straight across unlike the concave or emarginate shape of S4 in Augochlorella, its most common look-alike
Clipped tip of the marginal cell is useful when processing many specimens, but Augochloropsis also has this feature
Similar genera: Augochlorella, Augochloropsis, Agapostemon
Augochlora pura – Woodlands and edges
Common, trimmed tip of marginal cell
Female
Male
Augochlorella
Usually the most common bright green bee A. aurata, the most common, but care must
be taken to pull out the other 2 species where their ranges overlap
The smallest of all the green Halictids Males have a concave S4 rim Tip of marginal cell lays directly on the rim, a
good character for sorting out the common green bees
Similar genera: Augochlora, Augochloropsis, Agapostemon
Augochlorella – In Every Field - 3
Way Abundant!
Augochloropsis Regular, but usually the least common of the bright
green bees Some species and individuals can take on distinct
blue/purple metallic overtones A. metallica is the most common, but recent genetic
analyses indicate that there is more than one species involved
The non-oval tegula is distinctive and easy to see The band of straight hairs (fimbria) fringing the rims of
the tergites is usually distinctive in most specimens, but can be very sparse in some
Tip of marginal cell is trimmed similar to Augochlora pura
Similar genera: Agapostemon, Augochlorella, Augochlora
Augochloropsis – Least Common - 3 Green Bee
Halictus Some of the most common bees, usually associated
with fields The large headed H. ligatus and its look-alike H.
poeyi have distinct projections on their lower cheeks that makes identification easy
Because H. confusus is a dull metallic green rather than black or brown it is often confused with Lasioglossum species in the Dialictus group
Told from Lasioglossum by having all of the crossveins of the submarginal cells being the same thickness and having the short, thick, white, appressed hairs that lie on the surface of the abdomen originating on the RIM of the tergites rather than from the base
Similar genera: Lasioglossum
Halictus – Every Open Place - 6
Abundant
Lasioglossum Overall the most common group of bees encountered when
using bowl traps, because they are very small they are often netted at relatively lower numbers
Many of the most common species are only 4-6mm in size All species have at least the outermost crossvein in the outer
submarginal cell thinner or weaker than the other veins; unfortunately, in males this character is much less clear
Told from Halictus by the weakened crossvein(s) of the submarginal cells and having the short, thick, white, appressed hairs that lie on the surface of the abdomen originating on the BASE of the tergites rather than from the rim, often this results in a band of white hairs emerging from UNDERNEATH the rim of the preceding segment
Some species, however, lack these appressed hairs completely This group is being revised and several species changes will be
made over the coming years Similar genera: Halictus
Lasioglossum GroupsThere are several groups within Lasioglossum that, in
the past, have, at times, been given genera status Sensu strictu – Very large, Black, one weakened
crossvein Evylaeus – Black, 2 weakened crossveins Dialictus – Blue, green, gold, 2 weakened
crossveins, identification to species often difficult Paralictus – Blue or green, parasitic, 2 weakened
crossveins Sphecodogastra – Black, Oenothera specialists,
sparse scopal hairs Hemihalictus – 2 submarginal cells
Lasioglossum - 115
Abundant, many species, everywhere, difficult id’s
You too can see weak veins – OK maybe not – In this male only the last vein is weakened and its hard to detect
Some Black Lasioglossums
Sensu Strictu Group
Evylaeus Group
Evylaeus Group
Sphecodes All species are regular but uncommon and parasitic on other
Halictid species While the females do not have pollen carrying hairs per se, their
rear legs contain a fair amount of short hair which upon very close inspection often contain small short spines along the length of the tibia
Almost all of the females are characterized by a red to orange-red abdomen, however, many males are entirely black, but can be told by heavy surface sculpturing and widely spaced antennae
None of the species have the small, thick, white, appressed hairs found in Halictus and Lasioglossum
All wing veins are the same thickness (strong) in a similar way to Halictus
Identification to species is difficult and several taxonomic issues at the species level remain unresolved
This group is being revised and several species changes will be made over the coming years
Similar genera: Lasioglossum, Halictus
Sphecodes – 34 - Lasioglossum parasite ALMOST all with red red
abdomen
Dufourea Extremely uncommon group of species in the
East The low placement of the antennae on the
face is distinctive, particularly in conjunction with the wide clypeus
Has a pre-episternal groove, which most other species lack but unfortunately is often difficult to see
Similar genera: Halictus
Dufourea - 3
Uncommon plant specialists
Dieunomia Uncommon to rare group of summer and fall species Very large, the size of bumblebees Often specialists on composites such as sunflowers
and almost always associated with sandy soils The arched basal vein so prominent in most of the
other genera of Halictids is weak to absent Males have greatly modified legs with flanges and
extensions to the normal tibia shape, consequently, often mistaken for wasps
Females have non-oval tegulae and often have scopal hairs on the underside of their abdomen in addition to those on their legs
Similar genera: Andrena, Melitta
Dieunomia - 3
Sand specialists, large uncommon, composites
Nomia Uncommon to rare group of species in the
East The mother-of-pearl band along the rims of
the tergal segments is distinctive Some males have expanded and flanged tibiae
similar to Dieunomia Similar genera: None
Nomia – Pearl Rims - 2
Southern, uncommon
Resources Species lists, Identification Guides, and Maps for genera
and species are available at:
http://www.discoverlife.org/20/q?search=Apoidea A guide to the genera of the bees of Canada is available at:
http://www.biology.ualberta.ca/bsc/ejournal/pgs_03/pgs_03.html Mitchell’s 1960’s books on the bees of the Eastern
United States is available as a series of pdf files at:http://insectmuseum.org/easternBees.php A slightly out of date guide to the identification of the
genera of ALL of North and Central America is available at:
http://www.knoxcellars.com/Merchant5/merchant.mvc?Screen=PROD&Store_Code=KCNP&Product_Code=BGNA&Category_Code=BL