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INTRODUCTION: SOCIOLOGY
• SOCIOLOGY: SCIENCE THAT STUDIES HUMAN SOCIETY AND SOCIAL BEHAVIOR – SOCIAL INTERACTION-HOW PEOPLE RELATE TO EACH OTHER AND INFLUENCE EACH OTHER.
• SOCIAL PERSPECTIVE: SOCIAL CONTEXT IN WHICH PEOPLE LIVE AND HOW THAT CONTEXT INFLUENCES A PERSON’S LIFE. UNDERSTANDING HUMAN BEHAVIOR BY PLACING IT WITHIN ITS BROADER SOCIAL CONTEXT.
INTRODUCTION TO SOCIOLOGY
• SOCIAL LOCATION: THE GROUP MEMBERSHIPS THAT PEOPLE HAVE BECAUSE OF THEIR LOCATION IN HISTORY AND SOCIETY.
• 1. INCOME• 2. EDUCATION• 3. GENDER• 4. AGE• 5. RACE AND ETHNICITY
INTRODUCTION CONT.
SOCIAL IMAGINATION: THE ABILITY TO SEE THE LINK BETWEEN SOCIETY AND SELF- C.WRIGHT MILLS
INTRODUCTION CONT.
• SOCIAL FACT: ANY OBSERVABLE FACT OR EVENT IN SOCIETY.
• SOCIALIZATION: PROCESS BY WHICH WE LEARN THE RULES AND MANNERS OF SOCIETY.
ORIGINS OF SOCIOLOGY
• Sociology began in the middle nineteenth century.
• Four Factors lead to the development of Sociology.
• 1. Industrial Revolution: Moving from close- knit agricultural communities to cities traditional norms and values could no longer be counted on.
• 2. American and French revolutions: people began to question social life (the belief that people have inalienable rights)
Origins of Sociology cont.
• 3. Imperialism: exposure to different cultures
• 4. Success of the natural sciences: The use of the scientific method
IMPORTANT PEOPLE IN SOCIOLOGY
• AUGUSTE COMTE: FOUNDER (FATHER) OF SOCIOLOGY1. INTERESTED IN HOW SOCIETY
FUNCTIONS2. SOCIAL STATIC3. SOCIAL DYNAMICSociology could discover social principles and
those principles could be used for social reform.
4. POSITIVISM: Applying the scientific approach (scientific method ) to the social world.
1798-1857
IMPORTANT PEOPLE IN SOCIOLOGY: COMTE CONT.
• Coined the term Sociology• From the Greek – logos “study of” • From the Latin – socius “companion” or
“being with others”
IMPORTANT PEOPLE IN SOCIOLOGY
1. THE FIRST FEMINIST SOCIOLOGIST
2. DREW AN ANALOGY BETWEEN THE PLIGHT OF WOMEN AND SLAVERY – SAID WOMEN WERE OPPRESSED BECAUSE THEY HAD NO ECONOMIC POWER
3. SOCIETY IN AMERICA: family, race, gender, politics and religion
HARRIET MARTINEAU
1802 - 1876
IMPORTANT PEOPLE IN SOCIOLOGY
• HERBERT SPENCER• 1. INFLUENCED BY CHARLES
DARWIN• 2. SOCITIES EVOLVE FROM
LOWER (BARBARIAN) TO HIGHER (CIVILIZED)FORMS. THE MOST CAPABLE AND INTELLIGENT(FITTEST) SURVIVE –IMPROVING SOCIETY
• 2. COINED THE TERM “SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST.”
• SAID THE “FITTEST SOCIETY” WAS THE BEST SO ANYONE SICK, DISENFRANCHISED, POOR, SHOULD NOT BE HELPED. THIS WOULD MAKE THE SOCIETY WEAK.
• 1820 - 1903
IMPORTANT PEOPLE IN SOCIOLOGY
• KARL MARX• 1. THERE WILL ALWAYS
BE CONFLICT BETWEEN THE HAVES AND HAVE NOTS –CLASS CONFLICT
• 2. BOURGEOISIE – OWN THE MEANS OF PRODUCTION
• 3. PROLETARIAT – OWN THEIR OWN LABOR
• THIS CONFLICT MUST RESULT IN REVOLUTION BY THE MIDDLE CLASS RESULTING IN A CLASSLESS SOCIETY.
• 1818 - 1883
IMPORTRANT PEOPLE IN SOCIOLOGY
• 1. SOCIETY EXSISTS BECAUSE OF CONSENSUS (AGREEMENT) TO FOLLOW THE RULES TO KEEP SOCIETY STABLE
• 2. MECHANICAL SOLIDARITY
SOCIAL PRESSURE FOR CONFORMITY, TRADITION FAMILY
• EMILE DURKHEIM: 1858 - 1917
EMILE DURKHEIM CONT.
• 3. ORGANIC SOLIDARITY – SOCIAL INTERDEPENDENCY –HIGHLY SPECALIZED ROLES – SOCIETY DEPENDENT ON GOODS AND SERVICES
• 4. HE WANTED TO SHOW HOW SOCIAL FORCES AFFECT PEOPLES BEHAVIOR.
• 5. ANOMIE: THE BREAKING DOWN OF THE COTROLLING INFLUENCES OF SOCIETY.
- PEOPLE BECOME DETACHED AND DO NOT HAVE ENOUGH MORAL GUIDANCE.
• - SOCIOLOGISTS INTERVENE BY CREATING NEW SOCIAL GROUPS TO PROVIDE A SENSE OF BELONGING
• 6. SUICIDE: SOCIAL INTERGRATION (HOW CLOSELY PEOPLE ARE TIED TO THEIR SOCIAL GROUP) – PEOPLE WITH WEAKER TIES ARE MORE LIKELY TO COMMIT SUICIDE-PROTESTANT, MALES, UNMARRIED ARE MORE LIKELY TO COMMIT SUCICIDE.
IMPORTANT PEOPLE IN SOCIOLOGY
• MAX WEBER• 1. INTERESTED IN THE
PERSONAL MEANING PEOPLE ATTACH TO THEIR BEHAVIOR AND THE BEHAVIOR OF OTHERS.
• 2. VERSTEHEN – BEING ABLE TO PUT YOURSELF IN SOMEONE ELSE’S SHOES
• 3. RELIGION IS THE CENTRAL FORCE IN SOCIAL CHANGE
• 4. PROTESTANT ETHIC• 5. SOCIOLOGY SHOULD BE
VALUE FREE
• 1864 - 1920
IMPORTANT PEOPLE IN SOCIOLOGY
• JANE ADDAMS• 1. FIRST SOCIAL WORKER• 2. FOUNDED HULL
HOUSE IN CHICAGO (1889)-PROVIDED FOOD, EDUCATION, MEDICAL CARE FOR THE POOR
• 3. FIRST AMERICAN WOMAN AND ONLY SOCIOLOGIST TO RECEIVE A NOBEL PEACE PRIZE.
• 1860 - 1935
IMPORTANT PEOPLE IN SOCIOLOGY
• W.E.B. Du BOIS• 1. INTERESTED IN RACE
RELATIONS• 2. HE WANTED TO
ELIMINATE SOCIAL INJUSTICE
• 3. THE PHILADELPHIA NEGRO, THE SOULS OF BLACK FOLK
• 4. FOUNDED THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF COLORED PEOPLE (NAACP) WITH JANE ADDAMS AND OTHERS IN 1909.
1868 - 1963
• Du Bois and other members of the NAACP in 1929
IMPORTANT PEOPLE IN SOCIOLOGY
• C. WRIGHT MILLS• 1. 1956 –URGED
SOCIOLOGISTS TO BECOME MORE INVOLVED IN SOCIAL REFORM
• 2. POWER ELITE – TOP LEADERS IN BUSINESS,
POLITICS, AND THE MILITARY ARE A THREAT TO FREEDOM
• 1916 - 1962
Theoretical Perspectives in Sociology
• 1. Symbolic Interactionism• 2. Functionalist ( Functional Analysis)• 3. Conflict
• Society is a set of interrelated parts that work together to produce a stable social system.
• Society is held together through consensus - people agree to what is best for society and work together to ensure a stable social system.
• Study division of work in family – functions served by education
• Sociologists – Herbert Spencer/Emile Durkheim
Functionalist Perspective
Conflict Perspective
• There are forces in society that promote competition and change.
• Conflict in society arises over competition for scarce resources and social change is an inevitable feature of society.
• Study decision making in the family; relationships of racial groups; labor disputes
• Sociologists – Karl Marx
Symbolic Interactionist Perspective
• Individuals attach meaning to their own actions and to the actions of others; interaction between people takes place through the use of symbols.
• Studies how people interact with one another in society
• Study child development; relationships within groups; mate selection
Theoretical Perspectives in Sociology
• Levels of Analysis• 1. Macro – level analysis: Functionalists and
conflict theorists - examine large-scale patterns in society – Homelessness = changes in society (family structure, outsourcing, failing economy)
2. Micro – level of analysis: symbolic interactionists – examine small scale patterns in society – homeless ( patterns of communication both verbal and nonverbal)