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Improving the productivity and introducing the work study
contentsHow to improve work study?Reducing excess work contentReducing ineffective timeIntroduction to work studyTechniques of work studyBasic steps used in work study.
Improving the productivityHigher productivity of organization leads to
national prosperity and better standard of living.
This has motivated many organizations to improve productivity at different levels.
Importance of time and the difference between actual and required input for raising the productivity shall be focused in this presentation.
Productivity of a man/ machineTime required to do a job Basic work content Excess work content Ineffective
Increasing the productivity Reducing excess work content Reducing ineffective time
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Basic work content of product/ production
Excess work content due to defect in design of product
Excess work content due to ineffective method of operation/
manufacture
ineffective time due to lack of management
ineffective time due to lack of workers
Reducing excess work content caused by imperfect designProduct development and value analysis.Design and production the people should work
together Improve the design in product development stage
itself(in light manufacturing and assembling needs)Alternation in design can be made for in reduced
material processing• Standardization and specializationTo reduce product variety increase batch size of productionAllows use of high volume production processes.
Reducing excess work content due to imperfect designProper quality standards
Market and consumer and research: needs of market and consumers.
Product research: technical requirement of product for longer and better performance.
Reducing excess work content due to inefficient manufacturingProcess planning function
Selection of machine for manufacturingNecessary tool are identified for useIdentification of processing parameters(speed,
feed etc)
Reducing excess work content due to inefficient manufacturingProcess planning and method study
Factory lay out (reducing unnecessary movements)
Developing improved working method
Method study and workers training For improved working method and so as to reduce
scrap
Reducing ineffective time due to management’s inefficiencyProductivity of an organization largely
depends on its production policy (batch size and expertise of worker)
Marketing policy of managementShould it go for specialized and standard
productShould it go for variety of products demanded
by each customer?Proper product development before
commencement of production: avoids redesign , wastage as scrap and rework.
Reducing ineffective time due to management’s inefficiencyProper production planning:
It makes job available to be done by the worker
It should be based on sound standards of production
These standards are set by work measurement.
Proper materials control Foresee the requirement of tools/raw materials Purchase them at economical prices Reduce inventory cost
Reducing ineffective time due to management’s inefficiencyProper maintenance results in
Tools and machines in good working conditionsReduced rejections and scrapGood working on environment and training of
workers on safety may lead to Reduce accidents absentees
Reducing ineffective time due to worker’s inefficiencySound personnel policy of management
Relationship between worker and managementTraining of workers and managers: worker/
attitude / carelessnessMotivational strategies (incentive, awareness,
vision, mission etc)Proper work/ rest schedule for workersProper working conditionsLooking into the grievances of worker and
demands
How to increase productivity?To increase productivity there may be many
methodsDevelopment of new manufacturing
methods/processesModernize the existing infrastructure and high
capacity machinesWork study
Comparison of methodsDevelopment of new manufacturing process/
methodsLong timeHuge investmentNo limit on increase in productivityModernize the existing infrastructure and high
capacity machinesPurchase of machines/ process technologyHuge investmentNo limit on increase in productivity Work study
Limited or no investment
EVOLUTION OF WORK STUDYF.W.TAYLOR: founder of modern method and
time study.Taylor began his time study work in 1881.He established that each job should have a
standard time, determined by time studies.In the timing process Taylor advocated
dividing the work into small divisions of effort known as elements.
Time was obtained for these element individually and their collective values were used to determine the allowed time for the task.
Work of GilbrethGilbreth is considered as the founder of
‘modern motion study technique’Which is defined as the study of body motions
used in performing an operation for the purpose of improving the operation by :
Eliminating unnecessary motionsSimplifying necessary motionsThen establishing the most favorable motion
sequence for maximum efficiency
Gilbreth’s workHe developed the technique of filming
motions for study, known as micro motion study.
The Gilbreth also developed the cycle graphic and chronocycle graphic analysis techniques for studying the motion paths made by an operator.
Consequently, with the chronocyclegraph it became possible to determine direction and compute velocity, acceleration and deceleration, in addition to study of body motions.
Work studyWork study may be defined as the analysis of
a job for the purpose of :-Finding the preferred method of doing it and Determine the standard time to perform it by
the preferred(or given) method.Work study therefore comprises of two areas
of study :Method study (motion study)Time study (work measurement)
What is work study?Work study is a generic term for those
techniques (method study and work measurement) which are used in examination of human work in all its contexts, and which lead to systematic investigation of all the factors affecting the efficiency and economy of a situation under review in order to effect improvement.
Linkage between work study and productivity is apparent from above.
Techniques of work studyMethod study: it is a technique of systematic
recording and critical examination of existing and proposed method of doing work for developing and applying easier and more effective method and reducing cost.
Work measurement: it is the application of techniques designed to establish the time for a qualified worker to carry out a specified job at a defined level of performance.
Method studyIt is mainly concerned with reduction of
added work content of a job.It is mainly used to improve the method of
doing work and develop an effective method for new jobs.
For existing jobs, method study aims to find better method which is economical and safe.Requires less human effortNeeds shorter make ready/ put away time.
Work measurementIt is mostly concerned with investigation and
reduction of any in effective time associated with existing job.
Subsequently establishment of time standard for the operation which has been improved my method study.
There is no hard and fast ‘whether improved study or work measurement is to be applied first.
It depends whether operation for a job has been perfected or not.
Relationship between work study techniques
Method studyTo simplify the job and
develop more economical methods of
doing a job
Work measurementTo determine how
long it should take it carry out
Work stud
y
Higher productivit
y
Effect of work studyApplication of work study technique in any
organization can result inGreater output at less costBetter qualityHigher productivity
Work study and ergonomics The work study and the ergonomics are the
two areas of having the same objective ‘ designing the work system so that operator is same , so that operator is safe,
Subjected to less fatigue Takes less time to do the job.
Basic steps of work studySelect: a job for studyRecord: direct observation or recording of
eventsExamine: critical study of recorded events to
check their needs.New/ improved method in light of prevailing
conditionsMeasure: quantity of work involved in
selected method to find standard time.Define: new/improved method