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The role of indigenous gums and resins in pastoralist livelihood security and climate change adaptation in Garbatulla area of Northern Kenya- A presentation by Yasin Mahadi of Future Agricultures
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The role of indigenous gums and resins in pastoralist livelihood security and climate change adaptation in Garbatulla area of Northern Kenya
Yasin Mahadi: Future Agricultures Consortium Early Career Fellow
Livestock, land and the changing political economy of pastoralism in Laikipia, 15-16 September 2011, Old house, Nanyuki
Livestock, land and the changing political economy of pastoralism in Laikipia, 15-16 September 2011 Nanyuki 2
Background
• 80% of Kenya land mass ASALs (Northern Kenya contributing the bulk)
• Hot and dry climate, erratic rainfall 150-750 mm
• Sparse vegetation
• Agriculture Marginal
• Area under developed
Livestock, land and the changing political economy of pastoralism in Laikipia, 15-16 September 2011 Nanyuki 3
Importance of the dry lands
• Support livelihoods of 25% of rural population
• Support more than 70% of livestock population
• Rich biodiversity (90% of gazetted national parks and game reserves)
• Pastoralism (contributed to 25% GDP in 2001) and wildlife conservation main economic activity
Livestock, land and the changing political economy of pastoralism in Laikipia, 15-16 September 2011 Nanyuki 4
Multiple stresses/challenges
• Frequent drought
• Violent conflict and cattle rustling
• Economic and political marginalisation (Before and after independence)
• Inappropriate development policies (resource allocation)
• Environmental degradation (as a result of disintegration of traditional systems of land stewardships)
Livestock, land and the changing political economy of pastoralism in Laikipia, 15-16 September 2011 Nanyuki 5
Climate change
• Exacerbate problems posed by climate variability
• Prolonged and severe drought, floods
• Resource use conflicts
• Cattle raids
• Accelerate rate of land degradation
• Reduce livestock and crop productivity (huge investment required)
•Woody vegetation may provide opportunity for economic development and safety net
Livestock, land and the changing political economy of pastoralism in Laikipia, 15-16 September 2011 Nanyuki 6
Objectives • Critically examine the role of gums and resins in livelihood security
and climate change adaptation among the pastoralists of Garbatulla area of northern Kenya
• Investigate whether additional income from harvesting indigenous gums and resins is used to support livestock-keeping systems or invested into other economic activities and trade
• Investigate the existing policy and value chain on gums and resins and the extent to which it favours sustainable harvesting and economically viable enterprises.
• Explore the opportunities that exist for value addition, disabling cartels and domestication of the gums and resins yielding tree
species
Livestock, land and the changing political economy of pastoralism in Laikipia, 15-16 September 2011 Nanyuki 7
Gums and resins • Exudates from stems and branches of Acacia,
Commiphora and Boswelia species
• Acacia-commiphora woodland-major vegetation type in study area
Gum arabic Acacia senegal
Acacia seyal
Hagar/Hur (Opoponax) Commiphora holtziana
Frankincense Boswelia neglecta
Myrrh Commiphora myrrha
Livestock, land and the changing political economy of pastoralism in Laikipia, 15-16 September 2011 Nanyuki 8
Methodology
• Study area (4 villages)
Malka daka
Belgesh
Barambate
Biliqo
•Data collection
Household survey questionnaires
Key respondent interview (Traders, NGOs and CBOs)
Focus group discussions
Livestock, land and the changing political economy of pastoralism in Laikipia, 15-16 September 2011 Nanyuki 9
Findings
Income and livelihood characteristics
52% derive financial benefits from livestock keeping
Gums and resins collection and sell: 59%
Other minor activities include:
• Charcoal
• Selling poles
• Shops (Food stuff)
Livestock, land and the changing political economy of pastoralism in Laikipia, 15-16 September 2011 Nanyuki 10
Constraints in changing livelihood (shift)
• Lack of financial capital
• Lack of knowledge
• Water scarcity
• Want to remain pastoralist (4%)
Findings
Findings (cont)
Income from livestock and gums and resins in Garbatulla area
3900
4000
4100
4200
4300
4400
4500
4600
4700
4800
Livestock Gums and resins
Livelihood activity
Mo
nth
ly i
nco
me (
Ksh
s)
Livestock, land and the changing political economy of pastoralism in Laikipia, 15-16 September 2011 Nanyuki 12
Individual villages
Barambate
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
Livestock Gums and resins
Livelihood activity
Mo
nth
ly i
nco
me
(Ksh
s)
Livestock, land and the changing political economy of pastoralism in Laikipia, 15-16 September 2011 Nanyuki 13
Malka Daka
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
Livestock Gums and resins
Livelihood activity
Mo
nth
ly i
nco
me (
Ksh
s)
Livestock, land and the changing political economy of pastoralism in Laikipia, 15-16 September 2011 Nanyuki 14
Biliqo village
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
Livestock Gums and resins
Livelihood activity
Mo
nth
ly i
nco
me (
Ksh
s)
Livestock, land and the changing political economy of pastoralism in Laikipia, 15-16 September 2011 Nanyuki 15
Belgesh
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
Livestock Gums and resins
Livelihood activity
Mo
nth
ly i
nco
me
(Ksh
s)
Livestock, land and the changing political economy of pastoralism in Laikipia, 15-16 September 2011 Nanyuki 16
Operational cost
Monetary: Average of Ksh 990 per month
• Subsistence (food, water, cigarettes, tobacco, mirra)
• Tapping and storage equipment: axe, panga, knife
Kind
• Time (15 mins-20 hours to collect 1 Kg of Hagar)
Travel as far 80 km in search of hagar
Livestock, land and the changing political economy of pastoralism in Laikipia, 15-16 September 2011 Nanyuki 17
Income from gums and resins:
Buy subsistence (70%)
Pay school fees (24%)
Buy livestock/Restocking (22%)
Buy salt and drugs for livestock
Resource availability
Average collection per month: 38 Kg
collection from single tree 40g- 2kg
majority involved in tapping, damage trees to enhance productivity
Livestock, land and the changing political economy of pastoralism in Laikipia, 15-16 September 2011 Nanyuki 18
Trees abundant
Currently communities not considering domestication
65%- gums and resins resource declining (last years)
Community consider hagar from their area as the best in East Africa
No restriction on the harvest
Community members consider harvesting of gums and resins as environmentally friendly (no adverse effect on tree)
Livestock, land and the changing political economy of pastoralism in Laikipia, 15-16 September 2011 Nanyuki 19
Collectors
Data indicate:
Poor people. People with no livestock or few number
• Correlation analysis: r= -0.00214 (number of goat vs income from gums and resins), -0.5311 (number of cattle vs income)
Herders as they go on the herding business
Opportunists: cashing on emerging opportunities in addition to their normal livelihood activities
Men, women and children all involved in collection but selling done by head of household
Communities mostly rely on gums and resin collection during drought period “safety net” function
Livestock, land and the changing political economy of pastoralism in Laikipia, 15-16 September 2011 Nanyuki 20
Market and value chain
Collectors sell:
Directly to traders in major centres (who are involved in multiple trades)
Agents placed at major centres by traders (cartel)
Traders who go round buying from collectors at designated areas
Prices
Type Average price
Hagar 100
Frankincense 50
Livestock, land and the changing political economy of pastoralism in Laikipia, 15-16 September 2011 Nanyuki 21
Market and value chain (cont)
Collectors: 0.2-20kg to traders per each sale
Hagar main item of trade due to high market price
Price dynamics
Collectors: 60-100
Agents: 100-120
Traders: 180-280
Exporters: ?
Livestock, land and the changing political economy of pastoralism in Laikipia, 15-16 September 2011 Nanyuki 22
Prices depend:
• Demand
• Quantity (More Kgs better price at local level)
• Less extent season and quality
Prices improved due to demand: Kshs 30-100 in five years
• Demand
• Competition among traders (new entrant)
But Stagnated
Livestock, land and the changing political economy of pastoralism in Laikipia, 15-16 September 2011 Nanyuki 23
Uses of gums and resins
Hagar
• local uses- acaricide against ticks, treat snakes and scorpion bites, foot rot, mange, appetiser, chest congestions cold treatment
•Commercial uses: essential oils, herbal medicine in china, cosmetics
Frankincense
• Local uses- chewing gums, incense,
• Commercial- essential oil in perfumery, cosmetics and flavours industries
Livestock, land and the changing political economy of pastoralism in Laikipia, 15-16 September 2011 Nanyuki 24
• lack of capital (subsistence)-inefficient collection
• Travel far distance in search of gums and resins
• No established market/reliable buyers
• lack of sound market information to guide opportunities, trends, prices
•Trees producing less (drought)
• Transport
• Not knowledgeable on way to increase production
• Tree damage by camels mostly owned by the intruders “somalis” from Northern Eastern kenya
• Insecurity
Constraints faced by collectors
Livestock, land and the changing political economy of pastoralism in Laikipia, 15-16 September 2011 Nanyuki 25
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• Market dominated by few “cartels”
• Supply does not meet the demand
• lack of operational capital
• lack of storage facility (hagar loose weight if kept for long)
• Certificate of origin (foresters don’t issue)
• Police officers ask for bribe during transportation (attribute gums and resins to explosive manufacturing)
• No issuing of permit-NEMA office not there in Garbatulla
Constraints faced by traders
Livestock, land and the changing political economy of pastoralism in Laikipia, 15-16 September 2011 Nanyuki 26
Opportunities
• Source of household income and economic development if sustainably exploited
• Create new jobs and complimentary/alternative livelihoods for pastoralists in Northern Kenya
• Cultural and social knowledge exist among the somalis which can be taken up by the Boranas alike
• Efforts to strengthen local knowledge and indigenous plant based activities can be linked to international programme
• Training programmes can be initiated for collectors on technique to increase production (KEFRI doing on small scale currently)
• Value addition (Factory built in Wajir)
Livestock, land and the changing political economy of pastoralism in Laikipia, 15-16 September 2011 Nanyuki 27
Thank you