Indonesia Water and Sanitation Magazine. October 2006. When Drought's Gone It's Time for Floods

From the Editor 1

Your Voice 2

Headline

When drought's gone, it's time for floods 3

'Rain Harvest' á la Gunung Kidul 9

Interview

H. Syamsul Arief Rivai Director General for Bangda (Regional Deve-

lopment) Dept. Home Affairs:

Allocate Budget of Water Supply For Village 10

Telescope

It's all wrong with Bantar Gebang 13

DKI Jakarta Waste Management Master Plan Review 15

Insight

Water Supply Development and Poverty 18

PDAM Report Development Strategy 21

From Plato to WSS-BM Policy 23

HIPPAM Failure at Bleberan Village 29

Story

Child Scavenger of Bantar Gebang 31

Reportage

Communal Composting, Alternative to Handling Domestic Waste 33

Innovation

Urinoir without flush 35

Abstract

The impact of Water Supply Investment to Economic

Growth and Income Distribution in DKI Jakarta 36

Regulation

Sludge Treatment Installation 37

ISSDP Corner

Choice Model 38

Around Plan Indonesia

Plan Indonesia in Water Supply and Environmental

Sanitation Program 41

Book Info 42

CD Info 44

Around WASPOLA 45

Around WSS 48

WSS Bibliography 50

Agenda 51

IATPI Clinic 52

Percik magazine can be accessed through WSS website http://www.ampl.or.id

Information Media for Water Supply andEnvironmental Sanitation

Published by:Working Group for Water Supply and Sanitation

Advisor:Director General for Urban and

Rural Development, Department of Public Works

Board of Trustee:Director of Human Settlement and Housing,

National Development Planning Agency Republicof Indonesia

Director of Environmental Sanitation,Ministry of Health

Director of Water Supply Development,Department of Public Works

Director of Natural Resources and AppropriateTechnology, Director General on Village and

Community Empowerment,Department of Home Affairs

Director for Facilitation of Special PlanningEnvironment Management,Department of Home Affairs

Chief Editor:Oswar Mungkasa

Board of Editor:Supriyanto, Johan Susmono,

Indar Parawansa, Poedjastanto

Editor:Maraita Listyasari, Rewang Budiyana,

Rheidda Pramudhy, Joko Wartono, Essy Asiah,Mujiyanto, Andre Kuncoroyekti

Design/Illustrator:Rudi Kosasih

Production:Machrudin

Distribution:Agus Syuhada

Address:Jl. Cianjur No. 4, Menteng, Jakarta Pusat

Phone/Fax.: 62-21-31904113http://www.ampl.or.id

e-mail: [email protected]@ampl.or.id

[email protected]

Unsolicited article or opinion itemsare welcome. Please send to our address

or e-mail. Don't forget to be brief andaccompanied by identity.

This magazine can be accessed at WaterSupply and Environmental Sanitation Website

at www.apml.or.id

Time goes by. Thanks God weare still blessed with happyday, Iedul Fitri. On this win-

ners' day Percik's crew and all mem-bers of WSS secretariate wish you ourheartfelt greetings "Selamat Idul Fitri1427H. Mohon Maaf Lahir Batin.Minal Aidin wal Faizin". Let's hope allof us become purified from sins andkeep the purity in the days to come.

Dear readers, sadness upon sad-ness are continuously overwhelmingthis country. It's now a long dry sea-son that we are experiencing especial-ly in Java and Nusa Tenggara.Community access to water supplydeclines from the already desperatelevel. They drink whatever waterthere is. Availability is always a ques-tion. The community have no choice.Whereas the government seemsunable to satisfy the demand of thepopulation. Regional Utility (PDAM)Company being the backbone forwater supply in the regions is facing itsown problem; short of supply to meetthe consumers' demand. Therefore,let alone a free service, PDAM itself isstill defending itself.

Shortly we will be entering therainy season. This is a blessing, of

course. But to some areas, for exam-ple Jakarta, a city of this size rain maybecome a disaster. Rainfall that welong for may inundate vast areas of thecity. Again, the community have noway to escape from it. We will hearagain someone saying: "It's nothingunusual."

Are we going to take it as some-thing natural and let may happen as itusually does? Actually, drought, floodcan be prevented if we want. Both arenot natural phenomena that happenall of a sudden. They can be predicted.The question is again, why should ithappen? The attention towards islacking. Maybe the program towardstheir prevention is still not so popular.That is Indonesia.

Readers, besides discussing themain topic on drought and flood,Percik also held an interview withDirector General for RegionalDevelopment, Department of HomeAffairs to find out what is the condi-tion of development in the regions inits relations with water supply andenvironmental sanitation. In theTeropong column we present to youTPA Bantar Gebang where in lastSeptember the waste hill collapsed

taking the lives of several people. Inconnection with the same condition,in Story column, we present to you thestory of a child scavenger whodepends his life on the Indonesia'slargest TPA.

Not to be overlooked, in Reportasecolumn, we bring forward cooperationbetween a Non GovernmentOrganization with a community at theoutskirt of Jakarta for a self reliantwaste management without addingburden to TPA. With an add-in offlexible ideas fixed to it this manage-ment model might be suitable forapplication in many other communi-ties.

Dear Readers,It seems that WSS is still going to

be governed many different problemscoming up one after another fromtime to time. New issue appears anytime. We have a feeling that all theissues haven't been given sufficientattention by the government. Whilepoor WSS condition directly affectsIndonesian people. We hope thatsomething new would come out thatmay lead us to improvement.Together we can make WSS obtainmore attention. God bless us.

FROM EDITOR

Percik October 2006 1

HappyEid

Mubarak1427 H

CREATED BY RUDI KOZ

Motorless Water Pump

I read in Percik website that in Go-rontalo they use motorless water pumpfor their water supply. I would appre-ciate it if you could provide me withfurther information about the equip-ment. Specifically I'd like to know:

1. What steps are taken for installingthe equipment?

2. Is there possibility for our commu-nity back home to obtain govern-ment assistance for such motorlesswater pump?We would be grateful if equipment

like that could be installed for our com-munity in NTT. We have water supplydifficulty and I am convinced that thiskind of equipment may help our com-munity.

Leonardo FoEnaleSurabaya

For further information about themotorless water pump please contactPT. Tirta Anugrah Nusantara at HotelMahadria 4th floor Jl. Ki Mas JongNo. 12 Serang, Banten. Tel. 0254-220270/22268 attn. Ade Purnama(CEO). As for financial assistance it isrecommended that you contact the in-volved agency of the regional govern-ment. (Editor)

Comment and Suggestion

As follow up to Director of Housingand Settlement Systems Bappenas let-ter No. 5411/Dt.6.3/09/2006 dated 4September 2006 re Water Supply andEnvironmental Sanitation InformationMedia we would like to peresent to youthe following comment and suggestion:

a) Design and layout looks excellent.b) Articles related to environmental

sanitation are presented in suffi-cient quantity.

c) Articles on water supply are a bitwanting considering the mediadeals with water supply.

d) Do away with columns on envi-ronmental voices, waste anddrinking water containing letterfrom the reader and opinion fromthe editor and or an expert.

e) Column dealing with environ-ment, waste and water supplyfrom neighbouring countries thatare worthy of note.

Thanks for your attention.

Ir. Agus Sutyoso, MSiCEO PDAM Kota Semarang

Jl. Kelud Semarang

Thank you for your comment and sug-gestion. We will take all your comment andsuggestion to our consideration. We hopethat in the future Percik will improvetomeet the expectation of the readers. Inaddition, we are also inviting you to con-ribute articles in accordance with your ca-pacity. We hope your contribution will ser-ve as lesson for other readers (Editor)

The UnderdevelopedIndonesia

Recently the Asian DevelopmentBank in cooperation with the UnitedNations published in Manila a reporton poverty reduction program by theAsia-Pacific Nations. The report dis-cusses the performance of various na-tions in the program.

The most advanced nations in re-ducing poverty are China, Malaysia,Thailand, Palau, Vietnam, Armenia,Azerbaijan, and Kirgiztan. On theother hand there are several nationsthat become less committed to re-ducing poverty. They are Fiji, Kazakh-stan, Samoa, and Uzbekistan. The nextgroup of nations work harder, these areIndia, Aghanistan, Nepal. Finally, themost underdeveloped group in terms ofpoverty reduction. Members of thisgroup consist of Bangladesh, Indo-nesia, Laos, Mongolia, Myanmar, Pa-kistan, Papua New Guinea, and the Phi-lippines.

ADB assessment seems to confirmthe real situation. The number of ourpoor population is increasing ratherthan diminishing. Beggars and va-grants are adding up day after day.Hunger and related diseases remainunhealed. The question is now, whereare the government promises to reducepoverty? The same question must alsobe asked to the political parties and thepeople's representatives. Where areyour promises to improve communitywellbeing? Shame to all of you, onlygovernment officials, bureaucrates, andpeople's representatives are prosperouswhile the common people are gettingpoorer.

Meddy ChandraCiputat, Tangerang

YOUR VOICE


Recently, the drought related

news is almost daily in print

and electronic flash. It is very

hard for the communities to get water

for daily need even just for drinking.

They have to walk for kilometres just for

a pail of water, regardless of quality, for

drinking and cooking. Each member of

the community can only take a little

because the limited source has to be

shared with so many others. Let's forget

about water for bathing, washing and

defecating; it may not be available at all.

This picture covers almost the entire

island of Java. As far as eyes can see,

the areas along the northern coast are

completely dry. Leaves fell to the

ground. Teak woods standing like con-

struction piles. Withered yellow grass

looks miserable. Burned patches of land

here and there. Farm lands cracked

from dryness. Farming is out of ques-


When Drought's Gone,IT'S NOW TIME FOR FLOODSThe natural environmentof Indonesia is severelydegraded. If at one time

drought withers every green,next time flood devastateslarge areas. Whereas all

these occurences areactually predictable ahead

of time. Should theykeep on coming back?

HEADLINES

SOURCE:MUJIYANTO

Wa t e r R e s o u r c e i n J a v a

tion. Harvest is impossible.

Drought does not only overwhelm

the rurals. In some cities water is in

limitd quantity. Even for Jakarta, the

citizens have complaining lately. Raw

water supply for treatment plants is get-

ting lower. Consequently, water supply

distribution is retarded. The citizens

cannot do much. Luckily they still can

buy bottled water, or refill water or

water vendor although at a higher price.

But what about the poor who are far

away from the reach of clean water sup-

ply?

Like a double edged dagger this

drought will shortly be followed with

rainy season. To some the blessing from

the sky is welcome with gratitude

because it irrigates their lands. But to

others, rain is a disaster. Flood will

come at any moment. The misery from

water shortage will change into flood

sufferings.

It is ironical that flood is coming

back year after year. And, the signs of

its preventive measures are nowhere to

be seen. There is no significant effort

mutually undertaken by the stakehold-

ers. Consequently, drought and flood

are routines that must be accepted by

the common people.

Drought as annual schedule

Drought that withers vast areas of

Java doesn't come all of a sudden. This

means that signals of its coming have

been sent long before. The calculation

of water balance or water equilibrium

comparing water demand over avail-

ability conducted by Directorate of

Water Resources and Irrigation

Bappenas in 2005 indicates that based

on 2003 data some 77 percent of areas

outside Jabodetabek will suffer from

water deficit between one to eight

months. While in Jabodetabek only 50


HEADLINES

No.

I.1

23

4

56II.1

2

345

6

7

8910III.12

3

4IV.1

23

45

6

78

9101112V.12

34

5

6

Kabupaten / City

J A W A B A R A TKuningan

CirebonMajalengka

Indramayu

Kota BandungKota CirebonJ A W A T E N G A HMagelang

Klaten

SukoharjoKaranganyarSragen

Blora

Pekalongan

Kota SemarangKota PekalonganTemanggungD I Y O G YA K A R TABantulGunung Kidul

Sleman

Kota YogyakartaJ A W A T I M U RPonorogo

SidoarjoMadiun & Kota Madiun

MagetanNgawi

Bojonegoro

TubanLamongan

BangkalanPamekasanSumenepSampangJ A B O D E T A B E KDKI JakartaBogor & Depok & Kota Bogor

Tangerang & Kota TangerangBekasi & Kota Bekasi

Serang & Kota Cilegon

Karawang & Purwakarta

River Basin

CimanukCintanduyCimanukCimanukCintanduyCitarumCimanukCitarumCimanuk

Progo-Opak-OyoJratun SelunaSerayuProgo-Opak-OyoBengawan SoloBengawan SoloBengawan SoloJratun SelunaBengawan SoloJratun SelunaBengawan SoloPemali-ComalSerayuJratun SelunaPemali-ComalJratun Seluna

Progo-Opak-OyoProgo-Opak-OyoBengawan SoloProgo-Opak-OyoBengawan SoloProgo-Opak-Oyo

K. BrantasBengawan SoloK. BrantasK. BrantasBengawan SoloBengawan SoloJratun SelunaBengawan SoloK. BrantasBengawan SoloBengawan SoloK. BrantasBengawan SoloMaduraMaduraMaduraMadura

Ciliwung-CisadaneCiujung-ClimanCisadea-CikuninganCitarumCiliwung-CisadaneCiliwung-CisadaneCiliwung-CisadaneCitarumCiujung-CilimanCiliwung-CisadaneCitarum

No. of deficit months2003 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025

6 6 6 6 6 7

6 6 7 7 7 77 7 7 7 6 6

7 7 7 7 7 7

6 6 7 10 11 125 5 5 5 5 6

7 7 7 7 7 7

8 8 8 8 8 8

6 6 6 6 6 67 7 7 7 7 77 7 7 7 7 7

6 6 6 7 7 7

6 6 6 6 6 6

6 6 6 6 6 66 6 6 6 6 75 5 5 5 5 6

7 7 7 7 7 76 6 6 6 6 6

7 7 7 7 7 7

6 6 6 5 5 5

6 6 6 6 6 6

6 6 6 6 6 68 8 8 8 8 8

7 7 7 7 7 77 7 7 7 7 7

6 6 6 6 6 6

6 6 6 6 6 67 7 7 7 7 7

8 8 8 8 8 86 6 6 6 6 67 7 7 7 7 75 6 7 7 7 7

N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/AN/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/AN/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

87.3 %12.7 %

100.0 %93.6 %6.4 %

37.9 % 62.1 %

100.0 %100.0 %

96.9 %0.4 %2.6 %2.0 %

98.0 %100.0 %100.0 %25.9 %74.1 %44.7 %55.3 %99.8 %0.2 %

100.0 %100.0 %41.0 %

100.0 %86.9 %13.1 %98.3 %1.7 %

100.0 %

2.7 %97.3 %

100.0 %12.6 %87.4 %

100.0 %0.1 %

99.9 %0.9 %

99.1 %100.0 %

2.4 %97.6 %

100.0 %100.0 %100.0 %100.0 %

100.0 %2.9 %0.2 %9.4 %

87.4 %100.0 %64.5 %35.5 %90.2 %9.8 %

100.0 %

Max. deficit (m3/sec)2003 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025

-9.71 -9.81 -10.13 -10.52 -10.96 -11.46

-26.75 -27.27 -28.68 -30.23 -31.94 -33.85-14.47 -14.15 -13.42 -12.77 -12.18 -11.64

-48.99 -48.13 -46.11 -44.33 -42.80 -41.59

-1.94 -2.16 -2.76 -3.40 -4.09 -4.86-0.61 -0.63 -0.69 -0.74 -0.81 -0.88

-25.72 -25.85 -26.20 -26.59 -27.05 -27.57

-32.57 -32.58 -32.63 -32.71 -32.83 -32.99

-16.68 -16.66 -16.64 -16.67 -16.75 -16.91-18.52 -18.44 -18.27 -18.14 -18.04 -17.97-20.64 -20.77 -21.17 -21.66 -22.27 -23.03

-12.92 -12.94 -13.00 -13.07 -13.14 -13.22

-11.45 -11.48 -11.56 -11.67 -11.80 -11.94

-2.40 -2.58 -3.20 -4.05 -5.20 -6.76-1.07 -1.10 -1.18 -1.27 -1.38 -1.51-19.09 -19.13 -19.25 -19.37 -19.51 -19.66

-16.33 -16.37 -14.67 -16.63 -16.82 -17.07-5.49 -5.48 -5.47 -5.45 -5.44 -5.42

-21.89 -21.95 -22.13 -22.34 -22.57 -22.84

-0.85 -0.83 -0.79 -0.75 -0.70 -0.66

-28.93 -28.77 -28.41 -28.07 -27.76 -27.50

-15.53 -15.82 -16.78 -18.19 -20.16 -22.89-28.34 -28.25 -28.02 -27.79 -27.57 -27.35

-32.62 -32.87 -33.52 -34.19 -34.87 -35.56-42.28 -43.77 -47.73 -52.03 -56.69 -61.77

-25.46 -25.51 -25.68 -25.89 -26.16 -26.51

-26.87 -26.46 -25.47 -24.54 -23.65 -22.82-56.23 -55.62 -54.20 -52.95 -51.90 -51.09

-12.08 -12.11 -12.23 -12.38 -12.58 -12.81-13.07 -13.04 -12.98 -12.94 -12.90 -12.88-16.52 -16.35 -15.95 -15.57 -15.21 -14.88-10.42 -10.77 -11.81 -13.13 -14.80 -16.90

-0.2 -1.5 -4.9 -8.7 -13.1 -18.0-2.0 -2.6 -4.5 -7.1 -10.5 -15.0

-3.9 -4.5 -6.6 -9.2 -12.7 -17.3- - - - - -3.2

- - - -0.9 -4.0 -8.3

- - - - - -2.2

N/A: Not Available

Table 1Kabupatens/Kotas of Java that experience big deficit

Source: Result of analysis by Directorate of Water Resources and Irrigation Bappenas

percent will suffer the deficit.

The figures were derived from calcu-

lating water availability factor of the

catchment area (representing surface

water availability) and regional water

demand (covering water demand for

domestic, urban activity, industrial, fish

farming, animal husbandry, and irriga-

tion).

Water balance of 2003 indicates that

the total water demand for Java and Bali

is 38,4 billion m3 during the dry season.

The demand can be satisfied only up to

25,3 m3 or about 66 percent. It is esti-

mated the deficit will be higher in 2020

as a consequence of population growth

and increasing economic activity.

In general, drought is caused by

three influencing factors, namely global

climatic changes such as deviation of ra-

iny and dry seasons from the usual pat-

tern and other climatic changes, envi-

ronmental factor, and water resources

management and infrastructures. Spe-

cifically, the causes of dryness other

than global climatic changes include:

1. Damages in the catchment area that

reduces water catchment carrying

capacity;

2. Low performing water resource

infrastructures;

3. Excessive underground water

exploitation that cause lower

groundwater table, land subsi-

dence, and salt water intrusion;

4. Poor hydrological management.

Water balance is divided into 4 clas-

ses: normal, low deficit, medium deficit,

big deficit.

Normal condition when there is no

deficit month within a given year. If

there are 3 deficit months in a year it is

called low deficit. Four to six months

medium deficit. More than six months

is categorized as big deficit. Table 1

shows us areas with big deficit.

If this condition prevails, meaning


Chart 1Water Balance Projection by Kabupaten/Kota of

Java and Madura

Source: result of analysis

= Normal

= No deficit

= Low deficit

= Medium deficit

HEADLINES

that no infrastructure intervention is

inroduced, it can be expected that water

balance deficit will be increasing.

Several kabupatens/kota in 2020 are

likely to experience an increasing

deficit, among others are Kabupaten

Ngawi of Bengawan Solo river basin and

the city of Surabaya of the Brantas river

basin. The projection of water balance

condition of Java and Madura is illus-

trated in Chart 1.

Water balance deficit adversely

affects water availability. The worst

impact will hit agriculture, industry, city

population, drinking water, etc.

Drinking water supply should be given

priority because it is directly related to

basic demand for life. Table 2 illustrates

the regions that suffer from drinking

water deficit and projection up to 2025.

Groundwater condition

Although currently suffering from

dryness, the island of Java actually

maintains groundwater potential. This

is because the island has many ground-

water basins. There are at least 80

basins spreading along Java and

Madura. They are not fully exploited

yet. And if any, such as ones in big

cities, they are not properly controlled.

As a consequence, new problems crop

up such as decrease in groundwater

quality (Bandung, Semarang), spread of

brackish/salt water (Jakarta and

Semarang), lower groundwater table

(Bandung, Jakarta, Semarang).

There is a big groundwater proten-

tial. Tables 3 through 8 illustrate gro-

undwater potential by administrative

regions.

Flood threats

It is estimated that rain will start to

fall within this month. The blessing

from the falling droplets will bring life

back to the dry soil. Economic wheels,

especially in agriculture sector, will start

rolling again after being idle for some

time. But to some regions, there is al-

ways anxiety that rain will cause floods.

This anxiety grows especially in areas

where flooding is a recurring phenome-

non.

The cause of flooding may vary from

region to region. Several factors causing

flood are among others sedimentation

of river bed, overflow from embank-

ments, poor drainage system, backwater

effect, and defective flood control facili-

ty.

Almost all rivers of Java carry sedi-

ment load in big quantity scouring the

land along their banks down to the sea.

As a result, areas of sediment deposit

are built along the river mouth. Sedi-

mentation decreases the river storage

capacity. In addition, sand mining in

big rivers leads to degradation of river

beds. The big water discharge cannot be

retained within the water bodies of the

lowland area. Water then overflows the

embankments putting farmland and the

relatively flat areas under water. Em-

bankments built along the river in the

upper watershed may protect upper wa-

tershed areas from flooding, but it cau-

ses more severe threat to lower water-

shed areas. This is made worse if the

drainage system is defective. It still

does not say about backwater effect at

the upper areas as consequence from

changes in current in the lower areas. If

backwater happens -at a convulsion of a

stream with the main river, damming or

river constriction- flood is unavoidable.

Flood also happens if the catchment

area disappears. Forest clearing and in-

correct cropping pattern take part in it.

Since there is no more water catchment

area, water flows directly into the river.

This condition is aggravated in steep ri-

verbanks and in rivers that flush swiftly

in to the downstream areas, whereas the

retention capacity of these areas such as


HEADLINES

Table 2Kabupatens/Kotas of Java that experience drinking water deficit

No.

I.1

23

4

56II.1

2

3

4III.12

3IV.1234V.1

2

Kabupaten / Kota

JAWA BARATKuningan

CirebonMajalengka

Indramayu

Kota BandungKota CirebonJAWA TENGAHMagelang

Klaten

Sragen

Kota SemarangDI YOGYAKARTABantulSleman

Kota YogyakartaJAWA TIMURBangkalanPamekasanSumenepSampangJABODETABEKBogor & Depok & Kota Bogor

Tangerang & Kota Tangerang

River Basin

CimanukCintanduyCimanukCimanukCintanduyCitarumCimanukCitarumCimanuk

Progo-Opak-OyoJratun SelunaSerayuProgo-Opak-OyoBengawan SoloJratun SelunaBengawan SoloJratun Seluna

Progo-Opak-OyoProgo-Opak-OyoBengawan SoloProgo-Opak-Oyo

MaduraMaduraMaduraMadura

Ciujung-ClimanCisadea-CikuninganCitarumCiliwung-CisadaneCiliwung-Cisadane

87.3 %12.7 %

100.0 %93.6 %6.4 %

37.9 % 62.1 %

100.0 %100.0 %

96.9 %0.4 %2.6 %2.0 %

98.0 %25.9 %74.1 %

100.0 %

100.0 %98.3 %1.7 %

100.0 %

100.0 %100.0 %100.0 %100.0 %

2.9 %0.2 %9.4 %

87.4 %100.0 %

Max. deficit (m3/sec)2003 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025

-0.51 -0.54 -0.64 -0.74 -0.85 -0.96

-1.67 -1.75 -1.98 -2.22 -2.49 -2.78-0.47 -0.50 -0.55 -0.61 -0.67 -0.73

-0.17 -0.23 -0.39 -0.57 -0.75 -0.95

- - - - -0.27 -0.78-0.38 -0.40 -0.44 -0.48 -0.53 -0.58

- - -0.09 -0.35 -0.63 -0.94

-1.43 -1.42 -1.39 -1.36 -1.33 -1.30

- - - - -0.30 -0.83

- - -0.11 -0.55 -1.06 -1.63

-0.08 -0.11 -0.18 -0.26 -0.34 -0.43- - -0.05 -0.19 -0.35 -0.52

-0.52 -0.51 -0.47 -0.44 -0.41 -0.38

-0.54 -0.56 -0.64 -0.72 -0.81 -0.90-0.47 -0.50 -0.56 -0.62 -0.69 -0.77-0.69 -0.70 -0.75 -0.81 -0.86 -0.92-0.24 -0.28 -0.38 -0.49 -0.61 -0.75

- - - - - -2.6

- - - - -0.2 -3.5

Max. deficit m3/sec)


Table 3Groundwater Potential in Province of Banten

Table 4Groundwater Potential in Province of DKI Jakarta

HEADLINES

123456

PandeglangLebakTangerangSerangKota TangerangKota Cilegon

Groundwater potential

35,2710,9514,3120,02

3,211,73

1.112,34345,40451,23631,35101,09

54,65

m3/secmillion m3/yearKabupatenNo

12345

Jakarta SelatanJakarta TimurJakarta PusatJakarta BaratJakarta Utara


2,853,530,972,312,51

89,95111,3630,7572,7779,28


1234567891011121314151617181920212223242526272829303132333435

CilacapBanyumasPurbalinggaBanjarnegaraKebumenPurworejoWonosoboMagelangBoyolaliKlatenSukoharjoWonogiriKaranganyarSragenGroboganBloraRembangPatiKudusJeparaDemakSemarangTemanggungKendalBatangPekalonganPemalangTegalBrebesKota MagelangKota SurakartaKota SalatigaKota SemarangKota PekalonganKota Tegal


4,187,705,099,603,941,857,00

17,787,777,215,19

11,068,967,12

10,871,233,35

10,454,59

10,3612,07

7,7012,91

9,1410,7111,179,566,257,940,160,930,404,641,040,21

131,75242,94160,41302,72124,18

58,21220,69560,79245,06227,35163,76348,72282,55224,62342,69

38,67105,64329,50144,86326,67380,72242,80407,06288,19337,67352,16301,48197,20250,40

5,1429,4412,64

146,2332,95

6,68


12345678910111213141516171819202122

BogorSukabumiCianjurBandungGarutTasikmalayaCiamisKuninganCirebonMajalengkaSumedangIndramayuSubangPurwakartaKarawangBekasiKota BogorKota SukabumiKota BandungKota CirebonKota BekasiKota Depok


35,5932,8026,9548,0448,4824,4628,7812,4210,8724,7928,0023,2022,43

8,0520,2515,31

2,781,042,560,333,793,95

1.122,291.034,35

849,961.514,951.528,81

771,38907,64391,62342,94781,67883,07731,53707,25253,83638,68482,66

87,7232,8280,7610,48

119,63124,70


Table 5Groundwater Potential in Province of West Java

Source: Analysis result by Dinamaritama Team



Table 6Groundwater Potential in Province of Central Java

Table 7Groundwater Potential in Province of

Yogyakarta Special Region (DIY)

12345

KulonprogoBantulGunungkidulSlemanKota Yogyakarta


1,895,309,449,890,62

59,75167,08297,79311,8819,41




Jakarta, Semarang and other big cities

is insufficient. Flood becomes unavoid-

able.

According to Dept Public Works

flood in Java mostly hit the north and

south coasts, basin areas and big cities.

In 2002, there were 74 flood occurences

inundating 81,9 thousand ha of settle-

ment areas and agricultural lands. The

figures increased in 2003 to 91,1 thou-

sand ha of affected

areas. The distibution

of flood vulnerable

areas in Java can be

seen in Chart 2.

Flood control

through infrastructure

approach has been

practised for a long ti-

me. Take a look for

instance the North Ja-

va Flood Control

Project and South Java

Flood Control Project

in Jawa Tengah,

Citarum Flood Control

Project south of

Bandung, Ciliwung

Cisadane Flood Control

Project and the cons-

truction of Eastern

Drainage Canal (BKT)

in Jakarta, and urban

development projects

like Bandung Urban

Development Project (BUDP) and Sura-

baya Urban Development Project

(SUDP). However, the acceleration of

flood control infrastructure develop-

ment is unable to cope with magnitude

and frequency of the flood. "Flood sea-

son" is recurring year after year.

Challenges of the Future

Water demand for domestic, indus-

trial, city and agriculture purposes are

increasing continuously along with pop-

ulation growth and increasing economic

activity. On the other hand, raw water

availability is disrupted as consequence

of changes in land use pattern that

adversely influences hydrological char-

acteristics. This condition is aggravated

by the decreasing of environmental car-

rying capacity as a consequence of

degradation of the catchment area. One

could expect that drought and flood will

come in succession. More than that,

some kabupatens/kotas have put on red

signal indicating inability to meet the

demand of the population.

Like it or not, the kabupatens/kotas

that currently are critical situation in

water supply despite infrastructure and

other related interventions, must be pri-

oritized. Besides, it is necessary to make

water distribution readjustments

among the various demand types, espe-

cially for irrigation in Java. This is not

an easy thing to do, of course. Indepth

study is needed. More than that, water

resources management in Java

demands synergy and integratedness.

The Directorate of Water Resources

and Irrigation of Bappenas suggests a

recommendation for water resources

development program on the island of

Java divided into priority actions,

immediate (short term), medium and

long term.

The necessary short term action


Table 8Groundwater Potential in Province of East Java

Gambar 2. Lokasi Rawan Banjir di Pulau Jawa

HEADLINES

12345678910111213141516171819202122232425262728293031323334353637

PacitanPonorogoTrenggalekTulungagungBlitarKediriMalangLumajangJemberBanyuwangiBondowosoSitubondoProbolinggoPasuruanSidoarjoMojokertoJombangNganjukMadiunMagetanNgawiBojonegoroTubanLamonganGresikBangkalanSampangPamekasanSumenepKota KediriKota BlitarKota MalangKota ProbolinggoKota PasuruanKota MojokertoKota MadiunKota Surabaya


2,0813,37

0,3410,0014,6018,8737,3534,5353,7852,0932,8137,1126,4219,53

8,3711,4312,0614,4214,01

9,1413,99

8,0910,1710,12

7,416,064,903,666,140,840,450,900,760,520,220,393,63

65,71421,73

10,70315,34460,27595,20

1.178,001.088,801.695,891.642,601.034,751.170,37

833,08615,85264,09360,32380,47454,63441,68288,28441,29254,97320,71319,06233,58191,21154,55115,55193,59

26,4414,2028,5223,8716,43

6,8012,23

114,39

(m3/sec)million m3/yearKabupatenNo


Chart 2. Flood vulnerable areas in Java

comprises:

1. Land rehabilitation and water

resources conservation, through (a)

replanting of critical lands with pro-

ductive tree stands involving the

community participation; (b) mini-

mizing sedimentation rate through

river bank rehabilitation and stabi-

lization; (c) minimizing flooding

time to maximize irrigation water

efficiency; and (d) integration of

flood management and land reha-

bilitation programs.

2. Community education in flood and

drought mitigation, through (a)

building community awareness of

flood and drought and ways to man-

age them; (b) improvement of com-

munity alertness in anticipation of

flood and drought; (c) water

thrifthiness campaign; (d) develop-

ment of flood early warning system;

(e) development of water resources

management institution; (f) human

resources development in water

resources management; (g) water

related conflict resolution through

water resources management; (h)

prevention of land conversion

through provision of incentive and

issuance of certification; and (i)

improvement of the role of land

rehabilitation and water conserva-

tion institution.

Medium priorities needed to sustain

the immediate priority programs,

among others:

1. Improvement of water use efficien-

cy for regions with high water

deficit potential through rehabilita-

tion of irrgation network and effi-

cient water distribution;

2. Rearrangment and control over of

sand mining in the river bed;

3. Development of local level forest

product industry;

4. Development of IT based land reha-

bilitation plans;

5. Increase in simple infrastructure

design facilitation at local level; and

6. Development of data base on flood

and drought in Java including sus-

tainable data management concept.

Long term priority covers sustain-

able drought and flood mitigation plan-

ning, among others:

1. Formulation of macro policy and

strategy for integrated, cross sector

and inter-regional implementation;

2. Development of long term financ-

ing scenario from various different

sources with emphasis on funds

directly raised from within the com-

munities; and

3. Development of community based

infrastructure O&M.

The program may work if it is sup-

ported with a strong commitment from

the stakeholders. Otherwise,

Indonesian condition will become

worse. Now it is up to us. MJ


T he village of Bunder, Kecama-

tan Patok, Gunung Kidul, Yog-

yakarta belongs to arid climate re-

gion. Traditinally the area was

grown with cassava almost all the

year round. But since it was select-

ed as the pilot project site for rain

harvest and surface water develop-

ment technology, the cassava plan-

ting area has been converted to

ricefield.

The technology is basically qui-

te simple, it collects rainwater and

surface runoff into a hydrological

network of 20 m long, 5 m wide and

about 3 m deep reserviors. The

small reservoir is capable of hol-

ding more or less 300 m3 of water.

The water can be used for vari-

ous purposes. In this village it is

used for irrigation. Water is avai-

lable not only during rainy season

but also during dry monsoon, so

that various problems related to

water for agriculture can be resol-

ved.

This retention technique can al-

so be used effectively to reduce ve-

locity of surface runoff, reduce

amount of flowing water and hold

it for future use.

The technology is recommend-

able for application in Puncak area

to hold ronoff velocity and reduce

the amount of flowing water. In va-

rious regions dryland farming with

water deficit can be improved with

this technology. And the invest-

ment is not as big as a dam con-

struction.

Thousands of small reservoirs li-

ke this can be constructed along

the Ciliwung river and other rivers

from upper to downstream areas.

If it is done, the impact may be ex-

traordinary. Drought and flood pro-

blems can be resolved simultane-

ously. MJ

'Rain Harvest'á la Gunung Kidul

HEADLINES

W hat does regional develop-ment currently look like?

Regional development vision is nowpart of national development paradigm.The new paradigm reflected in the LawNo 32 on Regional Government is thatmost of government authorities are nowdelegated to the regional government.By so doing the regions have a biggeropportunity especially in developmentplanning and implementation to impro-ve welfare of the community and to pro-vide the best services. Therefore the ini-tiative, creativity must grow from theregion. Therefore the paradigm forregional development is now convertedinto developing region. Developing re-gion implies that the region takes theinitiative in planning what is neededand what to do to develop the region onits own in order to bring welfare to thepopulation. That is the essence of thecurrent development paradigm.

Have the regions adopted theparadigm?

They should have. Most of the regi-

ons have been playing according to it.They have taken care of themselvespretty well. Everyone seems to knowwhat he is doing. As we know Law No.32 is a new law, effective only in 2004.But previously Law No. 22 of 1999 hasprovisioned the authority. Since the go-vernment reform i.e. since rescinsion ofLaw No. 574 to be replaced by Law No.22 the process has been continuing.Since Law No 22 seven years ago the au-thority has been delegated to the headsof the region except those that must beabsolutely vested on the central govern-ment. The regions are already playingwithin that rule now. The issue is toherd them to reconcile their vision andmission with the ones developed by In-donesia Bersatu (United Indonesia) ca-binet. This is actually the subsystem ofnational development. That is the areawe must deal with.

What is the problem why theregions do not proceed quite inline with the central?

This is closely related with the

capacity of the regions to read thenational and provincial vision and mis-sion. The national vision should trans-late itself into provincial vision. Provin-cial vision then goes down to kabupa-ten/kota vision. So, if all the vision hitthe target, we can expect national andprovincial vision and mission is alsodeveloped. But, many regions do nothave the capacity to find the linkageswith the provincial and national vision.As a result, tha region may have done alot of things but still miss the direction.They argue it by saying, "we are an au-tonomous region". Yes. You are auto-nomous but you are bound within UnityNation framework. Regional objectiveis set in the framework of national ob-jectives. That is the system that wemust build.

Does it mean the regions main-tain their own egoism?

Yes. For the reason of autonomyand resources management, social poli-tic progress, and for the reason that theregional vision and mission is largelydetermined by the vision and mission ofthe elected Bupati. It is the Bupati's vi-sion and mission that is translated intoMedium Term Regional DevelopmentPlan (RJMPD). Some of the elected Bu-pati hardly understand the regional po-tential as a wholesome. The approach isbased more on how you choose me. Theknowledge about the kabupaten/kota it-self is weak because most of them areoutsider, coming from some other place.However, as a beginning this is still anacceptable condition. In the future, abupati candidate must fully knowledge-able about his region, otherwise it'd bedifficult for him to plan a development.You could imagine someone born and

INTERVIEW


H. Syamsul Arief Rivai Director General for Bangda (Regional Development) Dept. Home Affairs

Allocate Budget of Water Supply for Village!Since the beginning of regional autonomy, the development

chorus was transferred to the regions. Using the existing resourceseach region owns, they are competing among each other.Sometimes, as they are busy with their own activities they have for-gotten to adjust their development vision and mission to that of thenational vision. As a result, each development proceeds as onewishes.

The consequence of the practice is that the development doesnot go in the national direction. Sectors that sould be treated ascommon priority are neglected simply because they have no directcontribution to the regional revenue. This condition does not benefit the communities, rather this is only forthe satisfaction of the head of the region. WSS sector is one of the victims. Regional government's attentionis in want. How could this happen? To answer this, Percik interviewed the Director General for RegioonalDevelopment. The following are the excerpts:

SOURCE:MUJIYANTO

brought up in Jakarta should become aBupati in Tulungagung, what does heknow about the region except from writ-ten documents, figures, etc. This is notenough if he doesn't know the people,the community and their actual conditi-on. From there his vision is born. Thepeople elect him and he wins the office.That is then translated into RJMPD.Whether this is suitable, we do not knowyet. Whether he reconciles it with theprovincial vision? Quite unlikely. Thatis where the discrepancy comes from.

What should regional visionand mission look like in order tobe sustainable?

First, it must be part of the nationalvision and mission. Though some spe-cific characteristics may appear ac-cording the regional condition. Say forinstance, for a coastal region, the visionis closely related to sea coast. But itmust in tune with the national vision i.epoverty reduction. In the past thereused to be a national development plan-ning system. Actually this mechanism isstill applicable. We have the so-calledrakorbang (development coordinationmeeting). Bottom up, beginning fromvillage level, then to kecamatan, to ka-bupaten, province. Vision developmentmust learn from this mechanism.Otherwise, it would be difficult to makethe linkage.

What does Bangda do to makethe regions proceed towards theexpected direction?

We are still preparing a governmentregulation on regional developmentplanning. We hope that through thebottom up principle all the stakeholderswill be involved. Beginning from villagelevel development plan, then kecamaan,kabupaten/kota, province, up to natio-nal level. A village may have its own vi-sion. But there are activities of the vil-lage that are part of kecamatan pro-gram, and so forth. Prior to that we

issued a Home Minister circular letter.The regional demand for such a plan-ning must be responded, but it wouldtake a long time for issuance of a gov-ernment regulation, therefore for thetime being we issued the Min of HomeAffairs circular letter on RegionalMedium Term Development Plan.Therefore the Bupati's vision and mis-sion must be tied with regional govern-ment regulation, in order that he doesnot forget to fulfill his promises he madewhen campaigning for office. This is toprovide the population with a controlmechanism should the bupati try toevade from his promises. The peoplethen may say "Bupati is going againstRegional Government Regulation".

Does it mean that so far there isno hierarchial tie?

Not yet. We hope it is decreed in agovernment regulation. If possible,pursuant to Law No. 32.

Doesn't it imply limiting theregions' room for maneuver?

Not really. Look here. What the re-gions choose for vision and mision arethe bases for policy formulation. Theydeveloped their vison and mision basedon data. Not simply on imagination.Based on research conclusion. There-

fore it is impossible to impose limitationif they have ample data and sufficientknowledge about their own region.

Let us move to WSS sector.What's your opinion on the re-gions' care to this this matter?

The awareness to clean water supplyof the communities must be improved.We have a WSS program with specificemphasis on demand for clean water. Itis even planned that by 2015 eighty per-cent of our people must consume cleanwater supply. The problem of today isour people of the regions drink whateverwater is available. If water looks clearthey take it as clean. In reality it is notalways the case. That's why we need tobuild awareness to clean and hygienicwater. Secondly, townspeople are a lit-tle luckier, because they have PDAM.The problem is that most PDAM arepoorly managed so that 80 percent ofthem are operating in red. What aboutthat? Clean water is vital to us but whenit's contaminated it will become the so-urce of various diseases. In dry seasonlike this everywhere people are cryingfor water. What's the regional go-vernment's preparation to cope with theproblem? I had a chance to take a lookat a draft regional budget, the regionsdepend too heavily on PDAM. But

INTERVIEW


SOURCE:DPR.GO.ID

Parliament has to adjust local vision with national vision.

PDAMs are only in capital cities. Thekecamatans are overlooked. That's whyBangda in cooperation with CARE andWASPOLA try to fulfill the demand.There are more people living outside thekabupaten capital cities. They take wa-ter from pit wells, or rivers, which theyhave only very little knowledge about.That's why a little bit brackish, nevermind. They don't know that in the longrun it will be dangerous to health.

What about the awareness ofthe regional government?

In general the regions are aware thatclean water is in demand. That's why theydepend their hope on PDAM. But PDAMcan only cover townspeople. They shouldprovide regional budget (APBD) for watersupply at kecamatan, village levels, andpopulation concentration areas. This isthe part of foreign assistance for helpingthe people of the rural areas.

But the fact is the most regionsprovide very little budget, doesn'tit mean low priority?

Exactly. It is not a priority. What isprioritized is physical construction, in-frastructure. As if water will emerge byitself. We have to admit that everybodydrinks, no one dies of dehydration. But thequestion is whether the water is worthdrinking. That's what we have to find out.

Is there any effort from centralgovernment to make the regionsprioritize this?

Our effort is to develop cooperationwith donor countries because speakingof water supply implies a big invest-ment, but it touches the needs of the ge-neral public. Together with Bappenas,Public Works, Health we implementWASPOLA and WSLIC to push esta-blishment of water supply provision. Butthis is limited both in terms of charac-teristics and coverage area. We hope theregions would take note on it and followthe idea. I think for many Pemdas (re-

gional governments) the awarenessabout the importance of water supply issomewhat neglected. What we can do isto provide them with examples. WSLICis an exemplary project on how to ma-nage water supply and environmentalsanitation.

That means that some regions'budget is limited?

Yes, it is.

Is it possible to push the re-gions to become self reliant?

This is how it stands. This is a pro-blem of perception. As if drinking wateris easily accessible by everyone. Youknow. The common people of the re-gion already consume bottled water.There is even a Bupati who has a bottledwater producing company knowing thatther's a limited supply from outside.The Bupati's wife runs the water bot-tling enterprise. But that's not the solu-tion. Because the people's buying capa-city is low, the demand for water for do-mestic consumption is countinuous andincreasing, the solution is not throughbottled water. The solution is throughexploring a water source and processthe water to be worthy of use. This canbe done through a program and is sup-

ported with sufficient regional budget.

Do we need a regulation tomaintain our own environment?

Certainly. Because water is closelyrelated to environment, especially fo-rest, therefore the signal is getting clear-er today. It is not only necessary, it is al-ready in action. Especially in forest cle-aring, we strictly forbid it. On the otherhand, our demand for wood is very high.And we do not have alternative, if notwood then what? Now we in Bangda arepreparing a policy to minimize woodconsumption. The solution is utilizationof light steel for construction. I was theGovernor of Sulawesi Barat, and thathas started over there. In spite of thereis abundant wood in the area. If youneed wood you just cut one tree. Butthat means a disturbance, no matterhow insignificant it seems. There mustbe a policy. Otherwise men will alwaysneed wood though it is prohibited.That's the beginning of illegal logging.As for with light steel there are not manywho are familiar with this kind of stuff.Whereas it is quakeproof and white antsfree. Therefore for water protection,one of the methods is forest protection.Forest is significantly influential tohydrological cycle. MJ

INTERVIEW


SOURCE:DPR.GO.ID

Uncontrolled and illegal logging is devastating water resources sustainability.

Waste material tragedy keepson haunting our waste ma-nagement in Indonesia. Last

year, death toll count to scores of peopleburied under by the toppling down ofTPA (final disposal site) Lewigajah, nearBandung. Last month, shortly beforedaybreak of 8 September it was the timefor TPA Bantar Gebang, Bekasi to takethe live of 5 people and wounded severalothers.

Both tragedies evolved from diffe-rent backgrounds. At Lewigajah, the ex-panse waste field slid downhill buryingthe low lying settlement along the path.While in Bantar Gebang the top of 20 mhigh waste mound collapsed buryingscavengers who were then operating atthe base of the mound.

Some people put the blame on PT.Patriot Bangkit Bekasi (PBB), the TPABantar Gebang management. The com-pany that is operating on contract withDKI (Special Province) Jakarta is consi-dered incapable of managing the 108 hawaste dumping area. The company isblamed for operating in disregard of theSOP. Pursuant to provisions of the con-tract the area must be treated with sani-tary landfill, but the real fact indicates itis not more than open dumping. On theother hand, the Governor of DKI Ja-karta, Sutiyoso, blamed the scavengerswho unscropulously entered the dangerzone of the waste disposal area. Criticsand counter critics were flowing to andfro for some time. Up to now there is noacceptable solution how this mattershould be handled.

Apart from it, TPA Bantar Gebangthat is divided into 5 zones is heavilyburdened. Based on the previous agree-

ment, the TPA that started operation in1992 should be closed down in Decem-ber 2003. But the plan did not work.The contract was extended based on aconsclusion and recommendation if anindependent consultant. Monev con-ducted by the independent consultant incollabotation with Jakarta CleaningAgency, Human Resources and Envi-ronment Research Centre University ofIndonesia and Development and En-vironment Study Centre Islamic Univer-sity "45" Bekasi concluded "assumingthe amount of waste that enters TPABantar Gebang is in accordance withthat of 2003 condition (i.e 20.000 m3daily) and is decreasing due to the ope-ration of new TPAs in several other pla-ces and with reference to CleaningAgency data of 2003 (14.000 m3 perday); the decrease in amount of waste inthe TPA from decomposition and com-

paction (50%) and reduction by sca-vengers. Based on the height of the mo-und in 2003 and for height variationbetween 12 to 15 metres, TPA BantarGebang can still be used for 417-1.015days.

On the other hand DKI Jakarta Cle-aning Agency cannot release the TPAjust like that. It is because DKI does nothave a replacement. The plan to buildan integrated waste management facili-ty (TPST) at Bojong, Kecamatan Kela-panunggal, Bogor does not workbecause of the local community's reject-ion. Like it or not, TPA Bantar Gebangis still the only hope. Certainly DKIdoesn't want the tragedy like the one inBandung to happen here.

Once there was a rumour that theTPA was going to be enlarged. There isa 2,3 ha piece of land that might beused. But the plan met a bih constraint.

TELESCOPE


It's all wrong withBANTAR GEBANG

SOURCE:BAGONG S

Scavengers are fighting over the wastes around loaders.

There are so many go-betweeners roam-ing around so that the land pricejumped too high much above the tax-able price. Should the TPA be enlarged,the capacity will remain insufficient toreceive 6.000 tons of waste that comesincessantly every day.

In 2004 the Centre for Study andDevelopment of Environmental Tech-nology (BPPT) made a study on thepossibility for rehabilitation of TPABantar Gebang. The study concludes,the TPA can still be rehabilitated into anenvironmentally friendly and can beused continuously. The organic mattercontent underneath the pile can bemined for reclamation of critical landsor ex mining areas.

Up to now there is no concrete acti-on to handle TPA Bantar Gebang. Eve-rything seems to run as usual, despitethe death tolls. "This is because TPABantar Gebang is an arena to make mo-ney. Everyone is competing for moneyhere," says Bagong Sutoyo, Chairman ofNGO Coalition for National Waste Ma-nagement. He tells a story about thesmell of politic in this largest TPA. Bigpolitical parties lend their hands to de-termine its existence. Not counting still,exploitation and hoodlum practices thatmay not be less cruel.

Bagong was one the Coordinator ofWorking Group for Handling TPA Ban-tar Gebang revealed that money politicsthat makes the TPA management deter-rent. "The Rp 120 thousand monthlymanagement fee is pressured from eve-ry side. Everyone wants a share. As aresult the money that should be used forwaste management is spent unnecessa-rily for non technical expenses. TheTPA operation is thickly clad with hood-lum and corruption and nepotism prac-tices," he concludes

Still according to him, the appoint-ment of PT PBB is inseparable from thepractices. The company should termi-nate its contract in July 2006. Only Godknows that it is extended two times each

for six months. Whereas, everyone isaware that PBB's capacity is question-able. No one knows of its working capi-tal, whether it has or none at all. PBBdoes not apply any hi tech waste treat-ment facility. Speaking about its humanresources, no one knows if this companyhires anyone with acceptable knowledgeon waste management. Bagong can onlywonder why such a company is appoint-ed to manage TPA Bantar Gebang."Whether DKI does not have a betterbusiness partner?" he says while addingthat KKN (corruption, collusion and ne-potism) practice was behind the ap-pointment.

In addition, he added further up tonow there is no tripartite agreement in-volving the DKI Regional Government,Bekasi Municipal Government and pri-vate sector. The only agreement is bet-ween DKI and Bekasi Munipal Govern-ment. It is the dark relationship thatcauses the TPA management looks likeit is now.

Bagong suggests that it is high timefor DKI to request support from the cen-tral government such as BPPT, Dept of

Public Works, Ministry of Environment,and Bappenas to help them in the TPAmanagement. According to him theTPA needs mining for organic matter auseful input for farming.

In the long run he suggests that DKIapplies 3R (reduce, reuse, recycle) prin-ciple right from the source of the waste.Composting can also be undertaken inthe waste source area. This is importantconsidering that 44,63 percent of DKIwaste consists of organic material. "Ifthis works as expected, TPA will onlydeal with the remainder. And thatmeans the lesser amount," says Bagong.

In a different occasion, the head ofJakarta Cleaning Agency, Rama Budisaid that the problem related to wastehandling is not only from technicalaspect. The non technical aspect is evenbigger. He is aware that the technicalage of TPA Bantar Gebang is coming toan end. That is why DKI Jakarta hascompleted a reassessment of the SolidWaste Management Master Plan com-piled by JICA in 1987. The review con-cluded a new DKI Jakarta Waste Mana-gement action plan for the next 10 years(2005-2015).

The action plan has taken into con-sideration all the influencing factors inwaste management including institu-tional, legal and financial aspects. Theapproach and strategy includes redu-cing and reuse as much as possiblewaste before transporting it to TPA;sorting; development of waste manage-ment facilities in various locations andwaste management zones; applicationof hi tech waste processing; explorationof opportunity for inter-regional andprivate sector cooperation; and chang-ing the community paradigm that wasteis actually an economic resource. Thisstrategy includes decentralization, ap-plication of hi tech and inter-regionalcooperation. If this works, the burdenborne by TPA Bantar Gebang will bemuch lighter. The question remains,when? MJ

TELESCOPE


In 2004 the Centre forStudy and Development ofEnvironmental Technology(BPPT) once made a studyon the possibility for reha-

bilitation of TPA BantarGebang in 2004. The

study concludes, the TPAcan still be rehabilitatedinto an environmentallyfriendly and can be used

continuously.

The tragedy of Jakarta's TPA (finaldisposal site) at Bantar Gebangon Friday 8 September 2005

killing 5 people and wounded 3 others isan indication how bad is waste manage-ment. Within the last two months therewere 4 accidents involving waste materi-al toppling down in the TPA. Yet, themanagement never learns from the darkhistory. The old habit continues.

It is indeed not easy to change awaste management system and prac-tices habit that have been going on fordecades in Jakarta and also Indonesiafor that matter. The policy and manage-ment approach followed by Jakarta isstrictly top-down, it is only the govern-ment that takes care the waste and isimplemented under a strictly closed sys-tem. This old time approach creates alot of problems.

The underlying ground upon whichwaste management of Jakarta operatesis the master plan 1987-2005 developedby JICA covering (1) collection such asdoor to door service, LPS system(garbage cart), street sweeping; (2)transport (big SPA 2, small SPA 13); (3)transport by container and compactor;(4) disposal site, Bantar Gebang foreastern zone and Ciangir, Tangerang forwestern zone. Up to now TPA Ciangirfails to operate because of objectionfrom the local community.

The conventional system comprisingcollect-transport-dispose is nothing buta problem moving routine. The wastefrom Jakarta is continuously dumped toform a hill in Bantar Gebang. By July2006 all the 5 zones of TPA BantarGebang are already full, the TPA shouldhave been closed at the end of December2003. More than 27.996 m3 or 6.000tons of waste material a day is dumped

in Bantar Gebang, consisting 55,37 per-cent organic and 44,63 percent inorga-nic material. The waste is produced bymore than 10 million Jakarta popula-tion.

After the Ciangir failure, and toovercome the over satuaration of BantarGebang, the government of DKI Jakartadeveloped an integrated waste manage-ment system (TPST) at Bojong,Kelapanunggal Bogor, initiated in 2001.But TPST Bojong is also rejected by thelocal community. There are a number ofreasons for the rejection, beginningfrom public lies up to incompliance withthe spatial planning. From the manage-ment side, on the other hand, it is saidthat the TPST will apply the most mo-dern waste processing technology (balla

press) in Indonesia, capable of absorb-ing 1.500 tons of Jakarta waste daily.

Up to now TPA Bantar Gebang is theonly hope for Jakarta at least within thenext 2-3 years. The problem is TPABantar Gebang is managed in disregardof basic technical consideration, whichnaturally results in environmental (air,ground and water) pollution. As anexample, the overflowing leachate takesits way 15 km dowstream sending pollu-tants to Kali Assem, Regency Housing,Dukuh Zamrud/Kota Legenda, Dutaharapan, and so forth. The leachate aspollutes rice fields that causes produc-tivity drops drastically from year toyear. The pollution is worse in TPASumur Batu because of an even poorermanagement.

The pollutants directly influencewater quality in the wells of the commu-nity, making it not worthy for drinking

TELESCOPE

Percik October 2006

DKI Jakarta Waste ManagementMaster Plan Review

GRAFIK TIMBULAN SAMPAH DI DKI JAKARTA TAHUN 2005(6.000 ton/Hari)

Pemukiman

Pasar

Sekolah

Perkantoran

Industri

Lain-lain

Pemukiman3.178 (52.97%)

Pasar 240 (4%)

Sekolah 319 (5.32%)

Perkantoran1.641 (27.35%)

Industri538 (8.97%)

Lain-lain84 (1.4%)

Jakarta Pusat : 5.280 m3

Jakarta Utara : 4.408 m3

Jakarta Barat : 6.000 m3

Jakarta Selatan : 6.218 m3

Jakarta Timur : 6.060 m3

Jumlah : 27.966 m3

1. Organik : 55,37 %

2. An Organik. : 44,63 %

2.1. Kertas : 20,57 %

2.2. Plastik : 13,25 %

2.3. Kayu : 0,07 %

2.4. Kain/Trkstil : 0,61 %

2.5. Karet/Kulit Tiruan : 0,19 %

2.6. Logam/Metal : 1,06 %

2.7. Gelas/Kaca : 1,91 %

2.8. Sampah Bongkaran : 0,81 %

2.9. Sampah B3 : 1,52 %

2.10 Lain-lain (batu,pasir,dll) : 4,65 %

KOMPOSISI SAMPAH

VOLUME SAMPAH :

Sumber : WJEMP 2005

By: Bagong Suyoto*)

15

Graphic of Waste Accumulation of DKI Jakarta in 2005(6.000 tonnes/day)

Residential

Residential

WASTE COMPOSITION:

Market Place

MarketPlace

Offices

SchoolSchool

Offices

Industry

Industry Others

Others

1. Organic

2. Inorganic:

2.1. Paper

2.2. Plastic

2.3. Wood

2.4. Textile

2.5. Rubber/Artificial Leather

2.6. Metal

2.7. Wreckage

2.8. Dangerous

2.9.Poisonous Stuff

2.10.Others (sand, gravel, etc.)

QUANTITY OF WASTE

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

Source: WJEMP 12005

any more. Now the population has todepend on mineral water and artesianwell. It is quite unfortunate, the servicesof artesian well cannot meet thedemand of all population around theTPA, such as the communities ofCikiwul, Ciketing Udik, and Sumur Batuall belonging to Kecamatan Gebang, andthe village of Taman Rahayu ofKecamatan Setu. The wells of the com-munity are contaminated by faecal bac-teria (E. coli) and heavy metal. Mostwaste dumped in the TPA is a mixture oforganic, inorganic and waste containingdangerous and poisonous substances.Most unfortunate of all are the sca-vengers who have to consume and fulfilltheir daily needs with whatever water isavailable and quite possibly taken fromthe polluted source.

Another problem is related to com-munity health. Several diseases such asrepiratory tract, skin allergy, pneumo-nia, asma, anaemia, and others becomecommon to the population. The healthdisturbances are caused by smoke pro-duced from burning the waste, dustspreading from the waste, and thestench blown by the wind, and so on.

Another related issue is the increas-ing cases of social conflict (verical aswell as horizontal), corruption, collu-

sion and nepotic practices, vandalisticand criminalism. Avariety of vertedinterests are growing beginning fromthe government of Jakarta, the munici-pality of Belasi, regional people repre-sentaives, political parties, mass organi-zations, NGOs, middlemen, scavengers,and finally the local population living inthe vicinity. This is becoming obviousand more intense when the MoU forBantar Gebang operation will end eachyear. Waste material does finally fallinto political current, and indeed, wasteis now a political commodity. Poorwaste material management willbecome a storage house of exploitation,especially so since the TPA is located onsomeone else's land.

Review Master PlanTo deal with various problems related

to waste management in Jakarta we needto review the master plan 1987. Review forthe next 10 years (2005-2015) is made toSolid Waste Management for Jakarta:Master Plan Review and Program Deve-lopment, part of Western Java Environ-mental Management Project (WJEMP-IBRD Loan 4612-IND/IDA Credit 3519-IND). The most important part of WJEMPis Jabodetabek Waste ManagementCorporation (JWMC) i.e establishment

of regional TPA, planned for Nambo,Bogor. Taking a lesson from experienceup to now DKI Jakarta must change itsparadigm, into a new era in waste ma-nagement.

As a national capital, Jakarta metro-politan is burdened with various addi-tional problems, such as populationgrowth and urbanization, ever increas-ing economic activity and modernizeddevelopment. While the increasinglyconsumptive habit of the population isdifficult to decelerate, including the useof environmentally insensitive plasticbags. This implies a growing amountand variety of waste production.Learning from experience of the pastand the subsequent problems, it's time-ly for waste management of Jakarta toshift to environmentally friendly mo-dern technologies.

The approach and strategy will bebased on the recommendation of themaster plan review, namely decentrali-zation, enviromentally sensitive, multi-ple technologies, regulator/operatorarrangement, role of public sector andthe community, separation for theapplication of 3R (reduce, reuse, recy-cle), inter-regional cooperation, pay asyou throw. The immediate objective isto prevent, while in the long run (2) itwill exercise an effective, efficient, envi-ronmentally sensitive and modern tech-nology based waste management; (2)establishment of synergy among publicsector, business sector, and community;(3) realization of waste as resource.Sources of fund are regional budget, WBAPL-2, grant, and possibly from CDM.

The regional government of Jakartawill develop 4 TPSTs in indoor areas, inDuri Kosambi of Jakarta Barat,Marunda in Jakarta Utara, Pulogebangin Jakarta Timur and Ragunan in Jakar-ta Selatan. In essence the waste will bemanaged right from its source (separa-tion), transport to temporary station,and finally transport to TPST. Wastematerial will be processed into compost,and the usable materials will be recycled

TELESCOPE

Percik October 2006

SOURCE: BAGONG S

16

or converted into energy (waste to ener-gy). The Jakarta regional government isexploring MoU with several companies,domestic as well as foreign. From fo-reign countries we may cite Kepple-Seghers of Singapore, and a Canadiancompany.

In a report "Potential ProjectPortfolio for Clean DevelopmentMechanism in India and Indonesia"(March 2006) two areas will haveCanadian support, they are waste toenergy through incineration at DuriKosambi, Jakarta Barat and mechanicalcomposting and manual sorting by WiraGulfindo Sarana in Jakarta Utara -twowaste management projects to obtainCDM facilitation. As for TPA BantarGebang, a Japanese company (Kajima)will also process waste into electricity.Later GTZ and BaliFokus are making astudy to determine how big the projectwill be given CDM facilitation.Accompanied by representaives fromBappenas, Ministry of Environment andNGO Coalition for Nattional Waste theyvisited Bantar Gebang in April 2006.

Main KeyBased on experience, no matter how

sophisticated the technology used forwaste processing is, it will end in a fail-ure unless it is supported by the com-munity. The community, including thefamilies living in the vicinity ofTPA/TPST, the womanfolks, the sca-vengers and informal sector should beinvited in the design of a waste process-ing facility, its implement-ation, moni-toring and regular assessment.

The master plan can be put intoimplementation successfully if it adoptsand elaborates the Recommendation ofSeminar Workshop on Jakarta WasteManagement Action Plan 2005-2015held at Hotel Millennium Jakarta, 23November 2005. The seminarworskhop was conducted by NGOCoalition for National WasteManagement in collaboration with

Dinas Kebersihan (Cleaning Agency)Jakarta. Three points of recommenda-tion, i.e (1) conducting a total review onstakeholders' involvement, and alsocommunity empowerment in wastemanagement, (2) provision of alterna-tives review of the technology choice.The technology choice must be stressedon environmental sensitivity, economiz-ing natural resources use, health pro-tecting, and stimulate community wel-fare improvement.

This effort should be complementedwith separation between regulator,operator and supervisor function. Allthis must be stipulated in a specific lawon wastes that is later elaborated furtherinto central and regional governmentregulations.

Up to now there is now law specifi-cally on wastes, according to informa-tion, the draft of the wastes law is underreview in the Dept. of Justice and Law.It has not reached the stage of nationallegislation program. For our purpose itshould be recommended that the reviewprocess be accelerated by a Presidentialdecree for the draft be included in the

national legislation program and finallyinto DPR agenda. The law is beingexpected eagerly.

The various waste managementrelated problems such as TPA BantarGebang, TPST Bojong, the Bandung seaof waste have contributed to the deve-lopment of poor stigma and smearedblack colour to waste management inIndonesia. The Ministry ofEnvironment estimates that what hap-pened in Bandung may also happen insome other place. If someday TPABantar Gebang definitely came to anend, and at that time Jakarta weren'tready with the implementation of themaster plan the danger will be severaltimes bigger than the toppled hill ofLewigajah in Bandung. This is becausewaste producion in Jakarta is much big-ger than in Bandung. To prevent such afrightening danger DKI must take animmediate, concrete, planned and com-prehensive step from now.

*) Chairman of NGO Coalition

for National Solid Waste,

Local Board Chairman of

WALHI Jakarta.

TELESCOPE


SOURCE: BAGONG S

The twenty first century begins

with a condition in which many

aspects of basic human devel-

opment are undone, among others

access to drinking water, especially for

the population living in urban slums. It

is generally known that access to drink-

ing water is a resource or basic capital to

living. Access to drinking water is one of

the components in poverty classification

(Howard, 2004). Failure in water sup-

ply provision will affect all groups of the

community. But, the biggest impact of

all is to the poor urban group that it be-

comes harder for them to get out of the

poverty cycle.

There are several factors that contri-

bute to the difficulty of the poor to

access water supply, as the following:

a. The land on which they are living

does not belong to them.

In urban areas, water supply pro-

vider does not cater the demand of

illegitimate settlers, for reason that

it might be considered as legitima-

tion of settlers living on that parti-

cular area. In spite of the national

policy mentioning that water is the

right for everyone, in practice it

does not work for illegitimate set-

tlers.

b. Limited capacity of the poor to

make cash down payment for ser-

vice connection.

The limitation to make down pay-

ment will result in that the poor will

never have a piped water service.

The price of piped water service is

far cheaper than the water vendor,

but it is quite expensive to have a

connection pipe installed (McIn-

tosh, A.C., 2003)

c. When the responsibility of water

supply is relinquished to the pri-

vate sector, the demand of the poor

is not an intention.

Water supply provider is not

interested in providing access to

poor families because of their low

consumption level and they cannot

affort to make a cash down payment

for laying down the connection net-

work. Furthermore, frequently they

are living in illegitimate area.

d. Some of the decision makers consi-

der that the poor are unable

and/or unwilling to pay.

The poor are considered unable to

pay. However, on some specific

days such as when it is close to ge-

neral election the poor are given

special attention with promise they

would be improvement in environ-

mental condition and water supply

for free.

e. The area is too far from a piping

network

When the poor live in slum areas, or

too far from a piping network,

access to water supply is limited.

Lack of water supply and sanitation

facility affects poverty in four di-

mensions, namely (i) health, (ii) educa-

tion, (iii) gender, and (iv) income and

consumption (Bosch, Homann, Sadoff

and Travers, 2000). This is illustrated

INSIGHT

Percik October 2006

Water Supply Developmentand Poverty

By: Oswar Mungkasa*)

Kesehatan

Pendidikan

Pendapatan/ Konsumsi

- Penyakit terkait air dan sanitasi - Malnutrisi karena diare - Berkurangnya usia harapan hidup

- Tingkat kehadiran berkurang karena sakit, atau antri air

- Tingginya proporsi pengeluaran untuk air

- Berkurangnya potensi pendapatan karena sakit, berkurangnya kesempatan kerja yang memerlukan ketersediaan air.

Dimensi Kemiskinan

Dampak Utama

Kekura-ngan Air Minum dan Sanitasi

Chart 1THE EFFECT OF WATER AVAILABILITY TO THE VARIOUS

POVERTY DIMENSIONS

Source Bosch dkk (2000)

18

Lack of

water

supply

and

sanitation

Poverty dimension

Health

Education

Income/Consumption

Major Impact

water and sanitation related diseasesmalnutrition due to diarrhoeaShorter life expectancy

less school presence due to illnessor queueing for water

Bigger expenditure for water

Less income potential due to illness,less job vacancies where water isneeded

more clearly in Chart 1 below.

Should the poor have no access to

water supply, it is the urban poor who

will bear most of the consequences,

among others (Johnstone and Wood,

1990) (i) increase in amount of expendi-

ture by those who have no access, (ii) lo-

wer water consumption, and (iii) bigger

health burden and extra cost due to loss

of productivity. It will be discussed in

more detail below.

Should the poor have no access to

water supply, it is the urban poor who

will bear most of the consequences,

among others (Johnstone and Wood,

1990) (i) increase in amount of expendi-

ture by those who have no access, (ii)

lower water consumption, and (iii) big-

ger health burden and extra cost due to

loss of productivity. It will be discussed

in more detail below.

a. More expenditure for those who

have no access

When the community have no

access, they have to look for more

expensive alternative. The poor families

buy 5-30 l of water per capita in one day

through a go-betweener, such as the

landlord, water kiosk, and street vendor

at a much higher price. The community

spend 10-40 percent of their family

income for drinking water and probably

have to pay 10-100 times the average

cost (Black, 1996).

Meanwhile, families with piped

water connection spend barely 2 per-

cent of the family income (Satterwaithe,

1998). This can be seen in Table 2.

b. Less water consumption

The bigger is the expenditure the

more the time and efforts needed to get

water, the less is water consumed by the

community that may fall below the mi-

nimum requirement.

c. Bigger health burden and causing

extra cost to the economy due to loss of

productivity.

Lack access to water supply relates

to diseases, directly or indirectly. Many

poor families are contaminated with

some sort of diseases because of water

they consume. As a consequence a big

portion of the income is spent for health

care leaving no more for productive

activity. Besides, a diarrhoea patient

and the member of the family who tends

the patient will not be able to do any-

thing else, this means loss of producti-

vity. (Suryadi, 2003).

The drinking water market within

poor community indicates the follo-

wing characteristics: (i) A water pro-

vider that performs poorly will make

the poor suffer more than the rich. The

poor generally depends on their daily

wage so that the more the time spent to

get water will make the time to earn

income less, (ii) the poor pay more for

drinking water. Although there is a

INSIGHT


Table 1RATIO OF WATER PRICE BY ROVING VENDOR AND PIPED SYSTEM

City

AbidjanBandungDhakaHo Chi Minh, VietnamIstanbulJakartaKampalaKarachiLagosLimaManilaNairobiOnitsha, NigeriaPort-au-Prince, HaitiSurabaya

Ratio of price by rovingvendor with piped

system

5:162:1

12:1 - 25:119:110:1

14:1 - 20:14:1 - 9:1

28:1 - 83:14:1 - 10:1

17:113:1

7:1 - 11:135 :1 - 300:17:1 - 100:120:1 - 60:1

Source of data

World Bank, 1998ADB, 1993

World Bank, 1998ADB, 1993

World Bank, 1998Crane, 1994

World Bank, 1998World Bank, 1998World Bank, 1998World Bank, 1998

David dan Ionesco, 1998World Bank, 1998

Whittington dkk, 1991World Bank, 1998World Bank, 1998

Source: Processed from World Bank, 1998 and Satterwaithe, 1998

Location

Onitsha, NigeriaManila, FilipinaAddis Abeba, EthiopiaPort-au-Prince, HaitiKhartoum, Sudan

ProportionExpenditure/Income

18 percent8,2 percent9 percent3,2 - 10,6 percent16,5 - 55,6 percent

Source

Whittington dkk, 1991David dan Inocencio, 1998Bahl dan Lihn, 1992Fass, 1998Cairneross dan Kinner, 1992

Source: Satterwaithe, 1998

Table 2PROPORTION OF FAMILY EXPENDITURE FOR WATER BY URBAN POOR

general perception that the poor are

unable to pay, in reality they pay more

than the rich, as evidenced from buying

from roving vendor at a higher price,

(iii) an alternative provider is the way

out for the poor to get served. The high

demand for water cannot be met by

piped water provider has made it possi-

ble for small scale vendor to innovate,

such as water kiosk, roving vendor,

independent network, etc., (iv) avail-

ability of cash money is an issue to

obtaining water service. Poor families

tend to pay irregularly and in small

quantities depending on their cash

availability, (v) land tenure is a limiting

factor to obtaining service (Kariuki,

2000).

Water supply development program

can reduce poverty in two ways, namely

(i) reducing cost for basic service, and

(ii) reducing the risks that may cause

decrease of community health and even-

tually bringing down community wel-

fare (Cain, 1998). However, it is the first

aspect that is directly related to the eco-

nomic condition and is often empha-

sized is a bigger income portion that can

be used for purposes other than drink-

ing water. The linkage is clearly illus-

trated from increase in income of the

poor after they shift from consuming

water bought from vendor to piped

water supply.

If the government or private sector

intends to provide water supply to the

poor, consideration must be paid to the

factors that makes this intention attrac-

tive to the poor. There are three matters

the poor community most concerned

about. The three are described as the

following:

1. Water price

Poor families are interested to lower

water price and application of cross sub-

sidy scheme.

2. Expansion of distribution system

Poor families are interested to lower

cost for connection and its payment sys-

tem (cash down vs. installments).

3. Level of service (water quality,

duration of service, billing system,

etc.). Poor families tend to pay small

bill but more often.

In addition, water supply provider

must take into consideration several

other things, such as (i) water supply

provision must be designed to maintain

the noble objective, i.e to improve the

welfare of poor communities, (ii) do

away with the assumption that serving

the poor is a high risk business and low

repayment rate, (iii) formulation of a

clear policy and regulation, (iv) prepara-

tion of several alternative choices for

access to water supply for the poor, tak-

ing into consideration that an alterna-

tive water supply system might be more

acceptable to the poor, and (v) provision

of subsidy to poor community through

the frequently unsuitable tariff. More

often the poor get their water from small

scale provider, whilst cross subsidy is

intended more towards home connec-

tion. As a consequence, price subsidy

benefits the rich rather than the poor.

Cheaper water price without support

with access to water supply by the poor

will only benefit the businessman rather

than the poor. (McIntosh, 2003), (vi) it

is necessary to increase poor families'

involvement so that their interest could

be satisfied (Kariuki, 2000).

*) Member, Central Level WSS Working Group

INSIGHT


Water supply develop-ment program can

reduce poverty in twoways, namely

(i) reducing cost forbasic service, and

(ii) reducing the risksthat may cause

decrease of communityhealth and eventuallybring down community

welfare.

SOURCE: MUJIYANTO

That every organization, be it a

business company, government

administration or non govern-

ment organization, must prepare a re-

port. Report is an information medium

used internally within the organization

or for stakeholders to get to know and

understand the activities that have been

going on within a given time frame to

see whether things have been pro-

ceeding properly as planned or targeted.

The same is true with PDAM as a

regional government owned corpora-

tion, it needs a report for a number of

purposes from analysis, control, deci-

sion making and manifestation of

accountability.

Introduction

Pursuant to PP No. 16 of 2005

PDAM is designated as one of water

supply providers, and as stipulated in

Art. 6 para e that in performing its tasks

and responsibilities PDAM is obliged to

prepare a transparent, accountable and

responsible report in accordance with

the principles of good corporate gover-

nance (GCG). Therefore, as far as the

Article goes, it is intended that in each

water supply service management acti-

vity PDAM is obliged to adopt good cor-

porate governance (GCG) principles.

There are 6 principles governing

GCG, they include Transparency,

Accountability, Justice, Integrity, Self

Reliance and Participatory. The first

two principles represent the aspect

closely related and provide significant

contribution to a good management

report preparation process.

The dynamic currently in progress

with regard water supply service indi-

cates that the user community and

stakeholder are getting more critical

and intellegent in responding PDAM

performance. This fact is stimulated

with the enactment of Law No. 7 of

2004 on Water Resources and esta-

blishment of BPPSPAM (Water Supply

Development Support Body) pursuant

to Decision of Ministry of Public Works

No. 294/2005.

With regard environmental issues

and in response to the dynamic change

in water supply sector, especially in the

realm of transparency and accountabili-

ty of public information system, it is

timely for PDAM to take serious atten-

tion to transparent, efficient, effective

and accountable reporting system.

Role and Function of Report

In accordance with PDAM account-

ancy guideline - State Ministry for

Regional Autonomy of 2000, a report

must meet the following criteria.

a. Complete

A report must provide complete

information about what has been going

on during the on going priod compared

to the preceding period and to the pro-

jection/budget. Additional description

of some necessary information must

also be included in order to prevent mis-

leading interpretation.

b. Informative

A report must contain easily under-

standable information.

c. Relevant

A report must contain importand

and correct information for manage-

ment purposes.

d. Accurate

A report must provide information

at reliable level of accuracy.

e. On time

A report must be prepared and sub-

mitted exactly at the time when it is

needed or immediately after a reporting

period ends.

If we relate the role and function of

report with GCG a report must at least

reflect transparency and accountability

principles. By transparent PDAM ma-

nagement it means that the company

must provide the community, owner

and stakeholder the relevant informa-

tion as it relates to decision making by

the management.

PDAM report must meet accounta-

bility principles, this means that it pro-

vides the reader with a clear idea what

has been done in relations to fulfillment

of role and responsibility to reach an

effective management implementation.

The obligation for PDAM to present

a report is an inseparable part of the

Primary Function as is commonly stated

INSIGHT


Strategy for Creating Transparency and PerformanceAccountability Focused PDAM Reporting System

By: Abdul Gani*

A good report must at leastpresent a well formatted infor-mation in a sytematized struc-ture, easy to understand and toanalyse and serves as base formanagement decision making.

in Management and Organizational

Structure.

PDAM report serves as management

accountability about the company's per-

formance during a given prieriod of

time and as information of service per-

formance to the public and the stake-

holders. In order to be easily under-

standable and to serve as effective

means of communication, it necessary

to design a strategic action in each of

the management implementation

stages.

Strategy for Reporting System

Design Development

The currently existing PDAM report-

ing system is based on a PDAM

Accounting System pursuant to Mi-

nister Regional Autonomy Decision No

8 of 2000. However, a report is used

beyond the management performance

and accountability purposes but it is

also used as a tool for the management

to assess, analyse, and evaluate the suc-

cess indicator performance.

In connection with reporting the are

several problems commonly faced by

PDAM in Indonesia, among others

include report not written systematical-

ly, lack of accuracy, and not prepared on

time, all this adversely affects the timely

decision making process by the manage-

ment.

To assess if the existing PDAM man-

agement report is effective, below is a

series of questions to be answered:

Does the information originating

from each of the management units

follow a standard format?

Does the monthly report arrive at

the Directors' desk exactly on time

each month?

Does the report present accurate,

systematically written information

that can be easily analysed by the

Directors for decision making pur-

poses?

Does the report submitted by each

division adopt the Primary Func-

tion, Vision, Mission and Objectives

of the corporation?

Whether each stage of the manage-

ment consistently prepares a report

in accordance with capacity and job

description of each?

Whether with the contents of report

provide the Director with sufficient

knowledge to judge the division's

rate of success using the existing

performance indicator?

The series of questions above may

help PDAM whether the existing report-

ing system needs an improvement. If

based on the answers of the questions it

is obvious that the system must be

improved, the strategic action to take is

conducting a study on performance

based reporting system identification.

To facilitate the general idea of the

study, below is the related Flow Chart

(Road Map) as the following:

Conclusion

The strategic role and function of

report for PDAM consists of among

others to inform the task and

responsibility implementation to

the owner and stakeholders in

transparent and accountable man-

ner.

To prepare an accurate, systemetic

and timely report it is necessary to

develop a basic reference or an SOP.

A structured and systematic report

that reflects accountability of each

management stage is a means to

support the management in deci-

sion making process.

An identification study is intended

to design standard PDAM report; in

its implementation it requires an

internal team be established sup-

ported with facilitation from exter-

nal experts.

*) Central BMS Team

PERPAMSI.

INSIGHT


ROAD MAP OF PDAM REPORT SYSTEM STUDY

Formation of WorkingTeam

ManagementAssist/Fasilitator

Referensi/Dok :Struktur Org.SOPLaporan DivisiLaporan Mgt

Decide Objective

Review & AnalyseDemand for Report

Problem Identification& Analysis

O R G A N I Z A T I O NPrimary Function, Vision, Mission

S Y S T E MSOP & Equipment

Human ResourcesKnowledge & Skill

Results of Study & SolutionFrame of Action

R E P O R T S Y S T E M R E F E R E N C E F O R M A T

When did human being begin to

face environmental issue, and

when did human being in this

planet begin to realize that its resolution

calls for a common effort? These two

questions have a linear relationship,

especially as they relate to the growth of

global awreness through a learning

process that in reality needs a long lapse

of time. This paper wishes to pull the

redline on the growth connecting global

awareness, the commonly declared

action program and to see Indonesian

position in relation to turning the com-

mon future into reality.

When did the issue documenta-

tion begin?

Local level environmental issue was

first documented long before Christian

era. Plato wrote about environmental

degradation of Attica. In his report

Plato revealed that the soil is nothing

but a frame without fertility, and can no

longer retain rainwater which flows

down on a bare land into the sea. (Wall

D., 1994) Environmental degradation

in Greece, Mesopotamia, Egypt, was the

consequences of several causes: forest

clearing for agricultural production to

feed townspeople, to build pyramids

and temples, as well as war equipment.

Environmental care at local level,

seemed to appear in other places, thou-

sands of years after Plato. Pollution of

London in late 17th till early 18th centu-

ry was reported by John Evelyn. In

response to sulfur containing air pollu-

tion John Evelyn suggested to formulate

a regulation to put a limit to the envi-

ronmental polluters and recommended

that the population plant trees. Engels

wrote an illustrative description of

squalid slum inhabited by working class

in Salford, with extremely bad sanita-

tion, buildings with leaking roof that

were no better than a cattle pen, et

cetera. Beside environmental degrada-

tion the pioneers also discussed about

animal protection. Sommerville, in late

17th century wrote about the threat of

extinction of certain animal species

because they were killed merely for

enjoyment of life. While Salt in 1880

proposed an idea to protection of ani-

mal rights. At any rate, the local level

awareness has not led to systemic and

holistic study as environmental study of

today, they are independent one from

the other.

Economic studies were beginning to

show the interrelationship one with the

other. Malthus, for example, described

the linkage between population growth

with demand satisfaction level. Howe-

ver, among the economists there were

sharp differences. Adam Smith in 'An

inquiry into th Nature and Cause of

Wealth of Nations' described that free

market will be able to bring to the rea-

lization of welfare of all and individual

benefits. The market will take care of

itself through an invisible hand mecha-

nism, which has power to create effi-

ciency, safe, peaceful, and equitable

future, or in other words the realization

of welfare of all. In the meantime, Afred

Marshal, a Neoclassic economist, said

that the environmental carrying capaci-

INSIGHT


From Platoto WSS-BM Policy

By: Alma Ariefand Dormaringan Saragih*)

SOURCE: KURNIA RATNA DEWI

ty does not belong to the economist's

premises. The more so, man has the

capacity to create a technology to

resolve resources scarcity. Market me-

chanism and capacity to create techno-

logy will regulate the stability of human

demand stock, therefore there is no

need for any kind of limitation. If re-

sources become scarce and prices go up,

consumption will naturally goes down

thus provides opportunity for rehabili-

tation, but when it comes to unre-

newable resources, man is convinced

that an alternative resource could be

found.

The assumptions have in reality

brought the later generation scientists

began to consider environmental as-

pects into development implementa-

tion. In the past man has applied the

sustainability principles. Fishermen,

planters, and so on always harvested in

accordance with capacity of rehabilita-

tion. In the framework of sustaining the

balance between resources growth with

the yield harvested, fishermen provides

opportunity for fish to grow so that

resources will not extinct, and the sup-

ply will sustain. Environmental issues

surfaced as a response to overexploita-

tion, for human consumption, to meet

limitless human satisfaction. Goods

and services production is not merely to

meet the need of daily life, but more

than that for life enjoyment which from

day to day is growing and more varied.

Today man is inseparable from cos-

metic, accessories, furniture, AC, luxury

transport, and so on.

Becoming Global Issue

Up to early 20th century, writings

about environment are still very weak,

they do not have political power. After

WW II scientists began to promote the

growth of awareness on the danger of

environmental issues that threaten the

future of this planet and brought the

issue to global forum. One cannot deny

the significant role information media

have played in promoting this matter.

Newspapers, magazines, journals in

1960s began to carry the issue as news,

editorial, and letter to the editor.

Several scientists linked the growth of

awareness with the publication of a

book entitled 'Silent Spring' by Rachel

Carson in 1962. In her book Carson

reveals the existense of biological life

including human being is highly en-

dangered with the use of chemical pesti-

cides such as herbicides, insecticides,

etc. which Carson calls them 'biocide'.

It is not a mere coincidence that by

the end 1960s several non government

organizations in industrialized nations

stood up and waved environmental ban-

ner vis á vis the government that then

issued anti environment policy. The

enviromental care kept on growing in

line with global environmental pro-

blems that are becoming more cons-

picuous and came to its peak with the

Stockholm Conference in June 1972,

attended by delegates from 113 coun-

tries including Indonesia.

The conference which was held by

United Nations Conference on Human

Environment had initiated global

awareness in relations to environment.

This conference produced Stockholm

Convention where all the participants

agreed to resolve environmental issue

from global perspective. All nations ha-

ve arrived to an understanding that the

world is at this time being faced with

environmental problems that can only

be resolved through common efforts.

One of the real results of this conference

is the establishment of UNEP and

Ministry of Environment in the partici-

pating nations. Later a theme that reads

'think globally, act locally' became so

popular, inspired local NGOs to become

so vocal and in many ways stood vis á vis

with the government.

After the Stockholm Conference se-

veral international meetings were held,

though one may not relate with another,

it should be admitted that Stockholm

Conference has created global aware-

ness and highly influential in each of the

international conferences.

Debate on Global Issue and Sus-

tainable Development

Not long after the Stockholm

Conference (2-6 June 1972 and 5 June is

named World Environment Day) the

world was shaken by the publication of a

book entitled 'The Limit to Growth'.

This book was written by world leading

scientists who called themselves the

Club of Rome, expressing a prediction

that this planet will collapse and the big

calamity will happen because of uncon-

trolled population growth, industrial

expansion over the entire world surface,

worn out natural resources potential,

and the shrinking of food reserve. They

who belonged to the Club of Rome were

called 'Neo Malthusian' by other group

of scientists.

A global level conflict later appeared

among some western nations that tech-

nocrats should develop global develop-

ment policy. The conflict became the

central issue in international fora. The

need for development implementation

in poor countries of the third world is

not a priority if it would make the world

collapse. The conflict would become

very obvious in 'World Population

Conference in 1974" and continued to

become topic of debate through the

1980s. The solution to this prolonged

debate was the birth of the idea of sus-

tainable development.

The sustainable development was

formalized by 'World Commission on

Environment and Development' or

INSIGHT


'Bruntland Commission' established by

UN General Assembly resolution in

1983. The commission that was chaired

by the Norwegian Prime Minister pro-

duced a report entitled 'Our Common

Future' or 'Bruntland Report'. It is from

here the sustainable development con-

cept was introduced to all nations of the

world. Several of the messages in the

implementation of sustainable develop-

ment include:

Reducing poverty in the third world;

Reducing resources consumption

and pollution production in indus-

trialized nations;

Global cooperation in resolution of

environmental issues.

A monumental occasion that was

held after the publication of Our Com-

mon Future in 1987 was the world sum-

mit conference held in Rio de Janeiro in

June 1992. The conference was at-

tended by 197 participating nations and

thousands of senior government offi-

cials, UN representatives, international

organizations, and NGOs. The confe-

rence produced a document called

Agenda 21 containing action plans for

sustainable development. A simple con-

cept of sustainable development is

integrating economic development

objectives with environment within a

framework of poverty reduction and at

the same time improves environmental

condition.

In spite of strong political support

the sustainable development concept

still contains some sort of controversy.

Several environmental scientists claim

that sustainable development is an ef-

fort to subdue the globally expanding

environmental awareness. Several eco-

logists take this side. The growing envi-

ronmental movement strength under

several different names, such as 'envi-

ronmental movements', 'conservationist

movements', or 'green movements' are

being tried to be accomodated by the

technocrates responsible for develop-

ment program/policy. The scientists

argue that the sustainable development

concept is nothing but human efforts to

dominate nature (anthropocentric), and

to confirm his position as master or

manager and not as an integral part of

the universe. Holding to such philoso-

phy, man is in a position to exploit

nature without feeling guilty. The end

purpose is the greatest economic benefit

and improvement of human living stan-

dard, whereas in the long run if the

explotation continues and at an in-

creasing rate, natural calamity is defi-

nitely unavoidable. As an example, the

global warming calculation and climatic

changes provide estimation with the

highest level of accuracy, much easier

that calculating when rain is to fall.

Irresponsible forest exploitation, with-

out conservation measures, will cause

extensive floods and landslides, and

conversely there will be prolonged

droughts during dry season. In the long

run is desert forming process.

On the other side, there are standing

the economists who stick to the idea

that there is no reason to specifically

consider environmental aspect in eco-

nomic activity. They argue that the

position of human species as master is

an undeniable fact. The followers of free

market school of thought are holding

fast to their conviction gthat free market

with its invisible hand mechanism will

by itself be capable of resolving the

resources scarcity or extiction. As

resources are getting scarce, prices will

go up and demand will automatically

fall, man will economize by himself.

With the increase in price, man will try

to look for alternative resources.

It is not too difficult to see that in the

end there will be a balanced process

between the extreme conservationist

followers in one hand and the free mar-

ket followers on the other. Inspired by

the two extreme groups, there appeared

lately a new science called environmen-

tal economics that attempts to include

external costs borne by the evironment

into internal cost.

Differences between the two sides

still continue, especially when they dis-

cuss sustainability concept in relations

to capital stock. To the economists sus-

tainability means maintaining capital

stock, to at least the same level if not

INSIGHT


SOURCE: SEMARANG.GO.ID

increase. In this case capital means

man-made capital. While to the ecolo-

gists what is called capital are the natu-

ral resources. To the ecologist sustain-

ability means that the natural resources

must remain at the same level, not

decreasing, while to the free market

both the renewable and non renewable

resources may be exploited to fulfill and

increase human welfare. To some ex-

treme conservationists improving hu-

man welfare at the expense of natural

resources cannot be called progress.

Income derived from economic deve-

lopment but in so doing causes damages

to the environment is not an income.

Economic development that causes

environmental degradation or consu-

ming capital from natural resources

without chance for rehabilitation is not

a sustainable economic development.

As we all know, renewable resources

are also worn out. To prevent any da-

mage, man develops a new capital called

'cultivated natural capital', containing a

mixture of man-made capital and natu-

ral capital. This new capital is so strate-

gically positioned for increasing welfare

of man. Some of the examples include:

forest replanting (reforestation), fish

culture, animal husbandry, and genetic

engineering, have dramatically impro-

ved the capacity to meet human de-

mands. This can reduce the hazardous

pressure to the environment.

The heated debates indicate that

economic developemnt must be in line

with sustainable development. Sus-

tainable development is long range

development in a continuous process

and is conducted without any negative

effect to the environment. The imple-

mentation may not cause any damage to

natural resources stock so that the ge-

nerations to come may fulfill their

demands. Development will need capi-

tal stock and natural resources or envi-

ronment. Man-made capital such as

buildings, roads, machinery etc and

social capital such as institutions,

organizations, culture, etc.

The debates between the two

extreme sides are still continuing. The

extreme conservationists emphasize

that economic growth must be put to

end and no more effort to change the

subsistent economic condition. Man

made capital cannot replace natural

capital that is essential to maintain con-

tinuing life.

Action Program in Settlement

Sector

Think globally, act locally is a motto

that was born later to link the global

issue in environment and conrete efforts

for its resolution at local level. The plan

to take a concrete action at local level

has been a commitment for all nations

of the world that began to appear at the

world summit conference that produced

the action plan documet called "Agenda

21". In the Agenda 21 some mention is

made on: poverty reduction, changing

consumption pattern, human health

protection and promotion, fighting

against deforestation, fighting against

drought and desert forming process,

sustainable agriculture and rural deve-

lopment, biodiversity conservation,

fresh water protection and manage-

ment, treatment of dangerous and po-

isonous substances, solid waste mana-

gement, sustainable human settlement

development. Specifically with human

settlemen development Agenda 21

makes the following remarks:

1. Provision of water supply, sanitation

and waste management facilities;

INSIGHT


SOURCE: EXCLUSIVE

Think globally, act locally is a motto that was born later to link theglobal issue in environment and conrete efforts for its resolution

at local level. The plan to take a concrete action at local level hasbeen a commitment for all nations of the world that began to

appear at the world summit conference that produced the actionplan documet called "Agenda 21"

2.Improvement of urban slum and

informal settlement areas;

3. Promotion of public transport and

provision of pedestrian walk and

bicycle lane;

4.Support informal sector develop-

ment in order to reduce poverty

level;

5. Improve living condition of ruaral in

order to discourage migration to

urban areas;

6.etc.

It is obvious that sustainable deve-

lopment includes every aspect of human

life including his settlement. For a de-

veloping nation sustainable settlement

development means an effort to im-

prove quality of living of the poor, the

majority of whom are living in impaired

dwellings. In Caracas, Venezuela, one

third of its population is living in the

city's slums "Ranchos", in Ankara half

of the population is inhabiting slum

areas 'Gecekondu", in Lusaka and Ma-

nila each one third are slum dwellers.

In Indonesia the problem is more com-

plicated. Beside the big proportion of

urban population living in slums, more

serious than that is more than 100 mil-

lion of her population, especially those

living in the rural are living without

access to water supply and sanitation

facilities.

Sensitivity to the poor, including in

WSS development, has been an obvious

fact with the government, and this is

very much in parallel with international

agreement in Agenda 21 and MDGs. In

the MDGs there are 8 issues that have

become the attention of all nations, one

of them being poverty reduction.

Actually, poverty issue has attracted

international attention since Stockholm

Conference, in which the developing

nations pioneered by Indonesia (that

time it was by Emil Salim) who brought

forward that in developing nations envi-

ronmental issue has its root in poverty,

therefore improvement of income and

welfare must be positioned as the high-

est priority in development planning.

It is more appropriate to say that the

development policy of the government

is parallel with international develop-

ment inspired by UNO, because since

the very beginning it has been oriented

to resolution of poverty problem and

environmentally sensitive effort. But

the question is if economic development

has, undeniably, been able to improve

community wellbeing as is indicated

from human development index taken

from time to time, what happens with

equitable benefit from the development,

infrastructure development for the

poor, educational guarantee and deve-

lopment for the poor, stability of natural

resources stock, and so forth?

For all the above, we must look

closely at environmental aspect, that

during the last decade is undergoing a

drawback compared to several decades

ago. In the Environment Day 2006

there is a strong demand to main-

streaming environmental issue. The

demand for AMDAL revitalisation was

made one of the focuses of the com-

memoration in addition to environmen-

tal education. The reawakening of envi-

ronmental sensitivity is triggered by the

fact that our environmental affairs are

very much in disorder (look for instance

the case of flash flood and lanslides in

rainy season and prolonged drought all

over the country, and the tension of

INSIGHT


SOURCE: SEMARANG.GO.ID

It is obvious thatsustainable developmentincludes every aspect ofhuman life including his

settlement. For adeveloping nation

sustainable settlementdevelopment means an

effort to improve qualityof living of the poor, the

majority of whom areliving in impaired

dwellings.

communities living near industrial sites

triggered by poor waste treatment). All

this can happen because of weak law

enforcement, and probably also because

of indifference attitude on the part of

mass media that is more interested in

political euphoria so that all other unre-

lated matters, though no less important,

are neglected. It is now very seldom for

mass media to continuously publish

article on environment or to put the case

in the headline, editorial, letter from

reader, and so on. If any, it is only as a

response to the most recent disaster

rather than a manisfestation of a conti-

nuing environmental care by making

available a special column for it.

The disorderliness of our environ-

mental affair due to uncontrolled forest

felling, illegal logging, forest homogeni-

zing program (heterogenous stand is cut

for timber the land is replanted with ho-

mogenous industrial tree) all have led to

ecosystem deterioration in the of water

catchment areas and in the long run will

adversely affect surface and under-

ground water reserve, one of man's

basic needs.

The problem gets more complicated

because water source both the surface

and shallow underground aquifer espe-

cially in towns and cities is polluted with

industrial and domestic wastes so water

supply provision becomes so costly be-

cause of the need for pretreatment. The

polluted surface water, especially of the

river will in turn pollutes the sea so that

the surface, within and at the bottom of

the sea -phytoplankton, zooplankton

and benthos- the main components of

food chain, are pollution carrier for the

upper level predators. If man consumes

pollutant containing fish he will be con-

taminated by various kind of diseases,

depending on the type of pollutant. In

the pollutant contains a certain concen-

tration of mercury compound he will be

infected by the terrifying minamata di-

sease that attacks human CNS. If the

pollutant contains heavy metal of cad-

mium (Cd) compound the disease is

called itai-itai that causes osteoporossis.

It is not easy to manage water

Plato once described about water

and linked it with deforestation in

Attica. In Indonesia, care to water de-

mand as mandated in various govern-

ment regulations, Agenda 21 and MDGs,

is getting stronger day after day. At any

rate, water cannot be seen as inde-

pendent without considering its linkage

with and as integral part of the overall

ecosystem.

The effort to meet the demand of

100 million people currently without

access to water supply is indeed compli-

tated and difficult. But the effort will

become more difficult and may even be

useless if we do not link it with the

demand of ecosystem that influences

the sustainability of water reserve. It is

not only conservation of water catch-

ment area, replanting of the deforested

lands but also resolution to the polluted

ground and surface water by industrial

and domestic wastes.

All this can be done if we follow sys-

temic holistic and integratif approaches.

Involvement of all stakeholders and

sensitiveness is compulsory. The mass

media as means for campaign and pres-

sure group, educators and scientists,

law enforcement officers, NGO, politi-

cian, and so on. And, last but not least

exploration of financial resources to

implement the holistic activities and

global network development.

*) WASPOLA Consultant

INSIGHT


The disorderliness of our envi-ronmental affair due to uncon-

trolled forest felling, illegallogging, forest homogenizing

program (heterogenous stand iscut for timber the land is

replanted with homogenousindustrial tree) all have led toecosystem deterioration in the

of water catchment areas and inthe long run will adversely

affect surface and undergroundwater reserve, one of man's

basic needs

SOURCE: MUJIYANTO

In the beginning of the new orderregime, sometime in 1975, Ble-beran village had a water supply

facility. The facility was provided for bya project upon a direct appointment bythe provincial Public Works (PU).Before the project the community usedto take their water from pit wells andfrom a river.

Water is taken from a spring locatedat Cakar Ayam hamlet, one of 8 hamletsbelonging to Bleberan village. The otherhamlets are Losari, Bangon, Tegalsari,Legundi, Bleber, Sempu and Kanigoro.The source is a spring with clear waterat a relative big discharge, 40 l/sec.

A concrete housing is built aroundthe water spring to protect itagainst contamination. In thepast the water is used to irriagte4,5 ha rice field, of which 3,4 haconstitutes bengkok field (landassigned to village headman). Theconstruction activity was con-ducted by the government, whilethe community did not take anypart in the activity. The pipe net-work consists of 6 inch diam steelmain conveyance pipe, for homeconnection PVC pipes are used.Corollary constructions consist of3 public bathrooms at Bangonhamlet that are intended for fami-lies who could not afford home connec-tion.

Service CoverageThe hamlets covered by the service

include Cakar Ayam, Bangon, Losari,and Sumber Agung. The latter belongsto the neighbourng village. The servicecannot reach hamlets of Legundi,

Kanigoro and Tegalsari because they arelocated at a higher elevation than thespring.

Water flow begins from CakarAyamdown to Bangon, Losari and finally toSumber Agung. Ninety percent of CakarAyam population could have the service,while in Bangon only one side of theroad because the other side prefers todig pit wells. For Losari the populationwho have the service are those who livenear the main pipe. The hamlet ofSumber Agung cannot be fully servedbecause there is not enough water. They

got the service only at the beginning ofthe project.

As time progresses the supply is get-ting smaller and smaller. This is becau-se once there was a flood that the pipeleading to Sumber Agung was broken.Finally the HIPAM water supply couldonly supply water to 144 families (13persent of the initial number), they are

44 families in Losari, 40 in Bangon, and40 in Cakar Ayam 40 families. It shouldbe added that the flow is not toosmooth.

HIPPAM ManagementThe management is run by a com-

mittee consisting of a chairman, secre-tary, treasurer, technical section andbilling section. The establishment of thecommittee was done through a meetingattended by hamlet chiefs, RT, villageofficials, and community leaders. Theincumbent committee has been in officesince 2000 to the present and is chairedby the secretary of the village adminis-tration. Because of personal conflict

with the village headman, thecommittee has been idle.

Because of the conflict thefinancial management wastaken over from the committeetreasurer (2000-2003) to thevillage headman. During theprevious period (200-2003) theincome from 3 hamlets was Rp90.000/month. Currently theamount is increasing. FromCakar Ayam and Bangon ham-lets the income is Rp 110.000/moth. The money is used forsalary of billing officer Rp30.000, an increase from for-

merly Rp 5.000.In the beginning HIPAM consumers

did not pay any contribution, but whendamage occurred in the public bath andat several points in the pipe network acontribution system was applied since1980. In 1997 water meter was intro-duced and contribution was decided atRp 50/m3. In 2003 Cakar Ayam started

INSIGHT


HIPPAM FailureIn the Village of Bleberan, Kecamatan Jatirejo,

Kabupaten MojokertoBy: Agnes Tuti Rumiati, MSc

and Dr.Ir. Eddy Soedjono, MSc *

SOURCE: AGUS TR

Clean water fasilities is not maintained

to impose water contribution to itsinhabitants. The amount varies bet-ween Rp 1.000 to Rp 3.000 per house-hold depending on the number of headsin the family, use of water pump, andthe amount of water used by each con-sumer.

The contribution is also used forrepair of damages in pipe network. Thetechnician takes pipe inspection walk atthree day interval, and when he does healso makes some rearrangement towater distribution.

The financial limitation has madepipe maintenance not properly done(pipe leakage is wound with used innertube). The pipe condition is getting lessand less appropriate. Many of them areleaking or even broken altogether.Frequently the upper part of the systemis clogged. The system did not install airvent so to release entrained air the pipehas to be punctured or cut.

Improvement program was firstconducted in 1990 in which water materwas installed in each HIPAM consumer.The program was repeated in 1997. Thisis intended to have a more controllablewater use and distribution system.Unfortunately, there are many whorefuse to install water meter. As a re-sult, the contribution system does notwork. They choose to dig pit wells. Thewater meter system was only applicablefor 1-3 years.

FailureWhy was it that the community

reluctant to participate in the HIPAM?According to the members, the service isnot evenly distributed, it is gettingsmaller day after day, sometimes itstopped, many leaking pipes un-attended, the management does notwork properly including tranparenncyin financial matters.

This condition is a consequence thatfrom the beginning the HIPAM organi-zation was not sufficiently prepared,

there is no management rule to follow,etc. The management does not have therequired technical and managerialcapacity. This was felt after the organi-zation has been going for some time.The management is unable to makewater discharge calculation and plan itsdistribution correctly including mainte-nance and its infrastructure develop-ment.

Another important factor conri-buting to its failure is financial manage-ment. The amount of contribution andcost for new connection does not meetthe actual operational costs includingemployees' salary. That is why the tech-nical man does not take the job too seri-ously. Sometimes the employees had tospend their own money to mend a leak-ing pipe. Maintenance cost is notbudgeted. This condition became worsewhen the financial management wastaken over by the village headman.

Another reason not the least impor-tant is the shrinking of water dischargein the spring probably due to deforesta-tion. From time to time the dischargegets smaller. This can be seen after ille-gal logging around the water source. Inaddition, some of the villagers use elec-tric pump to suck water directly fromthe pipe and some pipes leak due the vil-lagers' carelessness.

RecommendationWater supply facility of Bleberan is

still recoverable. It needs managementimprovement, though. It is estimatedthat a discharge of 40 l/sec is sufficientto provide water to 10 thousand familiesor 40.000 people. This is far in excessof the 980 families or 3460 people, thevillage inhabitants. Several improve-ments that must take place are amongothers:

1. Evaluation of the existing pipe net-work and then a study on the possi-bility of network expansion toenable to serve more people.

2.Formulation of water use regulationsuch as compulsory installation ofwater meter for every consumer,prohibition to cut the pipe systemand suck water using electric waterpump. Including duties and respon-sibilities of water user, monthly con-stribution etc.

3. Capacity improvement of the man-agement personnel, including tech-nical skill required for maintenance,pipe extension, water distribution,etc.

4.Improvement in financial manage-ment. Contribution for new connec-tion and monthly payment should bereviewed, and see if it could coverthe actual operational cost. In sim-ple terms a calculation must bemade on benefit over cost in order toprevent loss, if necessary to makesome gain for expansion in thefuture. The HIPAM financial man-agement must also be improved.Fund allocation for salaries, mainte-nance and further improvementmust be taken into consideration.

5. It is necessary to undertake social-ization to the population because thecommunity awareness is the key tosuccessful water management.Tolerance among community mem-bers is of the utmost importancebecause water is the prime need forall.

AcknowledgementsThis study was performed as a part

of the project “Innovative decision ma-king for a sustainable managementof water in developing countries”(www.project-dimsum.net) which issupported by the European CommissionDG RTD-FP6-International Coopera-tion (INCO).

*) Lecturer of ITS(Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember

Surabaya), members of RegionalPotential Study Group

(UP3D-LPPM-ITS)

INSIGHT


The sun has just awakened from

its night sleep. Otong, a second

grade pupil is ready with his

work gear. A bamboo basket one side

tied with cord is ready to accompany

him. The sea of waste in Bantar Gebang

has been waiting for him.

He still has time to play with his

younger brother, Oman (6 yrs.). At

around 7.00 he takes off. He is not

alone but together with his elder sister

Embi (14 yrs) and also Oman. Their

parents tell Otong and Embi to take care

of Oman. And thus their day is filled

with working while playing.

Actually Otong was not born to

eking out waste field for a living. It was

fate that drove him to be a child sca-

venger. One day his mother had to give

birth to his brother through cesarian

operation. This cost the family Rp 7

million. The familiy with 6 children did

not have as much money. The only

property they have was a motorcycle.

They had to sell it for Rp 8 million. The

cost for opration was well covered. The

balance of Rp 1 million was used for

down payment of new motor cycle cre-

dit. The problem now is to cover the Rp

460 thousand monthly installments.

Thus every one of the family has to work

hard to earn the amount of money for

installment.

Otong's eldest brother is working at

a store selling constructon materials,

but his salary is barely enough for him-

self. An elder sister is helping mother

selling vegetables in the market. What

they make is not enough to cover the

family's needs. The consequence is,

Otong has to be willing to become a

scavenger, a job that does not require

any specific skill and it happens that it is

located not very far from home.

In TPA Bantar Gebang Otong

scratches for plastic wastes and other

sellable materials. He has to compete

with other scavengers mostly older than

himself. Once the basket if full Otong

carries it to the edge of the field. There

the "money material" is kept for a while.

He goes back to the scrathing area for

more material until it is time for him to

return. The plastic material is then put

into a bag and brought home.

On school days Oong returns from

his operation around midday. Upon

arrival at home he takes a bath and

takes his lunch. Then he goes to school

at Blok Kaum of the village of Sumur

Batu. At this semiformal school he

studies in the same manner as other

children of his age. The only difference

is that this school does not issue any cer-

tificate so the graduates cannot conti-

nue to higher education.

On holidays, Otong together with his

brother and elder sister leaves for TPA

at 7.00 AM and be back from there at

15.00 or even 16.00. They don't have to

go home for lunch because their mother

would send their lunch to TPA.

Sometimes these children miss lunch

because nothing comes from home.

They ususally drink water they bring

from home.

Otong tells his story that one day he

and his brother was waiting for the rice

sent by their mother from home. But

the long awaited did not come. Hunger

was unbearable. Otong decided to go

home around 14.00. Upon arrival he

asked his mother, why she didn't send

their lunch. His mother lightly

answered:"Why do you return before 3

PM". Otong was silent in wonder.

The hardship of Bantar Gebang has

taught the children to look for ways in

STORY


CHILD SCAVENGERof Bantar Gebang

SOURCE: BAGONG S

Otong is scraping the waste in Bantar Gebang.

order to survive.

In addition to plastic they also look

for materials that are readily

exchangable to money. The exchange-

able items are for instance spoon and

water tap made from brass. "One spoon

can be changed with iced drink at the

Pak Bule stall," said Otong [pointing to

an iced drink stall at the end of the field.

Three spoons worth Rp 2.000, brass tap

Rp 500 per piece.

One day Otong was very happy when

he found a piece of Rp 10.00 banknote

in the heap of waste. At that time he was

scatching the wastes a piece of bank

note appeared from among the dirty

materials. He felt like he was flying in

the moon.

Each week Otong collects 25-30 kg

mixed waste. The price for such waste is

Rp 500-700 per kg. At least Otong

earns Rp 17.500 - 21.000 a week. Waste

is usually not sold weekly but monthly.

The waste is sold to Boss Harun. The

earning is directly held by his mother.

Each of the three children is given Rp

10.000 for snacks and educational cost.

In the new education year 2006

Otong at 12 years old was enrolled to

Sumur Batu II primary school. Because

he is already too old for his class often

he is subject to fun by his classmates.

But he doesn't mind. The most impor-

tant is that he is studying in a school.

Otong's fate for being able to go to

school is better than that of Jumbo who

is now 13 years old. After several years

he has been a drop out from primary

school. His mother is a poor widow sell-

ing rice at a stall by the edge of the TPA.

No long ago the stall operating at Rp

200 thousand capital went bankrupt

because the money was used to pay for

medicare for his mother's illness. Then

his mother becomes entrapped within a

money lender's entanglement. She bor-

rowed Rp 200.000 she has to pay back

Rp 12.000 per day for one month.

This condition stimulates Jumbo to

join the waste scratching at the TPA. He

does the job as if he is a mature man.

Every day, leaving home in the morning,

back at midday, and leave again to

"bulok" -nickname for TPA- back home

late afternoon carrying the the days'

result. After the waste has reached

about 2 - 300 kg it is sorted out, each is

put into the specific bag. The waste is

usually sorted based toys category, LD,

pail, glass, zinc, and other metal.

Sometimes when he feels rather lazy,

Jumbo let the waste mixed as it is. Each

week Jumbo weighed his material and

sells it to the nearest middleman's stall.

On average he collects Rp 50 - 60.000 a

week. Most of the income is given to his

mother.

There are many children of the age

of Otong, Embi and Jumbo who have to

help their parents just to survive.

Hundreds of child scavengers scratch-

ing waste heaps at TPA Bantar Gebang

and Sumur Batu. Up to now there is no

indepth study, valid data, how many

child scavengers there are here and for

what reason? The opportunity for child

scavenger to develop himself is

deterred, because his life is under the

pressure of poor family. They have to

work that hard. The money is for the

family. MJ/BS

STORY


T here are onlyfew institu-

tions that care tothese children ofthe marginalizedfamilies. Onethat endures thestench is TPABantar GebangVoluntary Teamwith its TunasMuslim (MuslimBud) school. Theteam teaches thechildren who have been strayedaway from formal schooling, toget some general and religiouseducation. More than 60 childrenare taken in at Tunas Muslim 3alone. The number doesw notinclude children in Tunas Muslim 1at Ciketing Udik and Tunas Muslim2 at Blok Abah Bewok at SumurBatu village.

The volunteers are mostlyfrom the local population. Look

at Andi Alim(37) and RudiSamanhudi(35) they areof Sumur Batuorigin. Withall the limita-tion they workhard theirmission.Therefore theeduction isti-tution is cur-rently in dire

need for textbooks on religiousteaching, such as Tajwid, JuzAmma, Arabic Dictionary andother Islamic reading materials.

"It would be quite unfortunateto let the children as they used tobe. Who will take the responsi-bility for the poor child sca-vengers' education?" Andi said.The educators hope they couldimprove the children's dignity, ifpossible also their family's. MJ/BS

Role Played by Volunteer EducatorSOURCE: BAGONG S

Population growth in urban areas

brings with it new problems and

issues. The available land does

not have sufficient carrying capacity

with the increasing burden of the popu-

lation growth. On the one hand each

family is certainly producing waste.

This material needs the right place to

dump in order to prevent it from pro-

ducing adverse effect to health, scenic

beauty, and comfort of life. Therefore

waste must be handled immediately and

accordingly.

This condition is faced by the com-

munity of the housing complex of

Mustika Tigaraksa, Kabupaten Ta-

ngerang, Banten, inhabited by 1.687

families. The whole community is

divided into 8 RWs and 45 RTs.

From the beginning the developer

had set aside a waste dumping site at a

corner of the complex. Bit by bit the

waste became a hill. Once it was

burned. There was no big problem. But

with new houses being built and more

people are coming in the waste hill

becomes a problem. The waste hill is

growing again. It is made worse with

someone who dumped his waste care-

lessly. A lot of waste scattered all over

the place. Then comes the nauseating

odour. Worst of all a mosque is located

nearby. Imagine how upset the prayers

are with the dumphill.

The RW and RT chiefs once con-

tacted the local government cleaners

service. They asked the government to

take care of the waste. To compensate it

the community pays Rp 150.000 for one

haul. Unfortunately the pick up sche-

dule was undependable. Finally the

waste remained a problem.

Cooperation with an NGO

The condition compelled the local

RW chiefs to find a way out. Imam

Sutopo, one of RW chiefs coordinated

his fellow chiefs to contact Bina

Ekonomi Sumberdaya Terpadu (BEST,

Integrated Economic Resources Deve-

lopment) of Tangerang whose office is

located not too far from the housing

area. He requested the NGO's help to

find solution to their problem. There

was a favourable response because the

NGO has had experience in the area of

waste material and sanitation manage-

ment.

BEST then conducted a survey of the

local condition. Then a presentation

was made before the RT and RW chiefs

and community leaders including the

recommendation and proposed waste

management in the housing complex.

"This is a preliminary attempt to see the

community response to the proposal we

offered them," said Lubis, a BEST

activist.

BEST offered a system and the rela-

ted facilities for the waste management.

BEST is ready to treat all domestic

wastes by picking them right from the

place every day. As a compensastion

each family is required to pay a monthly

contribution of Rp 10.000. But the

community is still difficult with the

amount suggested by BEST. "The

amount is too high, considering each of

us has many other contributions to

pay," said Imam who has relinquished

his office as RW chief.

The discussion did not stop there.

Negotiation continued. While the pro-

cess was continuing there was an offer

for half the price at two weekly pick up

schedule. There is also another figure at

a different pickup arrangement. Finally,

BEST offered Rp 4.000 per household

to compesnsate the provision of loca-

tion, sanction, pickup schedule, and

other related regulations. After further

deliberation, it was agreed the contribu-

tion at Rp 3.700/month.

All RTs agree, except RT3 of RW 7

for reason that they are going to build

their own incinerator to handle their

own waste. Though the smoke pro-

duced by the incinerator pollutes the

neighbouring RT 1 and RT2 but they

just close their eyes. The cooperation

with the NGO is going on till today.

Management System

The management starts with pick up

from the household waste bins. BEST

provides a fleet of tricycle carriers -

motorcycle with freight compartment.

These motorcycles go around from

house to house twice a week to collect

waste. The households have just to put

REPORTAGE


Communal CompostingAlternative to Handling Domestic Waste

From the beginning thedeveloper had set aside a

waste dump site at a cornerof the complex. Bit by bitthe waste became a moun-tain. Once it was burned.

There was no big problem..But with new houses beingbuilt and more people arecoming in the mountain ofwaste becomes a problem

all their waste in a waste bin in front of

the house. All the waste is trasfered to a

temporary collecting area.

It has been agreed, BEST personnel

only collect domestic waste from

kitchen. They are not responsible to

remove building debris or tree branches

from pruning. They may, though, be

asked to take care of such waste upon

specific price negotiation.

In the beginning the accumulated

waste was hauled with truck to TPS. But

this system met a natural constraint.

Very often the waste truck was mired in

soft ground. Finally the system was

changed into local waste treatment

using a facility called Material Row

Facilities (MRF).

About MRF

MRF is a 18 m by 27 m steel con-

struction covered with zinc coated sheet

roof. It is provided with 2 m high con-

crete walls and a gate. The Borda fund-

ed construction serve as garbage dum-

ping area collected from the communi-

ty, separation of organic from inorganic

materials, compost processing area,

compost storage, and inorganic material

storage area for sale. The facility is com-

plemented with a guard sentry and

house. The operating cost is paid from

the community contribution.

MRF is handled by 5 workers opera-

ting from 8.00 - 16.00 daily. They con-

sist of one coordinator and four wor-

kers. They are paid by BEST. Some of

the workers move around the communi-

ty to collect garbage, the others are pro-

cessing the garbage already collected.

The newly arrived garbage is filled

into several bamboo baskets. Fromm

there the garbage is then selected.

Plastic and inorganic materials in-

cluding zinc, bottles, etc. are separated.

These inorganic materials are then

cleaned and stored. Every month buyer

will come to take those materials with

him. The proceed is an additional fund

for salary. The organic material is

processed into compost.

Composting is conducted by putting

the garbage into a wooden box of 1 m x 1

m x 1 m dimension. Except for mixing

there is no specific treatment made to

this garbage. The compost is ready for

"harvest' in 40 days. Before it is put to

market the compost must be screened

and put into packages.

All the garbage that enters MRF has

an economic value and nothing is use-

less. Besides, with this facility the

garbage does not look filthy and smells

bad, here it is well managed to produce

something new and beneficial.

Response from the Community

In general the community consider

he new waste management system very

helpful. "This is quite helpful. We don't

have to take pains taking our garbage to

the public facility," said Nuryati, a com-

munity member. They also admit that

with the system cleanliness is more

guaranteed because there are no more

waste hills producing unpleasant smell

and swarming flies. "Cleanliness makes

life more pleasant," said Ibu Eni another

member of the community.

The two community members admit

that the amount of contribution was not

too much. "It's just allright," said Ibu

Eni. This contribution is slightly bigger

than the usual RT contribution of Rp

3.000, and is much less than the

mushalla contribution of Rp 10.000.

Community contribution is relative-

ly big, 90 percent of the total cost. Now

the families living near MRF facilities do

not have to wait until their waste collec-

ted by the garbage man. They would

voluntarily take their waste to the nea-

rest facility. Eventually, the waste is

now properly handled and at the same

time a source of income. MJ

REPORTAGE


SOURCE: BORDA

It has been our habit to cleanse and

flush after urinating. If we do not

flush unpleasant smell will spread

all over the place. In this case water

serves to neutralize the smell of ammo-

nia from the urine. If the room still

smells it can be neutralized by deodo-

rizing substance.

We can imagine how much water

and room deodorant is needed every

day to flush and neutralize urine smell.

This fact has stimulated

an American company,

Falcon WaterFree Tech-

nologies to find a way to

resolve the problem.

Through a series of ex-

periments, the company

introduces a technology

called Waterless Urinal,

a urinoir that needs no

flushing.

The underlying con-

cept behind this water-

less unrinoir is very sim-

ple. According to Klaus

Reichardt, the inventor,

the devise is like an S

form. When somebody

urinates, the liquid will

enter a cartridge screen.

This cartridge replaces

the function of flush water. The urine

flows down through the bend into the

centre of the cartridge then to the end

pipe. The cartridge is made from a fluid

somewhat like alcohol and oil so that it

must be replaced after several uses. The

technology is based on the principle of

specific gravity. When urine, its specific

gravity is bigger than oil, will automati-

cally sink below the oil. This oil pre-

vents urine from floating and rather it

will directly flow down without produc-

ing bad odour. Unfortunately the com-

pany does not describe what kind of oil

used to filter the urine.

According to the company, waterless

urinal can replace the existing conven-

tional urinoirs. The country that has

tested is India, ie in the Taj Mahal toilet.

The same test has been tried at a public

school in California.

This technology, by its inventor, can

save water and energy, the Waterless

Urinal sophistication has won it a world

class Certification for Design Excellence

Platinum Award 2006. The reason is,

the product is claimed to save water up

to 40 thousand gallons a year! The-

refore, the green building of American

consulate has also used the new con-

struction of this product.

Randall Goble, Falcon WaterFree

Technologies Marketing Director says

that this technology is obviously sup-

porting industries. According to him, if

we can save water use by 10 percent we

certainly save 200 billion gallons of

water per year.

However this does

not mean this inven-

tion will pass the mar-

keting gate smoothly.

The invention meets

with challenges. "We

are against this water-

less urinoir. Why? It

will lead to health draw-

back by the habit of uri-

nating without flush-

ing," says Mike Arndt

Director of American

Pipe and Sanitation

Association. According

to him, it is true that we

save water, but what

about the negative effect

behind it.

On the other hand,

Chuck Gerba, ecologist

of the University of Arizone says that

from microbiological point of view the

invention is acceptable. According to

him, waterless urinal is well tested from

its sanitation aspect. Therefore, the

problem of unpleasant smell in public

toilet can hopefully be resolved. Who

will be next to try? MJ

INNOVATION


Urinoirwithout Flush

The government is still unable to

sufficiently provide infrastruc-

tures and facilities for public

service, such as for water supply.

Provision of water supply to the popula-

tion particularly piped water for urban

poor indicates a tendency of declining

amount of expenditures for water and

medical treatment for water related di-

seases, and on the other hand an

increasing number of productive days.

This condition will improve productivity

and increase saving within the poor

families that lead to an increase of per

capita income and filling of income gap,

that eventually affect the overall eco-

nomic condition.

Investment in water supply, from

theoretical and empirical points of view,

provides impetus to economic growth.

In the meantime, water supply for

urban population, especially the poor,

will increase community welfare and

consequently an improvement in in-

come distribution. The combination of

water supply investment and fulfillment

of drinking water demand of the urban

poor will result in pro-poor growth eco-

nomic growth, an economic growth that

reduces income gap and poverty rate.

As far as DKI Jakarta is concerned a

pro-poor water supply investment is

compulsory for a number of reasons,

among others (i) the high urbanization

rate, and (ii) proportion of population

without piped water supply is quite

high.

Therefore, the following questions

demand appropriate answer (i) does the

piped water supply investment in Ja-

karta trigger pro-poor economic growth,

(ii) does the non piping water supply

investment trigger pro-poor economic

growth; (iii) does the government sub-

sidy for water supply provision in

Jakarta trigger pro-poor economic

growth?

To answer the questions this disser-

tation applies a computation model

called computable general equilibrium

(CGE). CGE model is a non-linear si-

multaneous equation system for simula-

tion of optimum habit of all consumers

and producers within an economic sys-

tem.

Three simulation scenarios are

applied in this study using SNSE data of

DKI Jakarta 2000 to see water supply

development as it relates to pro-poor

growth, they are (i) investment simula-

tion in relation to investment increase

for pipe and non pipe system water sup-

ply system, (ii) investment simulation

subsidy provision for water supply for

poor families obtained from piped water

tax increase and from the central go-

vernment, investment simulation and

subsidy obtained from pipe water tax

increase combined with water subsidy

for poor families, both from water tax

increase and from the central govern-

ment.

The result of the simulation indi-

cates that water supply investment

increase in DKI Jakarta produce an

impact to the economic growth but no

significant influence to reducing income

gap, which means that water supply de-

velopment in Jakarta cannot be catego-

rized as pro-poor. Besides, in order to

create a pro-poor growth investment for

piped water should be complemented

with provision of subsidy from the cen-

tral government. The bigger the invest-

ment, the bigger is the subsidy needed.

Several important recommenda-

tiosn to include (i) the regional govern-

ment should make access to water sup-

ply for poor families as a target and indi-

cator of devlopment performance in

DKI Jakarta, (ii) provision of subsidy for

poor families is still needed if the pro-

portion of such families without access

to piped water is still relatively very

high. One of the potential sources of the

subsidy fund we may cite e.g corporate

social responsibility (CSR) from big cor-

porations, (iii) development of commu-

nity based water supply system, (iv) non

piped water supply can still be conside-

red as alternative if some improvement

be made regarding its regulation, sub-

sidy for investment, and construction of

additional public water taps so that the

price of non piped water is affordable,

and (v) resolution of the various con-

straints for the poor to access the service

such as affordable cost for connection.

ABSTRACT


The Impact of Water Supply Investmentto Economic Growth and Income

Distribution in DKI Jakarta

r

ndnt

nt

cy

of

esy,nd

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nt

s

o,nto

to,

Dissertation by Oswar MungkasaEconomic Studies Program

Postgraduate School Faculty ofEconomics University of Indonesia,

2006

Sludge treatment installation is

something foreign to Indone-

sian cities. Only few of them

have such a facility. One of the reasons

is lack of the officials' interest to seri-

ously consider the importance of this

"dirty" sector. In reality, however, this

facility significantly influences the

community health in general.

Malang as a medium size city has

taken one step forward. This city has a

sludge treatment facility. To sustain

this facility the municipal government

formulated the necessary regulation.

And thus the Perda (Regional Go-

vernment Regulation) No. 10 of 2001

was decreed. This regulation intends to

invite the community participation to

contribute to the black water manage-

ment because the cost incurred for this

purpose is relatively very high. In addi-

tion to covering the costs, the fund is

also used to expansion of the service

and the related environmetal manage-

ment.

The Perda stipulates the directives

for using the services of the sludge

treatment facility, contribution, legal

sanction, and control. The Perda con-

sists of 7 chapters and 11 articles.

The Perda stipulates that the obli-

gation to contribute for the user to con-

tribute. Contribution payer is defined

as individual of legal body who based

on law is obliged to contribute to the

regional revenue office, including con-

tribution collector.

Black water or sludge to be treated

in the facility is collected and trans-

ported from the collector tank by a spe-

cial truck managed by the municipal

government or by a private company.

The treatment facility can only be used

for processing of black water or sludge.

The service, research, and collection of

contribution can only be conducted by

the Dinas Kebersihan (City Cleaning

Agency).

The Perda also stipulates matters

related to contribution. Contribution is

collected from contribution payer.

Collection of contribution is made by

issuance of a ticket at the time the truck

carrying the sludge enters the treat-

ment facility. The amount of contribu-

tion is Rp 6.000 per m3.

With regard legal ruling, Perda sti-

pulates that each individual or legal

body who undertake any activity in

relation to black water and sludge ma-

nagement is prohibited to dispose of

the black water or sludge to places

other than the government provided

facility. The contribution payer who

fails to contribute that causes a finacial

loss to the government shall be sen-

tenced to jail up to three month impri-

sonment or a fine at a maximum amo-

unt ten times the amount due. The

sanction is also good for black water of

sludge transport that leaked and

polluted the environment.

To supervise the Perda implemen-

tation, the Municipal Government has

alerted the police force, pamong praja

(government bureau), Cleaning Agen-

cy, and regional environmental affairs

each to peform their task and function

to the best they can.

The Perda serves as legal umbrella

for water source protection from any

kind of pollution such as chemical, bio-

logical, radoactive, or any other pollu-

tant and as an effort towards sustaining

water availability. The Perda is also

intended to prevent water pollution.

Domestic wastewater may cause de-

clining water quality to such a level that

it is no longer suitable for what it

worths.

REGULATION


Regional Regulation of Malang Municipal Government No. 10/2001 on

Sludge TreatmentInstallation

The Perda serves as legalumbrella for water source pro-tection from any kind of pollu-tion such as chemical, biologi-cal, radoactive, or any other

pollutant and as an efforttowards sustaining water

availability

Choice model is a method frequ-

ently used for marketing studi-

es to see consumers' preference

and paying capacity for various kinds of

product being offered. In this study,

this method is modified in such a way

as it can be used for public goods and

services such as sanitation facilities and

services.

The application of this model is

conducted by integrating Choice Model

Module into the survey tool (question-

aire). In the module, explanation is gi-

ven to the respondents about the vari-

ous alternatives of wastewater treat-

ment facility to improve their sanitati-

on condition. The offer consists of 3 al-

ternatives, urban pipe wastewater net-

work (sewerage) system, small bore

communal sewer system, and MCK

(bath, wash and latrine) Plus. The

three alternatives are offered with tech-

nical specifications that meet the stan-

dard of health and environmental pro-

tection. The respondents may than

compare each of the three alternatives

and with the system they have at pre-

sent (status quo). For the three alterna-

tives, respondents are also given alter-

native with regard capital contribution

for construction, labour contribution to

help the construction, and the compul-

sory daily or monthly contribution to

run the operation and maintenance.

Through offering several combination

of examples of the facility, amount of

contribution required, and amount of

O&M cost, studies can be made about

the choice pattern of each respondent

that later can be used to estimate the

order of most prefered type of facility

and the paying capacity of the commu-

nity.

Analysis of the data collected from

the application of Choice Model may

result in the choice of facilities from

among MCK Plus, communal system

and urban sewerage system that vary in

each of the survey cities, as can be seen

in the table below:

In general the respondents feel that

the three alternatives offered to them

represent an improvement from the

existing facility they are using present-

ly, such as illustrated with the choice

pattern of Jambi, Denpasar, Pa-

yakumbuh, Surabaya and Surakarta.

Wile respondents of Bandung and

Banjarmasin do not like communal sys-

tem because the existing facility they

are using is better than the communal

system being offered. On the other

hand respondents of Blitar, consider

that of the three alternatives only the

communal system represents an

improvement to the present system

they are using. They choose to stay

where they are than to shift to urban

sewerage network or MCK Plus.

As for the order of alternative choi-

ces, the most to the least prefered only

Denpasar choose an order of alterna-

tives in agreement with what is sug-

gested in literature. Rural sewerage

system places one followed by commu-

nal and lastly the MCK Plus. This order

of preference is in agreement with the

quality of service provided by the three

alternatives. Urban sewerage system

provides the highest sanitation service

capacity, because wastewater is trans-

ported away from home that makes the

family free from the risk of contamina-

tion. With sewerage system wastewater

is treated in a centralized treatment

installation so that it does not contami-

nate the environment. The communal

system is basically comparable to small

scale urban sewerage system, it serves

the demand of a few scores to several

ISSDP CORNER


Choice Model

Choise IVSewerageSewerageSewerage Status QuoStatus QuoStatus QuoStatus QuoStatus QuoStatus Quo

Choise IIIStatus QuoStatus QuoMCK PlusMCK PlusMCK PlusMCK PlusSewerage Communal SystemMCK Plus

Choise IIMCK PlusSewerage Status QuoSewerageCommunal SystemSewerage MCK PlusSewerage Sewerage

Choise ISewerageMCK PlusCommunal SystemCommunal SystemSewerage Communal SystemCommunal SystemMCK PlusCommunal System

CityBandungBanjarmasinBlitarJambiDenpasarPayakumbuhSurabayaSurakarta8 cities combined

The application of this modelis conducted by integrating

Choice Model Module into thesurvey tool (questionaire).

In the module, explanation isgiven to the respondents

about the various alternativesof wastewater treatmentfacility to improve their

sanitation condition.

hundreds of homes. This system is

also provided with similar wastewater

treatment facility, though technically it

is not as sophisticated as with the one

in the centralized urban system. In its

development stage several communal

systems can be combined to a more

extensive wastewater treatment net-

work, so that communal system can be

applied as an interim solution before it

is converted into urban sewerage sys-

tem. MCK Plus is an MCK provided

with wastewater treatment facility. If

it is properly managed, this system is

sufficiently safe for health and envi-

ronment and convenient although the

service is not a home connection.

In general communal system is the

most prefered system, as indicated as

the first choice in 4 cities, Blitar,

Jambi, Payakumbuh and Surabaya. It

is interesting to note that while com-

munal system is the most favoured in

four of the cities suveyed, on the other

hand there are two cities, Bandung and

Banjarmasin that are entirely against

communal system because they say

this system is worse than the existing

system they are currently using. Urban

sewerage is the first choice of two

cities, Bandung and Denpasar, while

Banjarmasin and Surakarta choose

MCK Plus as the most prefered system.

Another interesting thing is that only

in one city, Blitar, the respondents

consider that MCK Plus as a choice is

worse than the system they are

presently using. This is quite consis-

tent with the condition of the respon-

dents who are mostly poor with access

to private latrine that generally is in

broken down condition, so that from

day to day they use to go to public

MCK. This is a general condition of

migrant population and those living in

rented house with poorly provided

sanitation facility.

The abovementioned choice pat-

tern represents an aggregate house-

hold choice pattern of the survey sites.

Although in the survey the respon-

dents had had sufficient explanation

about the characteristics of the three

alternatives, their knowledge and

experience about the alternatives obvi-

ously put some colour to the choice

pattern. From 8 surveyed cities, only

in Denpasar and Bandung the respon-

dents place urban sewerage as the first

choice. Actually, there are 3 cities pre-

sently have sewerage system, Ban-

dung, Denpasar and Surakarta. Se-

werage system of Denpasar is current-

ly under construction and it can be said

that most its inhabitants are informed

about this. Bandung has had sewerage

system since long time ago, though the

coverage is relatively small, the facility

is well known to most of the popula-

tion. While in Surakarta, the coverage

of the system is quite limited and it

happens that there is none in the vici-

nity of the sampling area. Direct expe-

rience with sewerage system seems to

influence the repondents' choice.

Respondents of Surakarta place sewe-

rage system as second choice under

MCK Plus.

It is the knowledge and experience

about the system being offered that

makes communal system the most

prefered, this is because the system is

widely used (through SANIMAS pro-

gram) with a suffciently successful

level. It seems that the communities

are sufficiently convinced that this sys-

tem will succeed and it has been

proven that it is relatively easy to put it

into reality. Blitar community have

known very well the communal system,

for them the expected is none other

that the communal system, as is evi-

denced from their choice pattern in

which urban sewerage and MCK Plus

are placed below the rank of their

presently used system (status quo).

Similar case is seemingly the way to

explain why MCK Plus is placed as the

first choice in Surakarta. In the survey

sites within this city, public MCK is

generally in excellent condition, the

community has been quite used to

MCK, and most of the respondents are

migrants living in rented house with no

right to decide what kind of sanitation

facility is to build so that home connec-

tion is not an attractive choice.

The choice pattern that has been

successfully explored from this study

also indicates priority problem solu-

tion within their own surrounding.

Before being asked about the prefered

alternative, the respondents have been

given explanation about the advantage

of urban sewerage to other systems is

that it makes the general environmen-

tal condition and issues of the city

could be better taken care of. The fact

that the communal system is more

prefered than the centralized urban

system indicates that for the respon-

dents the utmost important concern is

ISSDP CORNER


Bandung has hadsewerage system sincelong time ago, though

the coverage isrelatively small, yetthe facility is well

known to most of thepopulation

solution to problem within their own

surrounding. Although the study has

elaborated further the reasons behind

the respondents' choice, this symptom

is consistent with the tendency of low

income communities to pressing pro-

blems of their immediate surroundings.

For them, the large scale environment is

something too "luxurious" when com-

pared to their own life's demand that is

dominated by daily needs, the daily

wage income pattern, plus the fact that

they have no gurantee for continuous

and stable employment.

In addition to choice pattern, this

study also measures the wilingness of

poor communities in 8 cities to pay to

improve their sanitation condition. The

level of willingness to pay certainly is in

line with their prefence level to the

choice being offered. What is measured

in this study is how many respondents

who are willing to pay dues to shift from

the presently used facility to to one of

the three alternatives offered. In so

doing, for alternatives that they consi-

der not better than the status quo condi-

tion, the estimated willingness to pay is

negative, or in other words they don't

want to shift to the offered alternative.

In short the illustration of willingness to

pay monthly per household for the three

alternatives offered in 8 cities is illus-

trated in the graphic below:

The above graphic indicates that

poor families of the survey sites are will-

ing to pay for one of the offered alterna-

tives between Rp 4.700 to Rp 67.000

per HH per month. The lowest is for

wastewater network in Banjarmasin and

the highest is for a communal system in

Payakumbuh. Willingness to pay for

MCK Plus is around Rp 8.300 per HH

per month (in Bandung) up to Rp

53.000 per HH per month (in Surabaya).

For communal system, the willingness to

pay varies between Rp 28.400 (Surakarta)

up to Rp 67.000 (Payakumbuh). While for

sewerage system the lowest is Rp 4.700 per

HH per month (Banjarmasin) and the

highest is Rp 54.000 per HH per month

(Payakumbuh).

The above mentioned willingness to

pay illustrates the existing reality. Ex-

perience with SANIMAS program indi-

cates that on average the user communi-

ty spend between Rp 15.000 up to

35.000 per HH per month for MCK

Plus. While for communal system SA-

NIMAS up to now each HH connected

to the system pays Rp 20.000 up to Rp

40.000 per month. The estimation of

the willingness to pay indicates that the

SANIMAS system up to now is used as

alternative problem solving for poor

communities in urban areas that is quite

promising for application in other cities

throughout Indonesia.

With regard willingness to pay for

urban sewerage system varies between

Rp 30.000 up to Rp 60.000 per HH per

month, this amount also indicates a re-

latively good potential though still not

enough to guarantee as a sewerage sys-

tem payment that according to the lite-

rature would cost Rp 50 to 100.000 per

HH per month, on average. However,

the figure in this finding is sufficiently

promising. The combination of govern-

ment subsidy, cross subsidy pattern for

wastewater service tariff, and enforce-

ment of strict and consistent regulation

that compels the high and middle inco-

me communities to get connected to se-

werage system, it is believed that it can

open a passage to urban sewerage deve-

lopment towards which most cities in

Indonesia are compelled to implement

in the future.

ISSDP CORNER

Percik Oktober 2006 40

mckplus

mckplus

mckplus

mckplus

mckplus

mckplus

mckplus

komunal

komunal

komunal

komunal

komunal

komunal

sewer

sewersewersewer

sewersewer

sewer

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Band

ung

Banj

arm

asin

Blita

r

Jam

bi

Denp

asar

Paya

kum

buh

Sura

baya

Sura

karta

Lokasi Studi

Kein

gina

n Un

tuk

Mem

baya

r (ri

buan

Rp.

)

Graphic: Household willingness to pay monthly for sanitation facility

Will

ingn

ess

to P

ay(R

p. 0

00)

Survey Site

communal

communal

communal

communal

communal

communal

During the time span between2004-2005 Plan Indonesia haslaunched significant efforts in

relations to Water Supply and Envi-ronmental Sanitation. Plan mobilizesresources to improve environmental sa-nitation and water supply provision thatis conducted through development ofwater supply service in 80 remotelylocated villages especially in those com-munities who suffer from difficulties ingetting drinkable water supply. The wa-ter supply and sanitation project has be-nefited at least 15.000 families in In-donesia.

In October 2005, Plan Indonesiasigned an MoU with Bappenas as a for-mal background for Plan assistance tothe Indonesian government in imple-menting water supply and environmen-tal sanitation program. The relatedworkshop was held and attended by offi-cials representing Bappenas, Dept.Public Works, Dept. Health, Dept. Ho-me Affairs, who provided inputs for thedevelopment of mutual action plan bet-ween Plan and Government of Indo-nesia (GOI).

Today other activities related to he-alth care are being undertaken in 12Plan program offices and have impro-ved community knowledge on the im-pact of lack of cleanliness and thus im-proves hygiene behaviour among thecommunity members. This is con-ducted through: (a) training of 500 vo-lunteers/teachers for health carepromotion, (b) training of pregnantmothers and cadres, (c) hygiene educa-tion for school children.

The health care education hasreached 50 Adituka (Asuh Dini TumbuhKembang Anak, Child growth early

care) Centres provided with clean watersupply and MCK for children. Besidethat, health care education is also prior-itized to school children, who eventuallywill influence their family and the com-munity around them. School cleanlinessand health care education is treated askey component in the FRESH (FocusingResource on Effective School Health)program implemented in 70 schoolsinvolving 3.500 pupils. Water use andfacilitation in health represents the

main component of the approach. The FRESH program was launched

in 2000 by WHO and is intended to sti-mulate policy formulation in school he-alth, provision of healthcare services inschools, skill based health education,and access to health care facilities. Assuch, Plan also supports hygiene beha-viour information dissemination chan-nels: from children-to-parents-to-com-munity. School children play an impor-tant role in improving health in schools.

ABOUT PLAN INDONESIA


Plan Indonesia in Water andEnvironmental Sanitation Program

Abdullah, 43, could not conceal hishappiness when he saw a boy taking

wudhu (cleaning before praying) at a wa-ter tap in front of his house before hewent to the mosque to join midday prayer.According to Abdullah, before the Plan fa-cilitated water supply facility, it was verydifficult for us to get water

"As with other people, my wife, chil-dren and myself used to take water fromthe spring some three km away from homebefore daybreak. We took a bath and hadour breakfast over there. But now, every-thing has changed entirely," said Abdullahlast February.

In the village of Daha, KabupatenDompu Nusa Tenggara Barat (NTB) whereAbdullah and his family live there are mo-re than 300 households connected withwater supply system. The number will in-crease along with the water committee'splan together with Plan to expand servicecoverage to several other villages.

This pipe network was laid in May2005. The local community worked toge-ther digging ditches to lay the pipeline,while Plan made available other mate-rials, such as cement and technical assis-tance. Through this project, the commu-

nity was succesful in constructing a reser-voir to hold water from the spring for dis-tribution to consumers. The communityhas elected water user committee forO&M of the facility. Each famility is obli-ged to pay a contribution of Rp 1.000 amonth.

In the hamlets Tenga and Madawa ofthe same village Plan needs to put thecommunity's expection into reality. Fromseveral organizations that visited the vil-lage it is only Plan that actually respondsthe community demand.

"However, that was not easy. Plan put anumber of requirements to be met, amongothers willingness to contribute. The proj-ect must involve everyone of the communi-ty including children in planning, design, upto the maintenance," Abdullah added.

According to him, the pipe installationtook 4 days to complete. The work is 3days faster than the plan. "Because waterdemand is so pressing we worked harderand to the utmost capability," said Ab-dullah. Today many children take baththree times a day. "Now we have time totend our garden." And one more thing,they have an experience in planning up tomaintenance. (Plan)

"It's now easier for us to get water"

Drought can be taken as misfortune,but at times, if properly managed, it canbe a blessing. The author of this booksuggests two philosophical grounds toturn drought into blessing, first how tosave excess rainwater and distribute itduring dry season. Second, selection ofthe right commodities, horizontally andvertically, suitable for the various levelsof water availability. To save water du-ring wet season and distribute it duringdry season is something very simple.Using satellite imagery and air photo-graphs at proportional scale, the loca-tion, quantity and dimension of waterreservoir can be plotted into a map.There is already a pilot project conduct-ed since 2000 to determine the locationcriteria covering soil type, slope,rock/parent material.

The selection of the right commodi-ties that minimize drought risk andincrease farmers' income. Vertical

selection of commodities can be done bychanging plant species, such rice withother annual food crop. While horizon-tal selection is directed to several ricecultivars which one has a deeper rootsystem and which one has a shorter lifecycle.

Beside that, drought can also mini-mized by using channel reservoir thatfunction as surface runoff and rainwatercollector and improve land productivity.Conceptually, channel reservoir is animprovement of terraced wetland agri-

culture system that since long time agohas been practised as an ideal naturalmethod for water collector, storage anddistribution system. The channel isbuilt by damming waterway so that therunning water is intercepted to fill areservoir and flow sideways to fillunderground water reserve.

There are three advantages of chan-nel reservoir. First, storing the greaterpart of rainwater and surface runoff sothat it can minimize flood occurences inthe downstream areas. Second, reducesurface runoff velocity, rate of erosionand sedimentation so that the flowdownwrd takes longer time with a lesssediment load. Third, increase ingroundwater reserve during the wet sea-son that will provide relatively sufficientwater during dry season. More ideally ifthe channel reservoir is built steplikethat is commonly known as channelreservoir linear in cascade. MJ

There is a prevailing notion up tonow that domestic wastewater,especially blackwater treatment

is the sole responsibility of the respec-tive household. As long as a householdhas its own toilet, wastewater handlingis considered safely done. But data indi-cate that the frequency of diarrhoeaincidence is so high and groundwater iscontaminated. This is the currently pre-vailing problem of the cities.

On the other hand, the governmentbudget allocation is only US$820 mil-lion for sanitation sector for the last 30years. This means, each Indonesian ci-tizen is given Rp 200. This is of coursetoo far below the ideal amount of Rp47.000 per year. It is not a surprise,therefore, there are many problemscoming up. Data indicate that 100 thou-sand children died of diarrhoea.

Most apprehensive of all is that

Indonesia has no regulation on septictank. Septic tank can be built anywhere.It is estimated that there are 100 thou-sand septic tanks in Jakarta. In additionto the absence of a regulation that obli-ges every HH to regularly empty thetank. Worst of all there is no one heldresponsible to septic tank control.

The fact is obviously different frommany other cities of the world. Theredomestic wastewater is treated in se-

werage system. This system was built inBandung, Cirebon, Solo, and Yogya-karta during the Dutch colonial timess.But its was abandoned after indepen-dence. This model in now developed inBalikpapan, Banjarmasin, Bandung,Jakarta, Medan, Prapat, Surakarta,Tangerang and Yogyakarta. Unfortu-nately its performance is unsatisfactoryand it covers only 10 percent of the po-pulation.

Therefore, improvement is immedi-ately needed. The municipality andkabupaten governments must put thismatter a mandatory. According toWHO for every dollar invested in sanita-tion it will produce economic benefitequivalent to $8. To put it into realitythe municipal and district governmentsmust invite the participation all stake-holders and the communities. And itmust start from now! MJ

BOOK INFO

Percik Oktober 2006 42

Channel Reservoir, Solution to Flood and Drought

Defecation, No More a Private Matter

Title:COLLECTION OF IDEAS:FLOOD AND DROUGHT-

CAUSE, ANTICIPATION, ANDRESOLUTION

Author: Gatot IriantoPublisher: CV Universal Pustaka Media, 2003

Pages: xiii + 135 pp (Indonesian)

Title:URBAN SANITATION:PORTRAIT, HOPE ANDOPPORTUNITY. IT'S NO

MORE A PRIVATE MATTERAuthors: Bappenas Team,

WSP-EAP World Bank, Academics,PT Waseso Tirta and BaliFokus

Publisher: Bappenas and WSP-EAP World BankYear of Publication: 2006

Pages: iv + 31 pp

WEBSITE INFO


Reusehttp://www.ciwmb.ca.gov/reuse/

R euse is defined as using something

outside its initial use without

doing any siginificant structural change

to it. Reuse constitutes a very simple

idea, to save money, energy, resources

and room in the TPA (final disposal

ground), and it can be practised by any-

one. Reuse is the second stage of a

staged waste reducing process consis-

ting of reduce, reuse and recycle as an

important program in reducing the

amount of waste material before its

transport to TPA. In the state of

California waste material reduction is

already programmed through a regional

government decree.

Reuse has many advantages. One of

them is creation of employment oppor-

tunity. According to Institute for Local

Self-Reliance, there is a big potential

through reuse efforts. "If one half of

25,5 million tons of long lasting goods

such as furniture, clothing, and ma-

chinery currently not used in US are

reused, more than 110 thousand job

vacancies are created."

The website maintained by Council

for Integrated Waste Management pro-

vides illustrations of many things re-

lated to reuse. It contains programs

being managed and assistance provided

by the council in waste material re-

duction.

Used Electronic DevicesCollector and Distributor

http://www.recycles.org/index.htm

T here might be no NGO as yet that

deals with reusing and recycling of

used computers in Indonesia. But in

industrialized countries there are many

such institutions because it is the habit

of the developed communities to use a

product just within the limit of its effec-

tive age. In Indonesia the product is

used for a much longer period of time,

i.e until it is completely broken down.

Recycle.org attempts to gather used

computers to be distributed to those in

need for them. And for this purpose, all

the services are given free. Whoever in

nesd for one he is just to contact the

NGO describing a clear identification

and authenticity.

With this service the NGO attempts

to reduce waste computers and other

electonic devices from being dumped

uselessly, whereas actually the techno-

logy contained in them is still valid and

beneficial. Are you interested in do-

nating your used electronic device or are

you the one in need for them. Please

visit the website.

Reuse vs Recyclehttp://www.care2.com/channels/solu-

tions/home/106

T here are many who cannot dis-

tinguish between reuse and recy-

cle. Actually they are quite distinctively

different. Reuse does not need any

reproduction process, while recycle is an

effort to create a new product from a

used product/material. Reuse main-

tains efective use of a product for a

longer period of time.

Why is it that reuse is so important?

Because at this very time there is a press-

ing demand to reduce waste. Reuse will

maintain the quality of a product within

the range of economically valuable.

Therefore, reuse is more effective than

recycle. The reason is reuse prevents

goods from being a waste, reducing it

from the source, saving energy because no

production process is taking place, etc.

In addition to a long discussion

about reuse, this website presents many

articles about health especially as it re-

lates to waste handling. There are also

related waste material programs mana-

ged by various organizations and uni-

versities. MJ

You might have heard somethingabout WASPOLA. Speaking ofWSS policy one must remember

WASPOLA. Water Supply and SanitationPolicy Formulation and Action Planning isa project designed to formulate the nation-al WSS development policy. The projectcollaboratively managed by Bappenas,AusAID and the World Bank has been run-ning for several years.

Beside policy formulation this projectalso conducted field trials to translate thepolicy into regional application. In thisconnection, WASPOLA secretariate pro-duced CD about their activities for thepriod between January-June 2006. TheCD labelled "WASPOLA Publication" con-tains four components, they are policyimplementation, policy reform, manage-ment knowledge, and project managementand coordination.

The first component contains imple-mentation of national policy for communi-ty based WSS development at kabupa-

ten/provincial levels. The report containsimplementation in NTB, Sumatra Barat,Sulawesi Selatan, Jawa Tengah, Gorontalo,and Banten also Bangka Belitung that wasconducted in January - February, inclu-ding its final report that was prepared inMarch - April. In addition, there is somemention about strategy plan for WSS deve-lopment in several kabupatens such as

Bangka Selatan, Bangka Barat, Solok, Sa-wahlunto Sijunjung, Kebumen and Pang-kajene.

In Policy Reform component, there is areport of visit to Ho Chi Minh City, Viet-nam. The study visits was intended to takea look at the small scale water supply pro-vision in the city. The other report containsvisit to Australia in relations to Australianinstitutionally based WSS development.

The third component contains policydocuments, among others proceedings ofseveral workshops, communication strate-gy formulation, Sanimas OutcomeMonitoring Study (SOMS), training activi-ties such as facilitation, communicationsynergy, MPA-PHAST, CLTS, and so on.In the last component the CD tells usablout WASPOLA monthly report Januarytill July and English version of the report.Included also report for the previous ofJuly till December 2005 and WASPOLAworkplan 2006 that was officiallyapproved in April 2006. MJ

Development is mandatory. Yetit is not infrequent that a de-velopment is followed by di-

saster. This happens when those doingthe activity neglect the aspects thatshould have been the bases upon whichone steps. When profit is the prime tar-get, quite often other people around himmust allow themselves suffer from mi-sery.

The video CD produced by WahanaLingkungan Hidup (WALHI) discussesa theme on pollution of rivers. The veryriver is the main water source for thecommunity living around it. The pulpindustry is accused for the river pollu-tion. At a glance it seems the companyhas constructed a waste treatment faci-

lity. But fact indicates the waste dis-posed into the river has not met thestandard quality and that's how the pol-lution enters the river. The 30 minute

film shows us how many families haveto suffer from various kinds of diseaseafter using polluted water from theriver. Besides, it is also shown in herethe pollution does not only causes suf-fering in human beings but it alsoaffects other living creatures. Nature isecologically damaged. This condition isnot recoverable in short time, it needs along period of time. The impact of thedamage will also last long.

The VCD is suitable to be shown forenvironmental education. It is hopedthat through the show men will bemoved to be sensitive to environmentand eventually will join in environmen-tal conservation. MJ

CD INFO


WASPOLA Publication

The Break-down of Chain Link of Life

A flash of smile fromPekalongan

"Wow…..after such a long time,finally we have PDAM in our village",says one villager of Desa Kesesi,Njagung one night during the communi-ty meeting with Pekalongan RegionalWSS Working Group. It was concludedwith an agreement for water supplydevelopment through establishment ofwater supply management institutionfrom within the local community. EachHH is willing to contribute Rp 50.000for home connection, while the govern-ment subsidy will come in the form ofwater cathment structure. The village ofKesesi is one of several hundred of vil-lages in 19 kecamatans of KabupatenPekalongan, Jawa Tengah that is usingits Special Allocation Fund (DAK) forwater supply development.

Slamet, Budi and Umar were smilingwhile contemplating the fruit of theirhard work. These three people are WSSWorking Group champions who realizethat "if the project is implemented sim-ply to follow the central governmentdirection it would certainly fall into thesame fate as the previous projects". Onthe other hand, if one needs the susta-nability there must be a serious effortthough it should be admitted that suchan effort is not easy. Triggered from thisawareness the three people with supportfrom the other Working Group mem-bers developed an idea to use the coun-terpart budget for community prepara-tion and at the same time disseminationof the national policy to other potentialDAK recipient villages.

The experience is an example of

sucesses in understanding the natonalpolicy at local level. They do not simplyfollow the directions from above, ratherthey take courage to critically and con-textually think in accordance with theactual demand of the community. Itwas quite probable, that if the Rp 1,3 bil-lion DAK allocated by national budgetfor Kab. Pekalongan is let to be used forthe improvement of PDAM technicalfacilities, it won't benefit so significantlythe village community whom so farhaven't had the opportunity to haveclean water supply directly flowing intotheir homes.

Reflection from facilitatorThe success story of Pekalongan is

not necessarily the same with that ofother places. This was revealed in theworkshop for Operationalization of the

Policy in four kabupatens duringSeptember 2006. Take for instance inKabupaten Purbalingga, also in JawaTengah, the recorded field data indicatea significant increase in patterns ofdamages to the Water Supply andEnvironmental Sanitation systems builtby the government. Damage escalationduring the last 15 years has come to acumulative figure of 77 percent of theavailable facilities. This means, the usercommunities can no longer make usethe remaining 23 percent facilities. Thisindicates the Regional Government hasno WSS development concept.

An evaluation suggested during theworkshop in Kabupaten Wajo was noless apprehensive. The data revealedshowed that approximately 50 percentof the kecamatans in the kabupaten donot have WSS service. When dry season

AROUND WASPOLA


Interpretation of National Policyinto Local Context

SOURCE: WIWIT HERIS

comes the communities would be in dif-ficulty to get water for their daily needs.If only the raw water from Lake Tempecould be made to flow, the communitywouldn't be suffering like that again.

Similarly in Kabupatens Bima andDompu, the origin of WSS related pro-blems come from the shrinking amountof raw water source for several reasons,namely uncontrolled forest clearing andother reasons related to poor spatialplanning and improperly designed landutilization. In addition, there is another"chronic disease" namely slow bu-reaucracy and lack of inter office coordi-nation, that directly influence the avai-lability of accurate data and maps, onpopulation, and on the potential com-munity that strongly demand the supplyand the existing WSS service con-sumers.

The fact and data triggered the WSSstakeholders to move ahead. This wasmade as the stepping stone for WASPO-LA team to continue to take forwardsteps. The essence of WASPOLA facili-tation this year is to increase the regio-nal capacity to develop a planning inaccordance with the national policy.One of the indicators is that "the regionhas the courage to bargain a program"or in other words to have courage to finda breakthrough to adapt the nationalpolicy into the regional context in termsof the local situation and condition andthe actual demand.

Continuation of roadshow andregional level workshops

The regional implementation facili-tation process indicates that roadshowto the chiefs of regional government andpeople's representatives is a first ratemethod in obtaining political support.Last September, a roadshow experiencein Purbalingga indicated a success. Thekabupaten administration gave its sup-port by making availabe regional budgetthrough the Bupati's Instruction letterNo. 546.2/4 of 2006 for infiltration well

development movement, application ofPublic Health Service Guarantee andmatters related to WSS development.Other roadshows were conducted in thekabupatens of Wajo, Bima, and Dompu,all of which have led to Workshop forOperationalization of National Policy atthe Regional Level. Similar activities atProvince of NTT, Kabupatens Brebesand Pemalang and Province of Bantenhave taken place the month before. TheWSS Working Group of ProvinceBanten reported that the roadshow theyinitiated was also a success. There are17 other kabupatens are scheduled toembark on a roadshow this year.

Strengthening regional capacity inMPA-PHAST

MPA (Methodology for ParticipatoryAssessments) is one of the approachesthat is continuously employed byWASPOLA to involving the communi-ties in effective planning and develop-ment so that they participate in decisionmaking. MPA-PHAST has been applied

in several projects, such as WSLIC-2 inseveral provinces in Indonesia. On 29August-1 September 2006 MPA-PHASTtraining was conducted in two regionsnamely in Pujut, Lombok Tengah for 5provinces of the eastern part ofIndonesia attended by 33 participants.During the workshop all the partici-pants directly applied the methodstogether with the local communities oftwo villages in Lombok Tengah. Mostparticiapnts commented that the trai-ning was very interesting and importantto change the way of thinking of theregional government about communitybased approach, unfortunately though, thetime was too short. Similar worksop wasconducted by PMD of Dept Home Affairsin Semarang on 19-22 September 2006attended by 32 participants representingwestern part of Indonesia.

Provisioning regional implementorswith basic facilitation training

For the purpose of improving thecapacity of regional working groups

AROUND WASPOLA


SOURCE: WIWIT HERIS

Facilitation Skill Training was held inJuly and August 2006. There were twobatches of participants, the first washeld in Yogyakarta by PMD of DeptHome Affairs attended by 32 partici-pants, while the second batch wasorganized by WASPOLA in Bali at-tended by 33 participants representingseveral provinces. This meeting is con-sidered very important by the partici-pants because facilitation skill is a basicrequirement for policy implementor toenable him to change towards accept-able attitude and at the same timeimproving his capacity in the applica-tion of participatory methods as startingpoint for community based approaches.Several kabupatens, for example Pan-deglang, expressed their interest to con-duct similar training in their respectiveregions.

Mainstreaming upper-lower wa-tershed issue to sustain raw wateravailability

The availibility of raw water thatmeets standard quality is a prerequisitefor water supply service. While someregion may have very limited watersource is a deviation from the concept ofregional autonomy wherein regionalauthority is divided but does not includeownership of raw water source. Thishas been calculated as one aspect thatmay triggers inter-regional conflict ofinterest and conflict between regionalusers. It is necessary to find effectiveraw water management models to gua-rantee sustainable water supply provi-sion. It would be ideal if there were amodel that could reflect involvement ofall stakeholders, a just environmentalservice and improving welfare of allespecially the community.

The first upper-lower watershedworkshop was held in August 2006 inPadang with a theme that reads"Optimizing Regional Involvement inthe Management of Inter-regional Raw

Water Sources". Similar workshop wasalso held in the Provinces of JawaTengah and NTB. A pioneer model thatwas produced therefrom will be dis-cussed in more detail at national levelmeeting, in order to obtain more inputsfor a continuing policy improvement.

National coordination meetingThe National coordination meeting

was facilitated by Directorate General(DG) Bangda Dept Home Affairs andwas flowing intensively and in participa-tory manner.

All the WASPOLA facilitatedprovinces, kabupatens and cities during2003-2006 were present and have con-cluded important agreements related topolicy implementation. There are atpresent 4 WASPOLA facilitated regionsof 2004 that have completed its WSSdevelopment strategy and is now fol-lowed with operational program. Fiveother regions facilitated in 2005 are inthe final stage of the strategy formula-tion. One of the meeting agenda was adiscussion on "Communication Strategyto support WSS development in theregions" and this was followed with gro-up discussion. At the end of the work-shop they were asked to present to thegroup the action plan to be implemntedin their respective regions includingcommunication aspect integrated in it.

Communication strategy to support

policy implementationUp to September 2006 WASPOLA

has completed facilitation activities in49 kabupatens. To enable to cover theactivities in such a big number of kabu-patens it is required to develop effectivestrategy breakthroughs to speed upadoption process and policy implemen-tation in the field. From observationmade by WASPOLA communicationteam both at the central and at regionallevels some time ago, there were severalidentifiable barriers that constrainedpolicy facilitation, one of them is lack ofcomprehensive knowledge in the part ofthe decision makers that leads to insuf-ficient support, in addition to pooradvocacy skill especially with lack ofsupport from communication media.The general public do not pay enoughattention to sanitation issues becausesuch issues are rarely brought to theirattention by mass media. Another con-straint of note is the prevailing inter-agency sectoral egoism that adverselyaffects the motivation to formulation ofregional WSS development strategy.

To overcome this issue, WASPOLAteam formulated six CommunicationStrategies that have been revised andimproved based on inputs from CentralWSS Working Group internal workshopand from other involved parties. Thecommunication strategy is a communi-cation intervention method to variouskey elements for policy implementationin order to develop it into a sustainableprogram. Through an internal work-shop held on 28 September 2006 theCentral WSS Working Group hasaccepted the role and responsibility andthe funding will be included in WSSWorking Group FY 2007 Budget. Thisdocument will serve as guideline for theimplementation of communication stra-tegy in the future, hence it be distrib-uted accordingly. (Wiwit Heris)

AROUND WASPOLA


there were several iden-tifiable barriers that

constrained policy facili-tation, one of them islack of comprehensive

knowledge in the part ofthe decision makers

Community Water Services andHealth Project (CWSHP) con-ducted Health Promotion train-

ing in Surabaya on 20-24 September2006. The training was intended tocoordinate health promotion programsof CWSH and Desa Siaga consideringboth programs are working on similarapproach.

This training was attended byEnvironmetal Health and HealthPromotion of four provinces and 20kabupatens, consisting of ProvincesKalimantan Barat (5 kabupatens),Kalimantan Tngah (7 kabupatens),Bengkulu (3 kabupatens) and Jambi (5kabupatens). The training was officiallyopened by Director of EnvironmetalHealth, Dept Health. He urged the par-ticipants to develop an integrated pro-

gram approach between EnvironmentalHealth and Health Promotion withSchool Health Unit (UKS).

The subject matters discussed in thetraining included introduction ofCWSH, National Policy for CommunityBased WSS Development, NationalPolicy and Strategy for Health

Promotion Development, Organizationof UKS, Sanitation Clinic, CLTS as analternative for Resolution of SanitationProblem, MPA-PHAST, Commu-nication and Media Development, andSelf Reflection.

The training produced an agree-ment of a set of duties and responsibi-lities in accordance with their own pro-gram. The program comprises fouraspects, they are empowerment,hygiene behaviour, health promotion,and UKS. In addition to the agreementconcluding the training also producedseveral recommendations, among oth-ers the need for involvement of Dept.ofNational Education in UKS program,maintaining a specific website, pus-kesmas sanitarian training. Mahmud

Yunus/MJ

AROUND WSS


CWSH Health Promotion Training

On 19-23 September 2006 the

Directorate General for Com-

munity Development (PMD)

Dept Home Affairs organized orienta-

tion training on Methodology for

Participatory Assessment - Participato-

ry Hygiene and Sanitation Trans-

formation (MPA-PHAST) in Semarang.

The activity was intended to improve

understanding and facilitation skill of

the individuals directly involved in the

application of MPA-PHAST methodolo-

gy. With this capacity it is hoped that

the participants will increase the effica-

cy of planning, monitoring and evalua-

tion processes in the WSS sector deve-

lopment.

The event was opened by Togap

Siagian (Section Head, Facilities

and Infrastrures, DG PMD) on behalf

of the DG PMD, and Oswar Mungkasa

(Head of Subdirectorate Solid

Waste & Drainage, Bappenas), and

Gary Swisher (WASPOLA Leader). The

orientation was facilitated by Amin

Robianto and Herry Setyadi from Citra

Darani Jakarta and Nur Khamid from

Meda Parahita Lumajang.

MPA-PHAST methodology compris-

es several stages, i.e preparatory, plan-

ning, implementation and monev, each

influences the others and operates on 7

variables: sustainable efficacy, effective

use, community demand reponsiveness,

participation in management, commu-

nity empowerment and participation,

institutional support and policy sup-

port.

The activity that was attended by 36

participants was filled with MPA-

PHAST related subject matters and

other aspects related to sustainable

WSS service development and field

practice in the application of MPA-

PHAST softwares. The participants we-

re divided into three groups each group

was sent to different village, Gondoriyo,

Genting, and Bedono. The three villages

are in Ambarawa area, in Kecamatan

Jambu Kabupaten Semarang.

After completion of field practice

the participants began to realize that it

is not easy to deal with the community.

rie

Methodology for Participatory Assessment - Participatory Hygieneand Sanitation Transformation (MPA-PHAST) Orientation Training

"H ari why do you still use too

much water?? …Please dech!!"

That reads the opening slogan brought

to Dharma Praja, Denpasar high school

students in an event called Socialization

of SPAM (Water Supply Provision

System) Care for High School Students

2006, held on 22 September 2006. This

event was conducted in collaboration

between Directorate of Water Supply

Development Dept Public Works and

PDAM Kota Denpasar. The purpose

was to explain the system in water sup-

ply provision and to build an awareness

how important water resource conser-

vation is.

The program was targeted to two

high schools, the Dharma Praja High

School and Public High School No. 8

Denpasar. There were 55 students from

Dharma Praja and 90 from Public High

School 8 enthusiastically took part in

the program. Using educational tool kit

the students took water quality mea-

surement in the river near their school.

Based on the masurement the water

from Badung river is within the normal

range. The collected data read: pH is

somewhere around 8, turbidity above

100 JTU (Jackson Turbitity Unit), dis-

solved oxygen 4 mg/l on average. With

such a condition river Badung is catego-

rized as moderate, although turbidity is in

poor condition. While analysis of Tukad

Ayung river by SMUN 8 students con-

cludes that the river is still worthy for raw

water source for PDAM Kota Denpasar.

The students were guided to tour the

raw water source and its treatment at

the facility in Blusung PDAM Kota

Denpasar. Before that they were intro-

duced to government policies related to

Water Supply Provision System and

Decision of Minister of Health

No.907/MENKES/2002 on Standard

Requirements for Drinking Water and

Drinking Water Quality Control. It is

hoped that with this activity the stu-

dents would become SPAM representa-

tives who are aware of and willing to

influence their friends and families how

to behave with regard to water.

They were also instilled to develop

a creative proposal in connection

with water campaign in any possible

form. Radio CDBS Bali that also took

part in this occasion is willing to

become the media for environment

care youth of Bali, particularly in

relations to water. MJ

AROUND WSS


Socialization of SPAM Care to School Children

C onsidering the complexity of pro-

blems related to water supply and

sanitation sector to be submitted to the

government, the community and mass

media by the pulic relations of WSS

related institutions, Water and Sani-

tation Network in collaboration with

Water Supply Communication Forum

(RORKAMI) organized MOVE (Mode-

ration and Visualization for Group

Event) Workshop in Yogyakarta 4-7

September 2006. MOVE is an interna-

tional guidance for public relations and

adult education in improving modera-

tion and visualization skill.

This workshop was intended to pro-

vide highly required moderation and

visualization skill by PR practitioners to

summarize the actual problems and

issues or constraints to be presented to

the government, community and media

in well packaged information so that the

actual and critical issues are clearly

transmitted.

This activity was attended by thirty

participants from WSS Working Group

(Pokja AMPL), Regulatory Body, PDAM

Kota Bogor, PDAM Kabupaten Bogor,

and Yayasan Satunama. The event was

opened by Drs. Abdul Muthalib. Man-

fred Oepen from Water and Sanitation

Network and Frans Tugiman acted as

co-moderator.

MOVE methodology has been tried

in many countries including Indonesia.

This methodology is recommended by

GTZ, USAID, World Bank, and many

other international organizations.

MOVE applies the principles of coope-

ration, visualization, and evaluation and

orientation to problem.

Manfred Oepen and Frans Tugiman

reminded the participants that to

become MOVE moderator one must be

able to guide an audience without do-

minating them. They have to be able to

respect each one's idea and experience

brought forward by the audience. rie

Workshop Moderation and Visualization forGroup Event (MOVE)

f

G E N E R A L B O O KNATIONAL PROFILES ON CHILDREN'S HEALTH ANDTHE ENVIRONMENT: ASSESSING READINESS FORIMPROVING ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PROTEC-TION AND CHEMICAL SAFETY FOR CHILDRENPublisher: World Health Organization

ECO HYDRAULICS OF RIVER CONSTRUCTION: MITIGATION OFFLOOD AND DAMAGES OF RIVER BASIN ENVIRONMENT. SECONDEDITIONAuthor: Maryono, Agus. YogyakartaPublisher: Postgraduate Program, UGM, 2005

PICTURE BOOK THE GOOD & THE BAD INFRASTRUCTURE : ROAD

& BRIDGE (VOL.1).Authors: Hartmann, Ekart & Unger, HeinzPublisher: World Bank, Jakarta, 2006

LAW AND REGULATIONDECISION OF MINISTER OF FINANCE NO.518/KMK.01/2005 ON THE FORMATION OF RISKMANAGEMENT COMMITTEE FOR INFRASTRUC-TURE PROVISION IN INDONESIAAuthor: Water Supply Provision SystemDevelopment Support Agency Ept. Publ Works,2005

PRESIDENT REGULATION NO. 67 YEAR OF 2005REGARDING ON GOVERNMENT COOPERATION WITH PUBLICBUSINESS UNIT ON INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT.Author: Support Agency for Water Supply ProviderSystem, Public Works Departement, Jakarta 2005

WATERS ACT 1920 (ACT 416) & WATER SUPPLY (FEDERAL TERRITORYOF KUALA LUMPUR) ACT 1998 (ACT 581)Author: International Law Book Services, 2001Publisher: International Law Book Services, Malaysia

MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENTAL DECREE NO.48/1996 REGARDINGDECREE OF THE STATE MINISTER OF ENVIRONMENTNUMBER: KEP-48/MENLH/II/1996 REGARDING NOISE LEVEL STANDARDPublisher: State Minister of Environment Indonesia

P R O J E C T R E P O R TFINAL REPORT IMPLEMENTATION OF ECONOMIC IMPACT OF WATERSUPPLY INVESTMENT TO INDONESIAN ECONOMYJakarta, Basic Village Infrastructure and Facility Development andControl Independent Unit, 2006

FINAL REPORT IMPLEMENTATION OF ECONOMICIMPACT OF WATER SUPPLY INVESTMENT TO

INDONESIAN ECONOMY

BASIC FACILITATION SKILL TRANING REPORT: WITHIN THEFRAMEWORK OF IMPL3MENTATION OF NATIONAL POLICY FORCOMMUNITY BASED WSS DEVELOPMENTPublisher: DG PMD Dept Home Affairs, Jakarta 2006

G U I D E L I N ESTANDARD LIST IN CIVIL CONSTRUCTION AND ENGINEERING:STANDAR NASIONAL INDONESIA (SNI), TECHNICAL GUIDELINE ANDMANUALPublisher: Dept. Public Works Agency for Research andDevelopment Jakarta, 2004

TECHNICAL GUIDELINE AND MANUAL, FIRST EDITION,DECEMBER 2002; PART 6 (VOLS II & III) URBAN WATERSUPPLY SYSTEMPublisher: Dept KimpraswilAgency for Research and Development, Jakarta 2002

TECHNICAL GUIDELINE AND MANUAL, FIRST EDI-TION, DECEMBER 2002; PART 5 (VOL II) RURALWATER SUPPLY SYSTEMPublisher: Dept KimpraswilAgency for Research and Development, Jakarta 2002

TECHNICAL & MANUAL GUIDELINE, FIRST EDITION,DECEMBER 2002: SECTION 6 (VOL. 1) URBAN DRINKWATER (URBAN WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM). Publisher: Development and Research, Departement of PublicWorks, Jakarta, 2002

M A G A Z I N EACCESS8th edition July/August 2006. AustralianCommunity Development and Civil SocietyStrengthening Scheme

JOURNAL ON GLOBAL ISSUES USA:ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION 30 YEARS PROGRESSIN THE UNITED STATESWashington DC eJournal USA. 2005

CIPTA KARYA BULLETINNo. 8/4th YEAR/2006

WSS LIBRARY


DAT E MO N T H AC T I V I T Y

30 August - 1 September Coord Meeting WSS Policy Implementation in Bandung28 August - 1 September MPA-PHAST Training in Mataram01 September Meeting on Operationalization of National Policy for WSS Development in Lombok NTB30 August - 1 September Coord Meeting on National Policy for WSS Development in Makassar01 September ISSDP Inception Report Pre-Workshop in Jakarta4-7 September Workshop Moderation and Visualization of Group Event - MOVE (FORKAMI) in Yogyakarta4-6 September WSS Technical Training for Provinces of Jabar, Sulsel, and Sulbar (WSLIC) in Surabaya04 September Meeting on WASPOLA 2 Project and Sustainable Exit Strategy in Jakarta5-7 September Coord Meeting WSS Policy Implementation in Makassar06 September Presentation of Innovative Decision Making for a Sustainable Management of

Water (DIMSUM) in Jakarta07 September Training on WSS/SUSENAS 2006 Data Processing in Jakarta08 September Workshop ISSDP Inception Report in Jakarta9-13 September ProAir Workshop for Sumba Barat, Sumba Timur and NTT in Kupang14 September Socialization of Strategy Plan in Solok18 September Workshop on WSS-BM in Dompu19-23 September MPA-PHAST Orientation in Semarang19-21 September Workshop Operationalization of National Policy for WSS Development in Bima19 September Roadshow and Workshop Operationalization of National Policy for

WSS Development in Purbalingga20-23 September CWSH Health Promotion Training in Surabaya19-20 September Socialization of Strategy Plan for National Policy for WSS Development in Banten21 September Workshop Operationalization of National Policy for WSS Development in Wajo21 September Water Supply Facility Development (ProAir) Meeting in Sumba barat28 September Communication Strategy WASPOLA 2 Meeting in Jakarta29 September Coord Meeting WSS Development in Jakarta30 September Roadshow and Workshop Operationalization of National Policy for WSS Development in NTT2-4 October Workshop Water Resources Management Instrument in Jakarta2-7 October Field Tests of SUSENAS Data in Palembang, Semarang, Minahasa, Kupang ,

Lombok Barat, Ternate03 October Seminar on Local Community Access and Role in Water Supply Service in Jakarta06 October Regional Meeting on Initiatives on Environment and Health in Jakarta9-13 October Workshop on Strategy Plan for National Policy for WSS Development in

Bukittinggi, Sumatra Barat11 October Preparation for Regional TOT and National Meeting on Scaling Up CLTS in Jakarta12 October Roadshow and Workshop Operationalization of National Policy for WSS Development in Kupang12 October Meeting for Strategy Paper "Financing Piped Water Service" in Jakarta13 October ProAir Meeting in Jakarta16 October Meeting on Speeding up the Formation of BPAL in Bali17 October Preparatory for Appraisal of Western Java Environmental (WJEMP) in Jakarta17 October Meeting on Policy for Subsidy and Public Service Obligation in Jakarta18 October Meeting on Trial for BPS Questionaire in Jakarta19 October Coordination Meeting on WASPOLA - WSS Working Group Workplan in Jakarta19 October Coordination Meeting on WSS Communication Network in Jakarta

AGENDA


Question:First I wish to know the applicable

technology or method in an area loca-

ted somewhere around 10 m from a

TPA (final disposal site) in order to

protect the clean groundwater from

leachate intrusion. Secondly, how

can a community living along the

coastline turn the raw brackish

groundwater into drinkable water.

What technology is applicable for this

purpose? Thank you in advance.

chris tinto

<[email protected]>

Answer:For areas with high probability of

pollution contamination (such as one

near TPA), one should admit, that it

will be difficult to access water sup-

ply, if the source is groundwater.

Measures for soil and groundwater

protection from pollution must have

been taken before the TPA was to

start operation. This is called preven-

tive measure.

In case any of these measures can-

not be undertaken, naturally the com-

munity have to find access to water

supply from other sources (such as

piped water from water treatment

facility that takes its raw water from

sources other than groundwater

around the TPA).

But if they have to consume the

groundwater and if it is found that the

groundwater is polluted, then the soil

and the water must be properly reme-

died. This a very expensive technolo-

gy, because in the US to cleanse a site

from landfill pollution would cost

US$125 million per site. This is the

curative measure.

The technology commonly used

for this purpose is called Passive

Reactive Barriers. This techology uti-

lized concrete barriers in the ground-

water flow. The barriers are coated

with some kind of chelator and oxida-

tor to bind and oxidize toxic sub-

stances in the waste leachate. By so

doing, preventive measure is still

preferable to curative. Or we have to

go back to using water from a service

taken from a source other than a pol-

luted site.

For the second question, it is quite

possible that intrusion of salt water

has entered the groundwater immedi-

ately along the coastline. This can be

resolved by preventive measure, i.e

not to exploit groundwater in excess

of the prescribed discharge rate.

Otherwise, salt water intrusion will

begin and the fresh water will turn

brackish.

If one has to use the brackish

water as raw water source, one may

use a technology called Reverse

Osmosis (RO). This techology is

based on the principle of membrane

with minute pores subjected to high

pressure to repel salt compounds

from the solution. It is a relatively

costly method, somewhere around

US$2 per cu. metre. As a comparison

the average cost for surface water in

Indonesia costs US$.25 per cu. metre.

If one decides not to use this tech-

nology the alternative is to use piped

water supplied from a source other

than the coastline.

If that is still not possible, the

government can subsidize the use

of RO technology for this kind of

areas so that the investment and

O&M are affordable. The essence

is the tehnology chosen must be

dependable and at the same time

also affordable. Sandhi


Protecting Water Sourcearound TPA

IATPI CLINIC

Percik Magazine in cooperation with Sanitation Engineer and and Environmental Engineer Association maintain Clinic column. This column deals with questions and answers on water supply and environmental sanitation

Contributor: Sandhi Eko Bramono ([email protected])Lina Damayanti ([email protected])

It is quite possible thatintrusion of salt water hasentered the groundwater

immediately along thecoastline. This can beresolved by preventive

measure, i.e not to exploitgroundwater in excess of the

prescribed discharge rate.

Piezometric head lineAlso called Hydraulic Grade Line of open channel. In practice it is also called flow surface line

Pit LatrineOne of pit latrine types with crouching plate over a vertical bore 1,25 m2 pit 3-6 m deep vertical, but not lower than

ground water table. It consists of concrete plate construction and is provided with non permanent cover. When the pit isalmost full its is filled with soild and cover till ca. 60 cm, before a new pit is excavated at another place.

Pit PrivyOne of latrine types consisting of cover plate for crouching mounted over 1,25 m2 pit hole and depth 1,5 m. Around the

pit is covered with wood. Provided with ventilation as an outlet for gasses produced inside. The pit hole is not designed toreceive flush water.

Plain aerationWaste water aeration without the involvement of active mud. With air bubles touching the waste coagulation is expect-

ed between colloids and waxy materials. It is commonly conducted at the beginning of treatment as pre-aeration.

Plain chlorinationTreatment of physically and chemically good quality raw water taken from surface water source (e.g water spring, arte-

sian well) simply by chlorination.

Plain concrete pipeConcrete pipe without reinforcement usually at a diameter of less than 24 in. and is not intended to withstand a very big

burden

Plain sedimentationWater treatment facility consisting of a basin for large sediment to settle by gravity force

PlantAn integrated system consisting of components or units that are working supporting each other towards processing/pro-

ducing a result

Plant layoutArrangement pattern of units or components of an installation on an area or site plan.

Plate settlerPlates fixed in the sediment unit in such a position so as to minimize turbulence in the flow treated water in order to

maximize sedimentation capacity of the unit.

Plug-flowOne of oval shaped flow models in water treatment plant, in which the comparison of tube length with its width is so big.

Treated water flows in and out from the same part. In this flow the most influential dimension is length of detention time.

GLOSSARY

from Dictionary of Foreign Language Terms and Abbreviation in Sanitation and Environment EngineeringPublisher: Trisakti University