Inequality and Poverty in India

Dr. Amit KapoorHonorary Chairman, Institute for Competitiveness, India

& Professor of Strategy, MDI, Gurgaon, India

Poverty Concept and Definitions

Source: World bank,2012

Narrow vs Broader Definitions:

Nolan and Whelan define poverty in terms of the inability to participate in society(which is broader than more ‘absolute’ definitions confined to subsistence needs),but emphasize that what is distinctive is the ‘inability to participate owing to lack of resources’ (1996: 188).

By implication they exclude non-material elements found in broad UN definitions, for example: ‘lack of participation in decision-making’, ‘a violation of human dignity’, ‘powerlessness’ and ‘susceptibility to violence’ (cited in Langmore, 2000: 37). Similarly, they exclude some of the non-material aspects emphasized by people in poverty themselves, such as lack of voice, respect and self-esteem, isolation and humiliation (UKCAP, 1997; Galloway, 2002).



Income or Living Standards:

Another source of variation in definitions of poverty, reflected in the literature on measurement, lies in whether they are rooted in conceptualizations that are concerned with, on the one hand, a person’s material resources, especially income, and, on the other, with actual outcomes in terms of living standards and activities (Nolan and Whelan, 1996).

Put simply, someone is ‘“poor” when they have both a low standard of living and a low income’ (Gordon et al., 2000b: 91).

A. B. Atkinson makes a related, but more fundamental, distinction between a concern with standard of living and a concern with a citizen’s ‘right to a minimum level of resources’ (1989: 12, emphasis added).



Income Or Capabilities:

Amartya Sen offers an alternative perspective on the role of low income in the definition of poverty. It has been hugely influential within the international development context, contributing to a paradigm shift in the meaning of development away from economic growth and GDP to a focus on ‘poverty as a denial of choices and opportunities for living a tolerable life’ (UNDP, 1997: 2; Vizard, 2001).

The human poverty and development indices published in the annual UNDP Human Development Report reflect Sen’s approach.

Sen takes a step backwards from both income and living standards to ask why they matter. His answer is that they don’t matter in their own right, for they are simply instrumental to what really matters, namely the kind of life that a person is able to lead and the choices and opportunities open to her in leading that life. At the heart of his approach is an understanding of living as involving ‘being and doing’.


Absolute and Relative Poverty:

This distinction has been central to post-war debates about how to define poverty. Definitions deployed in the late nine- tenth and early twentieth century by Charles Booth and Seebohm Rowntree, the pioneers of modern poverty research, were supposedly ‘absolute’ in the sense that poverty was said to be understood as lacking sufficient money to meet basic physical needs.

At its most basic, absolute poverty is defined in terms of survival; more commonly it refers to subsistence, linked to a basic standard of physical capacity necessary for production (paid work) and reproduction (the bearing and nurturing of children).

The notion of ‘relative’, which links the concepts of relative poverty and deprivation, needs unpacking, as it embraces a number of different meanings. Broadly these fall into two, interrelated, categories concerning, first, the nature of the comparisons to be made in judging whether poverty exists and, second, the nature of human needs.


Poverty Line Urban and Rural in India

Andhra Prad

esh

Arunach

al Prad

esh

Assam

Bihar

Chhattisga

rh

Delhi

Goa

Gujarat

Haryan

a

Himach

al Prad

esh

Jammu &

Kashmir

Jharkhan

d

Karnata

ka

Kerala

Madhya

Pradesh

Mahara

shtra

Manipur

Meghala

ya

Mizoram

Nagala

nd

Orissa

Puducherr

y

Punjab

Rajasth

an

Sikkim

Tamil N

adu

Tripura

Uttar Prad

esh

Uttarakh

and

West

Benga

l 0

500

1000

1500

2000

250069

3.8

773.

7

691.

7

655.

6

617.

3

747.

8 931

725.

9

791.

6

708

722.

9

616.

3

629.

4

775.

3

631.

9

743.

7 871

686.

9 850 1016

.8

567.

1

641 83

0

755

728.

9

639

663.

4

663.

7

719.

5

643.

2

926.

4

925.

2

871

775.

3

806.

7

1040

.3 1025

.4

951.

4

975.

4

888.

3

845.

4

831.

2

908 83

0.7

771.

7

961.

1 955

989.

8 939.

3

1147

.6

736 77

7.7

960.

8

846

1035

.2

800.

8

782.

7

799.

9 898.

6

830.

6

RURAL(Monthly per capita in Rs) URBAN (Monthly per capita in Rs) Source: Planning Commission, 2012

Poverty according to Tendulkar Methodology

Andhra Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh

Assam Bihar

Chhattisgarh Delhi Goa

Gujarat Haryana

Himachal Pradesh Jammu & Kashmir

Jharkhand Karnataka

Kerala Madhya Pradesh

Maharashtra Manipur

Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland

Orissa Punjab

Rajasthan Sikkim

Tamil Nadu Tripura

Uttar Pradesh Uttarakhand West Bengal

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

29.631.4

34.454.4

49.413

24.931.6

24.122.9

13.145.3

33.319.6

48.638.237.9

16.115.4

8.857.2

20.934.4

30.929.4

4040.9

32.734.2

21.125.9

37.953.5

48.714.2

8.723

20.19.5

9.439.1

23.612

36.724.5

47.117.1

21.120.9

3715.9

24.813.117.1

17.437.7

1826.7

% age of Persons below Poverty line (Tendulkar Methodology)-2004-05

% age of Persons below Poverty line (Tendulkar Methodology)-2009-10 Source: Planning Commission

Poverty headcount ratio at $2 a day (PPP) (% of population) 2011 or last year available

Brazil

China

India

Rwanda

Russian Federation

South Africa

Nigeria

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

10.82

29.79

68.72

82.37

0.05

31.33

84.49


Poverty headcount ratio at $1.25 a day (PPP) (% of population) 2011 or last year available

Brazil

China

India

Russian Federation

Rwanda

South Africa

Nigeria

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

6.14

13.06

32.67

0

63.17

13.77

67.98


Gini Index 2011 or last year available

Brazil China India Russian Federation Rwanda South Africa Nigeria0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

54.69

42.48

33.38

40.11

50.82

63.14

48.83


Cities in India

Source: Census 2011

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

1

0

2

0

11

3

7

1

0

2

3

0

2

44

6

3

1

7

4

0

Number of Class A Cities ( Population > 1 Lakh

Num

ber o

f Meg

aciti

es (P

opul

ation

> 1

Mill

ion)

Urbanization in India

Source: Census,2011

0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0 120.00.0

20.0

40.0

60.0

80.0

100.0

120.0

140.0

160.0

180.0

35.7

15.6

25.7

41.9 44.3

26.629.328.835.1

153.4

37.6

67.4

42.7

27.4

76.1

31.027.6 29.932.3

26.8

41.8

25.6

35.8

23.7

36.331.3

35.2

92.7

27.2

% Share of Urban Population in Total Population

Perc

enta

ge D

ecad

e Gr

owth

in U

rban

Pop

ulati

on

Slums and Poverty ratio in India


0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 500.00

2.00

4.00

6.00

8.00

10.00

12.00

14.00

16.00

18.00

20.00

9.72

7.98

3.53

1.74

8.78

17.47

8.92

7.97

13.07

1.29

4.25

2.99

6.15

1.55

8.95

16.26

3.09

7.89

10.60

3.734.29

10.18

5.70

2.19

12.87

3.65

5.48

8.39

9.61

Poverty Ratio - Urban

% o

g Sl

um P

opul

ation

to T

otal

Pop

ulati

on

Households with Drinking water facilities


0 10 20 30 40 50 600

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

24.6

12.8

63.4

71

39.5

1212.3

16.2

23.1

11.59.1

50.9

8.7

58.4

33.2

11.1

34.4

4.4

28

74.3

36.4

17.9

13.4

1.8

18.6

39.4

25

52.7

29.6

% of households with drinking water facility outside premisis (Distance >200m)

% o

f hou

seho

lds w

ithou

t tap

wat

er a

s maj

or so

urce

of d

rinki

ng w

ater

Households and Sanitation


0 10 20 30 40 50 600

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

11.2

0.10.9

27.7

31.5

1.2

9.6

7.38.48.8

11.8

24.5

11.3

1.5

24.3

5.9

00.201.3

29.1

5

12.6

0

16

0.9

3.3

14.2

5.6

% of households with no bathroom facility

% o

f hou

seho

lds

with

no

sani

tatio

n fa

cility

Households and Drainage facilities


79 82 85 88 91 94 97 1000

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

14.616.4

22.622.8

26.3

3.4

30.3

8.36.3

12.6

7.8

19.3

11.7

54

13.310.9

29.3

2.8

30.329

36.7

7.59.8

0.6

19.7

68.1

6.76.7

21.4

% of households with domestic use for electricity

% o

f hou

seho

lds w

ith n

o dr

aina

ge fa

cility

Urban Housing Shortages


7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 160

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

1.95

0.02

0.31

0.59

0.36

1.13

0.07

1.66

0.52

0.060.18

0.47

1.63

0.76

1.29

3.72

0.050.04 0.040.03

0.5

0.69

1

0.01

2.82

0.06

2.38

0.18

2.04

Per capita Floor Area ( sq m) in urban areas

Urba

n Ho

usng

Sho

rtag

e ( I

n M

illio

ns)

Rents paid by households


0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

1209

728

899

1089

647

1502

1388

949947841822

676

1997

1371

769

1225

693

1639

1141

9931031

722

1110

1720

974

734

1204

1020

633

% of Households living in rented dwellings

Aver

age

Rent

Pai

d b

y ho

ueho

lds (

In R

s)

Percentage and Population of Poor in India

Number of Persons (In Lakhs) % age of Persons below Poverty line (Tendulkar Methodology)-2009-10

Andhra Pradesh 176.6 21.1

Arunachal Pradesh 3.5 25.9

Assam 116.4 37.9

Bihar 543.5 53.5

Chhattisgarh 121.9 48.7

Delhi 23.3 14.2

Goa 1.3 8.7

Gujarat 136.2 23

Haryana 50 20.1

Himachal Pradesh 6.4 9.5

Jammu & Kashmir 11.5 9.4

Jharkhand 126.2 39.1

Karnataka 142.3 23.6

Kerala 39.6 12

Madhya Pradesh 261.8 36.7

Maharashtra 270.8 24.5

Manipur 12.5 47.1

Meghalaya 4.9 17.1

Mizoram 2.3 21.1

Nagaland 4.1 20.9

Orissa 153.2 37

Punjab 43.5 15.9

Rajasthan 167 24.8

Sikkim 0.8 13.1

Tamil Nadu 121.8 17.1

Tripura 6.3 17.4

Uttar Pradesh 737.9 37.7

Uttarakhand 17.9 18

West Bengal 240.3 26.7

India 3546.8 20.9

Poverty Lines for various states

RURAL(Monthly per capita in Rs) URBAN (Monthly per capita in Rs)

Andhra Pradesh 693.8 926.4Arunachal Pradesh 773.7 925.2Assam 691.7 871Bihar 655.6 775.3Chhattisgarh 617.3 806.7Delhi 747.8 1040.3Goa 931 1025.4Gujarat 725.9 951.4Haryana 791.6 975.4Himachal Pradesh 708 888.3Jammu & Kashmir 722.9 845.4Jharkhand 616.3 831.2Karnataka 629.4 908Kerala 775.3 830.7Madhya Pradesh 631.9 771.7Maharashtra 743.7 961.1Manipur 871 955Meghalaya 686.9 989.8Mizoram 850 939.3Nagaland 1016.8 1147.6Orissa 567.1 736Puducherry 641 777.7Punjab 830 960.8Rajasthan 755 846Sikkim 728.9 1035.2Tamil Nadu 639 800.8Tripura 663.4 782.7Uttar Pradesh 663.7 799.9Uttarakhand 719.5 898.6West Bengal 643.2 830.6

Country Equivalents

Source: EIU 2011, Institute for Competitiveness Analysis

BAHAMAS

CUBA

Punjab

Uttar Pradesh

Haryana

Madhya Pradesh

Bihar

Rajasthan

Maharashtra

Gujarat

Jammu and Kashmir

Uttarakhand

Andhra Pradesh

Tamil Nadu

Karnataka

Odisha

West Bengal

Kerala

Chhattisgarh

Jharkhand

Himachal Pradesh

Arunachal Pradesh

Assam

Manipur

Mizoram

MeghalayaNagaland

SikkimDelhi

Goa

ChinaPakistan

Arabian SeaBay of Bengal

Indian OceanSri Lanka

Nepal

Tripura

1788

16521056

945

941

933

872

821

801

713

698

669

650

615

571

553

544

534

529

494

487

474

404

396

394

378

377

320

254

All the figures are in dollars, The exchange rate taken for arriving at the figures was 1 US$ = 49 Rupees

Prosperity in India

Source: Institute for Competitiveness Analysis

_x0003_0-4

_x0003_5-9

_x0005_10-14

_x0005_15-19

_x0005_20-24

_x0005_25-29

_x0005_30-34

_x0005_35-39

_x0005_40-44

_x0005_45-49

_x0005_50-54

_x0005_55-59

_x0005_60-64

_x0005_65-69

_x0005_70-74

_x0005_75-79

_x0003_80+

80000 60000 40000 20000 0 20000 40000 60000 80000

60746

60092

61318

63479

62281

54078

46050

40596

36773

33218

28157

22391

16693

11991

8910

6075

4469

54133

53394

57259

58248

55757

47877

42855

40164

36691

31993

26038

20447

15712

12406

10034

7017

5163

Age Pyramid for India in 2011

MalesFemale

Population of males / females in Thousands in 2011

Demographics of India 2011

Source: Census of India, Institute for Competitiveness Analysis

_x0003_0-4

_x0003_5-9

_x0005_10-14

_x0005_15-19

_x0005_20-24

_x0005_25-29

_x0005_30-34

_x0005_35-39

_x0005_40-44

_x0005_45-49

_x0005_50-54

_x0005_55-59

_x0005_60-64

_x0005_65-69

_x0005_70-74

_x0005_75-79

_x0003_80+

80000 60000 40000 20000 0 20000 40000 60000 80000

55328

58396

59500

59529

59176

60113

61859

60313

51965

43702

37704

32968

28268

22185

15820

9937

8412

49256

51790

52734

52739

52410

55998

56739

54219

46466

41361

38267

34124

28651

21982

15819

10644

11465

Age Pyramid for India in 2026

Male Female

Projected Population of males / females in Thousands

Demographics of India 2026


Andhra Pradesh

Assam

Bihar

Chattisgarh

Delhi

Gujarat

Haryana

Himachal Pradesh

Jammu & Kashmir

Jharkhand

Karnataka

Kerala

Madhya Pradesh

Maharashtra

NE States Excluding Assam

Orissa

Punjab

Rajasthan

Tamil Nadu

Uttar Pradesh

Uttarakhand

West Bengal

80.0 60.0 40.0 20.0 0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0

45.05

51.97

49.71

57.45

39.96

48.40

51.12

46.91

50.27

55.35

45.97

45.23

60.18

48.85

44.57

48.47

46.62

60.51

43.07

66.11

56.39

44.58

42.49

45.14

47.67

48.40

34.81

43.16

41.24

42.87

43.11

47.13

43.46

45.96

48.37

42.72

42.23

43.43

41.77

46.67

43.78

55.02

47.88

42.35

Dependence Ratios 2011 Dependence ratio 2026

Dependence ratio 2011 Dependence ratio 2026

Overall Dependence Ratio of States


Factors of Poverty

Ignorance

Disease

Disease

Apathy

Dependency

Poverty

Source: 1967, 1987, 2007 Phil Bartle

http://cec.vcn.bc.ca/cmp/copy.htm

http://cec.vcn.bc.ca/cmp/copy.htm

Misery Index for states (Rural) 2009-10


Assam Bihar

ChattisgarhDelhiGoa

GujaratHaryana

Himachal PradeshJammu and Kashmir

JharkhandKarnataka

KeralaMadhya Pradesh

MaharashtraManipur

MeghalayaMizoramNagaland

OrissaPunjab

RajasthanSikkim

Tamil NaduTripura

UttaranchalUttar PradeshWest Bengal

0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00

21.5515.92

21.9017.51

17.9221.22

20.0223.21

24.1716.37

20.4721.92

20.8126.55

21.0825.02

15.8912.47

16.4230.62

21.1123.17

20.0419.42

27.0721.72

19.2219.67

23.87

Source: NSSO, and RBI

Misery Index for states (Urban) 2009-10


Assam Bihar

ChattisgarhDelhiGoa

GujaratHaryana


JharkhandKarnataka


MaharashtraManipur


OrissaPunjab

RajasthanSikkim

Tamil NaduTripura


0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00

19.5519.62

20.7020.91

19.0217.92

19.8220.31

22.3718.77

22.7723.82

21.5124.05

19.8823.92

16.8917.07

18.1226.32

19.3124.07

20.8414.92

20.9726.42

20.9218.57

23.17


Components of Misery Index (Rural)


Assam Bihar

ChattisgarhDelhiGoa

GujaratHaryana


JharkhandKarnataka


MaharashtraManipur


OrissaPunjab

RajasthanSikkim

Tamil NaduTripura


0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

7.51.2

6.65.4

3.26.5

5.36

6.14.3

4.87.2

417.3

6.76.7

4.10.9

1.715.9

8.16.2

3.14.7

14.114.1

4.55.6

7.2

14.0514.72

15.3012.11

14.7214.72

14.7217.21

18.0712.07

15.6714.72

16.819.25

14.3818.32

11.7911.57

14.7214.72

13.0116.97

16.9414.72

12.977.62

14.7214.07

16.67

Unemployment rate Per 100 people (Rural Areas) Inflation (CPI)


Components of Misery Index (Urban)


Assam Bihar

ChattisgarhDelhiGoa

GujaratHaryana


JharkhandKarnataka


MaharashtraManipur


OrissaPunjab

RajasthanSikkim

Tamil NaduTripura


0 5 10 15 20 25 30

5.54.9

5.48.8

4.33.2

5.13.1

4.36.7

7.19.1

4.714.8

5.55.6

5.15.5

3.411.6

6.37.1

3.90.2

818.8

6.24.5

6.5

14.0514.72

15.3012.11

14.7214.72

14.7217.21

18.0712.07

15.6714.72

16.819.25

14.3818.32

11.7911.57

14.7214.72

13.0116.97

16.9414.72

12.977.62

14.7214.07

16.67

Unemployment rate Per 100 people (Urban Areas) Inflation (CPI)


Misery Index for Rural Areas : Composition


2005-06 2007-08 2009-10 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10 Urban Unemployment rates Inflation rate Misery IndexAndhra Pradesh 8.4 6.5 5.5 3.92 7.23 14.05 12.32 13.73 19.55Arunachal Pradesh 9.4 4.8 4.9 4.07 7.47 14.72 13.47 12.27 19.62Assam 9.6 10.8 5.4 4.02 7.47 15.30 13.62 18.27 20.70Bihar 11.8 7.8 8.8 6.44 7.03 12.11 18.24 14.83 20.91Chattisgarh 9.1 8.1 4.3 4.07 7.47 14.72 13.17 15.57 19.02Delhi 3.7 2.6 3.2 4.07 7.47 14.72 7.77 10.07 17.92Goa 12.4 7.7 5.1 4.07 7.47 14.72 16.47 15.17 19.82Gujarat 5.4 3.8 3.1 5.13 5.21 17.21 10.53 9.01 20.31Haryana 5.4 3.5 4.3 4.16 10.92 18.07 9.56 14.42 22.37Himachal Pradesh 5.8 6.4 6.7 3.63 2.45 12.07 9.43 8.85 18.77Jammu and Kashmir 7.7 7.1 7.1 4.06 5.36 15.67 11.76 12.46 22.77Jharkhand 13.1 9.6 9.1 4.07 7.47 14.72 17.17 17.07 23.82Karnataka 8.7 5.2 4.7 0.29 10.63 16.81 8.99 15.83 21.51Kerala 20.1 18.2 14.8 1.14 7.75 9.25 21.24 25.95 24.05Madhya Pradesh 6.2 6.6 5.5 5.07 6.19 14.38 11.27 12.79 19.88Maharashtra 8.5 6.7 5.6 5.14 7.46 18.32 13.64 14.16 23.92Manipur 9.4 5.7 5.1 5.47 8.90 11.79 14.87 14.60 16.89Meghalaya 9.4 5.6 5.5 6.70 7.07 11.57 16.10 12.67 17.07Mizoram 9.4 4.8 3.4 4.07 7.47 14.72 13.47 12.27 18.12Nagaland 9.4 17.4 11.6 4.07 7.47 14.72 13.47 24.87 26.32Orissa 9.7 8.9 6.3 4.38 9.59 13.01 14.08 18.49 19.31Punjab 6.9 4.7 7.1 6.15 7.43 16.97 13.05 12.13 24.07Rajasthan 5 5.3 3.9 9.28 6.30 16.94 14.28 11.60 20.84Sikkim 9.4 7.4 0.2 4.07 7.47 14.72 13.47 14.87 14.92Tamil Nadu 8.5 11.2 8 2.01 8.63 12.97 10.51 19.83 20.97Tripura 9.4 26.6 18.8 6.36 6.27 7.62 15.76 32.87 26.42Uttaranchal 3.8 9.3 6.2 4.07 7.47 14.72 7.87 16.77 20.92Uttar Pradesh 6.6 7.3 4.5 7.23 6.13 14.07 13.83 13.43 18.57West Bengal 10.7 9.6 6.5 1.79 8.22 16.67 12.49 17.82 23.17India 8.3 7.4 5.8 4.07 7.47 14.72 12.37 14.87 20.52

2005-06 2007-08 2009-10 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

Rural Unemployment rates Inflation rate Misery IndexAndhra Pradesh 9 8.6 7.5 3.92 7.23 14.05 12.92 15.83 21.55Arunachal Pradesh 5.3 2.8 1.2 4.07 7.47 14.72 9.37 10.27 15.92Assam 5.4 7 6.6 4.02 7.47 15.30 9.42 14.47 21.90Bihar 4.9 9.2 5.4 6.44 7.03 12.11 11.34 16.23 17.51Chattisgarh 8.7 6.7 3.2 4.07 7.47 14.72 12.77 14.17 17.92Delhi 2.2 3.8 6.5 4.07 7.47 14.72 6.27 11.27 21.22Goa 16.1 4.9 5.3 4.07 7.47 14.72 20.17 12.37 20.02Gujarat 4.1 3.5 6 5.13 5.21 17.21 9.23 8.71 23.21Haryana 8 6.9 6.1 4.16 10.92 18.07 12.16 17.82 24.17Himachal Pradesh 4.9 6.8 4.3 3.63 2.45 12.07 8.53 9.25 16.37Jammu and Kashmir 6.7 5.9 4.8 4.06 5.36 15.67 10.76 11.26 20.47Jharkhand 11.6 9.2 7.2 4.07 7.47 14.72 15.67 16.67 21.92Karnataka 7.1 6 4 0.29 10.63 16.81 7.39 16.63 20.81Kerala 22.7 19.3 17.3 1.14 7.75 9.25 23.84 27.05 26.55Madhya Pradesh 5.1 6.7 6.7 5.07 6.19 14.38 10.17 12.89 21.08Maharashtra 7.9 8.8 6.7 5.14 7.46 18.32 13.04 16.26 25.02Manipur 5.3 4.2 4.1 5.47 8.90 11.79 10.77 13.10 15.89Meghalaya 5.3 1.5 0.9 6.70 7.07 11.57 12.00 8.57 12.47Mizoram 5.3 0.6 1.7 4.07 7.47 14.72 9.37 8.07 16.42Nagaland 5.3 7.1 15.9 4.07 7.47 14.72 9.37 14.57 30.62Orissa 9.9 8.3 8.1 4.38 9.59 13.01 14.28 17.89 21.11Punjab 10.6 8.2 6.2 6.15 7.43 16.97 16.75 15.63 23.17Rajasthan 4.2 5.1 3.1 9.28 6.30 16.94 13.48 11.40 20.04Sikkim 5.3 4.2 4.7 4.07 7.47 14.72 9.37 11.67 19.42Tamil Nadu 14.9 17.3 14.1 2.01 8.63 12.97 16.91 25.93 27.07Tripura 5.3 18.3 14.1 6.36 6.27 7.62 11.66 24.57 21.72Uttaranchal 3.3 8.9 4.5 4.07 7.47 14.72 7.37 16.37 19.22Uttar Pradesh 5.2 5.3 5.6 7.23 6.13 14.07 12.43 11.43 19.67West Bengal 11.7 12.2 7.2 1.79 8.22 16.67 13.49 20.42 23.87India 8.1 8.4 6.8 4.07 7.47 14.72 12.17 15.87 21.52

Misery Index for Urban Areas : Composition

Change in Rural Misery Index

10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00

-5.000

0.000

5.000

10.000

15.000

20.000

25.000

30.000

35.000

40.000

13.64014.168

23.470

11.465

8.838

35.633

-0.188

25.935

18.75217.714 17.453

8.752

29.526

2.733

19.973

17.682

10.227

0.957

15.054

34.451

10.280

8.453

10.429

19.984

12.477

16.819

27.077

12.173

15.340

Misery Index Rural 2009-10

CAGR

Gro

wth

rate

in M

isery

Inde

x (R

ural

) 20

05-0

6 to

200

9-10


Change in Urban Misery Index

14.00 16.00 18.00 20.00 22.00 24.00 26.00 28.000.00

5.00

10.00

15.00

20.00

25.00

30.00

12.23

9.86

11.03

3.47

9.62

23.23

4.74

17.85

23.70

18.7917.97

8.53

24.36

3.16

15.23

15.07

3.25

1.47

7.69

18.23

8.23

16.54

9.92

2.59

18.84

13.78

27.69

7.66

16.71

Misery Index Urban 2009-10

CAGR

Gro

wth

rate

in M

isery

Inde

x (U

rban

) 200

5-06

to

2009

-10


The End

Technology

Inequality and Poverty in India