Integrated solar photovoltaics battery devices

ENSC S-175 Presentations

ENSC S-175 Presentations

August 8, 2011

Burhan [email protected] rights reserved (Confidential)

Integrated Solar Photovoltaics-Battery Devices

?

Harvard University

Page 2 Burhan Saifaddin Presentation | ENSC S-175 | August 8, 2011

Outline

•Motivation and Benefit to Society•When will PV become competitive ? •Why PV-battery integration is useful ?•Project Description and Goals•Battery economics problems •Proposed Designs (Confidential)•Conclusion •Questions

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Benefits to Society


Meeting huge Energy demand Sustainably.

2010 15 TW ; 2050 30 TW (peak)

Hedge against the risk of Global warming.

Energy Security.

Economic growth. Potentially a Trillions of dollar industry.

Reducing energy costs to increase human development.

Figure adopted from

woodruffcenter.org

Figure adopted from

Wikipedia

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Benefits to Society


In most of these areas

Solar insolation

> 1.5 MWh/m2/year

AAAS voted electrification to be the most important technology developed in 20th century.

Electrification affected productivity far more than IT (at least up to 1990 but IT is dependent on Electrification).* * David, P. (1990). "The dynamo and the computer: An historical perspective on the modern productivity

paradox." The American Economic Review: 355-361.

1 out of 5 in the world

do not have

access to electricity

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Global Oil Energy Problem


Current oil consumption is equivalent to 3.2 million barrel a day in electricity, water, transportation and industry.

Demands have increased by 27% over the last three years. 2032 Electricity demands will trouble ; additional 80 GW Very challenging politically to decrease consumption rate.

Data is based on a speech by Hashim Yamani, president of King Abdullah City for Atomic and Renewable Energy, at

GCF 2011.

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When will Solar electricity be economically competitive to Coal and Gas ?


www.mckinsey.com/clientservice/ccsi/pdf/economics_of_solar.pdf

~ 50B dollars industry based on generous Government subsides and ‘’biased’ regulations

1 $/Wp5 c/kWh

1 out of 5 in the world

do not have

access to electricity

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What is the problem, why is it hard?

•Generate economically competitive electricity form the sun sustainably.

Sun is the major source of energy for life and every service on earth but

1.Sun intensity is dilute 1-3 MWh/m2/day (my 2-bedroom apartment consumes 20-26 MWh/m2/day )

• High installation costs

• Need high solar conversion efficiency and lifetime.

2. Sun is intermittent

• Need battery for storing electricity. Too expensive.

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Current Photovoltaics (PV) solar cells comparisons

DOE, 2011 8

Minimum installed system cost for:

Rooftops 6-8 $/Wp,

Utility cost 5 $/Wp, DOE goal to reach 1$/Wp (without batteries)

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Current PV technology economics:Photovoltaics (PV) learning curve => installation cost is a problem !!

Learning curve for the cost of PV systems, module prices, and BOS cost. Source Navigant Consultant

Adopted from DOE [http://www1.eere.energy.gov/solar/pdfs/dpw_chu.pdf]

9Burhan Saifaddin Presentation | ENSC S-175 | August 8, 2011

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Why battery integration is useful ? Check Roof PV cost breakdown


Roof top PV system without battery

Installation cost of module is increasingly the dominant cost

Design Goal :

1.Make Solar electricity less intermittent

2.reduce Installation cost for installed PV systems that are reliable 247

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Proposed Design for Integrated PV-Battery Device

Investigate computationally PV active materials for Battery electrodes (Anode, possibly cathode) or electrolyte.

• Solar cells insolation 1- 3 MW/m2/year so No need for high powered battries/m2 Cheap

• Materials for PV and Batteries need to be abundant and cost effective.

Anode V+

Cathode V-

Battery PV

Active PV layer

e- flow e- flow

Challenge: Electrons flow from High work function

Holes+ flow


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Proposed Design for Integrated PV-Battery Device

Investigate computationally PV active materials for Battery electrodes (Anode, possibly cathode) or electrolyte.

• Solar cells insolation 1- 3 MW/m2/year so No need for high powered battries/m2 Cheap

• Materials for PV and Batteries need to be abundant and cost effective. Need to be: (1) electrolyte and electrode inconsumable (as in new Li and NI-NH batteries. (2)

electrode have reasonable energy storage volume density. (3 ) PV-compliable voltage difference between electrodes )

Anode V+

Cathode V-

Battery PV

Active PV layer

e- flow e- flow

Challenge: Electrons flow from High work function

Holes+ flow


Electrolyte

PV Absorbers

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Proposed materials combinations (Confidential):

Dye Synthesized Solae Cells: two electrodes and electrolyte. Silicon air batteries with PV. Solution processed PV and transparent batteries

IC started the Semiconductor revolutions. Noyce and Kilby 1969.

Anode V+

Cathode V-

Battery PV

Active PV layer

e- flow e- flow

Holes+ flow


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(Confidential) Solution processed PV and transparent batteries: Dye, Organic, CIGS


Photovoltaics solar cells are made from semiconductors whether organic and inorganic.

Solution Processed Organic Solar CellsTransparent lithium-ion batteries. Y Yang, Yi Cui et al,

PNAS, June 2011

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(Confidential) Silicon air batteries with PV as the top electrode


Photovoltaics solar cells are made from semiconductors whether organic and inorganic.

Si Solar Cell

Potential Battery Technology:

Silicon Air

Metal-air battery with easily

removable anodes

AJ Niksa, MJ Nikasa, JM Noscal…

- US Patent 4,950,561, 1990

Silicon–air batteries.

Electrochemistry CommunicationsVolume

11, Issue 10, October 2009,

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(Confidential) Dual Dye-sensitized solar cells and battery


Dye Synthesized Solar Cell is similar to battery design but problem with electron flow direction ?

Dye-sensitized solar cells, Michael Grätzel, EPFL

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Other Potential low cost, Abundant, easy to process PV Materials that possibly can be integrated into batteries

17

MIT Energy Workshop on Critical Elements for New Energy Technologies | April 29, 2010

C. Wadia, A. Alivisatos, D. Kammen, Environ. Sci. Technol 43, 2072 (2009).

Burhan Saifaddin Presentation | ENSC S-175 | August 8, 2011

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Why have not people done yet ?! Battery Economics (and possibly current materials physics !!). However PV Integration might lead to 50% cost reduction.


BCG report:

"Batteries for electric cars

challenges opportunities

and the outlook to 2020"

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Current High powered Li-ion batteries will still be too expensive. New low power density battery designs are needed to commercialize the technology


BCG report:




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Batteries Economics: We need new cheap , LOW performance battery designs (No need for high performance)


BCG report:




Low performance => Less battery cost

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How much will it cost? Delivered electricity has to economically competitive with other sources of electricity without subsides 10-5 c/kWh in most places.

How long will it take?!

How will progress be measured? Proof of concept first.

Broader Impacts Criterion. Need Seed fund of 100,000 $ to build a proof of concept.


Additional Remarks about the proposal

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Conclusion:What is unique in this approach and why is will succeed? Potential able to reduce installed battery

connected systems by 50%. Reduce complexity of future smart grids.

Empower Solar Cells and make them more reliable. Work at night, cloud, sand , rain and in off grid locations for 247.

Reduce need for biased government regulations. Expected to reduce the installation cost of Battery

connected PV. Analogues to IC revolution By Noyce and Kilby

started in 1959.

Drawback: Increase in PV cost HOWEVER PV module cost is less than 20% of the total PV system cost.


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Questions

23


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Questions

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Questions

25


Fierce Race to develop new PV and Batteries (not include here)

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Average PV Installed Cost 2009

http://cleantechnica.com/ 26Burhan Saifaddin Presentation | ENSC S-175 | August 8, 2011