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Date: 11/02/05
Presented by : Dr P Gilchrist, NDA. ON BEHALF of NEXIA
International Spent Fuel Management Study
Options & Assessment
Slide 2
International Spent Fuel Study
• CONTENTS
• Introduction & Inventory
• Scope of the Study
• Selection
• International Spent Fuel Management Approaches
• Assessment Criteria
• Key Conclusions & Findings
• Q & A
Slide 3
Introduction
• Background to the Study
NDA seek a strategy for UK spent fuels and UK issues.
Gain knowledge of international practices in a UK context.
UK SF Inventory
International SF
Study
UK SF Scenario Analysis
DECISION MAKING
INFORMINFORM
Slide 4
UK Spent Fuel Inventory
Order of Quantity
(tHM)
Fuel Group 1 Bulk Metallic Spent Fuel 1000
Fuel Group 2 PWR Spent Fuel 1000
Fuel Group 3 AGR Spent Fuel 1000
Fuel Group 4 Irradiated metal fuel <~1% U235 (Exotic) 100
Fuel Group 5 Irradiated metal fuel >~1%, <~6% U235 (Exotic) 1
Fuel Group 6 Irradiated oxide fuel as whole pins / assemblies (Exotic)
10
Fuel Group 7 Irradiated oxide fuel as pieces / PIE debris (Exotic) 10
Fuel Group 8 Irradiated MOX (Exotic) 1
Fuel Group 9 Unirradiated low Pu content thermal MOX (Exotic) 1
Fuel Group 10 Unirradiated high Pu content FR MOX (Exotic) 1
Fuel Group 11 Irradiated Uranium carbide fuels (Exotic) 1
Fuel Group 12 Carbide fuel containing plutonium (Exotic) 1
Fuel Group 13 Irradiated HEU fuel (Exotic) 1
Commercial
~ 90%
Exotic
~ 10%
Slide 5
Scope of the Study
• Management Approaches
• Fixed Term Storage (up to 300 years)
• Treatment *
• Packaging for Disposal
• Disposal
*includes Engineered Wasteform, Fuel Conditioning & Recycle
Slide 6
Scope of the Study
• Study Assumptions
• NO Preferences or Weighting
• NO Ranking
• NO Strategy comparisons (e.g. Dispose v Treat)
• NO Scenario development
• Exclude MOD owned material, waste Pu residues, separated Pu powder
Slide 7
Scope of the Study
• Process
• 3 Phases
• Internal Expert Panels
• plus BNFL Group Legal
• External Peer Review (Battelle/PNNL, USA)
Review of I nternational
SF Management Approaches
Selection of Options forAssessment
Assessment of
Options
Slide 8
Selection of Options for Assessment
Storage3
Treatment22
Disposal13
Packaging11
Packaging2
Storage3
• Commercial Technologies
• Developed beyond Lab scale
• Exception made for Disposal
• 13 Higher Maturity Options
Disposal3
Treatment5
Over 50 Options 13 Options
• Higher Maturity Options
Slide 9
International Storage Approaches
• Storage Examples
USACask: Several
Vault: Fort St Vrain 2.2tHM
Vault: INL 22tHM
JAPANCask: Several
Pond: Tokai 474tHM
GERMANYCask: Gorleben 3800tHMPond: Karlsruhe 55tHM
• Pond
• Dry Cask
• Dry Vault
• Up to 50 years experience
UKPond: Sellafield 14,000tHM
Vault: Wylfa 929tHM
HUNGARYVault: Paks 595tHM
RUSSIAPond: Novoronezh 600tHM
FRANCEPond: La Hague 14,500tHM
Vault: Cascad 180tHM
SWEDENPond: CLAB 9000tHM
FINLANDPond: Olkiluoto1270tHM
Slide 10
International Treatment Approaches
• Treatment Examples
JAPANPUREX 200tHM/y
Molten Salts
INDIAPUREX 275tHM/y
FRANCEPUREX 2400tHM/y
UREX
UKPUREX 1350tHM/y
Molten SaltsMelting & Compact
USAUREX
Molten SaltsMelting & Compact
RUSSIAPUREX 400tHM/y
Molten Salts
• PUREX
• UREX
• Molten Salts (Condition)
• Molten Salts (Recycle)
• Melting & Compaction
Slide 11
International Disposal Approaches
• Disposal Examples
FINLANDDeep Geological
UKDeep GeologicalDeep Boreholes
USADeep GeologicalDeep Boreholes
SWEDENDeep GeologicalDeep Boreholes
SPAINDeep Geological
AUSTRALIADeep Boreholes
RUSSIADeep Boreholes
JAPANDeep
Geological
• Deep Geological
• Deep Boreholes
• Above Ground
• No Operational Spent Fuel Disposal
Slide 12
International Packaging Approaches
• Packaging Examples
FINLANDOverpack
UKOverpack
Cement Encapsulation
USAOverpack
SWEDENOverpack
• Overpack
• Cement Encapsulation
• Many options for LLW, ILW and liquid HLW (excluded here)
Slide 13
Higher Maturity Options for Assessment
Fixed Term Storage
• Wet Pond Store
• Dry Cask
• Dry Vault
Treatment
• Melting & Compaction
• UREX and equivalent
• PUREX
• Molten Salts (Fuel Conditioning)
• Molten Salts (Recycle)
Disposal
• Deep Geological Disposal
• Deep Borehole
• Above Ground Disposal
Packaging for Disposal
• Overpack
• Cement Encapsulation
Slide 14
Assessment Criteria
APPLICABILITY
• Ease of Engineering Implementation
• Technical Complexity• Technical Viability
RISKS
• Technology Risks• Environmental Impact• Health and Safety Risk
• Security and Safeguards• Foreclosure
STATUS
• Technology Readiness Level• Time to UK Deployment
• Alignment with InternationalStrategy
• UK Implementation
LEGAL & REG
• Regulator Acceptability• Public Acceptability• Planning Permission
• Public Inquiry• Justification• Article 37
• Site Licence Impact•Discharge Authorisations
Impact
ECONOMICS • Fixed Costs
• Variable Costs• Throughput/Capacity
Slide 15
Main Conclusions
• For Storage
• Stored to allow fuel to meet conditions or pending decision
• Pond Storage is widely used BUT global trend towards dry storage
• Experience up to 50 years, but over 300 years?
• Metallic fuels present corrosion issues for all store types
• Dry Casks judged to be least expensive option at low volume
• Dry storage restricted for high burn-up fuels without pre-cooling
• Drying of wet fuel achieved
• Retrieval and future end state may impact choice
Slide 16
Main Conclusions
• For Treatment
• 3 Treatment types–Engineered Wasteform, Fuel Conditioning, Recycle
• Only PUREX is established on industrial scale
• Development of immature options focussed on Molten Salts and UREX
• Fuel quantities/characteristics have significant impact on applicability
• No single treatment stands out as a universal option for all UK fuel
• At low throughput Molten salts judged to cost less than PUREX/UREX
• Large throughput favours PUREX/UREX
Slide 17
Main Conclusions
• For Disposal
• No operating Disposal facilities - earliest planned for 2017 (US)
• Broad preference for Deep Geological Disposal
• Deep Borehole judged next most mature
• Above Ground Disposal has significant issues and least mature
• Metal fuels perceived as more problematical for all options
• Retrievability planned for by some countries
Slide 18
Main Conclusions
• For Packaging for Disposal
• Linked to Disposal options
• No commercial SF packaging facilities yet
• Overpack is most advanced concept and widely accepted
• Many overpack designs/materials – Copper, Steel, “exotic” Alloys, etc.
• Cement Encapsulation for Magnox in UK, but usually ILW
• Metal fuels perceived as more problematical due to corrosion
Slide 19
Key Study Findings
• Key Findings
• National Nuclear Power Policy has influence
• 3 Types of Worldwide policies: Recycle, Direct Disposal, Storage
• Interim storage is required in any strategy
• Only 4 management technologies are deployed industrially (e.g. PUREX, Pond Store, Dry Casks, Dry Vaults)
• Only 8 emerging technologies developed beyond Lab Scale now
Slide 20
Key Study Findings
• Key Findings
• Some UK Fuel has Acute and Chronic issues, impacting on timing
• Deployment dependant on commitment, not just technical maturity
• Potential impact from new build and policy of maximum recycle
• Difficult to achieve single solution for whole range of fuels
Slide 21
International Spent Fuel Study
ANY QUESTIONS?