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Wednesday Execute Executive Relative Exchequer Genre Wind chimes Liaison Sesame Strategy Strategic Economics Economy
Project Trio Hazard Exorbitant Suit Suite Hotel Vehicle Academy Academic Academician Helped Competitive
Phonetics
DEFINITION
The science or study of speech sounds,
their production,
their analysis,
classification and
transcription.
Why to study Phonetics?
Language
a system of communication through speech
written language - an attempt to represent the spoken language by visual symbols.
English Language
English is not a phonographic language, i.e.
spelling generally does not give a clear
indication of pronunciation
Necessary for Indian students to make a
systematic study of the English sound
system.
Sounds
Consonants vowels
Vowels
Air comes out freely through the mouth No closure of the air passage No narrowing of the passage that would
cause audible friction.
Consonants
the closure or narrowing takes place
Classification of consonants
Place of articulation Manner of articulation
Place of articulation
Bilabial Labio-dental Dental Alveolar Post-alveolar Palato-alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Place of articulation
Lips Teeth Teeth ridge Tip of the tongue Blade of the tongue Front of the tongue Back of the tongue Hard palate Soft palate
Bilabial Plosives / p, b /
The air passage in the mouth is closed by the two lips
Soft palate is raised The lips are separated and the air is released
with explosion
Alveolar Plosives / t, d /
The air passage is closed by the tip of the tongue against the teeth ridge
Soft palate is raised The tip of the tongue is suddenly
removed from the teeth ridge The air escapes with explosion
Velar Plosives / k, g /
The air passage is closed by the back of the tongue making a contact with the soft palate
Tongue is suddenly removed Air escapes with explosion
Affricates
Air passage is completely closed by a contact between the tip and blade of the tongue and the teeth ridge
The rims of the tongue making a contact with the upper side teeth
The front of the tongue and the soft palate also raised
The air is released slowly
Labio-dental Fricatives / f,v /
Lower lip very close to the edge of upper teeth, making a light contact
Soft palate is raised The air comes out between the lower lip
and upper teeth with friction
Dental Fricatives
The tip of the tongue is brought very close to the edge of the upper teeth to make a light touch
Soft palate is raised The air passes between the tip and blade
of the tongue and the upper teeth
Alveolar Fricatives / s, z /
The tip and the blade of the tongue are brought very near the teeth ridge
The air comes out through a narrow groove
The soft palate is raised
Palato- alveolar Fricatives
The tip and blade of the tongue are brought very near the teeth ridge
The front of the tongue is also raised towards the hard palate
The air passes through the narrow passage with audible friction
The soft palate is raised
Glottal Fricative / h /
Produced by the air coming through a narrow glottis with audible friction
The sound can also be regarded as a voiceless beginning of the following vowel
It does not occur finally
Bilabial Nasal / m /
The mouth passage is completely closed by the lips
The soft palate is lowered The air comes out through the nose
Alveolar Nasal / n / The tip of the tongue makes a closure
against the teeth ridge and the rims of the tongue are against the upper side teeth
The soft palate is lowered The air comes out through the nose
Velar Nasal
The back of the tongue makes a closure with the soft palate
The soft palate is lowered and the air escapes through the nose
Lateral / l /
There is a closure in the middle Air comes out through the sides
Vowel sounds 12
as in these
as in bit
as in bed
as in bad
as in bus
as in card
as in hot
as in all
force horse
as in book
as in rule
as in tube
as in serve
as in account
as in drama
DIPTHONGAL GLIDES (8)
Mixture of two vowel sounds
as in gate
as in bite
as in boil
as in home
as in house
as in cheer
as in air
as in poor
CONSONANTS (24)
as in pen
as in bag
as in take
as in day
as in keep
as in gate
as in chain
as in join
as in face
as in vain
as in thank
as in then
as in see
as in zoo
as in shade
as in measure
as in hand
as in make
as in night
as in long
as in lamp
as in rain
as in yes
as in wait
Let us practise
about
breakfast
substance
gentlemen
human
backward
standard
beggar
particular
drama
Prosodic characteristics of speech
speech is more than a sequence of sounds
suprasegmental properties: length stress and accent intonation (pitch movement across
utterances and texts)
Length
vowel length tense/lax (more and less effort)
sit seat
What is Word Stress?
Take 3 words: photograph, photographer and photographic, for example. Do they sound the same when spoken? No!
They sound different, because *one* syllable in each word is "stressed" (stronger than the others).
PHOtograph phoTOgrapher photoGRAPHic
accent = Distinctive manner of oral expression, "he couldn't suppress his south indian accent”
word stress, phrase stress, sentence stress, delay green house green house I went to the zoo yesterday
Here’s an example… A: The mice will go to the moon tomorrow to take over
the world.B: Who?A: The mice will go to the moon tomorrow to take over the world.C: Where?A: The mice will go to the moon tomorrow to take over the world.D: When?A: The mice will go to the moon tomorrow to take over the world.B: To do what?A: The mice will go to the moon tomorrow to take over the world!
Stress
/ rise\ fall/\ rise-fall\/ fall-rise/\/ rise-fall-rise