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HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
1
MAINE
Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Development Plan ndash ldquoRoadmaprdquo Collaborative
Participants
Hydrogen Energy Center
Richard Smith ndash President
Gary Higginbottom ndash Program Director
Project Management and Plan Development
Northeast Electrochemical Energy Storage Cluster
Joel M Rinebold ndash Program Director
Paul Aresta ndash Project Manager
Alexander C Barton ndash Energy Specialist
Adam J Brzozowski ndash Energy Specialist
Thomas Wolak ndash Energy Intern
Nathan Bruce ndash GIS Mapping Intern
Agencies
United States Department of Energy
United States Small Business Administration
Portland skyline ndash Hydrogen Energy Center (HEC) Gary Higginbottom January 2012
Shipyard ndash ldquoInstallation Overview - -Portsmouth Naval Shipyard (PNS)rdquo
httpusmilitaryaboutcomodnavybasesunitssspnshtm October 2011
Welding ndash ldquoMIG Weldingrdquo Goodenrsquos Portable Welding httpjoeystechservicecomgoodensweldingWeldingTechniquesphp
October 2011
Blueprint construction ndash ldquoContruction1rdquo The MoHawk Construction Group LLC httpmohawkcgcom October 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
2
MAINE
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
There is the potential to generate at least 473000 megawatt hours (MWh) of electricity annually from
hydrogen and fuel cell technologies at host sites in the State of Maine through the development of 58 ndash 77
megawatts (MW) of fuel cell generation capacity The state and federal government have incentives to
facilitate the development and use of renewable energy The decision whether or not to deploy hydrogen
or fuel cell technology at a given location depends largely on their economic value compared to other
conventional or alternativerenewable technologies Consequently while many sites may be technically
viable for the application of fuel cell technology this plan focuses on fuel cell applications that are both
technically and economically viable
Locations that are both technically and economically viable include a wide range of private state and
federal buildings used for education food sales and services in-patient healthcare and public order and
safety Similarly viable sites include energy intensive industries wastewater treatment plants landfills
telecommunication site seaports and high-traffic airports
Currently Maine has at least 28 companies that are part of the growing hydrogen and fuel cell industry
supply chain in the Northeast region Based on a recent study these companies making up Mainersquos
hydrogen and fuel cell industry are estimated to have realized approximately $2 million in revenue and
investment contributed more than $113000 in state and local tax revenue and generated over $29
million in gross state product from their participation in this regional energy cluster in 2010
Hydrogen and fuel cell projects are becoming increasingly popular throughout the Northeast region
They can meet Maines demand for renewable energy reduce the states first-in-the-nation dependence on
foreign oil improve air and water quality and create local jobs This plan provides links to relevant
information to help assess plan and initiate hydrogen or fuel cell projects to help meet the energy
economic and environmental goals of the State
Policies and incentives that support hydrogen and fuel cell technology will increase deployment at sites
that would benefit from on-site generation Increased demand for hydrogen and fuel cell technology will
increase production and create jobs throughout the supply chain As deployment increases
manufacturing costs will decline and hydrogen and fuel cell technology will be in a position to then
compete in a global market without incentives These policies and incentives can be coordinated
regionally to maintain the regional economic cluster as a global exporter for long-term growth and
economic development
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
3
MAINE
TABLE OF CONTENTS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 2
INTRODUCTION 5
DRIVERS6
ECONOMIC IMPACT 8
POTENTIAL STATIONARY TARGETS 9
Education 11
Food Sales 12
Food Service 12
Inpatient Healthcare 13
Lodging 13
Energy Intensive Industries 15
Government Owned Buildings 15
Wireless Telecommunication Sites 16
Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs) 16
Landfill Methane Outreach Program (LMOP) 17
Airports 17
Military 18
POTENTIAL TRANSPORTATION TARGETS 19
Alternative Fueling Stations 20
Bus Transit 21
Material Handling 21
Ground Support Equipment 22
Ports 22
CONCLUSION 23
APPENDICES 25
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
4
MAINE
Index of Tables
Table 1 - Maine Economic Data 2011 8
Table 2 - Education Data Breakdown 11
Table 3 - Food Sales Data Breakdown 12
Table 4 - Food Services Data Breakdown 13
Table 5 - Inpatient Healthcare Data Breakdown 13
Table 6 - Lodging Data Breakdown 14
Table 7 - Public Order and Safety Data Breakdown 14
Table 8 - 2002 Data for the Energy Intensive Industry by Sector 15
Table 9 - Energy Intensive Industry Data Breakdown 15
Table 10 - Government Owned Building Data Breakdown 16
Table 11 - Wireless Telecommunication Data Breakdown 16
Table 12 - Wastewater Treatment Plants Data Breakdown 17
Table 13 - Landfill Data Breakdown 17
Table 14 ndash Maine Top Airports Enplanement Count 18
Table 15 - Airport Data Breakdown 18
Table 16 - Military Data Breakdown 19
Table 17 - Average Energy Efficiency of Conventional and Fuel Cell Vehicles (mpge) 19
Table 18 -Ports Data Breakdown 23
Table 19 ndashSummary of Potential Fuel Cell Applications 23
Index of Figures
Figure 1 - Energy Consumption by Sector 9
Figure 2 - Electric Power Generation by Primary Energy Sector 9
Figure 3 - Maine Electrical Consumption per Sector 11
Figure 4 - US Lodging Energy Consumption 13
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
5
MAINE
INTRODUCTION
A Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Industry Development Plan was created for each state in the Northeast region
(Maine Vermont New Hampshire Massachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut New York and New
Jersey) with support from the United States (US) Department of Energy (DOE) to increase awareness
and facilitate the deployment of hydrogen and fuel cell technology The intent of this guidance document
is to make available information regarding the economic value and deployment opportunities for
hydrogen and fuel cell technology1
A fuel cell is a device that uses hydrogen (or a hydrogen-rich fuel such as natural gas) and oxygen to
create an electric current The amount of power produced by a fuel cell depends on several factors
including fuel cell type stack size operating temperature and the pressure at which the gases are
supplied to the cell Fuel cells are classified primarily by the type of electrolyte they employ which
determines the type of chemical reactions that take place in the cell the temperature range in which the
cell operates the fuel required and other factors These characteristics in turn affect the applications for
which these cells are most suitable There are several types of fuel cells currently in use or under
development each with its own advantages limitations and potential applications These technologies
and applications are identified in Appendix VI
Fuel cells have the potential to replace the internal combustion engine (ICE) in vehicles and provide
power for stationary and portable power applications Fuel cells are in commercial service as distributed
power plants in stationary applications throughout the world providing thermal power and electricity to
power homes and businesses Fuel cells are also used in transportation applications such as automobiles
trucks buses and other equipment Fuel cells for portable applications which are currently in
development and can provide power for laptop computers and cell phones
Fuel cells are cleaner and more efficient than traditional combustion-based engines and power plants
therefore less energy is needed to provide the same amount of power Typically stationary fuel cell
power plants are fueled with natural gas or other hydrogen rich fuel Virtually none of the earthrsquos
hydrogen is in a form that we can readily use in fuel cells or other energy applications Almost all
organic compounds which by definition contain carbon also contain hydrogen2 Natural gas is widely
available throughout the northeast is relatively inexpensive and is primarily a domestic energy supply
Consequently natural gas shows the greatest potential to serve as a transitional fuel for the near future
hydrogen economy 3
Capturing carbon emissions from natural gas reforming processes would further improve the
environmental advantages of a hydrogen economy Carbon can be sequestered more easily in converting
centralized natural gas to hydrogen rather than burning the natural gas When pure hydrogen is used to
power a fuel cell the only by-products are water and heat no pollutants or greenhouse gases (GHG) are
produced
Hydrogen is the lightest element in the universe It also holds a great deal of potential energy which
makes it a good energy storage medium There is a lot of discussion about using hydrogen as an energy
source andor an energy storage medium There are also a number of firms looking at developing
hydrogen energy systems in Maine
1 Key stakeholders are identified in Appendix III
2 Hydrogen and fuel cells a comprehensive guide ndash Rebecca L Busby 2005
3 EIArdquoCommercial Sector Energy Price Estimates 2009rdquo
httpwwweiagovstatesedshfjspincfile=sep_sumhtmlsum_pr_comhtml August 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
6
MAINE
DRIVERS
The Northeast hydrogen and fuel cell industry while still emerging currently has an economic impact of
over $1 Billion of total revenue and investment Maine benefits from secondary impacts of indirect and
induced employment and revenue4 Furthermore Maine has a definitive and attractive economic
development opportunity to greatly increase its economic participation in the hydrogen and fuel cell
industry within the Northeast region and worldwide An economic strengths weaknesses opportunities
and threats (SWOT) assessment for Maine is provided in Appendix VII
Industries in the Northeast including those in Maine are facing increased pressure to reduce costs fuel
consumption and emissions that may be contributing to climate change Mainersquos relative proximity to
major load centers the high cost of electricity concerns over regional air quality available federal tax
incentives and legislative mandates in Maine and neighboring states have resulted in renewed interest in
the development of efficient renewable energy Incentives designed to assist individuals and
organizations in energy conservation and the development of renewable energy are currently offered
within the state Appendix IV contains an outline of Mainersquos incentives and renewable energy programs
Some specific factors that are driving the market for hydrogen and fuel cell technology in Maine include
the following
The current Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPS) recognizes fuel cells and fuel cells that run on
renewable fuels as a ldquoClass Irdquo renewable energy sources and calls for an increase in renewable
energy used in the state from its current level of approximately three percent to approximately ten
percent by 2017 ndash promotes stationary power and transportation applications
5
Net Metering ndash In June 2011 Gov Paul LePage signed legislation requiring the Maine Public
Utilities Commission (PUC) to amend the net energy rules to develop contract terms for net
energy billing and interconnection agreements Furthermore the bill allows the PUC to amend
net energy billing rules following routine technical rules and will enable the PUC to amend net
energy billing without having to send the amendments to the legislature for approval ndash promotes
stationary power applications6
Maine is one of the states in the ten-state region that is part of the Regional Greenhouse Gas
Initiative (RGGI) the nationrsquos first mandatory market-based program to reduce emissions of
carbon dioxide (CO2) RGGIs goals are to stabilize and cap emissions at 188 million tons
annually from 2009-2014 and to reduce CO2-emissions by 25 percent per year from 2015-20187
ndash promotes stationary power and transportation applications
In June 2009 Maine enacted the Act regarding Maines energy future that established the
Efficiency Maine Trust which is responsible for creating a plan to reach the following energy
efficiency targets
o 100 MW reduction in peak-load electricity consumption by 2020
o 30 percent reduction in electricity and natural gas consumption
o 20 percent reduction in heating fuel consumption
4 Maine does not have any original equipment manufacturers (OEM) of hydrogenfuel cell systems so it has no ldquodirectrdquo economic
impact 5 DSIRE ldquoRenewable Portfolio Standardsrdquo
httpwwwdsireusaorgincentivesincentivecfmIncentive_Code=ME01Rampre=1ampee=1 August 2011 6 DSIRE ldquoMaine ndash Net Energy Billingrdquo
httpwwwdsireusaorgincentivesincentivecfmIncentive_Code=ME02Rampre=1ampee=1 August 2011 7 Seacoastonlinecome ldquoRGGI Quietly setting a standardrdquo
httpwwwseacoastonlinecomappspbcsdllarticleAID=20090920NEWS909200341-1NEWSMAP
September 20 2009
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
7
MAINE
o Weatherization of 100 percent of homes and 50 percent of businesses by 2030
o Capturing all cost-effective efficiency resources available for utility customers ndash
promotes stationary power and transportation applications8
The Finance Authority of Maine (Authority) manages the Clean Fuel Vehicle Fund which is a
non-lapsing revolving loan fund that may be used for direct loans and grants to support
production distribution and consumption of clean fuels and biofuels (including fuel cells) The
Authority may also insure up to 100 percent of a loan for a clean fuel or biofuel project ndash
promotes transportation applications9
By December 1 2012 the Maine Office of Energy Independence and Security (Office) must
develop a plan to reduce petroleum consumption in all sectors of the economy with the overall
goal of reducing petroleum consumption in the state by at least 30 percent and 50 percent based
on 2007 levels by 2030 and 2050 respectively ndash promotes transportation applications10
Maine has established a policy that prohibits the Maine State Purchasing Agent from purchasing
or leasing any car or light-duty truck for use by any state department or agency unless the car or
truck has a manufacturers estimated highway mileage rating of at least 45 miles per gallon (mpg)
or 35 mpg respectively ndash promotes transportation applications11
The Transportation Efficiency Fund is a non-lapsing fund managed by the Maine Department of
Transportation to increase energy efficiency and reduce reliance on fossil fuels within the states
transportation system Funding may be used for zero emission vehicles biofuel and other
alternative fuel vehicles congestion mitigation and air quality initiatives rail public transit and
car or van pooling ndash promotes transportation applications12
8 DSIRE ldquoMaine Renewable Portfolio Standardsrdquo
httpwwwdsireusaorgincentivesincentivecfmIncentive_Code=ME09Rampre=1ampee=1 August 10 2007 9 EERE ldquoAFV and Fueling Infrastructure Loansrdquo httpwwwafdcenergygovafdclawslawME5299 August 10 2011
10 EERE ldquoState Plan to Reduce Petroleum Consumptionrdquo httpwwwafdcenergygovafdclawslawME9401 August 10 2011
11 EERE ldquoFuel-Efficient Vehicle Acquisition Requirements rdquo httpwwwafdcenergygovafdclawslawME5730 August 10
2011 12
EERE ldquoTransportation Efficiency Fund rdquo httpwwwafdcenergygovafdclawslawME8442 August 10 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
8
MAINE
ECONOMIC IMPACT
The hydrogen and fuel cell industry has direct indirect and induced impacts on local and regional
economies 13
A new hydrogen andor fuel cell project directly affects the arearsquos economy through the
purchase of goods and services generation of land use revenue taxes or payments in lieu of taxes and
employment Secondary effects include both indirect and induced economic effects resulting from the
circulation of the initial spending through the local economy economic diversification changes in
property values and the use of indigenous resources
Maine is home to at least 28 companies that are part of the growing hydrogen and fuel cell industry
supply chain in the Northeast region Appendix V lists the hydrogen and fuel cell supply chain companies
in Maine Realizing over $2 million in revenue and investment from their participation in this regional
cluster in 2010 these companies include manufacturing parts distributing supplying of industrial gas
engineering based research and development (RampD) coating applications and managing of venture
capital funds 14
Furthermore the hydrogen and fuel cell industry is estimated to have contributed
approximately $113000 in state and local tax revenue and over $29 million in gross state product
Table 1 shows Mainersquos impact in the Northeast regionrsquos hydrogen and fuel cell industry as of April 2011
Table 1 - Maine Economic Data 2011
Maine Economic Data
Supply Chain Members 28
Indirect Rev ($M) 194
Indirect Jobs 10
Indirect Labor Income ($M) 050
Induced Revenue ($M) 097
Induced Jobs 8
Induced Labor Income ($M) 029
Total Revenue ($M) 29
Total Jobs 18
Total Labor Income ($M) 080
In addition there are over 118000 people employed across 3500 companies within the Northeast
registered as part of the motor vehicle industry Approximately 1874 of these individuals and 78 of these
companies are located in Maine If neweremerging hydrogen and fuel cell technology were to gain
momentum within the transportation sector the estimated employment rate for the hydrogen and fuel cell
industry could grow significantly in the region15
13
Indirect impacts are the estimated output (ie revenue) employment and labor income in other business (ie not-OEMs) that
are associated with the purchases made by hydrogen and fuel cell OEMs as well as other companies in the sectorrsquos supply chain
Induced impacts are the estimated output employment and labor income in other businesses (ie non-OEMs) that are associated
with the purchases by workers related to the hydrogen and fuel cell industry 14
Northeast Electrochemical Energy Storage Cluster Supply Chain Database Search httpneescorgresourcestype=1
August8 2011 15 NAICS Codes Motor Vehicle ndash 33611 Motor Vehicle Parts ndash 3363
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
9
MAINE
POTENTIAL STATIONARY TARGETS
In 2009 Maine consumed the equivalent of 12614 million megawatt-hours of energy from the
transportation residential industrial and commercial sectors16
Electricity consumption in Maine was
approximately 113 million MWh and is forecasted to grow at a rate of 09 percent annually over the next
decade1718
Figure 1 illustrates the percent of total energy consumed by each sector in Maine A more
detailed breakout of energy usage is provided in Appendix II
This demand represents approximately nine percent of the population in New England and nine percent of
the regionrsquos total electricity consumption The State relies on both in-state resources and imports of
power over the regionrsquos transmission system to serve electricity to customers Net electrical demand in
Maine industries was 1288 MW in 2009 and is projected to increase by approximately 50 MW by 2015
Further the statersquos overall electricity demand is forecasted to grow at a rate of 09 percent (15 percent
peak summer demand growth) annually over the next decade Demand for new electric capacity as well
as a replacement of older less efficient base-load generation facilities is expected With approximately
3400 MW in total capacity of generation plants Maine represents 11 percent of the total capacity in New
England As shown in Figure 2 natural gas was the primary energy source for electricity consumed in
Maine for 2009 19
16
US Energy Information Administration (EIA) ldquoState Energy Data Systemrdquo
ldquohttpwwweiagovstatesedshfjspincfile=sep_sumhtmlrank_usehtmlrdquo August 2011 17
EIA ldquoElectric Power Annual 2009 ndash State Data Tablesrdquo wwweiagovcneafelectricityepaepa_sprdshtshtml January 2011 18
ISO New England ldquoMaine 2011 State Profilerdquo wwwiso-necomnwsissgrid_mktskey_factsnh_01-2011_profilepdf
January 2011 19
EIA ldquo1990 - 2010 Retail Sales of Electricity by State by Sector by Provider (EIA-861)rdquo
httpwwweiagovcneafelectricityepaepa_sprdshtshtml January 4 2011
Residential
22
Commercial
17
Industrial
32
Transportation
29
Figure 2 ndash Electric Power Generation by
Primary Energy Source Figure 1 ndash Energy Consumption by
Sector
Coal
05
Petroleum
16
Natural Gas
492
Hydroelectric
224
Other
Renewables
244 Other
19
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
10
MAINE
Fuel cell systems have many advantages over conventional technologies including
High fuel-to-electricity efficiency (gt 40 percent) utilizing hydrocarbon fuels
Overall system efficiency of 85 to 93 percent
Reduction of noise pollution
Reduction of air pollution
Often do not require new transmission
Siting is not controversial and
If near point of use waste heat can be captured and used Combined heat and power (CHP)
systems are more efficient and can reduce facility energy costs over applications that use separate
heat and central station power systems20
Fuel cells can be deployed as a CHP technology that provides both power and thermal energy and can
increase energy efficiency at a customer site typically from 35 to 50 percent The value of CHP includes
reduced transmission and distribution costs reduced fuel use and associated emissions21
Based on the
targets identified within this plan there is the potential to develop at least 58 MWs of stationary fuel cell
generation capacity in Maine which would provide the following benefits annually
Production of approximately 473000 MWh of electricity
Production of approximately 127 million MMBTUs of thermal energy
Reduction of CO2 emissions of approximately 90000 tons (electric generation only)22
For the purpose of this plan applications have been explored with a focus on fuel cells in the 300 kW to
400 kW range However smaller fuel cells are potentially viable for specific applications Facilities that
have electrical and thermal requirements that closely match the output of the fuel cells provide the best
opportunity for the application of a fuel cell Facilities that may be good candidates for the application of
a fuel cell include commercial buildings with high electricity consumption selected government
buildings public works facilities and energy intensive industries
The Energy Information Agencys (EIA) Commercial Building Energy Consumption Survey (CBECS_
identifies the building types listed below as having high electricity consumption They are the best
candidates for on-site generation and CHP applications These selected building types making up the
CBECS subcategory within the commercial industry include
Education
Food Sales
Food Services
Inpatient Healthcare
Lodging
Public Order amp Safety23
As illustrated in Figure 3 these selected building types within the commercial sector is estimated to
account for approximately 15 percent of Mainersquos total electrical consumption Appendix II further
20 FuelCell2000 ldquoFuel Cell Basicsrdquo wwwfuelcellsorgbasicsappshtml July 2011 21 ldquoDistributed Generation Market Potential 2004 Update Connecticut and Southwest Connecticutrdquo ISE Joel M Rinebold
ECSU March 15 2004 22 Replacement of conventional fossil fuel generating capacity with methane fuel cells could reduce carbon dioxide (CO2)
emissions by between approximately 100 and 600 lbMWh US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) eGRID2010 Version
11 Year 2007 GHG Annual Output Emission Rates Annual non-baseload output emission rates (NPCC New England) FuelCell
Energy DFC 300 Product sheet httpwwwfuelcellenergycomfilesFCE2030020Product20Sheet-lo-rez20FINALpdf
UTC Power PureCell Model 400 System Performance Characteristics httpwwwutcpowercomproductspurecell400 23
As defined by CBECS Public Order amp Safety facilities are buildings used for the preservation of law and order or public
safety Although these sites are usually described as government facilities they are referred to as commercial buildings because
their similarities in energy usage with the other building sites making up the CBECS data
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
11
MAINE
defines Mainersquos estimated electrical consumption in each sector Graphical representation of these
opportunities analyzed is depicted in Appendix I
Figure 3 ndash Maine Electrical Consumption per Sector
Education
There are approximately 145 non-public schools and 780 public schools (134 of which are considered
high schools with 100 or more students enrolled) in Maine2425
High schools operate for a longer period
of time daily due to extracurricular after school activities such as clubs and athletics Furthermore two
of these schools have swimming pools which may make these sites especially attractive because it would
increase the utilization of and make more efficient the electrical and thermal output offered by a fuel cell
There are also 39 colleges and universities in Maine Colleges and universities have facilities for
students faculty administration and maintenance crews that typically include dormitories cafeterias
gyms libraries and athletic departments ndash some with swimming pools Of these 173 locations (134 high
schools and 39 colleges) 65 are located in communities serviced by natural gas (Appendix I ndash Figure 1
Education)
Educational establishments in other states such as Connecticut and New York have shown interest in fuel
cell technology Examples of existing or planned fuel cell applications include South Windsor High
School (CT) Liverpool High School (NY) Rochester Institute of Technology Yale University
University of Connecticut and the State University of New York College of Environmental Science and
Forestry
Table 2 - Education Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
964
(5)
65
(3)
42
(6)
126
(6)
99338
(6)
267551
(6)
19073
(4)
24 EIA Description of CBECS Building Types wwweiagovemeucbecsbuilding_typeshtml 25 Public schools are classified as magnets charters alternative schools and special facilities
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
12
MAINE
Food Sales
There are over 1800 businesses in Maine known to be engaged in the retail sale of food Food sales
establishments are good candidates for fuel cells based on their electrical demand and thermal
requirements for heating and refrigeration Approximately 80 of these sites are considered larger food
sales businesses with approximately 60 or more employees at their site 26
Of these 80 large food sales
businesses 45 are located in communities serviced by natural gas (Appendix I ndash Figure 2 Food Sales)27
The application of a large fuel cell (gt300 kW) at a small convenience store may not be economically
viable based on the electric demand and operational requirements however a smaller fuel cell may be
appropriate
Popular grocery chains such as Price Chopper Supervalu Wholefoods and Stop and Shop have shown
interest in powering their stores with fuel cells in Massachusetts Connecticut and New York28
In
addition grocery distribution centers like the one operated by Shaws (a Supervalu brand) in Wells
Maine are prime targets for the application of hydrogen and fuel cell technology for both stationary
power and material handling equipment
Table 3 - Food Sales Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
1800
(4)
45
(4)
45
(4)
135((
(4)
106434
(4)
286662
(4)
20435
(3)
Food Service
There are over 2100 businesses in Maine that can be classified as food service establishments used for
the preparation and sale of food and beverages for consumption29
15 of these sites are considered larger
restaurant businesses with 130 or more employees at their site and are located in Maine communities
serviced by natural gas (Appendix I ndash Figure 3 Food Services)30
The application of a large fuel cell
(gt300 kW) at smaller restaurants with less than 130 workers may not be economically viable based on the
electric demand and operational requirements however a smaller fuel cell ( 5 kW) may be appropriate
to meet hot water and space heating requirements A significant portion (18 percent) of the energy
consumed in a commercial food service operation can be attributed to the domestic hot water heating
load31
In other parts of the US popular chains such as McDonalds are beginning to show an interest in
the smaller sized fuel cell units for the provision of electricity and thermal energy including domestic
water heating at food service establishments32
26
On average food sale facilities consume 43000 kWh of electricity per worker on an annual basis When compared to current
fuel cell technology (gt300 kW) which satisfies annual electricity consumption loads between 2628000 ndash 3504000 kWh
calculations show food sales facilities employing more than 61 workers may represent favorable opportunities for the application
of a larger fuel cell 27 EIA Description of CBECS Building Types wwweiagovemeucbecsbuilding_typeshtml 28 Clean Energy States Alliance (CESA) ldquoFuel Cells for Supermarkets ndash Cleaner Energy with Fuel Cell Combined Heat and
Power Systemsrdquo Benny Smith wwwcleanenergystatesorgassetsUploadsBlakeFuelCellsSupermarketsFBpdf 29 EIA Description of CBECS Building Types wwweiagovemeucbecsbuilding_typeshtml 30
On average food service facilities consume 20300 kWh of electricity per worker on an annual basis Current fuel cell
technology (gt300 kW) can satisfy annual electricity consumption loads between 2628000 ndash 3504000 kWh Calculations show
food service facilities employing more than 130 workers may represent favorable opportunities for the application of a larger fuel
cell 31
ldquoCase Studies in Restaurant Water Heatingrdquo Fisher Donald httpeecucdaviseduACEEE2008datapapers9_243pdf 2008 32
Sustainable business Oregon ldquoClearEdge sustains brisk growthrdquo
httpwwwsustainablebusinessoregoncomarticles201001clearedge_sustains_brisk_growthhtml May 8 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
13
MAINE
Office
Equipment 4 Ventilation 4
Refrigeration
3
Lighting 11
Cooling 13
Space Heating
33
Water Heating
18
Cooking 5 Other 9
Table 4 - Food Services Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
2100
(3)
15
(4)
15
(4)
45
(4)
35478
(4)
95554
(4)
6812
(2)
Inpatient Healthcare
There are over 181 inpatient healthcare facilities in Maine 42 of which are classified as hospitals33
Of
these 42 hospitals eight are located in communities serviced by natural gas and contain 100 or more beds
onsite (Appendix I ndash Figure 4 Inpatient Healthcare) Hospitals represent an excellent opportunity for the
application of fuel cells because they require a high availability factor of electricity for lifesaving medical
devices and operate 247 with a relatively flat load curve Furthermore medical equipment patient
rooms sterilizedoperating rooms data centers and kitchen areas within these facilities are often required
to be in operational conditions at all times which maximizes the use of electricity and thermal energy
from a fuel cell Nationally hospital energy costs have increased 56 percent from $389 per square foot
in 2003 to $607 per square foot for 2010 partially due to the increased cost of energy34
Examples of healthcare facilities with planned or operational fuel cells include St Francis Stamford and
Waterbury Hospitals in Connecticut and North Central Bronx Hospital in New York
Table 5 - Inpatient Healthcare Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
181
(5)
42
(10)
42
(10)
126
(10)
99338
(10)
267551
(10)
19073
(8)
Lodging
There are over 730 establishments specializing in
travellodging accommodations that include hotels motels or
inns in Maine Approximately 33 of these establishments
have 150 or more rooms onsite and can be classified as
ldquolarger sizedrdquo lodging that may have additional attributes
such as heated pools exercise facilities andor restaurants 35
Of these 33 locations 15 employ more than 94 workers and
are located in communities serviced by natural gas 36
As
shown in Figure 4 more than 60 percent of total energy use at
a typical lodging facility is due to lighting space heating and
water heating 37
The application of a large fuel cell (gt300
33 EIA Description of CBECS Building Types wwweiagovemeucbecsbuilding_typeshtml 34
BetterBricks ldquohttpwwwbetterbrickscomgraphicsassetsdocumentsBB_Article_EthicalandBusinessCasepdfrdquo Page 1
August 2011 35 EPA ldquoCHP in the Hotel and Casino Market Sectorrdquo wwwepagovchpdocumentshotel_casino_analysispdf December 2005 36
On average lodging facilities consume 28000 kWh of electricity per worker on an annual basis Current fuel cell technology
(gt300 kW) can satisfy annual electricity consumption loads between 2628000 ndash 3504000 kWh Calculations show lodging
facilities employing more than 94 workers may represent favorable opportunities for the application of a larger fuel cell 37 National Grid ldquoManaging Energy Costs in Full-Service Hotelsrdquo
wwwnationalgriduscomnon_htmlshared_energyeff_hotelspdf 2004
Figure 4 - US Lodging Energy Consumption
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
14
MAINE
kW) at hotelresort facilities with less than 94 employees may not be economically viable based on the
electrical demand and operational requirement however a smaller fuel cell ( 5 kW) may be appropriate
Popular hotel chains such as the Hilton and Starwood Hotels have shown interest in powering their
establishments with fuel cells in New Jersey and New York
Maine also has 107 facilities identified as convalescent homes three of which have bed capacities greater
than or equal to 150 units38
All three sites are located in communities serviced by natural gas (Appendix
I ndash Figure 5 Lodging)
Table 6 - Lodging Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
837
(10)
18
(2)
18
(2)
54
(2)
42574
(2)
114665
(2)
8174
(2)
Public Order and Safety There are approximately 216 facilities in Maine that can be classified as public order and safety these
include 96 fire stations 102 police stations eight state police stations nine border patrols and nine
prisons 3940
Ten of these locations employ more than 210 workers and are located in communities
serviced by natural gas4142
These applications may represent favorable opportunities for the application
of a larger fuel cell (gt300 kW) which could provide heat and uninterrupted power 4344
The sites
identified (Appendix I ndash Figure 6 Public Order and Safety) will have special value to provide increased
reliability to mission critical facilities associated with public safety and emergency response during grid
outages The application of a large fuel cell (gt300 kW) at public order and safety facilities with less than
210 employees may not be economically viable based on the electrical demand and operational
requirement however a smaller fuel cell ( 5 kW) may be appropriate Central Park Police Station in
New York City New York is presently powered by a 200 kW fuel cell system
Table 7 - Public Order and Safety Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
216
(7)
10
(3)
10
(3)
30
(3)
23652
(3)
63703
(3)
4541
(3)
38 Assisted-Living-List ldquoList of 120 Nursing Homes in Maine (ME)rdquo httpassisted-living-listcomme--nursing-homes May 9
2011 39 EIA Description of CBECS Building Types wwweiagovemeucbecsbuilding_typeshtml 40 USACOPS ndash The Nations Law Enforcement Site wwwusacopscomme 41
CBECSldquoTable C14rdquo httpwwweiagovemeucbecscbecs2003detailed_tables_20032003set192003pdfalltablespdf
November 2011 42
On average public order and safety facilities consume 12400 kWh of electricity per worker on an annual basis Current fuel
cell technology (gt300 kW) can satisfy annual electricity consumption loads between 2628000 ndash 3504000 kWh Calculations
show public order and safety facilities employing more than 212 workers may represent favorable opportunities for the
application of a larger fuel cell 43
2628000 12400 = 21194 44
CBECSldquoTable C14rdquo httpwwweiagovemeucbecscbecs2003detailed_tables_20032003set192003pdfalltablespdf
November 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
15
MAINE
Energy Intensive Industries
As shown in Table 2 energy intensive industries with high electricity consumption (which on average is
48 percent of annual operating costs) have been identified as potential locations for the application of a
fuel cell45
In Maine there are approximately 156 of these industrial facilities that are involved in the
manufacture of aluminum chemicals forest products glass metal casting petroleum coal products or
steel and employ 25 or more employees46
Of these 156 locations 64 are located in communities serviced
by natural gas (Appendix I ndash Figure 7 Energy Intensive Industries)
Table 8 - 2002 Data for the Energy Intensive Industry by Sector47
NAICS Code Sector Energy Consumption per Dollar Value of Shipments (kWh)
325 Chemical manufacturing 249
322 Pulp and Paper 446
324110 Petroleum Refining 472
311 Food manufacturing 076
331111 Iron and steel 815
321 Wood Products 123
3313 Alumina and aluminum 358
327310 Cement 1641
33611 Motor vehicle manufacturing 021
3315 Metal casting 164
336811 Shipbuilding and ship repair 205
3363 Motor vehicle parts manufacturing 205
Companies such as Coca-Cola Johnson amp Johnson and Pepperidge Farms in Connecticut New Jersey
and New York have installed fuel cells to help supply energy to their facilities
Table 9 - Energy Intensive Industry Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
156
(3)
6
(1)
6
(1)
18
(1)
14191
(1)
38222
(1)
2725
(1)
Government Owned Buildings
Buildings operated by the federal government can be found at 114 locations in Maine four of these
properties are actively owned rather than leased by the federal government and are located in
communities serviced by natural gas (Appendix I ndash Figure 8 Federal Government Operated Buildings)
There are also a number of buildings owned and operated by the State of Maine The application of fuel
cell technology at government owned buildings would assist in balancing load requirements at these sites
and offer a unique value for active and passive public education associated with the high usage of these
public buildings
45 EIA ldquoElectricity Generation Capabilityrdquo 1999 CBECS wwweiadoegovemeucbecspba99comparegenerhtml 46 Proprietary market data 47 EPA ldquoEnergy Trends in Selected Manufacturing Sectorsrdquo wwwepagovsectorspdfenergych2pdf March 2007
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
16
MAINE
Table 10 - Government Owned Building Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
114
(9)
4
(4)
4
(4)
12
(4)
9461
(4)
25481
(4)
1816
(4)
Wireless Telecommunication Sites
Telecommunications companies rely on electricity to run call centers cell phone towers and other vital
equipment In Maine there are approximately 509 telecommunications andor wireless company tower
sites (Appendix I ndash Figure 9 Telecommunication Sites) Any loss of power at these locations may result
in a loss of service to customers thus having reliable power is critical Each individual site represents an
opportunity to provide back-up power for continuous operation through the application of on-site back-up
generation powered by hydrogen and fuel cell technology It is an industry standard to install units
capable of supplying 48-72 hours of backup power which this is typically accomplished with batteries or
conventional emergency generators48
The deployment of fuel cells at selected telecommunication sites
will have special value to provide increased reliability to critical sites associated with emergency
communications and homeland security An example of a telecommunication site that utilizes fuel cell
technology to provide back-up power is a T-Mobile facility located in Storrs Connecticut
Table 11 - Wireless Telecommunication Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
509
(13)
51
(13) NA NA NA NA NA
Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs) There are 111 WWTPs in Maine that have design flows ranging from 3000 gallons per day (GPD) to 16
million gallons per day (MGD) seven of these facilities average between 3 ndash 16 MGD WWTPs
typically operate 247 and may be able to utilize the thermal energy from the fuel cell to process fats oils
and grease49
WWTPs account for approximately three percent of the electric load in the United State50
Digester gas produced at WWTPrsquos which is usually 60 percent methane can serve as a fuel substitute for
natural gas to power fuel cells Anaerobic digesters generally require a wastewater flow greater than
three MGD for an economy of scale to collect and use the methane51
Most facilities currently represent a
lost opportunity to capture and use the digestion of methane emissions created from their operations
(Appendix I ndash Figure 10 Solid and Liquid Waste Sites) 5253
A 200 kW fuel cell power plant in Yonkers New York was the worldrsquos first commercial fuel cell to run
on a waste gas created at a wastewater treatment plant The fuel cell generates about 1600 MWh of
electricity a year and reduces methane emissions released to the environment54
A 200 kW fuel cell
48 ReliOn Hydrogen Fuel Cell Wireless Applicationsrdquo wwwrelion-inccompdfReliOn_AppsWireless_2010pdf May 4 2011 49
ldquoBeyond Zero Net Energy Case Studies of Wastewater Treatment for Energy and Resource Productionrdquo Toffey Bill
September 2010 httpwwwawra-pmasmemberlodgeorgResourcesDocumentsBeyond_NZE_WWT-Toffey-9-16-2010pdf 50
EPA Wastewater Management Fact Sheet ldquoIntroductionrdquo July 2006 51 EPA Wastewater Management Fact Sheet wwwp2paysorgenergyWastePlantpdf July 2006 52 ldquoGHG Emissions from Wastewater Treatment and Biosolids Managementrdquo Beecher Ned November 20 2009
wwwdesstatenhusorganizationdivisionswaterwmbriverswatershed_conferencedocuments2009_fri_climate_2pdf 53 EPA Wastewater Management Fact Sheet wwwp2paysorgenergyWastePlantpdf May 4 2011 54 NYPA ldquoWHAT WE DO ndash Fuel Cellsrdquo wwwnypagovservicesfuelcellshtm August 8 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
17
MAINE
power plant was and installed at the Water Pollution Control Authorityrsquos WWTP in New Haven
Connecticut and produces 10 ndash 15 percent of the facilityrsquos electricity reducing energy costs by almost
$13000 a year55
Table 12 - Wastewater Treatment Plants Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
111
(19)
1
(6)
1
(6)
03
(6)
2365
(6)
6370
(6)
454
(5)
Landfill Methane Outreach Program (LMOP)
There are 11 landfills in Maine identified by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) through their
LMOP program two of which are operational two are candidates and six are considered potential sites
for the production and recovery of methane gas 5657
The amount of methane emissions released by a
given site is dependent upon the amount of material in the landfill and the amount of time the material has
been in place Similar to WWTPs methane emissions from landfills could be captured and used as a fuel
to power a fuel cell system In 2009 municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills were responsible for
producing approximately 17 percent of human-related methane emissions in the nation These locations
could produce renewable energy and help manage the release of methane (Appendix I ndash Figure 10 Solid
and Liquid Waste Sites)
Table 13 - Landfill Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
25
(12)
1
(7)
1
(7)
03
(7)
2365
(7)
6370
(7)
454
(6)
Airports
During peak air travel times in the US there are approximately 50000 airplanes in the sky each day
Ensuring safe operations of commercial and private aircrafts are the responsibility of air traffic
controllers Modern software host computers voice communication systems and instituted full scale
glide path angle capabilities assist air traffic controllers in tracking and communicating with aircrafts
consequently reliable electricity is extremely important and present an opportunity for a fuel cell power
application 58
There are approximately 103 airports in Maine including 47 that are open to the public and have
scheduled services Of those 47 airports six (Table 3) have 2500 or more passengers enplaned each
year two of these six facilities are located in communities serviced by natural gas (See Appendix I ndash
55 Conntactcom ldquoCity to Install Fuel Cellrdquo
httpwwwconntactcomarchive_indexarchive_pages4472_Business_New_Havenhtml August 15 2003 56
Due to size individual sites may have more than one potential candidate or operational project 57 LMOP defines a candidate landfill as ldquoone that is accepting waste or has been closed for five years or less has at least one
million tons of waste and does not have an operational or under-construction projectrdquoEPA ldquoLandfill Methane Outreach
Programrdquo wwwepagovlmopbasic-infoindexhtml April 7 2011 58 Howstuffworkscom ldquoHow Air Traffic Control Worksrdquo Craig Freudenrich
httpsciencehowstuffworkscomtransportflightmodernair-traffic-control5htm May 4 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
18
MAINE
Figure 11 Commercial Airports) An example of an airport currently hosting a fuel cell power plant to
provide backup power is Albany International Airport located in Albany New York
Table 14 ndash Maine Top Airports Enplanement Count
Airport59
Total Enplanement in 2000
Portland International Jetport 668098
Bangor International 272833
Northern Maine Regional at Presque Isle 25174
Knox County Regional 17328
Hancock County Bar harbor 14399
Augusta State 7148
Bangor International Airport (BGR) is considered the only ldquoJoint-Userdquo airport in Maine Joint-Use
facilities are establishments where the military department authorizes use of the military runway for
public airport services Army Aviation Support Facilities (AASF) located at this site are used by the
Army to provide aircraft and equipment readiness train and utilize military personnel conduct flight
training and operations and perform field level maintenance Bangor International Airport represents a
favorable opportunity for the application of uninterruptible power for necessary services associated with
national defense and emergency response and is located in a community serviced by natural gas
(Appendix I ndash Figure 11 Commercial Airports)
Table 15 - Airport Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
103
(12)
5(1)
(1)
1
(1)
15
(1)
11826
(1)
31851
(1)
2271
(8)
Military The US Department of Defense (DOD) is the largest funding organization in terms of supporting fuel
cell activities for military applications in the world DOD organizations are using fuel cells for
Stationary units for power supply in bases
Fuel cell units in transport applications
Portable units for equipping individual soldiers or group of soldiers
In a collaborative partnership with the DOE the DOD plans to install and operate 18 fuel cell backup
power systems at eight of its military installations two of which are located within the Northeast region
(New York and New Jersey)60
In addition the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard (PSNY) in Kittery Maine
occupies more than 297 acres on base employs approximately 4500 civilian employees and 100 naval
officers in addition to enlisted personal assigned to the shipyard and is a potential application for
hydrogen and fuel cell technology (Appendix I ndash Figure 11 Commercial Airports) 61
59 Bureau of Transportation Statistics ldquoMaine Transportation Profilerdquo
wwwbtsgovpublicationsstate_transportation_statisticsmainepdfentirepdf March 30 2011 60 Fuel Cell Today ldquoUS DoD to Install Fuel cell Backup Power Systems at Eight Military Installationsrdquo
httpwwwfuelcelltodaycomonlinenewsarticles2011-07US-DOD-FC-Backup-Power-Systems July 20 2011 61
Portsmouth Naval Shipyard ldquoShipyard Factsrdquo httpwwwnavseanavymilshipyardsportsmouthPagesFactsaspx August
2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
19
MAINE
Table 16 - Military Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
1
(7)
1
(7)
1
(7)
03
(7)
2365
(7)
6370
(7)
454
(6)
POTENTIAL TRANSPORTATION TARGETS
Transportation is responsible for one-fourth of the total global GHG emissions and consumes 75 percent
of the worldrsquos oil production In 2010 the US used 21 million barrels of non-renewable petroleum each
day Roughly 29 percent of Mainersquos energy consumption is due to demands of the transportation sector
including gasoline and on-highway diesel petroleum for automobiles trucks and buses A small percent
of non-renewable petroleum is used for jet and ship fuel62
The current economy in the US is dependent on hydrocarbon energy sources and any disruption or
shortage of this energy supply will severely affect many energy related activities including
transportation As oil and other non-sustainable hydrocarbon energy resources become scarce energy
prices will increase and the reliability of supply will be reduced Government and industry are now
investigating the use of hydrogen and renewable energy as a replacement of hydrocarbon fuels
Hydrogen-fueled fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) have many advantages over conventional
technology including
Quiet operation
Near zero emissions of controlled pollutants such as nitrous oxide carbon monoxide
hydrocarbon gases or particulates
Substantial (30 to 50 percent) reduction in GHG emissions on a well-to-wheel basis compared to
conventional gasoline or gasoline-hybrid vehicles when the hydrogen is produced by
conventional methods such as natural gas and 100 percent when hydrogen is produced from a
clean energy source
Ability to fuel vehicles with indigenous energy sources which reduces dependence on imported
energy and adds to energy security and
Higher efficiency than conventional vehicles (See Table 4)6364
Table 17 - Average Energy Efficiency of Conventional and Fuel Cell Vehicles (mpge65
)
Passenger Car Light Truck Transit Bus
Hydrogen Gasoline Hybrid Gasoline Hydrogen Gasoline Hydrogen Fuel Cell Diesel
52 50 293 492 215 54 39
FCEVs can reduce price volatility dependence on oil improve environmental performance and provide
greater efficiencies than conventional transportation technologies as follows
62 ldquoUS Oil Consumption to BP Spillrdquo httpapplesfromorangescom201005us-oil-consumption-to-bp-spill May31 2010 63 ldquoChallenges for Sustainable Mobility and Development of Fuel Cell Vehiclesrdquo Masatami Takimoto Executive Vice President
Toyota Motor Corporation January 26 2006 Presentation at the 2nd International Hydrogen amp Fuel Cell Expo Technical
Conference Tokyo Japan 64 ldquoTwenty Hydrogen Mythsrdquo Amory B Lovins Rocky Mountain Institute June 20 2003 65 Miles per Gallon Equivalent
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
20
MAINE
Replacement of gasoline-fueled passenger vehicles and light duty trucks and diesel-fueled transit
buses with FCEVs could result in annual CO2 emission reductions (per vehicle) of approximately
10170 15770 and 182984 pounds per year respectively66
Replacement of gasoline-fueled passenger vehicles and light duty trucks and diesel-fueled transit
buses with FCEVs could result in annual energy savings (per vehicle) of approximately 230
gallons of gasoline (passenger vehicle) 485 gallons of gasoline (light duty truck) and 4390
gallons of diesel (bus)
Replacement of gasoline-fueled passenger vehicles light duty trucks and diesel-fueled transit
buses with FCEVs could result in annual fuel cost savings of approximately $885 per passenger
vehicle $1866 per light duty truck and $17560 per bus67
Automobile manufacturers such as Toyota General Motors Honda Daimler AG and Hyundai have
projected that models of their FCEVs will begin to roll out in larger numbers by 2015 Longer term the
US DOE has projected that between 151 million and 239 million light duty FCEVs may be sold each
year by 2050 and between 144 million and 347 million light duty FCEVs may be in use by 2050 with a
transition to a hydrogen economy These estimates could be accelerated if political economic energy
security or environmental polices prompt a rapid advancement in alternative fuels68
Mainersquos opportunities to support these new vehicles include alternative fueling stations Maine
Department of Transportation (MDOT) refueling stations bus transit operations government public and
privately owned fleets and material handling and airport ground support equipment (GSE) Graphical
representation of these opportunities analyzed are depicted in Appendix I
Alternative Fueling Stations
There are approximately 1400 retail fueling stations in Maine69
however only 10 public andor private
stations within the state provide alternative fuels such as biodiesel compressed natural gas propane
andor electricity for alternative-fueled vehicles70
There are also at least 17 refueling stations owned and
operated by MDOT that can be used by authorities operating federal and state safety vehicles state transit
vehicles and employees of universities that operate fleet vehicles on a regular basis 71
Development of
hydrogen fueling at alternative fuel stations and at selected locations owned and operated by MDOT
would help facilitate the deployment of FCEVs within the state (Appendix I ndash Figure 12 Alternative
Fueling Stations) Currently there are approximately 18 existing or planned transportation fueling
stations in the Northeast region where hydrogen is provided as an alternative fuel72737475
66 Fuel Cell Economic Development Plan Connecticut Department of Economic and Community Development and the
Connecticut Center for Advanced Technology Inc January 1 2008 Calculations based upon average annual mileage of 12500
miles for passenger car and 14000 miles for light trucks (US EPA) and 37000 average milesyear per bus (US DOT FTA
2007) 67 US EIA Weekly Retail Gasoline and Diesel Prices gasoline - $3847 and diesel ndash 400
wwweiagovdnavpetpet_pri_gnd_a_epm0r_pte_dpgal_whtm 68
Effects of a Transition to a Hydrogen Economy on Employment in the United States Report to Congress
httpwwwhydrogenenergygovcongress_reportshtml August 2011 69 ldquoPublic retail gasoline stations state yearrdquo wwwafdcenergygovafdcdatadocsgasoline_stations_statexls May 5 2011 70 Alternative Fuels Data Center wwwafdcenergygovafdclocatorstations 71 EPA ldquoGovernment UST Noncompliance Report-2007rdquo wwwepagovoustdocsME20Compliance20Reportpdf August
82007 72 Alternative Fuels Data Center httpwwwafdcenergygovafdclocatorstations 73 Hyride ldquoAbout the fueling stationrdquo httpwwwhyrideorghtml-about_hyrideAbout_Fuelinghtml 74 CTTransit ldquoHartford Bus Facility Site Work (Phase 1)rdquo
wwwcttransitcomProcurementsDisplayaspProcurementID=8752CA67-AB1F-4D88-BCEC-4B82AC8A2542 March 2011 75
Currently there are no publicly or privately accessible transportation fueling stations where hydrogen is provided as an
alternative fuel in Maine
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
21
MAINE
Fleets
There are over 7000 fleet vehicles (excluding state and federal vehicles) classified as non-leasing or
company owned vehicles in Maine 76
Fleet vehicles typically account for more than twice the amount of
mileage and therefore twice the fuel consumption and emissions compared to personal vehicles on a per
vehicle basis There are an additional 1781 passenger automobiles andor light duty trucks in Maine
owned by state and federal agencies (excluding state police) that traveled a combined 14965373 miles in
2010 while releasing 1031 metrics tons of CO2 77
Conversion of fleet vehicles from conventional fossil
fuels to FCEVs could significantly reduce petroleum consumption and GHG emissions Fleet vehicle
hubs are good candidates for hydrogen refueling and conversion to FCEVs because they mostly operate
on fixed routes or within fixed districts and are fueled from a centralized station
Bus Transit
There are approximately 61 directly operated buses that provide public transportation services in Maine78
As discussed above replacement of a conventional diesel transit bus with a fuel cell transit bus would
result in the reduction of CO2 emissions (estimated at approximately 183000 pounds per year) and
reduction of diesel fuel (estimated at approximately 4390 gallons per year)79
Although the efficiency of
conventional diesel buses has increased conventional diesel buses which typically achieve fuel economy
performance levels of 39 miles per gallon have the greatest potential for energy savings by using high
efficiency fuel cells In addition to Maine other states have also begun the transition of fueling transit
buses with alternative fuels to improve efficiency and environmental performance
Material Handling
Material handling equipment such as forklifts are used by a variety of industries including
manufacturing construction mining agriculture food retailers and wholesale trade to move goods
within a facility or to load goods for shipping to another site Material handling equipment is usually
battery propane or diesel powered Batteries that currently power material handling equipment are heavy
and take up significant storage space while only providing up to 6 hours of run time Fuel cells can
ensure constant power delivery and performance eliminating the reduction in voltage output that occurs
as batteries discharge Fuel cell powered material handling equipment last more than twice as long (12-
14 hours) and also eliminate the need for battery storage and charging rooms leaving more space for
products In addition fueling time only takes two to three minutes by the operator compared to least 20
minutes or more for each battery replacement which saves the operator valuable time and increases
warehouse productivity
In addition fuel cell powered material handling equipment has significant cost advantages compared to
batteries such as
15 times lower maintenance cost
8 times lower refuelingrecharging labor cost
2 times lower net present value of total operations and management (OampM) system cost
76
Fleetcom ldquo2009-My Registrationrdquo httpwwwautomotive-
fleetcomStatisticsStatsVieweraspxfile=http3a2f2fwwwautomotive-fleetcom2ffc_resources2fstats2fAFFB10-16-
top10-statepdfampchannel 77 US General Services Administration ldquoGSA 2010 Fleet Reportsrdquo Table 4-2 httpwwwgsagovportalcontent230525 September
2011 78
NTD Date ldquoTS22 - Service Data and Operating Expenses Time-Series by Systemrdquo
httpwwwntdprogramgovntdprogramdatahtm December 2011 79 Fuel Cell Economic Development Plan Connecticut Department of Economic and Community Development and the
Connecticut Center for Advanced Technology Inc January 1 2008
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
22
MAINE
63 percent less emissions of GHG (Appendix X provides a comparison of PEM fuel cell and
battery-powered material handling equipment)
Fuel cell powered material handling equipment is already in use at dozens of warehouses distribution
centers and manufacturing plants in North America80
Large corporations that are currently using or
planning to use fuel cell powered material handling equipment include CVS Coca-Cola BMW Central
Grocers and Wal-Mart (Refer to Appendix IX for a partial list of companies in North America that using
fuel cell powered forklifts)81
There are approximately five distribution centerswarehouse sites that have
been identified in Maine that may benefit from the use of fuel cell powered material handling equipment
(Appendix I ndash Figure 13 Distribution CentersWarehouses amp Ports)
Ground Support Equipment
Ground support equipment (GSE) such as catering trucks deicers and airport tugs can be battery
operated or more commonly run on diesel or gasoline As an alternative hydrogen-powered tugs are
being developed for both military and commercial applications While their performance is similar to that
of other battery-powered equipment a fuel cell-powered GSE remains fully charged (provided there is
hydrogen fuel available) and do not experience performance lag at the end of a shift like battery-powered
GSEs82
Potential large end-users of GSE that serve Mainersquos largest airports include Air Canada Delta
Airlines Continental JetBlue United and US Airways83
(Appendix I ndash Figure 11 Commercial
Airports)
Ports
Maine has 3480 miles of coastline with six cargo ports and 13 cruise ship ports The ports of Portland
and Bath Maine which service large vessels such as container ships tankers bulk carriers and cruise
ships may be candidates for improved energy management Commercial marine vessels (cargo ships
entering and leaving Marine ports) contribute approximately 166 tons of volatile organic compounds
(VOC) 1134 tons of NOX 374 tons of CO 124 tons of sulfur dioxide SO2 and 91 tons of particulate
matter (PM10) per year84
In one year a single large container ship can emit pollutants equivalent to that of 50 million cars The
low grade bunker fuel used by the worlds 90000 cargo ships contains up to 2000 times the amount of
sulfur compared to diesel fuel used in automobiles85
Furthermore diesel emissions from cruise ships
while at port are a significant source of air pollution While docked vessels shut off their main engines
but use auxiliary diesel and steam engines to power refrigeration lights pumps and other functions a
process called ldquocold-ironing An estimated one-third of ship emissions occur while they are idling at
berth Replacing auxiliary engines with on-shore electric power could significantly reduce emissions
The applications of fuel cell technology at ports may also provide electric and thermal energy for
improving energy management for warehouses and equipment operated between terminals (Appendix I ndash
Figure 13 Distribution CentersWarehouses amp Ports)86
80 DOE EERE ldquoEarly Markets Fuel Cells for Material Handling Equipmentrdquo
www1eereenergygovhydrogenandfuelcellseducationpdfsearly_markets_forkliftspdf February 2011 81 Plug Power ldquoPlug Power Celebrates Successful year for Companyrsquos Manufacturing and Sales Activityrdquo
wwwplugpowercom January 4 2011 82 Battelle ldquoIdentification and Characterization of Near-Term Direct Hydrogen Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Marketsrdquo
April 2007 www1eereenergygovhydrogenandfuelcellspdfspemfc_econ_2006_report_final_0407pdf 83 PWM ldquoAirlinesrdquo httpwwwportlandjetportorgairlines August 24 2011 84
Maine Department of Environmental Protection ldquoAir Emission from Marine Vesselsrdquo
httpwwwmainegovdepblwqtopicvesselairemissionsreportpdf January 15 2005 85
ldquoBig polluters one massive container ship equals 50 million carsrdquo Paul Evans httpwwwgizmagcomshipping-
pollution11526 April 232009 86
Savemayportvillagenet ldquoCruise Ship Pollutionrdquo httpwwwsavemayportvillagenetid20html October 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
23
MAINE
Table 18 -Ports Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
42
(35)
2
(11)
2
(11)
06
(11)
4730
(11)
12741
(11)
908
(9)
CONCLUSION
Hydrogen and fuel cell technology offers significant opportunities for improved energy reliability energy
efficiency and emission reductions Large fuel cell units (gt300 kW) may be appropriate for applications
that serve large electric and thermal loads Smaller fuel cell units (lt 300 kW) may provide back-up power
for telecommunication sites restaurantsfast food outlets and smaller sized public facilities at this time
Table 19 ndashSummary of Potential Fuel Cell Applications
Category Total Sites Potential
Sites
Number of Fuel
Cells
lt 300 kW
Number of
Fuel Cells
gt300 kW
CB
EC
S D
ata
Education 964 6587
23 42
Food Sales 1800+ 4588
45
Food Services 2100+ 1589
15
Inpatient Healthcare 181 4290
42
Lodging 837 1891
18
Public Order amp Safety 216 1092
10
Energy Intensive Industries 156 693
6
Government Operated
Buildings 114 4
94
4
Wireless
Telecommunication
Towers
50995
5196
51
WWTPs 111 197
1
Landfills 25 198
1
Airports (w AASF) 103 5 (1)99
5
87 65 high schools andor college and universities located in communities serviced by natural gas 88 45 food sale facilities located in communities serviced by natural gas 89 Ten percent of the 97 food service facilities located in communities serviced by natural gas 90 Eight Hospitals located in communities serviced by natural gas and occupying 150+ or more beds onsite 91 15 hotel facilities with 100+ rooms onsite and three convalescent homes with 150+ bed onsite located in communities serviced
by natural gas 92 Correctional facilities andor other public order and safety facilities with 212 workers or more 93 Ten percent of the 64 energy intensive industry facilities located in communities serviced with natural gas 94 Four actively owned federal government operated building located in communities serviced by natural gas 95
The Federal Communications Commission regulates interstate and international communications by radio television wire
satellite and cable in all 50 states the District of Columbia and US territories 96 Ten percent of the 509 wireless telecommunication sites in Mainersquos targeted for back-up PEM fuel cell deployment 97 Ten percent of Maine WWTP with average flows of 30+ MGD 98 Ten percent of the landfills targeted based on LMOP data
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
24
MAINE
Military 1 1 1
Ports 42 2 2
Total 7159+ 266 74 192
As shown in Table 5 the analysis provided here estimates that there are approximately 266 potential
locations which may be favorable candidates for the application of a fuel cell to provide heat and power
Assuming the demand for electricity was uniform throughout the year approximately 150 to 192 fuel cell
units with a capacity of 300 ndash 400 kW could be deployed for a total fuel cell capacity of 58 to 77 MWs
If opportunities for fuel cell use in Maine identified in this report are met with 300 kW units a minimum
of 473040 MWh electric and 127 million MMBTUs (equivalent to 373404 MWh) of thermal energy
would be produced which could reduce CO2 emissions by at least 90824 tons per year 100
Maine can also benefit from the use of hydrogen and fuel cell technology for transportation such as
passenger fleets transit district fleets municipal fleets and state department fleets The application of
hydrogen and fuel cell technology for transportation would reduce the dependence on oil improve
environmental performance and provide greater efficiencies than conventional transportation
technologies
bull Replacement of a gasoline-fueled passenger vehicle with FCEVs could result in annual CO2
emission reductions (per vehicle) of approximately 10170 pounds annual energy savings of 230
gallons of gasoline and annual fuel cost savings of $885
bull Replacement of a gasoline-fueled light duty truck with FCEVs could result in annual CO2
emission reductions (per light duty truck) of approximately 15770 pounds annual energy savings
of 485 gallons of gasoline and annual fuel cost savings of $1866
bull Replacement of a diesel-fueled transit bus with a fuel cell powered bus could result in annual CO2
emission reductions (per bus) of approximately 182984 pounds annual energy savings of 4390
gallons of fuel and annual fuel cost savings of $17560
Hydrogen and fuel cell technology also provides significant opportunities for job creation andor
economic development Realizing over $2 million in revenue and investment in 2010 the hydrogen and
fuel cell industry in Maine is estimated to have contributed approximately $113000 in state and local tax
revenue and over $29 million in gross state product Currently there are at least 30 Maine companies
that are part of the growing hydrogen and fuel cell industry supply chain in the Northeast region If
neweremerging hydrogen and fuel cell technology were to gain momentum the number of companies
and employment for the industry could grow substantially
99 Airport facilities with 2500+ annual Enplanement Counts andor AASF 100
If opportunities for fuel cell use in Maine identified in this report are met with 400 kW units a minimum of 665760 MWh
electric and 312 million MMBTUs (equivalent to 915127 MWh) of thermal energy would be produced which could reduce CO2
emissions by at least 127826 tons per year
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
25
MAINE
APPENDICES
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
26
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 1 Education
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
27
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 2 Food Sales
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
28
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 3 Food Services
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
29
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 4 Inpatient Healthcare
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
30
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 5 Lodging
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
31
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 6 Public Order and Safety
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
32
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 7 Energy Intensive Industries
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
33
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 8 Federal Government Operated Buildings
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
34
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 9 Telecommunication Sites
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
35
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 10 Solid and Liquid Waste Sites
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
36
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 11 Commercial Airports
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
37
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 12 Alternative Fueling Stations
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
38
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 13 Distribution CentersWarehouses amp Ports
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
39
MAINE
Appendix II ndash Maine Estimated Electrical Consumption per Sector
Category Total Site
Electric Consumption per Building
(1000 kWh)101
kWh Consumed per Sector
New England
Education 925 161844 149705700
Food Sales 1800 319821 575677800
Food Services 2100 128 269199000
Inpatient Healthcare 181 603863 1092991125
Lodging 837 21312 178379766
Public Order amp Safety 262 77855 20398010
Total 6105 2286351401
Residential102
4503000000
Industrial 3702000000
Commercial 4503000000
Other Commercial 2286351401
101
EIA Electricity consumption and expenditure intensities for Non-Mall Building 2003 102
DOE EERE ldquoElectric Power and Renewable Energy in Mainerdquo httpapps1eereenergygovstateselectricitycfmstate=ME
August 25 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
40
MAINE
Appendix III ndash Key Stakeholders
Organization CityTown State Website Hydrogen Energy Center Portland ME wwwhydrogenenergycenterorg
University of Maine School of
Engineering Technology Orono ME httpwwwumaineeduset
University of Maine Advanced
Manufacturing Center Orono
ME wwwumaineeduamc
University of Maine Advanced
Structures and Composites Center Orono
ME httpwww2umaineeduaewc
Manufacturers Association of Maine Westbrook ME
wwwmainemfgcom
Maine Manufacturing Extension
Partnership Augusta
ME httpwwwmainemeporg
Mid-Coast Regional Redevelopment
Authority Brunswick
ME wwwmrraus
Manufacturing Applications Center Gorham ME
httpwwwusmmaineedu
Maine Center for Enterprise
Development University of Southern
Maine
Portland ME
wwwmcedbiz
Maine Small Business Development
Center Portland
ME httpwwwmainesbdcorg
Southern Maine Community College
Sustainability and Energy Alternatives
Center
South
Portland ME httpwwwsmccmeedubusiness-a-
communitycomunity-resourcessustainability-
centerhtml
Environment and Energy Technology
Council of Maine Portland
ME wwwE2Techorg
Maine Technology Institute Gardiner ME
wwwmainetechnologyorg
Maine Innovation Economy advisory
Board Maine DECD Augusta ME httpwwwmainegovdecd
Governorrsquos Office of Energy
Independence and Security Augusta ME httpmainegovoeis
Utility Companies
Unitil httpwwwunitilcomcustomer-configuration
Bangor Gas Co httpwwwbangorgascom
Central Maine Power Co httpwwwcmpcocom
Bangor Hydro-Electric Co httpwwwbhecom
Maine Public Service Co httpwwwmainepublicservicecom
Appendix IV ndash Maine State Incentives and Programs
Funding Source Maine Public Utilities Commission
Program Title Community-based Renewable Energy Pilot Program
Applicable EnergiesTechnologies Solar Thermal Electric Photovoltaic Landfill Gas Wind
Biomass Hydroelectric Geothermal Electric Fuel Cells Anaerobic Digestion Tidal Energy
Fuel Cells using Renewable Fuels
Summary The Maine Utilities Commission (PUC) finalized the rule in February 2010 Legislation
mandates that up 10 50 MW of generating capacity will be permitted uned this program and
individual participants may not exceed 10 MW Of the 50 MW cap 10 must be reserved
specifically for small program participants or for participants located in a service territory of a
cooperative transmission and distribution utility
Restrictions
The PUC may require investor-owned utilities to enter into long-term contracts for energy capacity
resources or renewable energy credits (RECs) produced by the community-based project The
contacts term may not exceed 20 year the PUC will conduct long-term contract solicitations for
ldquolarge generatorsrdquo
Timing The Maine Public Utilities Commission is seeking proposals from suppliers of energy
capacity or renewable energy credits (RECs) for the development of community-based renewable
energy projects over 1 MW The docket number for this RFP is 2011-150 All inquiries about this
RFP should be directed to christinercookmainegov
Maximum Size Choice of either 15 REC credit multiplier or up to 10 MW DC
Requirements
To be eligible for incentives a generating facility must be 51 percent locally owned use renewable
energy resources be no larger than 10 MW in generating capacity and be located in the State
httpwwwstatemeusmpucelectricitycommunity_pilotshtml
Rebate amount $010kWh or cost fo the project whichever is lower
For further information please visit
httpwwwstatemeusmpucelectricitycommunity_pilotshtml
Source
Maine Public Utilities Commission ldquoCommunity-based Renewable Energy Pilot Programrdquo August 10 2011
DSIRE ldquoCommunity-based Renewable Energy Production Incentive (Pilot Program)rdquo August 10 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
42
Funding Source Voluntary Renewable Resource Grants
Program Title Voluntary Renewable Resources Fund
Applicable EnergiesTechnologies Solar Thermal Electric Photovoltaics Wind Biomass
Hydroelectric Geothermal Electric Fuel Cells Municipal Solid Waste Tidal Energy Fuel
Cells using Renewable Fuels
Summary Supported by the state Voluntary Renewable resource Fund and administered by the
Efficient Maine provide funding for small-scale demonstration projects designed to educate
communities on the value oand cost effectiveness of renewable energy
Restrictions To Qualify for grant funding renewable-energy resources generally must qualify as a
small power production facility un Federal Energy Regulatory Commission rules or must not exceed
100 MW in capacity and use one of more of the applicable energiestechnologies
Timing Start Date of this program occurred 12151998 and no expiration date is given
Maximum Size $50000
Requirements
httpwwwmainegovmpucrecovery
Rebate amount
$50000 Maximu
For further information please visit
httpwwwmainegovmpucrecovery
Source
Maine PUC ldquoFederal Stimulus MPUC and the Federal Recovery Packagerdquo ndash August 10 2011
DSIRE ldquoMaine - Voluntary Renewable Resource Grantsrdquo August 10 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
43
Appendix V ndash Partial Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Supply Chain Companies in Maine103
Organization Name Product or Service Category
1 University of Maine School of
Engineering Technology Research amp Development
2 University of Maine Advanced
Structures and Composites Center Research amp Development
3 Precision Partners-Mid-State Machine
Products Manufacturing Services
4 Ocean Energy Institute EngineeringDesign Services
5 Newfab Inc Manufacturing Services
6 New England Castings Other
7 Mitchell Ledge Farm Components
8 McNabb Marketing Resources Other
9 Maine Oxy Inc Fuel
10 Maine Machine Products Co Manufacturing Services
11 MacTec Inc FCH2 System DistrInstallMaint Services
12 Kennebec Technologies Manufacturing Services
13 Hydrogen Energy Center Service Center Lab or Test ConsultingLegalFinancial
Services
14 Hydrogen Energy Center Other
15 Green Energy Maine Other
16 Fire Risk Management Inc EngineeringDesign Services
17 Fire Risk Management EngineeringDesign Services
18 Fairchild Semiconductor Research amp Development
19 EcoMain Research amp Development
20 Control Point Inc Lab or Test EquipmentServices
21 Colby Company Engineering EngineeringDesign Services
22 Chewonki Foundation Other
23 Burroughs Machine Tool Products Equipment
24 Bernstein Shur ConsultingLegalFinancial Services
25 Bath Iron Works (General Dynamics
Inc) Research amp Development
26 AMEC EngineeringDesign Services
27 Advantages Gases and Tools Fuel
28 Advanced Manufacturing Center-
University of ME Manufacturing Services
103
Northeast Electrochemical Energy Storage Cluster Supply Chain Database Search httpneescorgresourcestype=1 August 11 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
44
Appendix VI ndash Comparison of Fuel Cell Technologies104
Fuel Cell
Type
Common
Electrolyte
Operating
Temperature
Typical
Stack
Size
Efficiency Applications Advantages Disadvantages
Polymer
Electrolyte
Membrane
(PEM)
Perfluoro sulfonic
acid
50-100degC
122-212deg
typically
80degC
lt 1 kW ndash 1
MW105
gt
kW 60
transportation
35
stationary
bull Backup power
bull Portable power
bull Distributed
generation
bull Transportation
bull Specialty vehicle
bull Solid electrolyte reduces
corrosion amp electrolyte
management problems
bull Low temperature
bull Quick start-up
bull Expensive catalysts
bull Sensitive to fuel
impurities
bull Low temperature waste
heat
Alkaline
(AFC)
Aqueous solution
of potassium
hydroxide soaked
in a matrix
90-100degC
194-212degF
10 ndash 100
kW 60
bull Military
bull Space
bull Cathode reaction faster
in alkaline electrolyte
leads to high performance
bull Low cost components
bull Sensitive to CO2
in fuel and air
bull Electrolyte management
Phosphoric
Acid
(PAFC)
Phosphoric acid
soaked in a matrix
150-200degC
302-392degF
400 kW
100 kW
module
40 bull Distributed
generation
bull Higher temperature enables
CHP
bull Increased tolerance to fuel
impurities
bull Pt catalyst
bull Long start up time
bull Low current and power
Molten
Carbonate
(MCFC)
Solution of lithium
sodium andor
potassium
carbonates soaked
in a matrix
600-700degC
1112-1292degF
300
k W- 3 M
W
300 kW
module
45 ndash 50
bull Electric utility
bull Distributed
generation
bull High efficiency
bull Fuel flexibility
bull Can use a variety of catalysts
bull Suitable for CHP
bull High temperature
corrosion and breakdown
of cell components
bull Long start up time
bull Low power density
Solid Oxide
(SOFC)
Yttria stabilized
zirconia
700-1000degC
1202-1832degF
1 kW ndash 2
MW 60
bull Auxiliary power
bull Electric utility
bull Distributed
generation
bull High efficiency
bull Fuel flexibility
bull Can use a variety of catalysts
bull Solid electrolyte
bull Suitable f o r CHP amp CHHP
bull HybridGT cycle
bull High temperature
corrosion and breakdown
of cell components
bull High temperature
operation requires long
start up
time and limits
Polymer Electrolyte is no longer a single category row Data shown does not take into account High Temperature PEM which operates in the range of 160oC to 180
oC It solves
virtually all of the disadvantages listed under PEM It is not sensitive to impurities It has usable heat Stack efficiencies of 52 on the high side are realized HTPEM is not a
PAFC fuel cell and should not be confused with one
104 US Department of Energy Fuel Cells Technology Program httpwww1eereenergygovhydrogenandfuelcellsfuelcellspdfsfc_comparison_chartpdf August 5 2011 105
Ballard ldquoCLEARgen Multi-MY Systemsrdquo httpwwwballardcomfuel-cell-productscleargen-multi-mw-systemsaspx November 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
45
Appendix VII ndashAnalysis of Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities and Threats for Maine
Strengths
Stationary Power ndash Strong market drivers including high
electricity cost cold climate reliance on oil for space heating
strong CHP and district heating market strong environmental
and green energy awareness) capable core of fuel cell CHP
installers energy storage demand to serve MErsquos aggressive
wind-power industry strong ongoing expansion of natural gas
servicedistribution
Transportation Power - Strong market drivers including a
dispersed population highly reliant on truck and auto
transportation receptive and environmentally conscious
alternative fuelstransportation market relatively low income
population in need of relief from automobile fuel costs strong
Navy shipbuilding industry as potential user of H2FC auxiliary
power system strongly interested in fleet-based hydrogen
fueling station development (SunHydro model) strong interest
in municipal transit and fuel cell -powered rail
Economic Development Factors ndash Brunswick Renewable
Energy Park emphasis on skills development and technology
synergies aggressive state level policy to policy to develop
renewable wind and biomass energy technologies skilled and
well organized network of precision manufacturing firms tied
into aerospace and communications equipment industries
strong labor force at relatively low wages RampDbusiness
infrastructure for advanced biofuels and composite material
structures growing University of Maine commitment to fuel
cell and biomass RampD state funding source familiaritycomfort
with H2FC technology
Weaknesses
Stationary Power ndash No technologyindustrial momentum at the
OEM level geographically distant from OEMs for component-
supply opportunities
Transportation Power ndash No technologyindustrial base at the
OEM level lack of infrastructure funding relatively dispersed
population for transportation services
Economic Development Factors ndash limited state incentives
somewhat sluggish overall state economy relatively
undeveloped core of technology skillsknowledge base
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
46
Opportunities
Stationary Power ndash Opportunity as an ldquoearly adaptor marketrdquo
some supply chain buildup opportunities around SP deployment
Linkage between H2FC technologies and advanced biofuels
RampD Dispersed population amp economy needs distributed
solutions Major need for power storage in conjunction with
Maines planned offshore wind-power RampD and development
Transportation Power ndash Hydrogen refueling station plans Early-
stage potential for major roll-out in marine auxiliary power (US
Navy) Commuter rail expansion
Portable Power ndash Little currently-identified opportunity
Economic Development Factors ndash Brunswick ldquoRenewable Energy
Industrial Parkrdquo can be significant seed nucleus for both
deployment amp development Machine-tool industry pursuing
H2FC components supply-chain opportunities
Threats
Stationary Power ndash The regionrsquos favorable market
needsdemand could be met by other technologiessources ndash
Canadian hydro amp nuclear wind geothermal direct biomass
and power-storage alternatives ndash batteries solid state ammonia
etc
Transportation Power ndash The regionrsquos favorable market
characteristics and needs could be met by other electric
vehicles particularly in the absence of a hydrogen
infrastructure
Economic Development Factors ndash competition from more fully-
equipped statesregions wind and other renewables grab Maine
energy industry momentum lack of funding to sustain
University of MErsquos momentum in storage and fuel cell
technologies related to biomass and wind hesitation of state
government to support alternative energy incentives
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
47
Appendix VIII ndash Partial list of Fuel Cell Deployment in the Northeast region
Manufacturer Site Name Site Location Year Installed
Plug Power T-Mobile cell tower Storrs CT 2008
Plug Power Albany International Airport Albany NY 2004
FuelCell Energy Pepperidge Farms Plant Bloomfield CT 2005
FuelCell Energy Peabody Museum New Haven CT 2003
FuelCell Energy Sheraton New York Hotel amp Towers Manhattan NY 2004
FuelCell Energy Sheraton Hotel Edison NJ 2003
FuelCell Energy Sheraton Hotel Parsippany NJ 2003
UTC Power Cabelas Sporting Goods East Hartford CT 2008
UTC Power Whole Foods Market Glastonbury CT 2008
UTC Power Connecticut Science Center Hartford CT 2009
UTC Power St Francis Hospital Hartford CT 2003
UTC Power Middletown High School Middletown CT 2008
UTC Power Connecticut Juvenile Training School Middletown CT 2001
UTC Power 360 State Street Apartment Building New Haven CT 2010
UTC Power South Windsor High School South Windsor CT 2002
UTC Power Mohegan Sun Casino Hotel Uncasville CT 2002
UTC Power CTTransit Fuel Cell Bus Hartford CT 2007
UTC Power Whole Foods Market Dedham MA 2009
UTC Power Bronx Zoo Bronx NY 2008
UTC Power North Central Bronx Hospital Bronx NY 2000
UTC Power Hunts Point Water Pollution Control Plant Bronx NY 2005
UTC Power Price Chopper Supermarket Colonie NY 2010
UTC Power East Rochester High School East Rochester NY 2007
UTC Power Coca-Cola Refreshments Production Facility Elmsford NY 2010
UTC Power Verizon Call Center and Communications Building Garden City NY 2005
UTC Power State Office Building Hauppauge NY 2009
UTC Power Liverpool High School Liverpool NY 2000
UTC Power New York Hilton Hotel New York City NY 2007
UTC Power Central Park Police Station New York City NY 1999
UTC Power Rochester Institute of Technology Rochester NY 1993
UTC Power NYPA office building White Plains NY 2010
UTC Power Wastewater treatment plant Yonkers NY 1997
UTC Power The Octagon Roosevelt Island NY 2011
UTC Power Johnson amp Johnson World Headquarters New Brunswick NJ 2003
UTC Power CTTRANSIT (Fuel Cell Powered Buses) Hartford CT 2007 - Present
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
48
Appendix IX ndash Partial list of Fuel Cell-Powered Forklifts in North America106
Company CityTown State Site Year
Deployed
Fuel Cell
Manufacturer
of
forklifts
Coca-Cola San Leandro CA
Bottling and
distribution center 2011 Plug Power 37
Charlotte NC Bottling facility 2011 Plug Power 40
EARP
Distribution Kansas City KS Distribution center 2011
Oorja
Protonics 24
Golden State
Foods Lemont IL Distribution facility 2011
Oorja
Protonics 20
Kroger Co Compton CA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 161
Sysco
Riverside CA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 80
Boston MA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 160
Long Island NY Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 42
San Antonio TX Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 113
Front Royal VA Redistribution
facility 2011 Plug Power 100
Baldor
Specialty Foods Bronx NY Facility
Planned
in 2012
Oorja
Protonics 50
BMW
Manufacturing
Co
Spartanburg SC Manufacturing
plant 2010 Plug Power 86
Defense
Logistics
Agency US
Department of
Defense
San Joaquin CA Distribution facility 2011 Plug Power 20
Fort Lewis WA Distribution depot 2011 Plug Power 19
Warner
Robins GA Distribution depot 2010 Hydrogenics 20
Susquehanna PA Distribution depot 2010 Plug Power 15
2009 Nuvera 40
Martin-Brower Stockton CA Food distribution
center 2010
Oorja
Protonics 15
United Natural
Foods Inc
(UNFI)
Sarasota FL Distribution center 2010 Plug Power 65
Wal-Mart
Balzac Al
Canada
Refrigerated
distribution center 2010 Plug Power 80
Washington
Court House OH
Food distribution
center 2007 Plug Power 55
Wegmans Pottsville PA Warehouse 2010 Plug Power 136
Whole Foods
Market Landover MD Distribution center 2010 Plug Power 61
106
FuelCell2000 ldquoFuel Cell-Powered Forklifts in North Americardquo httpwwwfuelcellsorginfochartsforkliftspdf November
2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
49
Appendix X ndash Comparison of PEM Fuel Cell and Battery-Powered Material Handling
Equipment
3 kW PEM Fuel Cell-Powered
Pallet Trucks
3 kW Battery-powered
(2 batteries per truck)
Total Fuel Cycle Energy Use
(total energy consumedkWh
delivered to the wheels) -12000 BtukWh 14000 BtukWh
Fuel Cycle GHG Emissions
(in g CO2 equivalent 820 gkWh 1200 gkWh
Estimated Product Life 8-10 years 4-5 years No Emissions at Point of Use
Quiet Operation
Wide Ambient Operating
Temperature range
Constant Power Available
over Shift
Routine Maintenance Costs
($YR) $1250 - $1500year $2000year
Time for RefuelingChanging
Batteries 4 ndash 8 minday 45-60 minday (for battery change-outs)
8 hours (for battery recharging amp cooling) Cost of FuelElectricity $6000year $1300year Labor Cost of
refuelingRecharging $1100year $8750year
Net Present Value of Capital
Cost $12600
($18000 wo incentive) $14000
Net Present Value of OampM
costs (including fuel) $52000 $128000
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
50
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
2
MAINE
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
There is the potential to generate at least 473000 megawatt hours (MWh) of electricity annually from
hydrogen and fuel cell technologies at host sites in the State of Maine through the development of 58 ndash 77
megawatts (MW) of fuel cell generation capacity The state and federal government have incentives to
facilitate the development and use of renewable energy The decision whether or not to deploy hydrogen
or fuel cell technology at a given location depends largely on their economic value compared to other
conventional or alternativerenewable technologies Consequently while many sites may be technically
viable for the application of fuel cell technology this plan focuses on fuel cell applications that are both
technically and economically viable
Locations that are both technically and economically viable include a wide range of private state and
federal buildings used for education food sales and services in-patient healthcare and public order and
safety Similarly viable sites include energy intensive industries wastewater treatment plants landfills
telecommunication site seaports and high-traffic airports
Currently Maine has at least 28 companies that are part of the growing hydrogen and fuel cell industry
supply chain in the Northeast region Based on a recent study these companies making up Mainersquos
hydrogen and fuel cell industry are estimated to have realized approximately $2 million in revenue and
investment contributed more than $113000 in state and local tax revenue and generated over $29
million in gross state product from their participation in this regional energy cluster in 2010
Hydrogen and fuel cell projects are becoming increasingly popular throughout the Northeast region
They can meet Maines demand for renewable energy reduce the states first-in-the-nation dependence on
foreign oil improve air and water quality and create local jobs This plan provides links to relevant
information to help assess plan and initiate hydrogen or fuel cell projects to help meet the energy
economic and environmental goals of the State
Policies and incentives that support hydrogen and fuel cell technology will increase deployment at sites
that would benefit from on-site generation Increased demand for hydrogen and fuel cell technology will
increase production and create jobs throughout the supply chain As deployment increases
manufacturing costs will decline and hydrogen and fuel cell technology will be in a position to then
compete in a global market without incentives These policies and incentives can be coordinated
regionally to maintain the regional economic cluster as a global exporter for long-term growth and
economic development
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
3
MAINE
TABLE OF CONTENTS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 2
INTRODUCTION 5
DRIVERS6
ECONOMIC IMPACT 8
POTENTIAL STATIONARY TARGETS 9
Education 11
Food Sales 12
Food Service 12
Inpatient Healthcare 13
Lodging 13
Energy Intensive Industries 15
Government Owned Buildings 15
Wireless Telecommunication Sites 16
Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs) 16
Landfill Methane Outreach Program (LMOP) 17
Airports 17
Military 18
POTENTIAL TRANSPORTATION TARGETS 19
Alternative Fueling Stations 20
Bus Transit 21
Material Handling 21
Ground Support Equipment 22
Ports 22
CONCLUSION 23
APPENDICES 25
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
4
MAINE
Index of Tables
Table 1 - Maine Economic Data 2011 8
Table 2 - Education Data Breakdown 11
Table 3 - Food Sales Data Breakdown 12
Table 4 - Food Services Data Breakdown 13
Table 5 - Inpatient Healthcare Data Breakdown 13
Table 6 - Lodging Data Breakdown 14
Table 7 - Public Order and Safety Data Breakdown 14
Table 8 - 2002 Data for the Energy Intensive Industry by Sector 15
Table 9 - Energy Intensive Industry Data Breakdown 15
Table 10 - Government Owned Building Data Breakdown 16
Table 11 - Wireless Telecommunication Data Breakdown 16
Table 12 - Wastewater Treatment Plants Data Breakdown 17
Table 13 - Landfill Data Breakdown 17
Table 14 ndash Maine Top Airports Enplanement Count 18
Table 15 - Airport Data Breakdown 18
Table 16 - Military Data Breakdown 19
Table 17 - Average Energy Efficiency of Conventional and Fuel Cell Vehicles (mpge) 19
Table 18 -Ports Data Breakdown 23
Table 19 ndashSummary of Potential Fuel Cell Applications 23
Index of Figures
Figure 1 - Energy Consumption by Sector 9
Figure 2 - Electric Power Generation by Primary Energy Sector 9
Figure 3 - Maine Electrical Consumption per Sector 11
Figure 4 - US Lodging Energy Consumption 13
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
5
MAINE
INTRODUCTION
A Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Industry Development Plan was created for each state in the Northeast region
(Maine Vermont New Hampshire Massachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut New York and New
Jersey) with support from the United States (US) Department of Energy (DOE) to increase awareness
and facilitate the deployment of hydrogen and fuel cell technology The intent of this guidance document
is to make available information regarding the economic value and deployment opportunities for
hydrogen and fuel cell technology1
A fuel cell is a device that uses hydrogen (or a hydrogen-rich fuel such as natural gas) and oxygen to
create an electric current The amount of power produced by a fuel cell depends on several factors
including fuel cell type stack size operating temperature and the pressure at which the gases are
supplied to the cell Fuel cells are classified primarily by the type of electrolyte they employ which
determines the type of chemical reactions that take place in the cell the temperature range in which the
cell operates the fuel required and other factors These characteristics in turn affect the applications for
which these cells are most suitable There are several types of fuel cells currently in use or under
development each with its own advantages limitations and potential applications These technologies
and applications are identified in Appendix VI
Fuel cells have the potential to replace the internal combustion engine (ICE) in vehicles and provide
power for stationary and portable power applications Fuel cells are in commercial service as distributed
power plants in stationary applications throughout the world providing thermal power and electricity to
power homes and businesses Fuel cells are also used in transportation applications such as automobiles
trucks buses and other equipment Fuel cells for portable applications which are currently in
development and can provide power for laptop computers and cell phones
Fuel cells are cleaner and more efficient than traditional combustion-based engines and power plants
therefore less energy is needed to provide the same amount of power Typically stationary fuel cell
power plants are fueled with natural gas or other hydrogen rich fuel Virtually none of the earthrsquos
hydrogen is in a form that we can readily use in fuel cells or other energy applications Almost all
organic compounds which by definition contain carbon also contain hydrogen2 Natural gas is widely
available throughout the northeast is relatively inexpensive and is primarily a domestic energy supply
Consequently natural gas shows the greatest potential to serve as a transitional fuel for the near future
hydrogen economy 3
Capturing carbon emissions from natural gas reforming processes would further improve the
environmental advantages of a hydrogen economy Carbon can be sequestered more easily in converting
centralized natural gas to hydrogen rather than burning the natural gas When pure hydrogen is used to
power a fuel cell the only by-products are water and heat no pollutants or greenhouse gases (GHG) are
produced
Hydrogen is the lightest element in the universe It also holds a great deal of potential energy which
makes it a good energy storage medium There is a lot of discussion about using hydrogen as an energy
source andor an energy storage medium There are also a number of firms looking at developing
hydrogen energy systems in Maine
1 Key stakeholders are identified in Appendix III
2 Hydrogen and fuel cells a comprehensive guide ndash Rebecca L Busby 2005
3 EIArdquoCommercial Sector Energy Price Estimates 2009rdquo
httpwwweiagovstatesedshfjspincfile=sep_sumhtmlsum_pr_comhtml August 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
6
MAINE
DRIVERS
The Northeast hydrogen and fuel cell industry while still emerging currently has an economic impact of
over $1 Billion of total revenue and investment Maine benefits from secondary impacts of indirect and
induced employment and revenue4 Furthermore Maine has a definitive and attractive economic
development opportunity to greatly increase its economic participation in the hydrogen and fuel cell
industry within the Northeast region and worldwide An economic strengths weaknesses opportunities
and threats (SWOT) assessment for Maine is provided in Appendix VII
Industries in the Northeast including those in Maine are facing increased pressure to reduce costs fuel
consumption and emissions that may be contributing to climate change Mainersquos relative proximity to
major load centers the high cost of electricity concerns over regional air quality available federal tax
incentives and legislative mandates in Maine and neighboring states have resulted in renewed interest in
the development of efficient renewable energy Incentives designed to assist individuals and
organizations in energy conservation and the development of renewable energy are currently offered
within the state Appendix IV contains an outline of Mainersquos incentives and renewable energy programs
Some specific factors that are driving the market for hydrogen and fuel cell technology in Maine include
the following
The current Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPS) recognizes fuel cells and fuel cells that run on
renewable fuels as a ldquoClass Irdquo renewable energy sources and calls for an increase in renewable
energy used in the state from its current level of approximately three percent to approximately ten
percent by 2017 ndash promotes stationary power and transportation applications
5
Net Metering ndash In June 2011 Gov Paul LePage signed legislation requiring the Maine Public
Utilities Commission (PUC) to amend the net energy rules to develop contract terms for net
energy billing and interconnection agreements Furthermore the bill allows the PUC to amend
net energy billing rules following routine technical rules and will enable the PUC to amend net
energy billing without having to send the amendments to the legislature for approval ndash promotes
stationary power applications6
Maine is one of the states in the ten-state region that is part of the Regional Greenhouse Gas
Initiative (RGGI) the nationrsquos first mandatory market-based program to reduce emissions of
carbon dioxide (CO2) RGGIs goals are to stabilize and cap emissions at 188 million tons
annually from 2009-2014 and to reduce CO2-emissions by 25 percent per year from 2015-20187
ndash promotes stationary power and transportation applications
In June 2009 Maine enacted the Act regarding Maines energy future that established the
Efficiency Maine Trust which is responsible for creating a plan to reach the following energy
efficiency targets
o 100 MW reduction in peak-load electricity consumption by 2020
o 30 percent reduction in electricity and natural gas consumption
o 20 percent reduction in heating fuel consumption
4 Maine does not have any original equipment manufacturers (OEM) of hydrogenfuel cell systems so it has no ldquodirectrdquo economic
impact 5 DSIRE ldquoRenewable Portfolio Standardsrdquo
httpwwwdsireusaorgincentivesincentivecfmIncentive_Code=ME01Rampre=1ampee=1 August 2011 6 DSIRE ldquoMaine ndash Net Energy Billingrdquo
httpwwwdsireusaorgincentivesincentivecfmIncentive_Code=ME02Rampre=1ampee=1 August 2011 7 Seacoastonlinecome ldquoRGGI Quietly setting a standardrdquo
httpwwwseacoastonlinecomappspbcsdllarticleAID=20090920NEWS909200341-1NEWSMAP
September 20 2009
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
7
MAINE
o Weatherization of 100 percent of homes and 50 percent of businesses by 2030
o Capturing all cost-effective efficiency resources available for utility customers ndash
promotes stationary power and transportation applications8
The Finance Authority of Maine (Authority) manages the Clean Fuel Vehicle Fund which is a
non-lapsing revolving loan fund that may be used for direct loans and grants to support
production distribution and consumption of clean fuels and biofuels (including fuel cells) The
Authority may also insure up to 100 percent of a loan for a clean fuel or biofuel project ndash
promotes transportation applications9
By December 1 2012 the Maine Office of Energy Independence and Security (Office) must
develop a plan to reduce petroleum consumption in all sectors of the economy with the overall
goal of reducing petroleum consumption in the state by at least 30 percent and 50 percent based
on 2007 levels by 2030 and 2050 respectively ndash promotes transportation applications10
Maine has established a policy that prohibits the Maine State Purchasing Agent from purchasing
or leasing any car or light-duty truck for use by any state department or agency unless the car or
truck has a manufacturers estimated highway mileage rating of at least 45 miles per gallon (mpg)
or 35 mpg respectively ndash promotes transportation applications11
The Transportation Efficiency Fund is a non-lapsing fund managed by the Maine Department of
Transportation to increase energy efficiency and reduce reliance on fossil fuels within the states
transportation system Funding may be used for zero emission vehicles biofuel and other
alternative fuel vehicles congestion mitigation and air quality initiatives rail public transit and
car or van pooling ndash promotes transportation applications12
8 DSIRE ldquoMaine Renewable Portfolio Standardsrdquo
httpwwwdsireusaorgincentivesincentivecfmIncentive_Code=ME09Rampre=1ampee=1 August 10 2007 9 EERE ldquoAFV and Fueling Infrastructure Loansrdquo httpwwwafdcenergygovafdclawslawME5299 August 10 2011
10 EERE ldquoState Plan to Reduce Petroleum Consumptionrdquo httpwwwafdcenergygovafdclawslawME9401 August 10 2011
11 EERE ldquoFuel-Efficient Vehicle Acquisition Requirements rdquo httpwwwafdcenergygovafdclawslawME5730 August 10
2011 12
EERE ldquoTransportation Efficiency Fund rdquo httpwwwafdcenergygovafdclawslawME8442 August 10 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
8
MAINE
ECONOMIC IMPACT
The hydrogen and fuel cell industry has direct indirect and induced impacts on local and regional
economies 13
A new hydrogen andor fuel cell project directly affects the arearsquos economy through the
purchase of goods and services generation of land use revenue taxes or payments in lieu of taxes and
employment Secondary effects include both indirect and induced economic effects resulting from the
circulation of the initial spending through the local economy economic diversification changes in
property values and the use of indigenous resources
Maine is home to at least 28 companies that are part of the growing hydrogen and fuel cell industry
supply chain in the Northeast region Appendix V lists the hydrogen and fuel cell supply chain companies
in Maine Realizing over $2 million in revenue and investment from their participation in this regional
cluster in 2010 these companies include manufacturing parts distributing supplying of industrial gas
engineering based research and development (RampD) coating applications and managing of venture
capital funds 14
Furthermore the hydrogen and fuel cell industry is estimated to have contributed
approximately $113000 in state and local tax revenue and over $29 million in gross state product
Table 1 shows Mainersquos impact in the Northeast regionrsquos hydrogen and fuel cell industry as of April 2011
Table 1 - Maine Economic Data 2011
Maine Economic Data
Supply Chain Members 28
Indirect Rev ($M) 194
Indirect Jobs 10
Indirect Labor Income ($M) 050
Induced Revenue ($M) 097
Induced Jobs 8
Induced Labor Income ($M) 029
Total Revenue ($M) 29
Total Jobs 18
Total Labor Income ($M) 080
In addition there are over 118000 people employed across 3500 companies within the Northeast
registered as part of the motor vehicle industry Approximately 1874 of these individuals and 78 of these
companies are located in Maine If neweremerging hydrogen and fuel cell technology were to gain
momentum within the transportation sector the estimated employment rate for the hydrogen and fuel cell
industry could grow significantly in the region15
13
Indirect impacts are the estimated output (ie revenue) employment and labor income in other business (ie not-OEMs) that
are associated with the purchases made by hydrogen and fuel cell OEMs as well as other companies in the sectorrsquos supply chain
Induced impacts are the estimated output employment and labor income in other businesses (ie non-OEMs) that are associated
with the purchases by workers related to the hydrogen and fuel cell industry 14
Northeast Electrochemical Energy Storage Cluster Supply Chain Database Search httpneescorgresourcestype=1
August8 2011 15 NAICS Codes Motor Vehicle ndash 33611 Motor Vehicle Parts ndash 3363
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
9
MAINE
POTENTIAL STATIONARY TARGETS
In 2009 Maine consumed the equivalent of 12614 million megawatt-hours of energy from the
transportation residential industrial and commercial sectors16
Electricity consumption in Maine was
approximately 113 million MWh and is forecasted to grow at a rate of 09 percent annually over the next
decade1718
Figure 1 illustrates the percent of total energy consumed by each sector in Maine A more
detailed breakout of energy usage is provided in Appendix II
This demand represents approximately nine percent of the population in New England and nine percent of
the regionrsquos total electricity consumption The State relies on both in-state resources and imports of
power over the regionrsquos transmission system to serve electricity to customers Net electrical demand in
Maine industries was 1288 MW in 2009 and is projected to increase by approximately 50 MW by 2015
Further the statersquos overall electricity demand is forecasted to grow at a rate of 09 percent (15 percent
peak summer demand growth) annually over the next decade Demand for new electric capacity as well
as a replacement of older less efficient base-load generation facilities is expected With approximately
3400 MW in total capacity of generation plants Maine represents 11 percent of the total capacity in New
England As shown in Figure 2 natural gas was the primary energy source for electricity consumed in
Maine for 2009 19
16
US Energy Information Administration (EIA) ldquoState Energy Data Systemrdquo
ldquohttpwwweiagovstatesedshfjspincfile=sep_sumhtmlrank_usehtmlrdquo August 2011 17
EIA ldquoElectric Power Annual 2009 ndash State Data Tablesrdquo wwweiagovcneafelectricityepaepa_sprdshtshtml January 2011 18
ISO New England ldquoMaine 2011 State Profilerdquo wwwiso-necomnwsissgrid_mktskey_factsnh_01-2011_profilepdf
January 2011 19
EIA ldquo1990 - 2010 Retail Sales of Electricity by State by Sector by Provider (EIA-861)rdquo
httpwwweiagovcneafelectricityepaepa_sprdshtshtml January 4 2011
Residential
22
Commercial
17
Industrial
32
Transportation
29
Figure 2 ndash Electric Power Generation by
Primary Energy Source Figure 1 ndash Energy Consumption by
Sector
Coal
05
Petroleum
16
Natural Gas
492
Hydroelectric
224
Other
Renewables
244 Other
19
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
10
MAINE
Fuel cell systems have many advantages over conventional technologies including
High fuel-to-electricity efficiency (gt 40 percent) utilizing hydrocarbon fuels
Overall system efficiency of 85 to 93 percent
Reduction of noise pollution
Reduction of air pollution
Often do not require new transmission
Siting is not controversial and
If near point of use waste heat can be captured and used Combined heat and power (CHP)
systems are more efficient and can reduce facility energy costs over applications that use separate
heat and central station power systems20
Fuel cells can be deployed as a CHP technology that provides both power and thermal energy and can
increase energy efficiency at a customer site typically from 35 to 50 percent The value of CHP includes
reduced transmission and distribution costs reduced fuel use and associated emissions21
Based on the
targets identified within this plan there is the potential to develop at least 58 MWs of stationary fuel cell
generation capacity in Maine which would provide the following benefits annually
Production of approximately 473000 MWh of electricity
Production of approximately 127 million MMBTUs of thermal energy
Reduction of CO2 emissions of approximately 90000 tons (electric generation only)22
For the purpose of this plan applications have been explored with a focus on fuel cells in the 300 kW to
400 kW range However smaller fuel cells are potentially viable for specific applications Facilities that
have electrical and thermal requirements that closely match the output of the fuel cells provide the best
opportunity for the application of a fuel cell Facilities that may be good candidates for the application of
a fuel cell include commercial buildings with high electricity consumption selected government
buildings public works facilities and energy intensive industries
The Energy Information Agencys (EIA) Commercial Building Energy Consumption Survey (CBECS_
identifies the building types listed below as having high electricity consumption They are the best
candidates for on-site generation and CHP applications These selected building types making up the
CBECS subcategory within the commercial industry include
Education
Food Sales
Food Services
Inpatient Healthcare
Lodging
Public Order amp Safety23
As illustrated in Figure 3 these selected building types within the commercial sector is estimated to
account for approximately 15 percent of Mainersquos total electrical consumption Appendix II further
20 FuelCell2000 ldquoFuel Cell Basicsrdquo wwwfuelcellsorgbasicsappshtml July 2011 21 ldquoDistributed Generation Market Potential 2004 Update Connecticut and Southwest Connecticutrdquo ISE Joel M Rinebold
ECSU March 15 2004 22 Replacement of conventional fossil fuel generating capacity with methane fuel cells could reduce carbon dioxide (CO2)
emissions by between approximately 100 and 600 lbMWh US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) eGRID2010 Version
11 Year 2007 GHG Annual Output Emission Rates Annual non-baseload output emission rates (NPCC New England) FuelCell
Energy DFC 300 Product sheet httpwwwfuelcellenergycomfilesFCE2030020Product20Sheet-lo-rez20FINALpdf
UTC Power PureCell Model 400 System Performance Characteristics httpwwwutcpowercomproductspurecell400 23
As defined by CBECS Public Order amp Safety facilities are buildings used for the preservation of law and order or public
safety Although these sites are usually described as government facilities they are referred to as commercial buildings because
their similarities in energy usage with the other building sites making up the CBECS data
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
11
MAINE
defines Mainersquos estimated electrical consumption in each sector Graphical representation of these
opportunities analyzed is depicted in Appendix I
Figure 3 ndash Maine Electrical Consumption per Sector
Education
There are approximately 145 non-public schools and 780 public schools (134 of which are considered
high schools with 100 or more students enrolled) in Maine2425
High schools operate for a longer period
of time daily due to extracurricular after school activities such as clubs and athletics Furthermore two
of these schools have swimming pools which may make these sites especially attractive because it would
increase the utilization of and make more efficient the electrical and thermal output offered by a fuel cell
There are also 39 colleges and universities in Maine Colleges and universities have facilities for
students faculty administration and maintenance crews that typically include dormitories cafeterias
gyms libraries and athletic departments ndash some with swimming pools Of these 173 locations (134 high
schools and 39 colleges) 65 are located in communities serviced by natural gas (Appendix I ndash Figure 1
Education)
Educational establishments in other states such as Connecticut and New York have shown interest in fuel
cell technology Examples of existing or planned fuel cell applications include South Windsor High
School (CT) Liverpool High School (NY) Rochester Institute of Technology Yale University
University of Connecticut and the State University of New York College of Environmental Science and
Forestry
Table 2 - Education Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
964
(5)
65
(3)
42
(6)
126
(6)
99338
(6)
267551
(6)
19073
(4)
24 EIA Description of CBECS Building Types wwweiagovemeucbecsbuilding_typeshtml 25 Public schools are classified as magnets charters alternative schools and special facilities
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
12
MAINE
Food Sales
There are over 1800 businesses in Maine known to be engaged in the retail sale of food Food sales
establishments are good candidates for fuel cells based on their electrical demand and thermal
requirements for heating and refrigeration Approximately 80 of these sites are considered larger food
sales businesses with approximately 60 or more employees at their site 26
Of these 80 large food sales
businesses 45 are located in communities serviced by natural gas (Appendix I ndash Figure 2 Food Sales)27
The application of a large fuel cell (gt300 kW) at a small convenience store may not be economically
viable based on the electric demand and operational requirements however a smaller fuel cell may be
appropriate
Popular grocery chains such as Price Chopper Supervalu Wholefoods and Stop and Shop have shown
interest in powering their stores with fuel cells in Massachusetts Connecticut and New York28
In
addition grocery distribution centers like the one operated by Shaws (a Supervalu brand) in Wells
Maine are prime targets for the application of hydrogen and fuel cell technology for both stationary
power and material handling equipment
Table 3 - Food Sales Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
1800
(4)
45
(4)
45
(4)
135((
(4)
106434
(4)
286662
(4)
20435
(3)
Food Service
There are over 2100 businesses in Maine that can be classified as food service establishments used for
the preparation and sale of food and beverages for consumption29
15 of these sites are considered larger
restaurant businesses with 130 or more employees at their site and are located in Maine communities
serviced by natural gas (Appendix I ndash Figure 3 Food Services)30
The application of a large fuel cell
(gt300 kW) at smaller restaurants with less than 130 workers may not be economically viable based on the
electric demand and operational requirements however a smaller fuel cell ( 5 kW) may be appropriate
to meet hot water and space heating requirements A significant portion (18 percent) of the energy
consumed in a commercial food service operation can be attributed to the domestic hot water heating
load31
In other parts of the US popular chains such as McDonalds are beginning to show an interest in
the smaller sized fuel cell units for the provision of electricity and thermal energy including domestic
water heating at food service establishments32
26
On average food sale facilities consume 43000 kWh of electricity per worker on an annual basis When compared to current
fuel cell technology (gt300 kW) which satisfies annual electricity consumption loads between 2628000 ndash 3504000 kWh
calculations show food sales facilities employing more than 61 workers may represent favorable opportunities for the application
of a larger fuel cell 27 EIA Description of CBECS Building Types wwweiagovemeucbecsbuilding_typeshtml 28 Clean Energy States Alliance (CESA) ldquoFuel Cells for Supermarkets ndash Cleaner Energy with Fuel Cell Combined Heat and
Power Systemsrdquo Benny Smith wwwcleanenergystatesorgassetsUploadsBlakeFuelCellsSupermarketsFBpdf 29 EIA Description of CBECS Building Types wwweiagovemeucbecsbuilding_typeshtml 30
On average food service facilities consume 20300 kWh of electricity per worker on an annual basis Current fuel cell
technology (gt300 kW) can satisfy annual electricity consumption loads between 2628000 ndash 3504000 kWh Calculations show
food service facilities employing more than 130 workers may represent favorable opportunities for the application of a larger fuel
cell 31
ldquoCase Studies in Restaurant Water Heatingrdquo Fisher Donald httpeecucdaviseduACEEE2008datapapers9_243pdf 2008 32
Sustainable business Oregon ldquoClearEdge sustains brisk growthrdquo
httpwwwsustainablebusinessoregoncomarticles201001clearedge_sustains_brisk_growthhtml May 8 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
13
MAINE
Office
Equipment 4 Ventilation 4
Refrigeration
3
Lighting 11
Cooling 13
Space Heating
33
Water Heating
18
Cooking 5 Other 9
Table 4 - Food Services Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
2100
(3)
15
(4)
15
(4)
45
(4)
35478
(4)
95554
(4)
6812
(2)
Inpatient Healthcare
There are over 181 inpatient healthcare facilities in Maine 42 of which are classified as hospitals33
Of
these 42 hospitals eight are located in communities serviced by natural gas and contain 100 or more beds
onsite (Appendix I ndash Figure 4 Inpatient Healthcare) Hospitals represent an excellent opportunity for the
application of fuel cells because they require a high availability factor of electricity for lifesaving medical
devices and operate 247 with a relatively flat load curve Furthermore medical equipment patient
rooms sterilizedoperating rooms data centers and kitchen areas within these facilities are often required
to be in operational conditions at all times which maximizes the use of electricity and thermal energy
from a fuel cell Nationally hospital energy costs have increased 56 percent from $389 per square foot
in 2003 to $607 per square foot for 2010 partially due to the increased cost of energy34
Examples of healthcare facilities with planned or operational fuel cells include St Francis Stamford and
Waterbury Hospitals in Connecticut and North Central Bronx Hospital in New York
Table 5 - Inpatient Healthcare Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
181
(5)
42
(10)
42
(10)
126
(10)
99338
(10)
267551
(10)
19073
(8)
Lodging
There are over 730 establishments specializing in
travellodging accommodations that include hotels motels or
inns in Maine Approximately 33 of these establishments
have 150 or more rooms onsite and can be classified as
ldquolarger sizedrdquo lodging that may have additional attributes
such as heated pools exercise facilities andor restaurants 35
Of these 33 locations 15 employ more than 94 workers and
are located in communities serviced by natural gas 36
As
shown in Figure 4 more than 60 percent of total energy use at
a typical lodging facility is due to lighting space heating and
water heating 37
The application of a large fuel cell (gt300
33 EIA Description of CBECS Building Types wwweiagovemeucbecsbuilding_typeshtml 34
BetterBricks ldquohttpwwwbetterbrickscomgraphicsassetsdocumentsBB_Article_EthicalandBusinessCasepdfrdquo Page 1
August 2011 35 EPA ldquoCHP in the Hotel and Casino Market Sectorrdquo wwwepagovchpdocumentshotel_casino_analysispdf December 2005 36
On average lodging facilities consume 28000 kWh of electricity per worker on an annual basis Current fuel cell technology
(gt300 kW) can satisfy annual electricity consumption loads between 2628000 ndash 3504000 kWh Calculations show lodging
facilities employing more than 94 workers may represent favorable opportunities for the application of a larger fuel cell 37 National Grid ldquoManaging Energy Costs in Full-Service Hotelsrdquo
wwwnationalgriduscomnon_htmlshared_energyeff_hotelspdf 2004
Figure 4 - US Lodging Energy Consumption
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
14
MAINE
kW) at hotelresort facilities with less than 94 employees may not be economically viable based on the
electrical demand and operational requirement however a smaller fuel cell ( 5 kW) may be appropriate
Popular hotel chains such as the Hilton and Starwood Hotels have shown interest in powering their
establishments with fuel cells in New Jersey and New York
Maine also has 107 facilities identified as convalescent homes three of which have bed capacities greater
than or equal to 150 units38
All three sites are located in communities serviced by natural gas (Appendix
I ndash Figure 5 Lodging)
Table 6 - Lodging Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
837
(10)
18
(2)
18
(2)
54
(2)
42574
(2)
114665
(2)
8174
(2)
Public Order and Safety There are approximately 216 facilities in Maine that can be classified as public order and safety these
include 96 fire stations 102 police stations eight state police stations nine border patrols and nine
prisons 3940
Ten of these locations employ more than 210 workers and are located in communities
serviced by natural gas4142
These applications may represent favorable opportunities for the application
of a larger fuel cell (gt300 kW) which could provide heat and uninterrupted power 4344
The sites
identified (Appendix I ndash Figure 6 Public Order and Safety) will have special value to provide increased
reliability to mission critical facilities associated with public safety and emergency response during grid
outages The application of a large fuel cell (gt300 kW) at public order and safety facilities with less than
210 employees may not be economically viable based on the electrical demand and operational
requirement however a smaller fuel cell ( 5 kW) may be appropriate Central Park Police Station in
New York City New York is presently powered by a 200 kW fuel cell system
Table 7 - Public Order and Safety Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
216
(7)
10
(3)
10
(3)
30
(3)
23652
(3)
63703
(3)
4541
(3)
38 Assisted-Living-List ldquoList of 120 Nursing Homes in Maine (ME)rdquo httpassisted-living-listcomme--nursing-homes May 9
2011 39 EIA Description of CBECS Building Types wwweiagovemeucbecsbuilding_typeshtml 40 USACOPS ndash The Nations Law Enforcement Site wwwusacopscomme 41
CBECSldquoTable C14rdquo httpwwweiagovemeucbecscbecs2003detailed_tables_20032003set192003pdfalltablespdf
November 2011 42
On average public order and safety facilities consume 12400 kWh of electricity per worker on an annual basis Current fuel
cell technology (gt300 kW) can satisfy annual electricity consumption loads between 2628000 ndash 3504000 kWh Calculations
show public order and safety facilities employing more than 212 workers may represent favorable opportunities for the
application of a larger fuel cell 43
2628000 12400 = 21194 44
CBECSldquoTable C14rdquo httpwwweiagovemeucbecscbecs2003detailed_tables_20032003set192003pdfalltablespdf
November 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
15
MAINE
Energy Intensive Industries
As shown in Table 2 energy intensive industries with high electricity consumption (which on average is
48 percent of annual operating costs) have been identified as potential locations for the application of a
fuel cell45
In Maine there are approximately 156 of these industrial facilities that are involved in the
manufacture of aluminum chemicals forest products glass metal casting petroleum coal products or
steel and employ 25 or more employees46
Of these 156 locations 64 are located in communities serviced
by natural gas (Appendix I ndash Figure 7 Energy Intensive Industries)
Table 8 - 2002 Data for the Energy Intensive Industry by Sector47
NAICS Code Sector Energy Consumption per Dollar Value of Shipments (kWh)
325 Chemical manufacturing 249
322 Pulp and Paper 446
324110 Petroleum Refining 472
311 Food manufacturing 076
331111 Iron and steel 815
321 Wood Products 123
3313 Alumina and aluminum 358
327310 Cement 1641
33611 Motor vehicle manufacturing 021
3315 Metal casting 164
336811 Shipbuilding and ship repair 205
3363 Motor vehicle parts manufacturing 205
Companies such as Coca-Cola Johnson amp Johnson and Pepperidge Farms in Connecticut New Jersey
and New York have installed fuel cells to help supply energy to their facilities
Table 9 - Energy Intensive Industry Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
156
(3)
6
(1)
6
(1)
18
(1)
14191
(1)
38222
(1)
2725
(1)
Government Owned Buildings
Buildings operated by the federal government can be found at 114 locations in Maine four of these
properties are actively owned rather than leased by the federal government and are located in
communities serviced by natural gas (Appendix I ndash Figure 8 Federal Government Operated Buildings)
There are also a number of buildings owned and operated by the State of Maine The application of fuel
cell technology at government owned buildings would assist in balancing load requirements at these sites
and offer a unique value for active and passive public education associated with the high usage of these
public buildings
45 EIA ldquoElectricity Generation Capabilityrdquo 1999 CBECS wwweiadoegovemeucbecspba99comparegenerhtml 46 Proprietary market data 47 EPA ldquoEnergy Trends in Selected Manufacturing Sectorsrdquo wwwepagovsectorspdfenergych2pdf March 2007
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
16
MAINE
Table 10 - Government Owned Building Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
114
(9)
4
(4)
4
(4)
12
(4)
9461
(4)
25481
(4)
1816
(4)
Wireless Telecommunication Sites
Telecommunications companies rely on electricity to run call centers cell phone towers and other vital
equipment In Maine there are approximately 509 telecommunications andor wireless company tower
sites (Appendix I ndash Figure 9 Telecommunication Sites) Any loss of power at these locations may result
in a loss of service to customers thus having reliable power is critical Each individual site represents an
opportunity to provide back-up power for continuous operation through the application of on-site back-up
generation powered by hydrogen and fuel cell technology It is an industry standard to install units
capable of supplying 48-72 hours of backup power which this is typically accomplished with batteries or
conventional emergency generators48
The deployment of fuel cells at selected telecommunication sites
will have special value to provide increased reliability to critical sites associated with emergency
communications and homeland security An example of a telecommunication site that utilizes fuel cell
technology to provide back-up power is a T-Mobile facility located in Storrs Connecticut
Table 11 - Wireless Telecommunication Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
509
(13)
51
(13) NA NA NA NA NA
Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs) There are 111 WWTPs in Maine that have design flows ranging from 3000 gallons per day (GPD) to 16
million gallons per day (MGD) seven of these facilities average between 3 ndash 16 MGD WWTPs
typically operate 247 and may be able to utilize the thermal energy from the fuel cell to process fats oils
and grease49
WWTPs account for approximately three percent of the electric load in the United State50
Digester gas produced at WWTPrsquos which is usually 60 percent methane can serve as a fuel substitute for
natural gas to power fuel cells Anaerobic digesters generally require a wastewater flow greater than
three MGD for an economy of scale to collect and use the methane51
Most facilities currently represent a
lost opportunity to capture and use the digestion of methane emissions created from their operations
(Appendix I ndash Figure 10 Solid and Liquid Waste Sites) 5253
A 200 kW fuel cell power plant in Yonkers New York was the worldrsquos first commercial fuel cell to run
on a waste gas created at a wastewater treatment plant The fuel cell generates about 1600 MWh of
electricity a year and reduces methane emissions released to the environment54
A 200 kW fuel cell
48 ReliOn Hydrogen Fuel Cell Wireless Applicationsrdquo wwwrelion-inccompdfReliOn_AppsWireless_2010pdf May 4 2011 49
ldquoBeyond Zero Net Energy Case Studies of Wastewater Treatment for Energy and Resource Productionrdquo Toffey Bill
September 2010 httpwwwawra-pmasmemberlodgeorgResourcesDocumentsBeyond_NZE_WWT-Toffey-9-16-2010pdf 50
EPA Wastewater Management Fact Sheet ldquoIntroductionrdquo July 2006 51 EPA Wastewater Management Fact Sheet wwwp2paysorgenergyWastePlantpdf July 2006 52 ldquoGHG Emissions from Wastewater Treatment and Biosolids Managementrdquo Beecher Ned November 20 2009
wwwdesstatenhusorganizationdivisionswaterwmbriverswatershed_conferencedocuments2009_fri_climate_2pdf 53 EPA Wastewater Management Fact Sheet wwwp2paysorgenergyWastePlantpdf May 4 2011 54 NYPA ldquoWHAT WE DO ndash Fuel Cellsrdquo wwwnypagovservicesfuelcellshtm August 8 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
17
MAINE
power plant was and installed at the Water Pollution Control Authorityrsquos WWTP in New Haven
Connecticut and produces 10 ndash 15 percent of the facilityrsquos electricity reducing energy costs by almost
$13000 a year55
Table 12 - Wastewater Treatment Plants Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
111
(19)
1
(6)
1
(6)
03
(6)
2365
(6)
6370
(6)
454
(5)
Landfill Methane Outreach Program (LMOP)
There are 11 landfills in Maine identified by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) through their
LMOP program two of which are operational two are candidates and six are considered potential sites
for the production and recovery of methane gas 5657
The amount of methane emissions released by a
given site is dependent upon the amount of material in the landfill and the amount of time the material has
been in place Similar to WWTPs methane emissions from landfills could be captured and used as a fuel
to power a fuel cell system In 2009 municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills were responsible for
producing approximately 17 percent of human-related methane emissions in the nation These locations
could produce renewable energy and help manage the release of methane (Appendix I ndash Figure 10 Solid
and Liquid Waste Sites)
Table 13 - Landfill Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
25
(12)
1
(7)
1
(7)
03
(7)
2365
(7)
6370
(7)
454
(6)
Airports
During peak air travel times in the US there are approximately 50000 airplanes in the sky each day
Ensuring safe operations of commercial and private aircrafts are the responsibility of air traffic
controllers Modern software host computers voice communication systems and instituted full scale
glide path angle capabilities assist air traffic controllers in tracking and communicating with aircrafts
consequently reliable electricity is extremely important and present an opportunity for a fuel cell power
application 58
There are approximately 103 airports in Maine including 47 that are open to the public and have
scheduled services Of those 47 airports six (Table 3) have 2500 or more passengers enplaned each
year two of these six facilities are located in communities serviced by natural gas (See Appendix I ndash
55 Conntactcom ldquoCity to Install Fuel Cellrdquo
httpwwwconntactcomarchive_indexarchive_pages4472_Business_New_Havenhtml August 15 2003 56
Due to size individual sites may have more than one potential candidate or operational project 57 LMOP defines a candidate landfill as ldquoone that is accepting waste or has been closed for five years or less has at least one
million tons of waste and does not have an operational or under-construction projectrdquoEPA ldquoLandfill Methane Outreach
Programrdquo wwwepagovlmopbasic-infoindexhtml April 7 2011 58 Howstuffworkscom ldquoHow Air Traffic Control Worksrdquo Craig Freudenrich
httpsciencehowstuffworkscomtransportflightmodernair-traffic-control5htm May 4 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
18
MAINE
Figure 11 Commercial Airports) An example of an airport currently hosting a fuel cell power plant to
provide backup power is Albany International Airport located in Albany New York
Table 14 ndash Maine Top Airports Enplanement Count
Airport59
Total Enplanement in 2000
Portland International Jetport 668098
Bangor International 272833
Northern Maine Regional at Presque Isle 25174
Knox County Regional 17328
Hancock County Bar harbor 14399
Augusta State 7148
Bangor International Airport (BGR) is considered the only ldquoJoint-Userdquo airport in Maine Joint-Use
facilities are establishments where the military department authorizes use of the military runway for
public airport services Army Aviation Support Facilities (AASF) located at this site are used by the
Army to provide aircraft and equipment readiness train and utilize military personnel conduct flight
training and operations and perform field level maintenance Bangor International Airport represents a
favorable opportunity for the application of uninterruptible power for necessary services associated with
national defense and emergency response and is located in a community serviced by natural gas
(Appendix I ndash Figure 11 Commercial Airports)
Table 15 - Airport Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
103
(12)
5(1)
(1)
1
(1)
15
(1)
11826
(1)
31851
(1)
2271
(8)
Military The US Department of Defense (DOD) is the largest funding organization in terms of supporting fuel
cell activities for military applications in the world DOD organizations are using fuel cells for
Stationary units for power supply in bases
Fuel cell units in transport applications
Portable units for equipping individual soldiers or group of soldiers
In a collaborative partnership with the DOE the DOD plans to install and operate 18 fuel cell backup
power systems at eight of its military installations two of which are located within the Northeast region
(New York and New Jersey)60
In addition the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard (PSNY) in Kittery Maine
occupies more than 297 acres on base employs approximately 4500 civilian employees and 100 naval
officers in addition to enlisted personal assigned to the shipyard and is a potential application for
hydrogen and fuel cell technology (Appendix I ndash Figure 11 Commercial Airports) 61
59 Bureau of Transportation Statistics ldquoMaine Transportation Profilerdquo
wwwbtsgovpublicationsstate_transportation_statisticsmainepdfentirepdf March 30 2011 60 Fuel Cell Today ldquoUS DoD to Install Fuel cell Backup Power Systems at Eight Military Installationsrdquo
httpwwwfuelcelltodaycomonlinenewsarticles2011-07US-DOD-FC-Backup-Power-Systems July 20 2011 61
Portsmouth Naval Shipyard ldquoShipyard Factsrdquo httpwwwnavseanavymilshipyardsportsmouthPagesFactsaspx August
2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
19
MAINE
Table 16 - Military Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
1
(7)
1
(7)
1
(7)
03
(7)
2365
(7)
6370
(7)
454
(6)
POTENTIAL TRANSPORTATION TARGETS
Transportation is responsible for one-fourth of the total global GHG emissions and consumes 75 percent
of the worldrsquos oil production In 2010 the US used 21 million barrels of non-renewable petroleum each
day Roughly 29 percent of Mainersquos energy consumption is due to demands of the transportation sector
including gasoline and on-highway diesel petroleum for automobiles trucks and buses A small percent
of non-renewable petroleum is used for jet and ship fuel62
The current economy in the US is dependent on hydrocarbon energy sources and any disruption or
shortage of this energy supply will severely affect many energy related activities including
transportation As oil and other non-sustainable hydrocarbon energy resources become scarce energy
prices will increase and the reliability of supply will be reduced Government and industry are now
investigating the use of hydrogen and renewable energy as a replacement of hydrocarbon fuels
Hydrogen-fueled fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) have many advantages over conventional
technology including
Quiet operation
Near zero emissions of controlled pollutants such as nitrous oxide carbon monoxide
hydrocarbon gases or particulates
Substantial (30 to 50 percent) reduction in GHG emissions on a well-to-wheel basis compared to
conventional gasoline or gasoline-hybrid vehicles when the hydrogen is produced by
conventional methods such as natural gas and 100 percent when hydrogen is produced from a
clean energy source
Ability to fuel vehicles with indigenous energy sources which reduces dependence on imported
energy and adds to energy security and
Higher efficiency than conventional vehicles (See Table 4)6364
Table 17 - Average Energy Efficiency of Conventional and Fuel Cell Vehicles (mpge65
)
Passenger Car Light Truck Transit Bus
Hydrogen Gasoline Hybrid Gasoline Hydrogen Gasoline Hydrogen Fuel Cell Diesel
52 50 293 492 215 54 39
FCEVs can reduce price volatility dependence on oil improve environmental performance and provide
greater efficiencies than conventional transportation technologies as follows
62 ldquoUS Oil Consumption to BP Spillrdquo httpapplesfromorangescom201005us-oil-consumption-to-bp-spill May31 2010 63 ldquoChallenges for Sustainable Mobility and Development of Fuel Cell Vehiclesrdquo Masatami Takimoto Executive Vice President
Toyota Motor Corporation January 26 2006 Presentation at the 2nd International Hydrogen amp Fuel Cell Expo Technical
Conference Tokyo Japan 64 ldquoTwenty Hydrogen Mythsrdquo Amory B Lovins Rocky Mountain Institute June 20 2003 65 Miles per Gallon Equivalent
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
20
MAINE
Replacement of gasoline-fueled passenger vehicles and light duty trucks and diesel-fueled transit
buses with FCEVs could result in annual CO2 emission reductions (per vehicle) of approximately
10170 15770 and 182984 pounds per year respectively66
Replacement of gasoline-fueled passenger vehicles and light duty trucks and diesel-fueled transit
buses with FCEVs could result in annual energy savings (per vehicle) of approximately 230
gallons of gasoline (passenger vehicle) 485 gallons of gasoline (light duty truck) and 4390
gallons of diesel (bus)
Replacement of gasoline-fueled passenger vehicles light duty trucks and diesel-fueled transit
buses with FCEVs could result in annual fuel cost savings of approximately $885 per passenger
vehicle $1866 per light duty truck and $17560 per bus67
Automobile manufacturers such as Toyota General Motors Honda Daimler AG and Hyundai have
projected that models of their FCEVs will begin to roll out in larger numbers by 2015 Longer term the
US DOE has projected that between 151 million and 239 million light duty FCEVs may be sold each
year by 2050 and between 144 million and 347 million light duty FCEVs may be in use by 2050 with a
transition to a hydrogen economy These estimates could be accelerated if political economic energy
security or environmental polices prompt a rapid advancement in alternative fuels68
Mainersquos opportunities to support these new vehicles include alternative fueling stations Maine
Department of Transportation (MDOT) refueling stations bus transit operations government public and
privately owned fleets and material handling and airport ground support equipment (GSE) Graphical
representation of these opportunities analyzed are depicted in Appendix I
Alternative Fueling Stations
There are approximately 1400 retail fueling stations in Maine69
however only 10 public andor private
stations within the state provide alternative fuels such as biodiesel compressed natural gas propane
andor electricity for alternative-fueled vehicles70
There are also at least 17 refueling stations owned and
operated by MDOT that can be used by authorities operating federal and state safety vehicles state transit
vehicles and employees of universities that operate fleet vehicles on a regular basis 71
Development of
hydrogen fueling at alternative fuel stations and at selected locations owned and operated by MDOT
would help facilitate the deployment of FCEVs within the state (Appendix I ndash Figure 12 Alternative
Fueling Stations) Currently there are approximately 18 existing or planned transportation fueling
stations in the Northeast region where hydrogen is provided as an alternative fuel72737475
66 Fuel Cell Economic Development Plan Connecticut Department of Economic and Community Development and the
Connecticut Center for Advanced Technology Inc January 1 2008 Calculations based upon average annual mileage of 12500
miles for passenger car and 14000 miles for light trucks (US EPA) and 37000 average milesyear per bus (US DOT FTA
2007) 67 US EIA Weekly Retail Gasoline and Diesel Prices gasoline - $3847 and diesel ndash 400
wwweiagovdnavpetpet_pri_gnd_a_epm0r_pte_dpgal_whtm 68
Effects of a Transition to a Hydrogen Economy on Employment in the United States Report to Congress
httpwwwhydrogenenergygovcongress_reportshtml August 2011 69 ldquoPublic retail gasoline stations state yearrdquo wwwafdcenergygovafdcdatadocsgasoline_stations_statexls May 5 2011 70 Alternative Fuels Data Center wwwafdcenergygovafdclocatorstations 71 EPA ldquoGovernment UST Noncompliance Report-2007rdquo wwwepagovoustdocsME20Compliance20Reportpdf August
82007 72 Alternative Fuels Data Center httpwwwafdcenergygovafdclocatorstations 73 Hyride ldquoAbout the fueling stationrdquo httpwwwhyrideorghtml-about_hyrideAbout_Fuelinghtml 74 CTTransit ldquoHartford Bus Facility Site Work (Phase 1)rdquo
wwwcttransitcomProcurementsDisplayaspProcurementID=8752CA67-AB1F-4D88-BCEC-4B82AC8A2542 March 2011 75
Currently there are no publicly or privately accessible transportation fueling stations where hydrogen is provided as an
alternative fuel in Maine
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
21
MAINE
Fleets
There are over 7000 fleet vehicles (excluding state and federal vehicles) classified as non-leasing or
company owned vehicles in Maine 76
Fleet vehicles typically account for more than twice the amount of
mileage and therefore twice the fuel consumption and emissions compared to personal vehicles on a per
vehicle basis There are an additional 1781 passenger automobiles andor light duty trucks in Maine
owned by state and federal agencies (excluding state police) that traveled a combined 14965373 miles in
2010 while releasing 1031 metrics tons of CO2 77
Conversion of fleet vehicles from conventional fossil
fuels to FCEVs could significantly reduce petroleum consumption and GHG emissions Fleet vehicle
hubs are good candidates for hydrogen refueling and conversion to FCEVs because they mostly operate
on fixed routes or within fixed districts and are fueled from a centralized station
Bus Transit
There are approximately 61 directly operated buses that provide public transportation services in Maine78
As discussed above replacement of a conventional diesel transit bus with a fuel cell transit bus would
result in the reduction of CO2 emissions (estimated at approximately 183000 pounds per year) and
reduction of diesel fuel (estimated at approximately 4390 gallons per year)79
Although the efficiency of
conventional diesel buses has increased conventional diesel buses which typically achieve fuel economy
performance levels of 39 miles per gallon have the greatest potential for energy savings by using high
efficiency fuel cells In addition to Maine other states have also begun the transition of fueling transit
buses with alternative fuels to improve efficiency and environmental performance
Material Handling
Material handling equipment such as forklifts are used by a variety of industries including
manufacturing construction mining agriculture food retailers and wholesale trade to move goods
within a facility or to load goods for shipping to another site Material handling equipment is usually
battery propane or diesel powered Batteries that currently power material handling equipment are heavy
and take up significant storage space while only providing up to 6 hours of run time Fuel cells can
ensure constant power delivery and performance eliminating the reduction in voltage output that occurs
as batteries discharge Fuel cell powered material handling equipment last more than twice as long (12-
14 hours) and also eliminate the need for battery storage and charging rooms leaving more space for
products In addition fueling time only takes two to three minutes by the operator compared to least 20
minutes or more for each battery replacement which saves the operator valuable time and increases
warehouse productivity
In addition fuel cell powered material handling equipment has significant cost advantages compared to
batteries such as
15 times lower maintenance cost
8 times lower refuelingrecharging labor cost
2 times lower net present value of total operations and management (OampM) system cost
76
Fleetcom ldquo2009-My Registrationrdquo httpwwwautomotive-
fleetcomStatisticsStatsVieweraspxfile=http3a2f2fwwwautomotive-fleetcom2ffc_resources2fstats2fAFFB10-16-
top10-statepdfampchannel 77 US General Services Administration ldquoGSA 2010 Fleet Reportsrdquo Table 4-2 httpwwwgsagovportalcontent230525 September
2011 78
NTD Date ldquoTS22 - Service Data and Operating Expenses Time-Series by Systemrdquo
httpwwwntdprogramgovntdprogramdatahtm December 2011 79 Fuel Cell Economic Development Plan Connecticut Department of Economic and Community Development and the
Connecticut Center for Advanced Technology Inc January 1 2008
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
22
MAINE
63 percent less emissions of GHG (Appendix X provides a comparison of PEM fuel cell and
battery-powered material handling equipment)
Fuel cell powered material handling equipment is already in use at dozens of warehouses distribution
centers and manufacturing plants in North America80
Large corporations that are currently using or
planning to use fuel cell powered material handling equipment include CVS Coca-Cola BMW Central
Grocers and Wal-Mart (Refer to Appendix IX for a partial list of companies in North America that using
fuel cell powered forklifts)81
There are approximately five distribution centerswarehouse sites that have
been identified in Maine that may benefit from the use of fuel cell powered material handling equipment
(Appendix I ndash Figure 13 Distribution CentersWarehouses amp Ports)
Ground Support Equipment
Ground support equipment (GSE) such as catering trucks deicers and airport tugs can be battery
operated or more commonly run on diesel or gasoline As an alternative hydrogen-powered tugs are
being developed for both military and commercial applications While their performance is similar to that
of other battery-powered equipment a fuel cell-powered GSE remains fully charged (provided there is
hydrogen fuel available) and do not experience performance lag at the end of a shift like battery-powered
GSEs82
Potential large end-users of GSE that serve Mainersquos largest airports include Air Canada Delta
Airlines Continental JetBlue United and US Airways83
(Appendix I ndash Figure 11 Commercial
Airports)
Ports
Maine has 3480 miles of coastline with six cargo ports and 13 cruise ship ports The ports of Portland
and Bath Maine which service large vessels such as container ships tankers bulk carriers and cruise
ships may be candidates for improved energy management Commercial marine vessels (cargo ships
entering and leaving Marine ports) contribute approximately 166 tons of volatile organic compounds
(VOC) 1134 tons of NOX 374 tons of CO 124 tons of sulfur dioxide SO2 and 91 tons of particulate
matter (PM10) per year84
In one year a single large container ship can emit pollutants equivalent to that of 50 million cars The
low grade bunker fuel used by the worlds 90000 cargo ships contains up to 2000 times the amount of
sulfur compared to diesel fuel used in automobiles85
Furthermore diesel emissions from cruise ships
while at port are a significant source of air pollution While docked vessels shut off their main engines
but use auxiliary diesel and steam engines to power refrigeration lights pumps and other functions a
process called ldquocold-ironing An estimated one-third of ship emissions occur while they are idling at
berth Replacing auxiliary engines with on-shore electric power could significantly reduce emissions
The applications of fuel cell technology at ports may also provide electric and thermal energy for
improving energy management for warehouses and equipment operated between terminals (Appendix I ndash
Figure 13 Distribution CentersWarehouses amp Ports)86
80 DOE EERE ldquoEarly Markets Fuel Cells for Material Handling Equipmentrdquo
www1eereenergygovhydrogenandfuelcellseducationpdfsearly_markets_forkliftspdf February 2011 81 Plug Power ldquoPlug Power Celebrates Successful year for Companyrsquos Manufacturing and Sales Activityrdquo
wwwplugpowercom January 4 2011 82 Battelle ldquoIdentification and Characterization of Near-Term Direct Hydrogen Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Marketsrdquo
April 2007 www1eereenergygovhydrogenandfuelcellspdfspemfc_econ_2006_report_final_0407pdf 83 PWM ldquoAirlinesrdquo httpwwwportlandjetportorgairlines August 24 2011 84
Maine Department of Environmental Protection ldquoAir Emission from Marine Vesselsrdquo
httpwwwmainegovdepblwqtopicvesselairemissionsreportpdf January 15 2005 85
ldquoBig polluters one massive container ship equals 50 million carsrdquo Paul Evans httpwwwgizmagcomshipping-
pollution11526 April 232009 86
Savemayportvillagenet ldquoCruise Ship Pollutionrdquo httpwwwsavemayportvillagenetid20html October 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
23
MAINE
Table 18 -Ports Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
42
(35)
2
(11)
2
(11)
06
(11)
4730
(11)
12741
(11)
908
(9)
CONCLUSION
Hydrogen and fuel cell technology offers significant opportunities for improved energy reliability energy
efficiency and emission reductions Large fuel cell units (gt300 kW) may be appropriate for applications
that serve large electric and thermal loads Smaller fuel cell units (lt 300 kW) may provide back-up power
for telecommunication sites restaurantsfast food outlets and smaller sized public facilities at this time
Table 19 ndashSummary of Potential Fuel Cell Applications
Category Total Sites Potential
Sites
Number of Fuel
Cells
lt 300 kW
Number of
Fuel Cells
gt300 kW
CB
EC
S D
ata
Education 964 6587
23 42
Food Sales 1800+ 4588
45
Food Services 2100+ 1589
15
Inpatient Healthcare 181 4290
42
Lodging 837 1891
18
Public Order amp Safety 216 1092
10
Energy Intensive Industries 156 693
6
Government Operated
Buildings 114 4
94
4
Wireless
Telecommunication
Towers
50995
5196
51
WWTPs 111 197
1
Landfills 25 198
1
Airports (w AASF) 103 5 (1)99
5
87 65 high schools andor college and universities located in communities serviced by natural gas 88 45 food sale facilities located in communities serviced by natural gas 89 Ten percent of the 97 food service facilities located in communities serviced by natural gas 90 Eight Hospitals located in communities serviced by natural gas and occupying 150+ or more beds onsite 91 15 hotel facilities with 100+ rooms onsite and three convalescent homes with 150+ bed onsite located in communities serviced
by natural gas 92 Correctional facilities andor other public order and safety facilities with 212 workers or more 93 Ten percent of the 64 energy intensive industry facilities located in communities serviced with natural gas 94 Four actively owned federal government operated building located in communities serviced by natural gas 95
The Federal Communications Commission regulates interstate and international communications by radio television wire
satellite and cable in all 50 states the District of Columbia and US territories 96 Ten percent of the 509 wireless telecommunication sites in Mainersquos targeted for back-up PEM fuel cell deployment 97 Ten percent of Maine WWTP with average flows of 30+ MGD 98 Ten percent of the landfills targeted based on LMOP data
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
24
MAINE
Military 1 1 1
Ports 42 2 2
Total 7159+ 266 74 192
As shown in Table 5 the analysis provided here estimates that there are approximately 266 potential
locations which may be favorable candidates for the application of a fuel cell to provide heat and power
Assuming the demand for electricity was uniform throughout the year approximately 150 to 192 fuel cell
units with a capacity of 300 ndash 400 kW could be deployed for a total fuel cell capacity of 58 to 77 MWs
If opportunities for fuel cell use in Maine identified in this report are met with 300 kW units a minimum
of 473040 MWh electric and 127 million MMBTUs (equivalent to 373404 MWh) of thermal energy
would be produced which could reduce CO2 emissions by at least 90824 tons per year 100
Maine can also benefit from the use of hydrogen and fuel cell technology for transportation such as
passenger fleets transit district fleets municipal fleets and state department fleets The application of
hydrogen and fuel cell technology for transportation would reduce the dependence on oil improve
environmental performance and provide greater efficiencies than conventional transportation
technologies
bull Replacement of a gasoline-fueled passenger vehicle with FCEVs could result in annual CO2
emission reductions (per vehicle) of approximately 10170 pounds annual energy savings of 230
gallons of gasoline and annual fuel cost savings of $885
bull Replacement of a gasoline-fueled light duty truck with FCEVs could result in annual CO2
emission reductions (per light duty truck) of approximately 15770 pounds annual energy savings
of 485 gallons of gasoline and annual fuel cost savings of $1866
bull Replacement of a diesel-fueled transit bus with a fuel cell powered bus could result in annual CO2
emission reductions (per bus) of approximately 182984 pounds annual energy savings of 4390
gallons of fuel and annual fuel cost savings of $17560
Hydrogen and fuel cell technology also provides significant opportunities for job creation andor
economic development Realizing over $2 million in revenue and investment in 2010 the hydrogen and
fuel cell industry in Maine is estimated to have contributed approximately $113000 in state and local tax
revenue and over $29 million in gross state product Currently there are at least 30 Maine companies
that are part of the growing hydrogen and fuel cell industry supply chain in the Northeast region If
neweremerging hydrogen and fuel cell technology were to gain momentum the number of companies
and employment for the industry could grow substantially
99 Airport facilities with 2500+ annual Enplanement Counts andor AASF 100
If opportunities for fuel cell use in Maine identified in this report are met with 400 kW units a minimum of 665760 MWh
electric and 312 million MMBTUs (equivalent to 915127 MWh) of thermal energy would be produced which could reduce CO2
emissions by at least 127826 tons per year
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
25
MAINE
APPENDICES
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
26
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 1 Education
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
27
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 2 Food Sales
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
28
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 3 Food Services
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
29
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 4 Inpatient Healthcare
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
30
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 5 Lodging
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
31
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 6 Public Order and Safety
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
32
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 7 Energy Intensive Industries
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
33
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 8 Federal Government Operated Buildings
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
34
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 9 Telecommunication Sites
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
35
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 10 Solid and Liquid Waste Sites
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
36
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 11 Commercial Airports
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
37
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 12 Alternative Fueling Stations
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
38
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 13 Distribution CentersWarehouses amp Ports
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
39
MAINE
Appendix II ndash Maine Estimated Electrical Consumption per Sector
Category Total Site
Electric Consumption per Building
(1000 kWh)101
kWh Consumed per Sector
New England
Education 925 161844 149705700
Food Sales 1800 319821 575677800
Food Services 2100 128 269199000
Inpatient Healthcare 181 603863 1092991125
Lodging 837 21312 178379766
Public Order amp Safety 262 77855 20398010
Total 6105 2286351401
Residential102
4503000000
Industrial 3702000000
Commercial 4503000000
Other Commercial 2286351401
101
EIA Electricity consumption and expenditure intensities for Non-Mall Building 2003 102
DOE EERE ldquoElectric Power and Renewable Energy in Mainerdquo httpapps1eereenergygovstateselectricitycfmstate=ME
August 25 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
40
MAINE
Appendix III ndash Key Stakeholders
Organization CityTown State Website Hydrogen Energy Center Portland ME wwwhydrogenenergycenterorg
University of Maine School of
Engineering Technology Orono ME httpwwwumaineeduset
University of Maine Advanced
Manufacturing Center Orono
ME wwwumaineeduamc
University of Maine Advanced
Structures and Composites Center Orono
ME httpwww2umaineeduaewc
Manufacturers Association of Maine Westbrook ME
wwwmainemfgcom
Maine Manufacturing Extension
Partnership Augusta
ME httpwwwmainemeporg
Mid-Coast Regional Redevelopment
Authority Brunswick
ME wwwmrraus
Manufacturing Applications Center Gorham ME
httpwwwusmmaineedu
Maine Center for Enterprise
Development University of Southern
Maine
Portland ME
wwwmcedbiz
Maine Small Business Development
Center Portland
ME httpwwwmainesbdcorg
Southern Maine Community College
Sustainability and Energy Alternatives
Center
South
Portland ME httpwwwsmccmeedubusiness-a-
communitycomunity-resourcessustainability-
centerhtml
Environment and Energy Technology
Council of Maine Portland
ME wwwE2Techorg
Maine Technology Institute Gardiner ME
wwwmainetechnologyorg
Maine Innovation Economy advisory
Board Maine DECD Augusta ME httpwwwmainegovdecd
Governorrsquos Office of Energy
Independence and Security Augusta ME httpmainegovoeis
Utility Companies
Unitil httpwwwunitilcomcustomer-configuration
Bangor Gas Co httpwwwbangorgascom
Central Maine Power Co httpwwwcmpcocom
Bangor Hydro-Electric Co httpwwwbhecom
Maine Public Service Co httpwwwmainepublicservicecom
Appendix IV ndash Maine State Incentives and Programs
Funding Source Maine Public Utilities Commission
Program Title Community-based Renewable Energy Pilot Program
Applicable EnergiesTechnologies Solar Thermal Electric Photovoltaic Landfill Gas Wind
Biomass Hydroelectric Geothermal Electric Fuel Cells Anaerobic Digestion Tidal Energy
Fuel Cells using Renewable Fuels
Summary The Maine Utilities Commission (PUC) finalized the rule in February 2010 Legislation
mandates that up 10 50 MW of generating capacity will be permitted uned this program and
individual participants may not exceed 10 MW Of the 50 MW cap 10 must be reserved
specifically for small program participants or for participants located in a service territory of a
cooperative transmission and distribution utility
Restrictions
The PUC may require investor-owned utilities to enter into long-term contracts for energy capacity
resources or renewable energy credits (RECs) produced by the community-based project The
contacts term may not exceed 20 year the PUC will conduct long-term contract solicitations for
ldquolarge generatorsrdquo
Timing The Maine Public Utilities Commission is seeking proposals from suppliers of energy
capacity or renewable energy credits (RECs) for the development of community-based renewable
energy projects over 1 MW The docket number for this RFP is 2011-150 All inquiries about this
RFP should be directed to christinercookmainegov
Maximum Size Choice of either 15 REC credit multiplier or up to 10 MW DC
Requirements
To be eligible for incentives a generating facility must be 51 percent locally owned use renewable
energy resources be no larger than 10 MW in generating capacity and be located in the State
httpwwwstatemeusmpucelectricitycommunity_pilotshtml
Rebate amount $010kWh or cost fo the project whichever is lower
For further information please visit
httpwwwstatemeusmpucelectricitycommunity_pilotshtml
Source
Maine Public Utilities Commission ldquoCommunity-based Renewable Energy Pilot Programrdquo August 10 2011
DSIRE ldquoCommunity-based Renewable Energy Production Incentive (Pilot Program)rdquo August 10 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
42
Funding Source Voluntary Renewable Resource Grants
Program Title Voluntary Renewable Resources Fund
Applicable EnergiesTechnologies Solar Thermal Electric Photovoltaics Wind Biomass
Hydroelectric Geothermal Electric Fuel Cells Municipal Solid Waste Tidal Energy Fuel
Cells using Renewable Fuels
Summary Supported by the state Voluntary Renewable resource Fund and administered by the
Efficient Maine provide funding for small-scale demonstration projects designed to educate
communities on the value oand cost effectiveness of renewable energy
Restrictions To Qualify for grant funding renewable-energy resources generally must qualify as a
small power production facility un Federal Energy Regulatory Commission rules or must not exceed
100 MW in capacity and use one of more of the applicable energiestechnologies
Timing Start Date of this program occurred 12151998 and no expiration date is given
Maximum Size $50000
Requirements
httpwwwmainegovmpucrecovery
Rebate amount
$50000 Maximu
For further information please visit
httpwwwmainegovmpucrecovery
Source
Maine PUC ldquoFederal Stimulus MPUC and the Federal Recovery Packagerdquo ndash August 10 2011
DSIRE ldquoMaine - Voluntary Renewable Resource Grantsrdquo August 10 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
43
Appendix V ndash Partial Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Supply Chain Companies in Maine103
Organization Name Product or Service Category
1 University of Maine School of
Engineering Technology Research amp Development
2 University of Maine Advanced
Structures and Composites Center Research amp Development
3 Precision Partners-Mid-State Machine
Products Manufacturing Services
4 Ocean Energy Institute EngineeringDesign Services
5 Newfab Inc Manufacturing Services
6 New England Castings Other
7 Mitchell Ledge Farm Components
8 McNabb Marketing Resources Other
9 Maine Oxy Inc Fuel
10 Maine Machine Products Co Manufacturing Services
11 MacTec Inc FCH2 System DistrInstallMaint Services
12 Kennebec Technologies Manufacturing Services
13 Hydrogen Energy Center Service Center Lab or Test ConsultingLegalFinancial
Services
14 Hydrogen Energy Center Other
15 Green Energy Maine Other
16 Fire Risk Management Inc EngineeringDesign Services
17 Fire Risk Management EngineeringDesign Services
18 Fairchild Semiconductor Research amp Development
19 EcoMain Research amp Development
20 Control Point Inc Lab or Test EquipmentServices
21 Colby Company Engineering EngineeringDesign Services
22 Chewonki Foundation Other
23 Burroughs Machine Tool Products Equipment
24 Bernstein Shur ConsultingLegalFinancial Services
25 Bath Iron Works (General Dynamics
Inc) Research amp Development
26 AMEC EngineeringDesign Services
27 Advantages Gases and Tools Fuel
28 Advanced Manufacturing Center-
University of ME Manufacturing Services
103
Northeast Electrochemical Energy Storage Cluster Supply Chain Database Search httpneescorgresourcestype=1 August 11 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
44
Appendix VI ndash Comparison of Fuel Cell Technologies104
Fuel Cell
Type
Common
Electrolyte
Operating
Temperature
Typical
Stack
Size
Efficiency Applications Advantages Disadvantages
Polymer
Electrolyte
Membrane
(PEM)
Perfluoro sulfonic
acid
50-100degC
122-212deg
typically
80degC
lt 1 kW ndash 1
MW105
gt
kW 60
transportation
35
stationary
bull Backup power
bull Portable power
bull Distributed
generation
bull Transportation
bull Specialty vehicle
bull Solid electrolyte reduces
corrosion amp electrolyte
management problems
bull Low temperature
bull Quick start-up
bull Expensive catalysts
bull Sensitive to fuel
impurities
bull Low temperature waste
heat
Alkaline
(AFC)
Aqueous solution
of potassium
hydroxide soaked
in a matrix
90-100degC
194-212degF
10 ndash 100
kW 60
bull Military
bull Space
bull Cathode reaction faster
in alkaline electrolyte
leads to high performance
bull Low cost components
bull Sensitive to CO2
in fuel and air
bull Electrolyte management
Phosphoric
Acid
(PAFC)
Phosphoric acid
soaked in a matrix
150-200degC
302-392degF
400 kW
100 kW
module
40 bull Distributed
generation
bull Higher temperature enables
CHP
bull Increased tolerance to fuel
impurities
bull Pt catalyst
bull Long start up time
bull Low current and power
Molten
Carbonate
(MCFC)
Solution of lithium
sodium andor
potassium
carbonates soaked
in a matrix
600-700degC
1112-1292degF
300
k W- 3 M
W
300 kW
module
45 ndash 50
bull Electric utility
bull Distributed
generation
bull High efficiency
bull Fuel flexibility
bull Can use a variety of catalysts
bull Suitable for CHP
bull High temperature
corrosion and breakdown
of cell components
bull Long start up time
bull Low power density
Solid Oxide
(SOFC)
Yttria stabilized
zirconia
700-1000degC
1202-1832degF
1 kW ndash 2
MW 60
bull Auxiliary power
bull Electric utility
bull Distributed
generation
bull High efficiency
bull Fuel flexibility
bull Can use a variety of catalysts
bull Solid electrolyte
bull Suitable f o r CHP amp CHHP
bull HybridGT cycle
bull High temperature
corrosion and breakdown
of cell components
bull High temperature
operation requires long
start up
time and limits
Polymer Electrolyte is no longer a single category row Data shown does not take into account High Temperature PEM which operates in the range of 160oC to 180
oC It solves
virtually all of the disadvantages listed under PEM It is not sensitive to impurities It has usable heat Stack efficiencies of 52 on the high side are realized HTPEM is not a
PAFC fuel cell and should not be confused with one
104 US Department of Energy Fuel Cells Technology Program httpwww1eereenergygovhydrogenandfuelcellsfuelcellspdfsfc_comparison_chartpdf August 5 2011 105
Ballard ldquoCLEARgen Multi-MY Systemsrdquo httpwwwballardcomfuel-cell-productscleargen-multi-mw-systemsaspx November 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
45
Appendix VII ndashAnalysis of Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities and Threats for Maine
Strengths
Stationary Power ndash Strong market drivers including high
electricity cost cold climate reliance on oil for space heating
strong CHP and district heating market strong environmental
and green energy awareness) capable core of fuel cell CHP
installers energy storage demand to serve MErsquos aggressive
wind-power industry strong ongoing expansion of natural gas
servicedistribution
Transportation Power - Strong market drivers including a
dispersed population highly reliant on truck and auto
transportation receptive and environmentally conscious
alternative fuelstransportation market relatively low income
population in need of relief from automobile fuel costs strong
Navy shipbuilding industry as potential user of H2FC auxiliary
power system strongly interested in fleet-based hydrogen
fueling station development (SunHydro model) strong interest
in municipal transit and fuel cell -powered rail
Economic Development Factors ndash Brunswick Renewable
Energy Park emphasis on skills development and technology
synergies aggressive state level policy to policy to develop
renewable wind and biomass energy technologies skilled and
well organized network of precision manufacturing firms tied
into aerospace and communications equipment industries
strong labor force at relatively low wages RampDbusiness
infrastructure for advanced biofuels and composite material
structures growing University of Maine commitment to fuel
cell and biomass RampD state funding source familiaritycomfort
with H2FC technology
Weaknesses
Stationary Power ndash No technologyindustrial momentum at the
OEM level geographically distant from OEMs for component-
supply opportunities
Transportation Power ndash No technologyindustrial base at the
OEM level lack of infrastructure funding relatively dispersed
population for transportation services
Economic Development Factors ndash limited state incentives
somewhat sluggish overall state economy relatively
undeveloped core of technology skillsknowledge base
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
46
Opportunities
Stationary Power ndash Opportunity as an ldquoearly adaptor marketrdquo
some supply chain buildup opportunities around SP deployment
Linkage between H2FC technologies and advanced biofuels
RampD Dispersed population amp economy needs distributed
solutions Major need for power storage in conjunction with
Maines planned offshore wind-power RampD and development
Transportation Power ndash Hydrogen refueling station plans Early-
stage potential for major roll-out in marine auxiliary power (US
Navy) Commuter rail expansion
Portable Power ndash Little currently-identified opportunity
Economic Development Factors ndash Brunswick ldquoRenewable Energy
Industrial Parkrdquo can be significant seed nucleus for both
deployment amp development Machine-tool industry pursuing
H2FC components supply-chain opportunities
Threats
Stationary Power ndash The regionrsquos favorable market
needsdemand could be met by other technologiessources ndash
Canadian hydro amp nuclear wind geothermal direct biomass
and power-storage alternatives ndash batteries solid state ammonia
etc
Transportation Power ndash The regionrsquos favorable market
characteristics and needs could be met by other electric
vehicles particularly in the absence of a hydrogen
infrastructure
Economic Development Factors ndash competition from more fully-
equipped statesregions wind and other renewables grab Maine
energy industry momentum lack of funding to sustain
University of MErsquos momentum in storage and fuel cell
technologies related to biomass and wind hesitation of state
government to support alternative energy incentives
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
47
Appendix VIII ndash Partial list of Fuel Cell Deployment in the Northeast region
Manufacturer Site Name Site Location Year Installed
Plug Power T-Mobile cell tower Storrs CT 2008
Plug Power Albany International Airport Albany NY 2004
FuelCell Energy Pepperidge Farms Plant Bloomfield CT 2005
FuelCell Energy Peabody Museum New Haven CT 2003
FuelCell Energy Sheraton New York Hotel amp Towers Manhattan NY 2004
FuelCell Energy Sheraton Hotel Edison NJ 2003
FuelCell Energy Sheraton Hotel Parsippany NJ 2003
UTC Power Cabelas Sporting Goods East Hartford CT 2008
UTC Power Whole Foods Market Glastonbury CT 2008
UTC Power Connecticut Science Center Hartford CT 2009
UTC Power St Francis Hospital Hartford CT 2003
UTC Power Middletown High School Middletown CT 2008
UTC Power Connecticut Juvenile Training School Middletown CT 2001
UTC Power 360 State Street Apartment Building New Haven CT 2010
UTC Power South Windsor High School South Windsor CT 2002
UTC Power Mohegan Sun Casino Hotel Uncasville CT 2002
UTC Power CTTransit Fuel Cell Bus Hartford CT 2007
UTC Power Whole Foods Market Dedham MA 2009
UTC Power Bronx Zoo Bronx NY 2008
UTC Power North Central Bronx Hospital Bronx NY 2000
UTC Power Hunts Point Water Pollution Control Plant Bronx NY 2005
UTC Power Price Chopper Supermarket Colonie NY 2010
UTC Power East Rochester High School East Rochester NY 2007
UTC Power Coca-Cola Refreshments Production Facility Elmsford NY 2010
UTC Power Verizon Call Center and Communications Building Garden City NY 2005
UTC Power State Office Building Hauppauge NY 2009
UTC Power Liverpool High School Liverpool NY 2000
UTC Power New York Hilton Hotel New York City NY 2007
UTC Power Central Park Police Station New York City NY 1999
UTC Power Rochester Institute of Technology Rochester NY 1993
UTC Power NYPA office building White Plains NY 2010
UTC Power Wastewater treatment plant Yonkers NY 1997
UTC Power The Octagon Roosevelt Island NY 2011
UTC Power Johnson amp Johnson World Headquarters New Brunswick NJ 2003
UTC Power CTTRANSIT (Fuel Cell Powered Buses) Hartford CT 2007 - Present
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
48
Appendix IX ndash Partial list of Fuel Cell-Powered Forklifts in North America106
Company CityTown State Site Year
Deployed
Fuel Cell
Manufacturer
of
forklifts
Coca-Cola San Leandro CA
Bottling and
distribution center 2011 Plug Power 37
Charlotte NC Bottling facility 2011 Plug Power 40
EARP
Distribution Kansas City KS Distribution center 2011
Oorja
Protonics 24
Golden State
Foods Lemont IL Distribution facility 2011
Oorja
Protonics 20
Kroger Co Compton CA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 161
Sysco
Riverside CA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 80
Boston MA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 160
Long Island NY Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 42
San Antonio TX Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 113
Front Royal VA Redistribution
facility 2011 Plug Power 100
Baldor
Specialty Foods Bronx NY Facility
Planned
in 2012
Oorja
Protonics 50
BMW
Manufacturing
Co
Spartanburg SC Manufacturing
plant 2010 Plug Power 86
Defense
Logistics
Agency US
Department of
Defense
San Joaquin CA Distribution facility 2011 Plug Power 20
Fort Lewis WA Distribution depot 2011 Plug Power 19
Warner
Robins GA Distribution depot 2010 Hydrogenics 20
Susquehanna PA Distribution depot 2010 Plug Power 15
2009 Nuvera 40
Martin-Brower Stockton CA Food distribution
center 2010
Oorja
Protonics 15
United Natural
Foods Inc
(UNFI)
Sarasota FL Distribution center 2010 Plug Power 65
Wal-Mart
Balzac Al
Canada
Refrigerated
distribution center 2010 Plug Power 80
Washington
Court House OH
Food distribution
center 2007 Plug Power 55
Wegmans Pottsville PA Warehouse 2010 Plug Power 136
Whole Foods
Market Landover MD Distribution center 2010 Plug Power 61
106
FuelCell2000 ldquoFuel Cell-Powered Forklifts in North Americardquo httpwwwfuelcellsorginfochartsforkliftspdf November
2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
49
Appendix X ndash Comparison of PEM Fuel Cell and Battery-Powered Material Handling
Equipment
3 kW PEM Fuel Cell-Powered
Pallet Trucks
3 kW Battery-powered
(2 batteries per truck)
Total Fuel Cycle Energy Use
(total energy consumedkWh
delivered to the wheels) -12000 BtukWh 14000 BtukWh
Fuel Cycle GHG Emissions
(in g CO2 equivalent 820 gkWh 1200 gkWh
Estimated Product Life 8-10 years 4-5 years No Emissions at Point of Use
Quiet Operation
Wide Ambient Operating
Temperature range
Constant Power Available
over Shift
Routine Maintenance Costs
($YR) $1250 - $1500year $2000year
Time for RefuelingChanging
Batteries 4 ndash 8 minday 45-60 minday (for battery change-outs)
8 hours (for battery recharging amp cooling) Cost of FuelElectricity $6000year $1300year Labor Cost of
refuelingRecharging $1100year $8750year
Net Present Value of Capital
Cost $12600
($18000 wo incentive) $14000
Net Present Value of OampM
costs (including fuel) $52000 $128000
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
50
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
3
MAINE
TABLE OF CONTENTS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 2
INTRODUCTION 5
DRIVERS6
ECONOMIC IMPACT 8
POTENTIAL STATIONARY TARGETS 9
Education 11
Food Sales 12
Food Service 12
Inpatient Healthcare 13
Lodging 13
Energy Intensive Industries 15
Government Owned Buildings 15
Wireless Telecommunication Sites 16
Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs) 16
Landfill Methane Outreach Program (LMOP) 17
Airports 17
Military 18
POTENTIAL TRANSPORTATION TARGETS 19
Alternative Fueling Stations 20
Bus Transit 21
Material Handling 21
Ground Support Equipment 22
Ports 22
CONCLUSION 23
APPENDICES 25
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
4
MAINE
Index of Tables
Table 1 - Maine Economic Data 2011 8
Table 2 - Education Data Breakdown 11
Table 3 - Food Sales Data Breakdown 12
Table 4 - Food Services Data Breakdown 13
Table 5 - Inpatient Healthcare Data Breakdown 13
Table 6 - Lodging Data Breakdown 14
Table 7 - Public Order and Safety Data Breakdown 14
Table 8 - 2002 Data for the Energy Intensive Industry by Sector 15
Table 9 - Energy Intensive Industry Data Breakdown 15
Table 10 - Government Owned Building Data Breakdown 16
Table 11 - Wireless Telecommunication Data Breakdown 16
Table 12 - Wastewater Treatment Plants Data Breakdown 17
Table 13 - Landfill Data Breakdown 17
Table 14 ndash Maine Top Airports Enplanement Count 18
Table 15 - Airport Data Breakdown 18
Table 16 - Military Data Breakdown 19
Table 17 - Average Energy Efficiency of Conventional and Fuel Cell Vehicles (mpge) 19
Table 18 -Ports Data Breakdown 23
Table 19 ndashSummary of Potential Fuel Cell Applications 23
Index of Figures
Figure 1 - Energy Consumption by Sector 9
Figure 2 - Electric Power Generation by Primary Energy Sector 9
Figure 3 - Maine Electrical Consumption per Sector 11
Figure 4 - US Lodging Energy Consumption 13
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
5
MAINE
INTRODUCTION
A Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Industry Development Plan was created for each state in the Northeast region
(Maine Vermont New Hampshire Massachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut New York and New
Jersey) with support from the United States (US) Department of Energy (DOE) to increase awareness
and facilitate the deployment of hydrogen and fuel cell technology The intent of this guidance document
is to make available information regarding the economic value and deployment opportunities for
hydrogen and fuel cell technology1
A fuel cell is a device that uses hydrogen (or a hydrogen-rich fuel such as natural gas) and oxygen to
create an electric current The amount of power produced by a fuel cell depends on several factors
including fuel cell type stack size operating temperature and the pressure at which the gases are
supplied to the cell Fuel cells are classified primarily by the type of electrolyte they employ which
determines the type of chemical reactions that take place in the cell the temperature range in which the
cell operates the fuel required and other factors These characteristics in turn affect the applications for
which these cells are most suitable There are several types of fuel cells currently in use or under
development each with its own advantages limitations and potential applications These technologies
and applications are identified in Appendix VI
Fuel cells have the potential to replace the internal combustion engine (ICE) in vehicles and provide
power for stationary and portable power applications Fuel cells are in commercial service as distributed
power plants in stationary applications throughout the world providing thermal power and electricity to
power homes and businesses Fuel cells are also used in transportation applications such as automobiles
trucks buses and other equipment Fuel cells for portable applications which are currently in
development and can provide power for laptop computers and cell phones
Fuel cells are cleaner and more efficient than traditional combustion-based engines and power plants
therefore less energy is needed to provide the same amount of power Typically stationary fuel cell
power plants are fueled with natural gas or other hydrogen rich fuel Virtually none of the earthrsquos
hydrogen is in a form that we can readily use in fuel cells or other energy applications Almost all
organic compounds which by definition contain carbon also contain hydrogen2 Natural gas is widely
available throughout the northeast is relatively inexpensive and is primarily a domestic energy supply
Consequently natural gas shows the greatest potential to serve as a transitional fuel for the near future
hydrogen economy 3
Capturing carbon emissions from natural gas reforming processes would further improve the
environmental advantages of a hydrogen economy Carbon can be sequestered more easily in converting
centralized natural gas to hydrogen rather than burning the natural gas When pure hydrogen is used to
power a fuel cell the only by-products are water and heat no pollutants or greenhouse gases (GHG) are
produced
Hydrogen is the lightest element in the universe It also holds a great deal of potential energy which
makes it a good energy storage medium There is a lot of discussion about using hydrogen as an energy
source andor an energy storage medium There are also a number of firms looking at developing
hydrogen energy systems in Maine
1 Key stakeholders are identified in Appendix III
2 Hydrogen and fuel cells a comprehensive guide ndash Rebecca L Busby 2005
3 EIArdquoCommercial Sector Energy Price Estimates 2009rdquo
httpwwweiagovstatesedshfjspincfile=sep_sumhtmlsum_pr_comhtml August 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
6
MAINE
DRIVERS
The Northeast hydrogen and fuel cell industry while still emerging currently has an economic impact of
over $1 Billion of total revenue and investment Maine benefits from secondary impacts of indirect and
induced employment and revenue4 Furthermore Maine has a definitive and attractive economic
development opportunity to greatly increase its economic participation in the hydrogen and fuel cell
industry within the Northeast region and worldwide An economic strengths weaknesses opportunities
and threats (SWOT) assessment for Maine is provided in Appendix VII
Industries in the Northeast including those in Maine are facing increased pressure to reduce costs fuel
consumption and emissions that may be contributing to climate change Mainersquos relative proximity to
major load centers the high cost of electricity concerns over regional air quality available federal tax
incentives and legislative mandates in Maine and neighboring states have resulted in renewed interest in
the development of efficient renewable energy Incentives designed to assist individuals and
organizations in energy conservation and the development of renewable energy are currently offered
within the state Appendix IV contains an outline of Mainersquos incentives and renewable energy programs
Some specific factors that are driving the market for hydrogen and fuel cell technology in Maine include
the following
The current Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPS) recognizes fuel cells and fuel cells that run on
renewable fuels as a ldquoClass Irdquo renewable energy sources and calls for an increase in renewable
energy used in the state from its current level of approximately three percent to approximately ten
percent by 2017 ndash promotes stationary power and transportation applications
5
Net Metering ndash In June 2011 Gov Paul LePage signed legislation requiring the Maine Public
Utilities Commission (PUC) to amend the net energy rules to develop contract terms for net
energy billing and interconnection agreements Furthermore the bill allows the PUC to amend
net energy billing rules following routine technical rules and will enable the PUC to amend net
energy billing without having to send the amendments to the legislature for approval ndash promotes
stationary power applications6
Maine is one of the states in the ten-state region that is part of the Regional Greenhouse Gas
Initiative (RGGI) the nationrsquos first mandatory market-based program to reduce emissions of
carbon dioxide (CO2) RGGIs goals are to stabilize and cap emissions at 188 million tons
annually from 2009-2014 and to reduce CO2-emissions by 25 percent per year from 2015-20187
ndash promotes stationary power and transportation applications
In June 2009 Maine enacted the Act regarding Maines energy future that established the
Efficiency Maine Trust which is responsible for creating a plan to reach the following energy
efficiency targets
o 100 MW reduction in peak-load electricity consumption by 2020
o 30 percent reduction in electricity and natural gas consumption
o 20 percent reduction in heating fuel consumption
4 Maine does not have any original equipment manufacturers (OEM) of hydrogenfuel cell systems so it has no ldquodirectrdquo economic
impact 5 DSIRE ldquoRenewable Portfolio Standardsrdquo
httpwwwdsireusaorgincentivesincentivecfmIncentive_Code=ME01Rampre=1ampee=1 August 2011 6 DSIRE ldquoMaine ndash Net Energy Billingrdquo
httpwwwdsireusaorgincentivesincentivecfmIncentive_Code=ME02Rampre=1ampee=1 August 2011 7 Seacoastonlinecome ldquoRGGI Quietly setting a standardrdquo
httpwwwseacoastonlinecomappspbcsdllarticleAID=20090920NEWS909200341-1NEWSMAP
September 20 2009
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
7
MAINE
o Weatherization of 100 percent of homes and 50 percent of businesses by 2030
o Capturing all cost-effective efficiency resources available for utility customers ndash
promotes stationary power and transportation applications8
The Finance Authority of Maine (Authority) manages the Clean Fuel Vehicle Fund which is a
non-lapsing revolving loan fund that may be used for direct loans and grants to support
production distribution and consumption of clean fuels and biofuels (including fuel cells) The
Authority may also insure up to 100 percent of a loan for a clean fuel or biofuel project ndash
promotes transportation applications9
By December 1 2012 the Maine Office of Energy Independence and Security (Office) must
develop a plan to reduce petroleum consumption in all sectors of the economy with the overall
goal of reducing petroleum consumption in the state by at least 30 percent and 50 percent based
on 2007 levels by 2030 and 2050 respectively ndash promotes transportation applications10
Maine has established a policy that prohibits the Maine State Purchasing Agent from purchasing
or leasing any car or light-duty truck for use by any state department or agency unless the car or
truck has a manufacturers estimated highway mileage rating of at least 45 miles per gallon (mpg)
or 35 mpg respectively ndash promotes transportation applications11
The Transportation Efficiency Fund is a non-lapsing fund managed by the Maine Department of
Transportation to increase energy efficiency and reduce reliance on fossil fuels within the states
transportation system Funding may be used for zero emission vehicles biofuel and other
alternative fuel vehicles congestion mitigation and air quality initiatives rail public transit and
car or van pooling ndash promotes transportation applications12
8 DSIRE ldquoMaine Renewable Portfolio Standardsrdquo
httpwwwdsireusaorgincentivesincentivecfmIncentive_Code=ME09Rampre=1ampee=1 August 10 2007 9 EERE ldquoAFV and Fueling Infrastructure Loansrdquo httpwwwafdcenergygovafdclawslawME5299 August 10 2011
10 EERE ldquoState Plan to Reduce Petroleum Consumptionrdquo httpwwwafdcenergygovafdclawslawME9401 August 10 2011
11 EERE ldquoFuel-Efficient Vehicle Acquisition Requirements rdquo httpwwwafdcenergygovafdclawslawME5730 August 10
2011 12
EERE ldquoTransportation Efficiency Fund rdquo httpwwwafdcenergygovafdclawslawME8442 August 10 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
8
MAINE
ECONOMIC IMPACT
The hydrogen and fuel cell industry has direct indirect and induced impacts on local and regional
economies 13
A new hydrogen andor fuel cell project directly affects the arearsquos economy through the
purchase of goods and services generation of land use revenue taxes or payments in lieu of taxes and
employment Secondary effects include both indirect and induced economic effects resulting from the
circulation of the initial spending through the local economy economic diversification changes in
property values and the use of indigenous resources
Maine is home to at least 28 companies that are part of the growing hydrogen and fuel cell industry
supply chain in the Northeast region Appendix V lists the hydrogen and fuel cell supply chain companies
in Maine Realizing over $2 million in revenue and investment from their participation in this regional
cluster in 2010 these companies include manufacturing parts distributing supplying of industrial gas
engineering based research and development (RampD) coating applications and managing of venture
capital funds 14
Furthermore the hydrogen and fuel cell industry is estimated to have contributed
approximately $113000 in state and local tax revenue and over $29 million in gross state product
Table 1 shows Mainersquos impact in the Northeast regionrsquos hydrogen and fuel cell industry as of April 2011
Table 1 - Maine Economic Data 2011
Maine Economic Data
Supply Chain Members 28
Indirect Rev ($M) 194
Indirect Jobs 10
Indirect Labor Income ($M) 050
Induced Revenue ($M) 097
Induced Jobs 8
Induced Labor Income ($M) 029
Total Revenue ($M) 29
Total Jobs 18
Total Labor Income ($M) 080
In addition there are over 118000 people employed across 3500 companies within the Northeast
registered as part of the motor vehicle industry Approximately 1874 of these individuals and 78 of these
companies are located in Maine If neweremerging hydrogen and fuel cell technology were to gain
momentum within the transportation sector the estimated employment rate for the hydrogen and fuel cell
industry could grow significantly in the region15
13
Indirect impacts are the estimated output (ie revenue) employment and labor income in other business (ie not-OEMs) that
are associated with the purchases made by hydrogen and fuel cell OEMs as well as other companies in the sectorrsquos supply chain
Induced impacts are the estimated output employment and labor income in other businesses (ie non-OEMs) that are associated
with the purchases by workers related to the hydrogen and fuel cell industry 14
Northeast Electrochemical Energy Storage Cluster Supply Chain Database Search httpneescorgresourcestype=1
August8 2011 15 NAICS Codes Motor Vehicle ndash 33611 Motor Vehicle Parts ndash 3363
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
9
MAINE
POTENTIAL STATIONARY TARGETS
In 2009 Maine consumed the equivalent of 12614 million megawatt-hours of energy from the
transportation residential industrial and commercial sectors16
Electricity consumption in Maine was
approximately 113 million MWh and is forecasted to grow at a rate of 09 percent annually over the next
decade1718
Figure 1 illustrates the percent of total energy consumed by each sector in Maine A more
detailed breakout of energy usage is provided in Appendix II
This demand represents approximately nine percent of the population in New England and nine percent of
the regionrsquos total electricity consumption The State relies on both in-state resources and imports of
power over the regionrsquos transmission system to serve electricity to customers Net electrical demand in
Maine industries was 1288 MW in 2009 and is projected to increase by approximately 50 MW by 2015
Further the statersquos overall electricity demand is forecasted to grow at a rate of 09 percent (15 percent
peak summer demand growth) annually over the next decade Demand for new electric capacity as well
as a replacement of older less efficient base-load generation facilities is expected With approximately
3400 MW in total capacity of generation plants Maine represents 11 percent of the total capacity in New
England As shown in Figure 2 natural gas was the primary energy source for electricity consumed in
Maine for 2009 19
16
US Energy Information Administration (EIA) ldquoState Energy Data Systemrdquo
ldquohttpwwweiagovstatesedshfjspincfile=sep_sumhtmlrank_usehtmlrdquo August 2011 17
EIA ldquoElectric Power Annual 2009 ndash State Data Tablesrdquo wwweiagovcneafelectricityepaepa_sprdshtshtml January 2011 18
ISO New England ldquoMaine 2011 State Profilerdquo wwwiso-necomnwsissgrid_mktskey_factsnh_01-2011_profilepdf
January 2011 19
EIA ldquo1990 - 2010 Retail Sales of Electricity by State by Sector by Provider (EIA-861)rdquo
httpwwweiagovcneafelectricityepaepa_sprdshtshtml January 4 2011
Residential
22
Commercial
17
Industrial
32
Transportation
29
Figure 2 ndash Electric Power Generation by
Primary Energy Source Figure 1 ndash Energy Consumption by
Sector
Coal
05
Petroleum
16
Natural Gas
492
Hydroelectric
224
Other
Renewables
244 Other
19
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
10
MAINE
Fuel cell systems have many advantages over conventional technologies including
High fuel-to-electricity efficiency (gt 40 percent) utilizing hydrocarbon fuels
Overall system efficiency of 85 to 93 percent
Reduction of noise pollution
Reduction of air pollution
Often do not require new transmission
Siting is not controversial and
If near point of use waste heat can be captured and used Combined heat and power (CHP)
systems are more efficient and can reduce facility energy costs over applications that use separate
heat and central station power systems20
Fuel cells can be deployed as a CHP technology that provides both power and thermal energy and can
increase energy efficiency at a customer site typically from 35 to 50 percent The value of CHP includes
reduced transmission and distribution costs reduced fuel use and associated emissions21
Based on the
targets identified within this plan there is the potential to develop at least 58 MWs of stationary fuel cell
generation capacity in Maine which would provide the following benefits annually
Production of approximately 473000 MWh of electricity
Production of approximately 127 million MMBTUs of thermal energy
Reduction of CO2 emissions of approximately 90000 tons (electric generation only)22
For the purpose of this plan applications have been explored with a focus on fuel cells in the 300 kW to
400 kW range However smaller fuel cells are potentially viable for specific applications Facilities that
have electrical and thermal requirements that closely match the output of the fuel cells provide the best
opportunity for the application of a fuel cell Facilities that may be good candidates for the application of
a fuel cell include commercial buildings with high electricity consumption selected government
buildings public works facilities and energy intensive industries
The Energy Information Agencys (EIA) Commercial Building Energy Consumption Survey (CBECS_
identifies the building types listed below as having high electricity consumption They are the best
candidates for on-site generation and CHP applications These selected building types making up the
CBECS subcategory within the commercial industry include
Education
Food Sales
Food Services
Inpatient Healthcare
Lodging
Public Order amp Safety23
As illustrated in Figure 3 these selected building types within the commercial sector is estimated to
account for approximately 15 percent of Mainersquos total electrical consumption Appendix II further
20 FuelCell2000 ldquoFuel Cell Basicsrdquo wwwfuelcellsorgbasicsappshtml July 2011 21 ldquoDistributed Generation Market Potential 2004 Update Connecticut and Southwest Connecticutrdquo ISE Joel M Rinebold
ECSU March 15 2004 22 Replacement of conventional fossil fuel generating capacity with methane fuel cells could reduce carbon dioxide (CO2)
emissions by between approximately 100 and 600 lbMWh US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) eGRID2010 Version
11 Year 2007 GHG Annual Output Emission Rates Annual non-baseload output emission rates (NPCC New England) FuelCell
Energy DFC 300 Product sheet httpwwwfuelcellenergycomfilesFCE2030020Product20Sheet-lo-rez20FINALpdf
UTC Power PureCell Model 400 System Performance Characteristics httpwwwutcpowercomproductspurecell400 23
As defined by CBECS Public Order amp Safety facilities are buildings used for the preservation of law and order or public
safety Although these sites are usually described as government facilities they are referred to as commercial buildings because
their similarities in energy usage with the other building sites making up the CBECS data
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
11
MAINE
defines Mainersquos estimated electrical consumption in each sector Graphical representation of these
opportunities analyzed is depicted in Appendix I
Figure 3 ndash Maine Electrical Consumption per Sector
Education
There are approximately 145 non-public schools and 780 public schools (134 of which are considered
high schools with 100 or more students enrolled) in Maine2425
High schools operate for a longer period
of time daily due to extracurricular after school activities such as clubs and athletics Furthermore two
of these schools have swimming pools which may make these sites especially attractive because it would
increase the utilization of and make more efficient the electrical and thermal output offered by a fuel cell
There are also 39 colleges and universities in Maine Colleges and universities have facilities for
students faculty administration and maintenance crews that typically include dormitories cafeterias
gyms libraries and athletic departments ndash some with swimming pools Of these 173 locations (134 high
schools and 39 colleges) 65 are located in communities serviced by natural gas (Appendix I ndash Figure 1
Education)
Educational establishments in other states such as Connecticut and New York have shown interest in fuel
cell technology Examples of existing or planned fuel cell applications include South Windsor High
School (CT) Liverpool High School (NY) Rochester Institute of Technology Yale University
University of Connecticut and the State University of New York College of Environmental Science and
Forestry
Table 2 - Education Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
964
(5)
65
(3)
42
(6)
126
(6)
99338
(6)
267551
(6)
19073
(4)
24 EIA Description of CBECS Building Types wwweiagovemeucbecsbuilding_typeshtml 25 Public schools are classified as magnets charters alternative schools and special facilities
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
12
MAINE
Food Sales
There are over 1800 businesses in Maine known to be engaged in the retail sale of food Food sales
establishments are good candidates for fuel cells based on their electrical demand and thermal
requirements for heating and refrigeration Approximately 80 of these sites are considered larger food
sales businesses with approximately 60 or more employees at their site 26
Of these 80 large food sales
businesses 45 are located in communities serviced by natural gas (Appendix I ndash Figure 2 Food Sales)27
The application of a large fuel cell (gt300 kW) at a small convenience store may not be economically
viable based on the electric demand and operational requirements however a smaller fuel cell may be
appropriate
Popular grocery chains such as Price Chopper Supervalu Wholefoods and Stop and Shop have shown
interest in powering their stores with fuel cells in Massachusetts Connecticut and New York28
In
addition grocery distribution centers like the one operated by Shaws (a Supervalu brand) in Wells
Maine are prime targets for the application of hydrogen and fuel cell technology for both stationary
power and material handling equipment
Table 3 - Food Sales Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
1800
(4)
45
(4)
45
(4)
135((
(4)
106434
(4)
286662
(4)
20435
(3)
Food Service
There are over 2100 businesses in Maine that can be classified as food service establishments used for
the preparation and sale of food and beverages for consumption29
15 of these sites are considered larger
restaurant businesses with 130 or more employees at their site and are located in Maine communities
serviced by natural gas (Appendix I ndash Figure 3 Food Services)30
The application of a large fuel cell
(gt300 kW) at smaller restaurants with less than 130 workers may not be economically viable based on the
electric demand and operational requirements however a smaller fuel cell ( 5 kW) may be appropriate
to meet hot water and space heating requirements A significant portion (18 percent) of the energy
consumed in a commercial food service operation can be attributed to the domestic hot water heating
load31
In other parts of the US popular chains such as McDonalds are beginning to show an interest in
the smaller sized fuel cell units for the provision of electricity and thermal energy including domestic
water heating at food service establishments32
26
On average food sale facilities consume 43000 kWh of electricity per worker on an annual basis When compared to current
fuel cell technology (gt300 kW) which satisfies annual electricity consumption loads between 2628000 ndash 3504000 kWh
calculations show food sales facilities employing more than 61 workers may represent favorable opportunities for the application
of a larger fuel cell 27 EIA Description of CBECS Building Types wwweiagovemeucbecsbuilding_typeshtml 28 Clean Energy States Alliance (CESA) ldquoFuel Cells for Supermarkets ndash Cleaner Energy with Fuel Cell Combined Heat and
Power Systemsrdquo Benny Smith wwwcleanenergystatesorgassetsUploadsBlakeFuelCellsSupermarketsFBpdf 29 EIA Description of CBECS Building Types wwweiagovemeucbecsbuilding_typeshtml 30
On average food service facilities consume 20300 kWh of electricity per worker on an annual basis Current fuel cell
technology (gt300 kW) can satisfy annual electricity consumption loads between 2628000 ndash 3504000 kWh Calculations show
food service facilities employing more than 130 workers may represent favorable opportunities for the application of a larger fuel
cell 31
ldquoCase Studies in Restaurant Water Heatingrdquo Fisher Donald httpeecucdaviseduACEEE2008datapapers9_243pdf 2008 32
Sustainable business Oregon ldquoClearEdge sustains brisk growthrdquo
httpwwwsustainablebusinessoregoncomarticles201001clearedge_sustains_brisk_growthhtml May 8 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
13
MAINE
Office
Equipment 4 Ventilation 4
Refrigeration
3
Lighting 11
Cooling 13
Space Heating
33
Water Heating
18
Cooking 5 Other 9
Table 4 - Food Services Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
2100
(3)
15
(4)
15
(4)
45
(4)
35478
(4)
95554
(4)
6812
(2)
Inpatient Healthcare
There are over 181 inpatient healthcare facilities in Maine 42 of which are classified as hospitals33
Of
these 42 hospitals eight are located in communities serviced by natural gas and contain 100 or more beds
onsite (Appendix I ndash Figure 4 Inpatient Healthcare) Hospitals represent an excellent opportunity for the
application of fuel cells because they require a high availability factor of electricity for lifesaving medical
devices and operate 247 with a relatively flat load curve Furthermore medical equipment patient
rooms sterilizedoperating rooms data centers and kitchen areas within these facilities are often required
to be in operational conditions at all times which maximizes the use of electricity and thermal energy
from a fuel cell Nationally hospital energy costs have increased 56 percent from $389 per square foot
in 2003 to $607 per square foot for 2010 partially due to the increased cost of energy34
Examples of healthcare facilities with planned or operational fuel cells include St Francis Stamford and
Waterbury Hospitals in Connecticut and North Central Bronx Hospital in New York
Table 5 - Inpatient Healthcare Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
181
(5)
42
(10)
42
(10)
126
(10)
99338
(10)
267551
(10)
19073
(8)
Lodging
There are over 730 establishments specializing in
travellodging accommodations that include hotels motels or
inns in Maine Approximately 33 of these establishments
have 150 or more rooms onsite and can be classified as
ldquolarger sizedrdquo lodging that may have additional attributes
such as heated pools exercise facilities andor restaurants 35
Of these 33 locations 15 employ more than 94 workers and
are located in communities serviced by natural gas 36
As
shown in Figure 4 more than 60 percent of total energy use at
a typical lodging facility is due to lighting space heating and
water heating 37
The application of a large fuel cell (gt300
33 EIA Description of CBECS Building Types wwweiagovemeucbecsbuilding_typeshtml 34
BetterBricks ldquohttpwwwbetterbrickscomgraphicsassetsdocumentsBB_Article_EthicalandBusinessCasepdfrdquo Page 1
August 2011 35 EPA ldquoCHP in the Hotel and Casino Market Sectorrdquo wwwepagovchpdocumentshotel_casino_analysispdf December 2005 36
On average lodging facilities consume 28000 kWh of electricity per worker on an annual basis Current fuel cell technology
(gt300 kW) can satisfy annual electricity consumption loads between 2628000 ndash 3504000 kWh Calculations show lodging
facilities employing more than 94 workers may represent favorable opportunities for the application of a larger fuel cell 37 National Grid ldquoManaging Energy Costs in Full-Service Hotelsrdquo
wwwnationalgriduscomnon_htmlshared_energyeff_hotelspdf 2004
Figure 4 - US Lodging Energy Consumption
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
14
MAINE
kW) at hotelresort facilities with less than 94 employees may not be economically viable based on the
electrical demand and operational requirement however a smaller fuel cell ( 5 kW) may be appropriate
Popular hotel chains such as the Hilton and Starwood Hotels have shown interest in powering their
establishments with fuel cells in New Jersey and New York
Maine also has 107 facilities identified as convalescent homes three of which have bed capacities greater
than or equal to 150 units38
All three sites are located in communities serviced by natural gas (Appendix
I ndash Figure 5 Lodging)
Table 6 - Lodging Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
837
(10)
18
(2)
18
(2)
54
(2)
42574
(2)
114665
(2)
8174
(2)
Public Order and Safety There are approximately 216 facilities in Maine that can be classified as public order and safety these
include 96 fire stations 102 police stations eight state police stations nine border patrols and nine
prisons 3940
Ten of these locations employ more than 210 workers and are located in communities
serviced by natural gas4142
These applications may represent favorable opportunities for the application
of a larger fuel cell (gt300 kW) which could provide heat and uninterrupted power 4344
The sites
identified (Appendix I ndash Figure 6 Public Order and Safety) will have special value to provide increased
reliability to mission critical facilities associated with public safety and emergency response during grid
outages The application of a large fuel cell (gt300 kW) at public order and safety facilities with less than
210 employees may not be economically viable based on the electrical demand and operational
requirement however a smaller fuel cell ( 5 kW) may be appropriate Central Park Police Station in
New York City New York is presently powered by a 200 kW fuel cell system
Table 7 - Public Order and Safety Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
216
(7)
10
(3)
10
(3)
30
(3)
23652
(3)
63703
(3)
4541
(3)
38 Assisted-Living-List ldquoList of 120 Nursing Homes in Maine (ME)rdquo httpassisted-living-listcomme--nursing-homes May 9
2011 39 EIA Description of CBECS Building Types wwweiagovemeucbecsbuilding_typeshtml 40 USACOPS ndash The Nations Law Enforcement Site wwwusacopscomme 41
CBECSldquoTable C14rdquo httpwwweiagovemeucbecscbecs2003detailed_tables_20032003set192003pdfalltablespdf
November 2011 42
On average public order and safety facilities consume 12400 kWh of electricity per worker on an annual basis Current fuel
cell technology (gt300 kW) can satisfy annual electricity consumption loads between 2628000 ndash 3504000 kWh Calculations
show public order and safety facilities employing more than 212 workers may represent favorable opportunities for the
application of a larger fuel cell 43
2628000 12400 = 21194 44
CBECSldquoTable C14rdquo httpwwweiagovemeucbecscbecs2003detailed_tables_20032003set192003pdfalltablespdf
November 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
15
MAINE
Energy Intensive Industries
As shown in Table 2 energy intensive industries with high electricity consumption (which on average is
48 percent of annual operating costs) have been identified as potential locations for the application of a
fuel cell45
In Maine there are approximately 156 of these industrial facilities that are involved in the
manufacture of aluminum chemicals forest products glass metal casting petroleum coal products or
steel and employ 25 or more employees46
Of these 156 locations 64 are located in communities serviced
by natural gas (Appendix I ndash Figure 7 Energy Intensive Industries)
Table 8 - 2002 Data for the Energy Intensive Industry by Sector47
NAICS Code Sector Energy Consumption per Dollar Value of Shipments (kWh)
325 Chemical manufacturing 249
322 Pulp and Paper 446
324110 Petroleum Refining 472
311 Food manufacturing 076
331111 Iron and steel 815
321 Wood Products 123
3313 Alumina and aluminum 358
327310 Cement 1641
33611 Motor vehicle manufacturing 021
3315 Metal casting 164
336811 Shipbuilding and ship repair 205
3363 Motor vehicle parts manufacturing 205
Companies such as Coca-Cola Johnson amp Johnson and Pepperidge Farms in Connecticut New Jersey
and New York have installed fuel cells to help supply energy to their facilities
Table 9 - Energy Intensive Industry Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
156
(3)
6
(1)
6
(1)
18
(1)
14191
(1)
38222
(1)
2725
(1)
Government Owned Buildings
Buildings operated by the federal government can be found at 114 locations in Maine four of these
properties are actively owned rather than leased by the federal government and are located in
communities serviced by natural gas (Appendix I ndash Figure 8 Federal Government Operated Buildings)
There are also a number of buildings owned and operated by the State of Maine The application of fuel
cell technology at government owned buildings would assist in balancing load requirements at these sites
and offer a unique value for active and passive public education associated with the high usage of these
public buildings
45 EIA ldquoElectricity Generation Capabilityrdquo 1999 CBECS wwweiadoegovemeucbecspba99comparegenerhtml 46 Proprietary market data 47 EPA ldquoEnergy Trends in Selected Manufacturing Sectorsrdquo wwwepagovsectorspdfenergych2pdf March 2007
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
16
MAINE
Table 10 - Government Owned Building Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
114
(9)
4
(4)
4
(4)
12
(4)
9461
(4)
25481
(4)
1816
(4)
Wireless Telecommunication Sites
Telecommunications companies rely on electricity to run call centers cell phone towers and other vital
equipment In Maine there are approximately 509 telecommunications andor wireless company tower
sites (Appendix I ndash Figure 9 Telecommunication Sites) Any loss of power at these locations may result
in a loss of service to customers thus having reliable power is critical Each individual site represents an
opportunity to provide back-up power for continuous operation through the application of on-site back-up
generation powered by hydrogen and fuel cell technology It is an industry standard to install units
capable of supplying 48-72 hours of backup power which this is typically accomplished with batteries or
conventional emergency generators48
The deployment of fuel cells at selected telecommunication sites
will have special value to provide increased reliability to critical sites associated with emergency
communications and homeland security An example of a telecommunication site that utilizes fuel cell
technology to provide back-up power is a T-Mobile facility located in Storrs Connecticut
Table 11 - Wireless Telecommunication Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
509
(13)
51
(13) NA NA NA NA NA
Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs) There are 111 WWTPs in Maine that have design flows ranging from 3000 gallons per day (GPD) to 16
million gallons per day (MGD) seven of these facilities average between 3 ndash 16 MGD WWTPs
typically operate 247 and may be able to utilize the thermal energy from the fuel cell to process fats oils
and grease49
WWTPs account for approximately three percent of the electric load in the United State50
Digester gas produced at WWTPrsquos which is usually 60 percent methane can serve as a fuel substitute for
natural gas to power fuel cells Anaerobic digesters generally require a wastewater flow greater than
three MGD for an economy of scale to collect and use the methane51
Most facilities currently represent a
lost opportunity to capture and use the digestion of methane emissions created from their operations
(Appendix I ndash Figure 10 Solid and Liquid Waste Sites) 5253
A 200 kW fuel cell power plant in Yonkers New York was the worldrsquos first commercial fuel cell to run
on a waste gas created at a wastewater treatment plant The fuel cell generates about 1600 MWh of
electricity a year and reduces methane emissions released to the environment54
A 200 kW fuel cell
48 ReliOn Hydrogen Fuel Cell Wireless Applicationsrdquo wwwrelion-inccompdfReliOn_AppsWireless_2010pdf May 4 2011 49
ldquoBeyond Zero Net Energy Case Studies of Wastewater Treatment for Energy and Resource Productionrdquo Toffey Bill
September 2010 httpwwwawra-pmasmemberlodgeorgResourcesDocumentsBeyond_NZE_WWT-Toffey-9-16-2010pdf 50
EPA Wastewater Management Fact Sheet ldquoIntroductionrdquo July 2006 51 EPA Wastewater Management Fact Sheet wwwp2paysorgenergyWastePlantpdf July 2006 52 ldquoGHG Emissions from Wastewater Treatment and Biosolids Managementrdquo Beecher Ned November 20 2009
wwwdesstatenhusorganizationdivisionswaterwmbriverswatershed_conferencedocuments2009_fri_climate_2pdf 53 EPA Wastewater Management Fact Sheet wwwp2paysorgenergyWastePlantpdf May 4 2011 54 NYPA ldquoWHAT WE DO ndash Fuel Cellsrdquo wwwnypagovservicesfuelcellshtm August 8 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
17
MAINE
power plant was and installed at the Water Pollution Control Authorityrsquos WWTP in New Haven
Connecticut and produces 10 ndash 15 percent of the facilityrsquos electricity reducing energy costs by almost
$13000 a year55
Table 12 - Wastewater Treatment Plants Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
111
(19)
1
(6)
1
(6)
03
(6)
2365
(6)
6370
(6)
454
(5)
Landfill Methane Outreach Program (LMOP)
There are 11 landfills in Maine identified by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) through their
LMOP program two of which are operational two are candidates and six are considered potential sites
for the production and recovery of methane gas 5657
The amount of methane emissions released by a
given site is dependent upon the amount of material in the landfill and the amount of time the material has
been in place Similar to WWTPs methane emissions from landfills could be captured and used as a fuel
to power a fuel cell system In 2009 municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills were responsible for
producing approximately 17 percent of human-related methane emissions in the nation These locations
could produce renewable energy and help manage the release of methane (Appendix I ndash Figure 10 Solid
and Liquid Waste Sites)
Table 13 - Landfill Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
25
(12)
1
(7)
1
(7)
03
(7)
2365
(7)
6370
(7)
454
(6)
Airports
During peak air travel times in the US there are approximately 50000 airplanes in the sky each day
Ensuring safe operations of commercial and private aircrafts are the responsibility of air traffic
controllers Modern software host computers voice communication systems and instituted full scale
glide path angle capabilities assist air traffic controllers in tracking and communicating with aircrafts
consequently reliable electricity is extremely important and present an opportunity for a fuel cell power
application 58
There are approximately 103 airports in Maine including 47 that are open to the public and have
scheduled services Of those 47 airports six (Table 3) have 2500 or more passengers enplaned each
year two of these six facilities are located in communities serviced by natural gas (See Appendix I ndash
55 Conntactcom ldquoCity to Install Fuel Cellrdquo
httpwwwconntactcomarchive_indexarchive_pages4472_Business_New_Havenhtml August 15 2003 56
Due to size individual sites may have more than one potential candidate or operational project 57 LMOP defines a candidate landfill as ldquoone that is accepting waste or has been closed for five years or less has at least one
million tons of waste and does not have an operational or under-construction projectrdquoEPA ldquoLandfill Methane Outreach
Programrdquo wwwepagovlmopbasic-infoindexhtml April 7 2011 58 Howstuffworkscom ldquoHow Air Traffic Control Worksrdquo Craig Freudenrich
httpsciencehowstuffworkscomtransportflightmodernair-traffic-control5htm May 4 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
18
MAINE
Figure 11 Commercial Airports) An example of an airport currently hosting a fuel cell power plant to
provide backup power is Albany International Airport located in Albany New York
Table 14 ndash Maine Top Airports Enplanement Count
Airport59
Total Enplanement in 2000
Portland International Jetport 668098
Bangor International 272833
Northern Maine Regional at Presque Isle 25174
Knox County Regional 17328
Hancock County Bar harbor 14399
Augusta State 7148
Bangor International Airport (BGR) is considered the only ldquoJoint-Userdquo airport in Maine Joint-Use
facilities are establishments where the military department authorizes use of the military runway for
public airport services Army Aviation Support Facilities (AASF) located at this site are used by the
Army to provide aircraft and equipment readiness train and utilize military personnel conduct flight
training and operations and perform field level maintenance Bangor International Airport represents a
favorable opportunity for the application of uninterruptible power for necessary services associated with
national defense and emergency response and is located in a community serviced by natural gas
(Appendix I ndash Figure 11 Commercial Airports)
Table 15 - Airport Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
103
(12)
5(1)
(1)
1
(1)
15
(1)
11826
(1)
31851
(1)
2271
(8)
Military The US Department of Defense (DOD) is the largest funding organization in terms of supporting fuel
cell activities for military applications in the world DOD organizations are using fuel cells for
Stationary units for power supply in bases
Fuel cell units in transport applications
Portable units for equipping individual soldiers or group of soldiers
In a collaborative partnership with the DOE the DOD plans to install and operate 18 fuel cell backup
power systems at eight of its military installations two of which are located within the Northeast region
(New York and New Jersey)60
In addition the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard (PSNY) in Kittery Maine
occupies more than 297 acres on base employs approximately 4500 civilian employees and 100 naval
officers in addition to enlisted personal assigned to the shipyard and is a potential application for
hydrogen and fuel cell technology (Appendix I ndash Figure 11 Commercial Airports) 61
59 Bureau of Transportation Statistics ldquoMaine Transportation Profilerdquo
wwwbtsgovpublicationsstate_transportation_statisticsmainepdfentirepdf March 30 2011 60 Fuel Cell Today ldquoUS DoD to Install Fuel cell Backup Power Systems at Eight Military Installationsrdquo
httpwwwfuelcelltodaycomonlinenewsarticles2011-07US-DOD-FC-Backup-Power-Systems July 20 2011 61
Portsmouth Naval Shipyard ldquoShipyard Factsrdquo httpwwwnavseanavymilshipyardsportsmouthPagesFactsaspx August
2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
19
MAINE
Table 16 - Military Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
1
(7)
1
(7)
1
(7)
03
(7)
2365
(7)
6370
(7)
454
(6)
POTENTIAL TRANSPORTATION TARGETS
Transportation is responsible for one-fourth of the total global GHG emissions and consumes 75 percent
of the worldrsquos oil production In 2010 the US used 21 million barrels of non-renewable petroleum each
day Roughly 29 percent of Mainersquos energy consumption is due to demands of the transportation sector
including gasoline and on-highway diesel petroleum for automobiles trucks and buses A small percent
of non-renewable petroleum is used for jet and ship fuel62
The current economy in the US is dependent on hydrocarbon energy sources and any disruption or
shortage of this energy supply will severely affect many energy related activities including
transportation As oil and other non-sustainable hydrocarbon energy resources become scarce energy
prices will increase and the reliability of supply will be reduced Government and industry are now
investigating the use of hydrogen and renewable energy as a replacement of hydrocarbon fuels
Hydrogen-fueled fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) have many advantages over conventional
technology including
Quiet operation
Near zero emissions of controlled pollutants such as nitrous oxide carbon monoxide
hydrocarbon gases or particulates
Substantial (30 to 50 percent) reduction in GHG emissions on a well-to-wheel basis compared to
conventional gasoline or gasoline-hybrid vehicles when the hydrogen is produced by
conventional methods such as natural gas and 100 percent when hydrogen is produced from a
clean energy source
Ability to fuel vehicles with indigenous energy sources which reduces dependence on imported
energy and adds to energy security and
Higher efficiency than conventional vehicles (See Table 4)6364
Table 17 - Average Energy Efficiency of Conventional and Fuel Cell Vehicles (mpge65
)
Passenger Car Light Truck Transit Bus
Hydrogen Gasoline Hybrid Gasoline Hydrogen Gasoline Hydrogen Fuel Cell Diesel
52 50 293 492 215 54 39
FCEVs can reduce price volatility dependence on oil improve environmental performance and provide
greater efficiencies than conventional transportation technologies as follows
62 ldquoUS Oil Consumption to BP Spillrdquo httpapplesfromorangescom201005us-oil-consumption-to-bp-spill May31 2010 63 ldquoChallenges for Sustainable Mobility and Development of Fuel Cell Vehiclesrdquo Masatami Takimoto Executive Vice President
Toyota Motor Corporation January 26 2006 Presentation at the 2nd International Hydrogen amp Fuel Cell Expo Technical
Conference Tokyo Japan 64 ldquoTwenty Hydrogen Mythsrdquo Amory B Lovins Rocky Mountain Institute June 20 2003 65 Miles per Gallon Equivalent
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
20
MAINE
Replacement of gasoline-fueled passenger vehicles and light duty trucks and diesel-fueled transit
buses with FCEVs could result in annual CO2 emission reductions (per vehicle) of approximately
10170 15770 and 182984 pounds per year respectively66
Replacement of gasoline-fueled passenger vehicles and light duty trucks and diesel-fueled transit
buses with FCEVs could result in annual energy savings (per vehicle) of approximately 230
gallons of gasoline (passenger vehicle) 485 gallons of gasoline (light duty truck) and 4390
gallons of diesel (bus)
Replacement of gasoline-fueled passenger vehicles light duty trucks and diesel-fueled transit
buses with FCEVs could result in annual fuel cost savings of approximately $885 per passenger
vehicle $1866 per light duty truck and $17560 per bus67
Automobile manufacturers such as Toyota General Motors Honda Daimler AG and Hyundai have
projected that models of their FCEVs will begin to roll out in larger numbers by 2015 Longer term the
US DOE has projected that between 151 million and 239 million light duty FCEVs may be sold each
year by 2050 and between 144 million and 347 million light duty FCEVs may be in use by 2050 with a
transition to a hydrogen economy These estimates could be accelerated if political economic energy
security or environmental polices prompt a rapid advancement in alternative fuels68
Mainersquos opportunities to support these new vehicles include alternative fueling stations Maine
Department of Transportation (MDOT) refueling stations bus transit operations government public and
privately owned fleets and material handling and airport ground support equipment (GSE) Graphical
representation of these opportunities analyzed are depicted in Appendix I
Alternative Fueling Stations
There are approximately 1400 retail fueling stations in Maine69
however only 10 public andor private
stations within the state provide alternative fuels such as biodiesel compressed natural gas propane
andor electricity for alternative-fueled vehicles70
There are also at least 17 refueling stations owned and
operated by MDOT that can be used by authorities operating federal and state safety vehicles state transit
vehicles and employees of universities that operate fleet vehicles on a regular basis 71
Development of
hydrogen fueling at alternative fuel stations and at selected locations owned and operated by MDOT
would help facilitate the deployment of FCEVs within the state (Appendix I ndash Figure 12 Alternative
Fueling Stations) Currently there are approximately 18 existing or planned transportation fueling
stations in the Northeast region where hydrogen is provided as an alternative fuel72737475
66 Fuel Cell Economic Development Plan Connecticut Department of Economic and Community Development and the
Connecticut Center for Advanced Technology Inc January 1 2008 Calculations based upon average annual mileage of 12500
miles for passenger car and 14000 miles for light trucks (US EPA) and 37000 average milesyear per bus (US DOT FTA
2007) 67 US EIA Weekly Retail Gasoline and Diesel Prices gasoline - $3847 and diesel ndash 400
wwweiagovdnavpetpet_pri_gnd_a_epm0r_pte_dpgal_whtm 68
Effects of a Transition to a Hydrogen Economy on Employment in the United States Report to Congress
httpwwwhydrogenenergygovcongress_reportshtml August 2011 69 ldquoPublic retail gasoline stations state yearrdquo wwwafdcenergygovafdcdatadocsgasoline_stations_statexls May 5 2011 70 Alternative Fuels Data Center wwwafdcenergygovafdclocatorstations 71 EPA ldquoGovernment UST Noncompliance Report-2007rdquo wwwepagovoustdocsME20Compliance20Reportpdf August
82007 72 Alternative Fuels Data Center httpwwwafdcenergygovafdclocatorstations 73 Hyride ldquoAbout the fueling stationrdquo httpwwwhyrideorghtml-about_hyrideAbout_Fuelinghtml 74 CTTransit ldquoHartford Bus Facility Site Work (Phase 1)rdquo
wwwcttransitcomProcurementsDisplayaspProcurementID=8752CA67-AB1F-4D88-BCEC-4B82AC8A2542 March 2011 75
Currently there are no publicly or privately accessible transportation fueling stations where hydrogen is provided as an
alternative fuel in Maine
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
21
MAINE
Fleets
There are over 7000 fleet vehicles (excluding state and federal vehicles) classified as non-leasing or
company owned vehicles in Maine 76
Fleet vehicles typically account for more than twice the amount of
mileage and therefore twice the fuel consumption and emissions compared to personal vehicles on a per
vehicle basis There are an additional 1781 passenger automobiles andor light duty trucks in Maine
owned by state and federal agencies (excluding state police) that traveled a combined 14965373 miles in
2010 while releasing 1031 metrics tons of CO2 77
Conversion of fleet vehicles from conventional fossil
fuels to FCEVs could significantly reduce petroleum consumption and GHG emissions Fleet vehicle
hubs are good candidates for hydrogen refueling and conversion to FCEVs because they mostly operate
on fixed routes or within fixed districts and are fueled from a centralized station
Bus Transit
There are approximately 61 directly operated buses that provide public transportation services in Maine78
As discussed above replacement of a conventional diesel transit bus with a fuel cell transit bus would
result in the reduction of CO2 emissions (estimated at approximately 183000 pounds per year) and
reduction of diesel fuel (estimated at approximately 4390 gallons per year)79
Although the efficiency of
conventional diesel buses has increased conventional diesel buses which typically achieve fuel economy
performance levels of 39 miles per gallon have the greatest potential for energy savings by using high
efficiency fuel cells In addition to Maine other states have also begun the transition of fueling transit
buses with alternative fuels to improve efficiency and environmental performance
Material Handling
Material handling equipment such as forklifts are used by a variety of industries including
manufacturing construction mining agriculture food retailers and wholesale trade to move goods
within a facility or to load goods for shipping to another site Material handling equipment is usually
battery propane or diesel powered Batteries that currently power material handling equipment are heavy
and take up significant storage space while only providing up to 6 hours of run time Fuel cells can
ensure constant power delivery and performance eliminating the reduction in voltage output that occurs
as batteries discharge Fuel cell powered material handling equipment last more than twice as long (12-
14 hours) and also eliminate the need for battery storage and charging rooms leaving more space for
products In addition fueling time only takes two to three minutes by the operator compared to least 20
minutes or more for each battery replacement which saves the operator valuable time and increases
warehouse productivity
In addition fuel cell powered material handling equipment has significant cost advantages compared to
batteries such as
15 times lower maintenance cost
8 times lower refuelingrecharging labor cost
2 times lower net present value of total operations and management (OampM) system cost
76
Fleetcom ldquo2009-My Registrationrdquo httpwwwautomotive-
fleetcomStatisticsStatsVieweraspxfile=http3a2f2fwwwautomotive-fleetcom2ffc_resources2fstats2fAFFB10-16-
top10-statepdfampchannel 77 US General Services Administration ldquoGSA 2010 Fleet Reportsrdquo Table 4-2 httpwwwgsagovportalcontent230525 September
2011 78
NTD Date ldquoTS22 - Service Data and Operating Expenses Time-Series by Systemrdquo
httpwwwntdprogramgovntdprogramdatahtm December 2011 79 Fuel Cell Economic Development Plan Connecticut Department of Economic and Community Development and the
Connecticut Center for Advanced Technology Inc January 1 2008
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
22
MAINE
63 percent less emissions of GHG (Appendix X provides a comparison of PEM fuel cell and
battery-powered material handling equipment)
Fuel cell powered material handling equipment is already in use at dozens of warehouses distribution
centers and manufacturing plants in North America80
Large corporations that are currently using or
planning to use fuel cell powered material handling equipment include CVS Coca-Cola BMW Central
Grocers and Wal-Mart (Refer to Appendix IX for a partial list of companies in North America that using
fuel cell powered forklifts)81
There are approximately five distribution centerswarehouse sites that have
been identified in Maine that may benefit from the use of fuel cell powered material handling equipment
(Appendix I ndash Figure 13 Distribution CentersWarehouses amp Ports)
Ground Support Equipment
Ground support equipment (GSE) such as catering trucks deicers and airport tugs can be battery
operated or more commonly run on diesel or gasoline As an alternative hydrogen-powered tugs are
being developed for both military and commercial applications While their performance is similar to that
of other battery-powered equipment a fuel cell-powered GSE remains fully charged (provided there is
hydrogen fuel available) and do not experience performance lag at the end of a shift like battery-powered
GSEs82
Potential large end-users of GSE that serve Mainersquos largest airports include Air Canada Delta
Airlines Continental JetBlue United and US Airways83
(Appendix I ndash Figure 11 Commercial
Airports)
Ports
Maine has 3480 miles of coastline with six cargo ports and 13 cruise ship ports The ports of Portland
and Bath Maine which service large vessels such as container ships tankers bulk carriers and cruise
ships may be candidates for improved energy management Commercial marine vessels (cargo ships
entering and leaving Marine ports) contribute approximately 166 tons of volatile organic compounds
(VOC) 1134 tons of NOX 374 tons of CO 124 tons of sulfur dioxide SO2 and 91 tons of particulate
matter (PM10) per year84
In one year a single large container ship can emit pollutants equivalent to that of 50 million cars The
low grade bunker fuel used by the worlds 90000 cargo ships contains up to 2000 times the amount of
sulfur compared to diesel fuel used in automobiles85
Furthermore diesel emissions from cruise ships
while at port are a significant source of air pollution While docked vessels shut off their main engines
but use auxiliary diesel and steam engines to power refrigeration lights pumps and other functions a
process called ldquocold-ironing An estimated one-third of ship emissions occur while they are idling at
berth Replacing auxiliary engines with on-shore electric power could significantly reduce emissions
The applications of fuel cell technology at ports may also provide electric and thermal energy for
improving energy management for warehouses and equipment operated between terminals (Appendix I ndash
Figure 13 Distribution CentersWarehouses amp Ports)86
80 DOE EERE ldquoEarly Markets Fuel Cells for Material Handling Equipmentrdquo
www1eereenergygovhydrogenandfuelcellseducationpdfsearly_markets_forkliftspdf February 2011 81 Plug Power ldquoPlug Power Celebrates Successful year for Companyrsquos Manufacturing and Sales Activityrdquo
wwwplugpowercom January 4 2011 82 Battelle ldquoIdentification and Characterization of Near-Term Direct Hydrogen Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Marketsrdquo
April 2007 www1eereenergygovhydrogenandfuelcellspdfspemfc_econ_2006_report_final_0407pdf 83 PWM ldquoAirlinesrdquo httpwwwportlandjetportorgairlines August 24 2011 84
Maine Department of Environmental Protection ldquoAir Emission from Marine Vesselsrdquo
httpwwwmainegovdepblwqtopicvesselairemissionsreportpdf January 15 2005 85
ldquoBig polluters one massive container ship equals 50 million carsrdquo Paul Evans httpwwwgizmagcomshipping-
pollution11526 April 232009 86
Savemayportvillagenet ldquoCruise Ship Pollutionrdquo httpwwwsavemayportvillagenetid20html October 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
23
MAINE
Table 18 -Ports Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
42
(35)
2
(11)
2
(11)
06
(11)
4730
(11)
12741
(11)
908
(9)
CONCLUSION
Hydrogen and fuel cell technology offers significant opportunities for improved energy reliability energy
efficiency and emission reductions Large fuel cell units (gt300 kW) may be appropriate for applications
that serve large electric and thermal loads Smaller fuel cell units (lt 300 kW) may provide back-up power
for telecommunication sites restaurantsfast food outlets and smaller sized public facilities at this time
Table 19 ndashSummary of Potential Fuel Cell Applications
Category Total Sites Potential
Sites
Number of Fuel
Cells
lt 300 kW
Number of
Fuel Cells
gt300 kW
CB
EC
S D
ata
Education 964 6587
23 42
Food Sales 1800+ 4588
45
Food Services 2100+ 1589
15
Inpatient Healthcare 181 4290
42
Lodging 837 1891
18
Public Order amp Safety 216 1092
10
Energy Intensive Industries 156 693
6
Government Operated
Buildings 114 4
94
4
Wireless
Telecommunication
Towers
50995
5196
51
WWTPs 111 197
1
Landfills 25 198
1
Airports (w AASF) 103 5 (1)99
5
87 65 high schools andor college and universities located in communities serviced by natural gas 88 45 food sale facilities located in communities serviced by natural gas 89 Ten percent of the 97 food service facilities located in communities serviced by natural gas 90 Eight Hospitals located in communities serviced by natural gas and occupying 150+ or more beds onsite 91 15 hotel facilities with 100+ rooms onsite and three convalescent homes with 150+ bed onsite located in communities serviced
by natural gas 92 Correctional facilities andor other public order and safety facilities with 212 workers or more 93 Ten percent of the 64 energy intensive industry facilities located in communities serviced with natural gas 94 Four actively owned federal government operated building located in communities serviced by natural gas 95
The Federal Communications Commission regulates interstate and international communications by radio television wire
satellite and cable in all 50 states the District of Columbia and US territories 96 Ten percent of the 509 wireless telecommunication sites in Mainersquos targeted for back-up PEM fuel cell deployment 97 Ten percent of Maine WWTP with average flows of 30+ MGD 98 Ten percent of the landfills targeted based on LMOP data
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
24
MAINE
Military 1 1 1
Ports 42 2 2
Total 7159+ 266 74 192
As shown in Table 5 the analysis provided here estimates that there are approximately 266 potential
locations which may be favorable candidates for the application of a fuel cell to provide heat and power
Assuming the demand for electricity was uniform throughout the year approximately 150 to 192 fuel cell
units with a capacity of 300 ndash 400 kW could be deployed for a total fuel cell capacity of 58 to 77 MWs
If opportunities for fuel cell use in Maine identified in this report are met with 300 kW units a minimum
of 473040 MWh electric and 127 million MMBTUs (equivalent to 373404 MWh) of thermal energy
would be produced which could reduce CO2 emissions by at least 90824 tons per year 100
Maine can also benefit from the use of hydrogen and fuel cell technology for transportation such as
passenger fleets transit district fleets municipal fleets and state department fleets The application of
hydrogen and fuel cell technology for transportation would reduce the dependence on oil improve
environmental performance and provide greater efficiencies than conventional transportation
technologies
bull Replacement of a gasoline-fueled passenger vehicle with FCEVs could result in annual CO2
emission reductions (per vehicle) of approximately 10170 pounds annual energy savings of 230
gallons of gasoline and annual fuel cost savings of $885
bull Replacement of a gasoline-fueled light duty truck with FCEVs could result in annual CO2
emission reductions (per light duty truck) of approximately 15770 pounds annual energy savings
of 485 gallons of gasoline and annual fuel cost savings of $1866
bull Replacement of a diesel-fueled transit bus with a fuel cell powered bus could result in annual CO2
emission reductions (per bus) of approximately 182984 pounds annual energy savings of 4390
gallons of fuel and annual fuel cost savings of $17560
Hydrogen and fuel cell technology also provides significant opportunities for job creation andor
economic development Realizing over $2 million in revenue and investment in 2010 the hydrogen and
fuel cell industry in Maine is estimated to have contributed approximately $113000 in state and local tax
revenue and over $29 million in gross state product Currently there are at least 30 Maine companies
that are part of the growing hydrogen and fuel cell industry supply chain in the Northeast region If
neweremerging hydrogen and fuel cell technology were to gain momentum the number of companies
and employment for the industry could grow substantially
99 Airport facilities with 2500+ annual Enplanement Counts andor AASF 100
If opportunities for fuel cell use in Maine identified in this report are met with 400 kW units a minimum of 665760 MWh
electric and 312 million MMBTUs (equivalent to 915127 MWh) of thermal energy would be produced which could reduce CO2
emissions by at least 127826 tons per year
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
25
MAINE
APPENDICES
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
26
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 1 Education
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
27
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 2 Food Sales
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
28
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 3 Food Services
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
29
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 4 Inpatient Healthcare
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
30
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 5 Lodging
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
31
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 6 Public Order and Safety
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
32
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 7 Energy Intensive Industries
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
33
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 8 Federal Government Operated Buildings
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
34
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 9 Telecommunication Sites
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
35
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 10 Solid and Liquid Waste Sites
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
36
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 11 Commercial Airports
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
37
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 12 Alternative Fueling Stations
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
38
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 13 Distribution CentersWarehouses amp Ports
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
39
MAINE
Appendix II ndash Maine Estimated Electrical Consumption per Sector
Category Total Site
Electric Consumption per Building
(1000 kWh)101
kWh Consumed per Sector
New England
Education 925 161844 149705700
Food Sales 1800 319821 575677800
Food Services 2100 128 269199000
Inpatient Healthcare 181 603863 1092991125
Lodging 837 21312 178379766
Public Order amp Safety 262 77855 20398010
Total 6105 2286351401
Residential102
4503000000
Industrial 3702000000
Commercial 4503000000
Other Commercial 2286351401
101
EIA Electricity consumption and expenditure intensities for Non-Mall Building 2003 102
DOE EERE ldquoElectric Power and Renewable Energy in Mainerdquo httpapps1eereenergygovstateselectricitycfmstate=ME
August 25 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
40
MAINE
Appendix III ndash Key Stakeholders
Organization CityTown State Website Hydrogen Energy Center Portland ME wwwhydrogenenergycenterorg
University of Maine School of
Engineering Technology Orono ME httpwwwumaineeduset
University of Maine Advanced
Manufacturing Center Orono
ME wwwumaineeduamc
University of Maine Advanced
Structures and Composites Center Orono
ME httpwww2umaineeduaewc
Manufacturers Association of Maine Westbrook ME
wwwmainemfgcom
Maine Manufacturing Extension
Partnership Augusta
ME httpwwwmainemeporg
Mid-Coast Regional Redevelopment
Authority Brunswick
ME wwwmrraus
Manufacturing Applications Center Gorham ME
httpwwwusmmaineedu
Maine Center for Enterprise
Development University of Southern
Maine
Portland ME
wwwmcedbiz
Maine Small Business Development
Center Portland
ME httpwwwmainesbdcorg
Southern Maine Community College
Sustainability and Energy Alternatives
Center
South
Portland ME httpwwwsmccmeedubusiness-a-
communitycomunity-resourcessustainability-
centerhtml
Environment and Energy Technology
Council of Maine Portland
ME wwwE2Techorg
Maine Technology Institute Gardiner ME
wwwmainetechnologyorg
Maine Innovation Economy advisory
Board Maine DECD Augusta ME httpwwwmainegovdecd
Governorrsquos Office of Energy
Independence and Security Augusta ME httpmainegovoeis
Utility Companies
Unitil httpwwwunitilcomcustomer-configuration
Bangor Gas Co httpwwwbangorgascom
Central Maine Power Co httpwwwcmpcocom
Bangor Hydro-Electric Co httpwwwbhecom
Maine Public Service Co httpwwwmainepublicservicecom
Appendix IV ndash Maine State Incentives and Programs
Funding Source Maine Public Utilities Commission
Program Title Community-based Renewable Energy Pilot Program
Applicable EnergiesTechnologies Solar Thermal Electric Photovoltaic Landfill Gas Wind
Biomass Hydroelectric Geothermal Electric Fuel Cells Anaerobic Digestion Tidal Energy
Fuel Cells using Renewable Fuels
Summary The Maine Utilities Commission (PUC) finalized the rule in February 2010 Legislation
mandates that up 10 50 MW of generating capacity will be permitted uned this program and
individual participants may not exceed 10 MW Of the 50 MW cap 10 must be reserved
specifically for small program participants or for participants located in a service territory of a
cooperative transmission and distribution utility
Restrictions
The PUC may require investor-owned utilities to enter into long-term contracts for energy capacity
resources or renewable energy credits (RECs) produced by the community-based project The
contacts term may not exceed 20 year the PUC will conduct long-term contract solicitations for
ldquolarge generatorsrdquo
Timing The Maine Public Utilities Commission is seeking proposals from suppliers of energy
capacity or renewable energy credits (RECs) for the development of community-based renewable
energy projects over 1 MW The docket number for this RFP is 2011-150 All inquiries about this
RFP should be directed to christinercookmainegov
Maximum Size Choice of either 15 REC credit multiplier or up to 10 MW DC
Requirements
To be eligible for incentives a generating facility must be 51 percent locally owned use renewable
energy resources be no larger than 10 MW in generating capacity and be located in the State
httpwwwstatemeusmpucelectricitycommunity_pilotshtml
Rebate amount $010kWh or cost fo the project whichever is lower
For further information please visit
httpwwwstatemeusmpucelectricitycommunity_pilotshtml
Source
Maine Public Utilities Commission ldquoCommunity-based Renewable Energy Pilot Programrdquo August 10 2011
DSIRE ldquoCommunity-based Renewable Energy Production Incentive (Pilot Program)rdquo August 10 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
42
Funding Source Voluntary Renewable Resource Grants
Program Title Voluntary Renewable Resources Fund
Applicable EnergiesTechnologies Solar Thermal Electric Photovoltaics Wind Biomass
Hydroelectric Geothermal Electric Fuel Cells Municipal Solid Waste Tidal Energy Fuel
Cells using Renewable Fuels
Summary Supported by the state Voluntary Renewable resource Fund and administered by the
Efficient Maine provide funding for small-scale demonstration projects designed to educate
communities on the value oand cost effectiveness of renewable energy
Restrictions To Qualify for grant funding renewable-energy resources generally must qualify as a
small power production facility un Federal Energy Regulatory Commission rules or must not exceed
100 MW in capacity and use one of more of the applicable energiestechnologies
Timing Start Date of this program occurred 12151998 and no expiration date is given
Maximum Size $50000
Requirements
httpwwwmainegovmpucrecovery
Rebate amount
$50000 Maximu
For further information please visit
httpwwwmainegovmpucrecovery
Source
Maine PUC ldquoFederal Stimulus MPUC and the Federal Recovery Packagerdquo ndash August 10 2011
DSIRE ldquoMaine - Voluntary Renewable Resource Grantsrdquo August 10 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
43
Appendix V ndash Partial Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Supply Chain Companies in Maine103
Organization Name Product or Service Category
1 University of Maine School of
Engineering Technology Research amp Development
2 University of Maine Advanced
Structures and Composites Center Research amp Development
3 Precision Partners-Mid-State Machine
Products Manufacturing Services
4 Ocean Energy Institute EngineeringDesign Services
5 Newfab Inc Manufacturing Services
6 New England Castings Other
7 Mitchell Ledge Farm Components
8 McNabb Marketing Resources Other
9 Maine Oxy Inc Fuel
10 Maine Machine Products Co Manufacturing Services
11 MacTec Inc FCH2 System DistrInstallMaint Services
12 Kennebec Technologies Manufacturing Services
13 Hydrogen Energy Center Service Center Lab or Test ConsultingLegalFinancial
Services
14 Hydrogen Energy Center Other
15 Green Energy Maine Other
16 Fire Risk Management Inc EngineeringDesign Services
17 Fire Risk Management EngineeringDesign Services
18 Fairchild Semiconductor Research amp Development
19 EcoMain Research amp Development
20 Control Point Inc Lab or Test EquipmentServices
21 Colby Company Engineering EngineeringDesign Services
22 Chewonki Foundation Other
23 Burroughs Machine Tool Products Equipment
24 Bernstein Shur ConsultingLegalFinancial Services
25 Bath Iron Works (General Dynamics
Inc) Research amp Development
26 AMEC EngineeringDesign Services
27 Advantages Gases and Tools Fuel
28 Advanced Manufacturing Center-
University of ME Manufacturing Services
103
Northeast Electrochemical Energy Storage Cluster Supply Chain Database Search httpneescorgresourcestype=1 August 11 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
44
Appendix VI ndash Comparison of Fuel Cell Technologies104
Fuel Cell
Type
Common
Electrolyte
Operating
Temperature
Typical
Stack
Size
Efficiency Applications Advantages Disadvantages
Polymer
Electrolyte
Membrane
(PEM)
Perfluoro sulfonic
acid
50-100degC
122-212deg
typically
80degC
lt 1 kW ndash 1
MW105
gt
kW 60
transportation
35
stationary
bull Backup power
bull Portable power
bull Distributed
generation
bull Transportation
bull Specialty vehicle
bull Solid electrolyte reduces
corrosion amp electrolyte
management problems
bull Low temperature
bull Quick start-up
bull Expensive catalysts
bull Sensitive to fuel
impurities
bull Low temperature waste
heat
Alkaline
(AFC)
Aqueous solution
of potassium
hydroxide soaked
in a matrix
90-100degC
194-212degF
10 ndash 100
kW 60
bull Military
bull Space
bull Cathode reaction faster
in alkaline electrolyte
leads to high performance
bull Low cost components
bull Sensitive to CO2
in fuel and air
bull Electrolyte management
Phosphoric
Acid
(PAFC)
Phosphoric acid
soaked in a matrix
150-200degC
302-392degF
400 kW
100 kW
module
40 bull Distributed
generation
bull Higher temperature enables
CHP
bull Increased tolerance to fuel
impurities
bull Pt catalyst
bull Long start up time
bull Low current and power
Molten
Carbonate
(MCFC)
Solution of lithium
sodium andor
potassium
carbonates soaked
in a matrix
600-700degC
1112-1292degF
300
k W- 3 M
W
300 kW
module
45 ndash 50
bull Electric utility
bull Distributed
generation
bull High efficiency
bull Fuel flexibility
bull Can use a variety of catalysts
bull Suitable for CHP
bull High temperature
corrosion and breakdown
of cell components
bull Long start up time
bull Low power density
Solid Oxide
(SOFC)
Yttria stabilized
zirconia
700-1000degC
1202-1832degF
1 kW ndash 2
MW 60
bull Auxiliary power
bull Electric utility
bull Distributed
generation
bull High efficiency
bull Fuel flexibility
bull Can use a variety of catalysts
bull Solid electrolyte
bull Suitable f o r CHP amp CHHP
bull HybridGT cycle
bull High temperature
corrosion and breakdown
of cell components
bull High temperature
operation requires long
start up
time and limits
Polymer Electrolyte is no longer a single category row Data shown does not take into account High Temperature PEM which operates in the range of 160oC to 180
oC It solves
virtually all of the disadvantages listed under PEM It is not sensitive to impurities It has usable heat Stack efficiencies of 52 on the high side are realized HTPEM is not a
PAFC fuel cell and should not be confused with one
104 US Department of Energy Fuel Cells Technology Program httpwww1eereenergygovhydrogenandfuelcellsfuelcellspdfsfc_comparison_chartpdf August 5 2011 105
Ballard ldquoCLEARgen Multi-MY Systemsrdquo httpwwwballardcomfuel-cell-productscleargen-multi-mw-systemsaspx November 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
45
Appendix VII ndashAnalysis of Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities and Threats for Maine
Strengths
Stationary Power ndash Strong market drivers including high
electricity cost cold climate reliance on oil for space heating
strong CHP and district heating market strong environmental
and green energy awareness) capable core of fuel cell CHP
installers energy storage demand to serve MErsquos aggressive
wind-power industry strong ongoing expansion of natural gas
servicedistribution
Transportation Power - Strong market drivers including a
dispersed population highly reliant on truck and auto
transportation receptive and environmentally conscious
alternative fuelstransportation market relatively low income
population in need of relief from automobile fuel costs strong
Navy shipbuilding industry as potential user of H2FC auxiliary
power system strongly interested in fleet-based hydrogen
fueling station development (SunHydro model) strong interest
in municipal transit and fuel cell -powered rail
Economic Development Factors ndash Brunswick Renewable
Energy Park emphasis on skills development and technology
synergies aggressive state level policy to policy to develop
renewable wind and biomass energy technologies skilled and
well organized network of precision manufacturing firms tied
into aerospace and communications equipment industries
strong labor force at relatively low wages RampDbusiness
infrastructure for advanced biofuels and composite material
structures growing University of Maine commitment to fuel
cell and biomass RampD state funding source familiaritycomfort
with H2FC technology
Weaknesses
Stationary Power ndash No technologyindustrial momentum at the
OEM level geographically distant from OEMs for component-
supply opportunities
Transportation Power ndash No technologyindustrial base at the
OEM level lack of infrastructure funding relatively dispersed
population for transportation services
Economic Development Factors ndash limited state incentives
somewhat sluggish overall state economy relatively
undeveloped core of technology skillsknowledge base
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
46
Opportunities
Stationary Power ndash Opportunity as an ldquoearly adaptor marketrdquo
some supply chain buildup opportunities around SP deployment
Linkage between H2FC technologies and advanced biofuels
RampD Dispersed population amp economy needs distributed
solutions Major need for power storage in conjunction with
Maines planned offshore wind-power RampD and development
Transportation Power ndash Hydrogen refueling station plans Early-
stage potential for major roll-out in marine auxiliary power (US
Navy) Commuter rail expansion
Portable Power ndash Little currently-identified opportunity
Economic Development Factors ndash Brunswick ldquoRenewable Energy
Industrial Parkrdquo can be significant seed nucleus for both
deployment amp development Machine-tool industry pursuing
H2FC components supply-chain opportunities
Threats
Stationary Power ndash The regionrsquos favorable market
needsdemand could be met by other technologiessources ndash
Canadian hydro amp nuclear wind geothermal direct biomass
and power-storage alternatives ndash batteries solid state ammonia
etc
Transportation Power ndash The regionrsquos favorable market
characteristics and needs could be met by other electric
vehicles particularly in the absence of a hydrogen
infrastructure
Economic Development Factors ndash competition from more fully-
equipped statesregions wind and other renewables grab Maine
energy industry momentum lack of funding to sustain
University of MErsquos momentum in storage and fuel cell
technologies related to biomass and wind hesitation of state
government to support alternative energy incentives
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
47
Appendix VIII ndash Partial list of Fuel Cell Deployment in the Northeast region
Manufacturer Site Name Site Location Year Installed
Plug Power T-Mobile cell tower Storrs CT 2008
Plug Power Albany International Airport Albany NY 2004
FuelCell Energy Pepperidge Farms Plant Bloomfield CT 2005
FuelCell Energy Peabody Museum New Haven CT 2003
FuelCell Energy Sheraton New York Hotel amp Towers Manhattan NY 2004
FuelCell Energy Sheraton Hotel Edison NJ 2003
FuelCell Energy Sheraton Hotel Parsippany NJ 2003
UTC Power Cabelas Sporting Goods East Hartford CT 2008
UTC Power Whole Foods Market Glastonbury CT 2008
UTC Power Connecticut Science Center Hartford CT 2009
UTC Power St Francis Hospital Hartford CT 2003
UTC Power Middletown High School Middletown CT 2008
UTC Power Connecticut Juvenile Training School Middletown CT 2001
UTC Power 360 State Street Apartment Building New Haven CT 2010
UTC Power South Windsor High School South Windsor CT 2002
UTC Power Mohegan Sun Casino Hotel Uncasville CT 2002
UTC Power CTTransit Fuel Cell Bus Hartford CT 2007
UTC Power Whole Foods Market Dedham MA 2009
UTC Power Bronx Zoo Bronx NY 2008
UTC Power North Central Bronx Hospital Bronx NY 2000
UTC Power Hunts Point Water Pollution Control Plant Bronx NY 2005
UTC Power Price Chopper Supermarket Colonie NY 2010
UTC Power East Rochester High School East Rochester NY 2007
UTC Power Coca-Cola Refreshments Production Facility Elmsford NY 2010
UTC Power Verizon Call Center and Communications Building Garden City NY 2005
UTC Power State Office Building Hauppauge NY 2009
UTC Power Liverpool High School Liverpool NY 2000
UTC Power New York Hilton Hotel New York City NY 2007
UTC Power Central Park Police Station New York City NY 1999
UTC Power Rochester Institute of Technology Rochester NY 1993
UTC Power NYPA office building White Plains NY 2010
UTC Power Wastewater treatment plant Yonkers NY 1997
UTC Power The Octagon Roosevelt Island NY 2011
UTC Power Johnson amp Johnson World Headquarters New Brunswick NJ 2003
UTC Power CTTRANSIT (Fuel Cell Powered Buses) Hartford CT 2007 - Present
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
48
Appendix IX ndash Partial list of Fuel Cell-Powered Forklifts in North America106
Company CityTown State Site Year
Deployed
Fuel Cell
Manufacturer
of
forklifts
Coca-Cola San Leandro CA
Bottling and
distribution center 2011 Plug Power 37
Charlotte NC Bottling facility 2011 Plug Power 40
EARP
Distribution Kansas City KS Distribution center 2011
Oorja
Protonics 24
Golden State
Foods Lemont IL Distribution facility 2011
Oorja
Protonics 20
Kroger Co Compton CA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 161
Sysco
Riverside CA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 80
Boston MA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 160
Long Island NY Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 42
San Antonio TX Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 113
Front Royal VA Redistribution
facility 2011 Plug Power 100
Baldor
Specialty Foods Bronx NY Facility
Planned
in 2012
Oorja
Protonics 50
BMW
Manufacturing
Co
Spartanburg SC Manufacturing
plant 2010 Plug Power 86
Defense
Logistics
Agency US
Department of
Defense
San Joaquin CA Distribution facility 2011 Plug Power 20
Fort Lewis WA Distribution depot 2011 Plug Power 19
Warner
Robins GA Distribution depot 2010 Hydrogenics 20
Susquehanna PA Distribution depot 2010 Plug Power 15
2009 Nuvera 40
Martin-Brower Stockton CA Food distribution
center 2010
Oorja
Protonics 15
United Natural
Foods Inc
(UNFI)
Sarasota FL Distribution center 2010 Plug Power 65
Wal-Mart
Balzac Al
Canada
Refrigerated
distribution center 2010 Plug Power 80
Washington
Court House OH
Food distribution
center 2007 Plug Power 55
Wegmans Pottsville PA Warehouse 2010 Plug Power 136
Whole Foods
Market Landover MD Distribution center 2010 Plug Power 61
106
FuelCell2000 ldquoFuel Cell-Powered Forklifts in North Americardquo httpwwwfuelcellsorginfochartsforkliftspdf November
2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
49
Appendix X ndash Comparison of PEM Fuel Cell and Battery-Powered Material Handling
Equipment
3 kW PEM Fuel Cell-Powered
Pallet Trucks
3 kW Battery-powered
(2 batteries per truck)
Total Fuel Cycle Energy Use
(total energy consumedkWh
delivered to the wheels) -12000 BtukWh 14000 BtukWh
Fuel Cycle GHG Emissions
(in g CO2 equivalent 820 gkWh 1200 gkWh
Estimated Product Life 8-10 years 4-5 years No Emissions at Point of Use
Quiet Operation
Wide Ambient Operating
Temperature range
Constant Power Available
over Shift
Routine Maintenance Costs
($YR) $1250 - $1500year $2000year
Time for RefuelingChanging
Batteries 4 ndash 8 minday 45-60 minday (for battery change-outs)
8 hours (for battery recharging amp cooling) Cost of FuelElectricity $6000year $1300year Labor Cost of
refuelingRecharging $1100year $8750year
Net Present Value of Capital
Cost $12600
($18000 wo incentive) $14000
Net Present Value of OampM
costs (including fuel) $52000 $128000
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
50
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
4
MAINE
Index of Tables
Table 1 - Maine Economic Data 2011 8
Table 2 - Education Data Breakdown 11
Table 3 - Food Sales Data Breakdown 12
Table 4 - Food Services Data Breakdown 13
Table 5 - Inpatient Healthcare Data Breakdown 13
Table 6 - Lodging Data Breakdown 14
Table 7 - Public Order and Safety Data Breakdown 14
Table 8 - 2002 Data for the Energy Intensive Industry by Sector 15
Table 9 - Energy Intensive Industry Data Breakdown 15
Table 10 - Government Owned Building Data Breakdown 16
Table 11 - Wireless Telecommunication Data Breakdown 16
Table 12 - Wastewater Treatment Plants Data Breakdown 17
Table 13 - Landfill Data Breakdown 17
Table 14 ndash Maine Top Airports Enplanement Count 18
Table 15 - Airport Data Breakdown 18
Table 16 - Military Data Breakdown 19
Table 17 - Average Energy Efficiency of Conventional and Fuel Cell Vehicles (mpge) 19
Table 18 -Ports Data Breakdown 23
Table 19 ndashSummary of Potential Fuel Cell Applications 23
Index of Figures
Figure 1 - Energy Consumption by Sector 9
Figure 2 - Electric Power Generation by Primary Energy Sector 9
Figure 3 - Maine Electrical Consumption per Sector 11
Figure 4 - US Lodging Energy Consumption 13
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
5
MAINE
INTRODUCTION
A Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Industry Development Plan was created for each state in the Northeast region
(Maine Vermont New Hampshire Massachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut New York and New
Jersey) with support from the United States (US) Department of Energy (DOE) to increase awareness
and facilitate the deployment of hydrogen and fuel cell technology The intent of this guidance document
is to make available information regarding the economic value and deployment opportunities for
hydrogen and fuel cell technology1
A fuel cell is a device that uses hydrogen (or a hydrogen-rich fuel such as natural gas) and oxygen to
create an electric current The amount of power produced by a fuel cell depends on several factors
including fuel cell type stack size operating temperature and the pressure at which the gases are
supplied to the cell Fuel cells are classified primarily by the type of electrolyte they employ which
determines the type of chemical reactions that take place in the cell the temperature range in which the
cell operates the fuel required and other factors These characteristics in turn affect the applications for
which these cells are most suitable There are several types of fuel cells currently in use or under
development each with its own advantages limitations and potential applications These technologies
and applications are identified in Appendix VI
Fuel cells have the potential to replace the internal combustion engine (ICE) in vehicles and provide
power for stationary and portable power applications Fuel cells are in commercial service as distributed
power plants in stationary applications throughout the world providing thermal power and electricity to
power homes and businesses Fuel cells are also used in transportation applications such as automobiles
trucks buses and other equipment Fuel cells for portable applications which are currently in
development and can provide power for laptop computers and cell phones
Fuel cells are cleaner and more efficient than traditional combustion-based engines and power plants
therefore less energy is needed to provide the same amount of power Typically stationary fuel cell
power plants are fueled with natural gas or other hydrogen rich fuel Virtually none of the earthrsquos
hydrogen is in a form that we can readily use in fuel cells or other energy applications Almost all
organic compounds which by definition contain carbon also contain hydrogen2 Natural gas is widely
available throughout the northeast is relatively inexpensive and is primarily a domestic energy supply
Consequently natural gas shows the greatest potential to serve as a transitional fuel for the near future
hydrogen economy 3
Capturing carbon emissions from natural gas reforming processes would further improve the
environmental advantages of a hydrogen economy Carbon can be sequestered more easily in converting
centralized natural gas to hydrogen rather than burning the natural gas When pure hydrogen is used to
power a fuel cell the only by-products are water and heat no pollutants or greenhouse gases (GHG) are
produced
Hydrogen is the lightest element in the universe It also holds a great deal of potential energy which
makes it a good energy storage medium There is a lot of discussion about using hydrogen as an energy
source andor an energy storage medium There are also a number of firms looking at developing
hydrogen energy systems in Maine
1 Key stakeholders are identified in Appendix III
2 Hydrogen and fuel cells a comprehensive guide ndash Rebecca L Busby 2005
3 EIArdquoCommercial Sector Energy Price Estimates 2009rdquo
httpwwweiagovstatesedshfjspincfile=sep_sumhtmlsum_pr_comhtml August 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
6
MAINE
DRIVERS
The Northeast hydrogen and fuel cell industry while still emerging currently has an economic impact of
over $1 Billion of total revenue and investment Maine benefits from secondary impacts of indirect and
induced employment and revenue4 Furthermore Maine has a definitive and attractive economic
development opportunity to greatly increase its economic participation in the hydrogen and fuel cell
industry within the Northeast region and worldwide An economic strengths weaknesses opportunities
and threats (SWOT) assessment for Maine is provided in Appendix VII
Industries in the Northeast including those in Maine are facing increased pressure to reduce costs fuel
consumption and emissions that may be contributing to climate change Mainersquos relative proximity to
major load centers the high cost of electricity concerns over regional air quality available federal tax
incentives and legislative mandates in Maine and neighboring states have resulted in renewed interest in
the development of efficient renewable energy Incentives designed to assist individuals and
organizations in energy conservation and the development of renewable energy are currently offered
within the state Appendix IV contains an outline of Mainersquos incentives and renewable energy programs
Some specific factors that are driving the market for hydrogen and fuel cell technology in Maine include
the following
The current Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPS) recognizes fuel cells and fuel cells that run on
renewable fuels as a ldquoClass Irdquo renewable energy sources and calls for an increase in renewable
energy used in the state from its current level of approximately three percent to approximately ten
percent by 2017 ndash promotes stationary power and transportation applications
5
Net Metering ndash In June 2011 Gov Paul LePage signed legislation requiring the Maine Public
Utilities Commission (PUC) to amend the net energy rules to develop contract terms for net
energy billing and interconnection agreements Furthermore the bill allows the PUC to amend
net energy billing rules following routine technical rules and will enable the PUC to amend net
energy billing without having to send the amendments to the legislature for approval ndash promotes
stationary power applications6
Maine is one of the states in the ten-state region that is part of the Regional Greenhouse Gas
Initiative (RGGI) the nationrsquos first mandatory market-based program to reduce emissions of
carbon dioxide (CO2) RGGIs goals are to stabilize and cap emissions at 188 million tons
annually from 2009-2014 and to reduce CO2-emissions by 25 percent per year from 2015-20187
ndash promotes stationary power and transportation applications
In June 2009 Maine enacted the Act regarding Maines energy future that established the
Efficiency Maine Trust which is responsible for creating a plan to reach the following energy
efficiency targets
o 100 MW reduction in peak-load electricity consumption by 2020
o 30 percent reduction in electricity and natural gas consumption
o 20 percent reduction in heating fuel consumption
4 Maine does not have any original equipment manufacturers (OEM) of hydrogenfuel cell systems so it has no ldquodirectrdquo economic
impact 5 DSIRE ldquoRenewable Portfolio Standardsrdquo
httpwwwdsireusaorgincentivesincentivecfmIncentive_Code=ME01Rampre=1ampee=1 August 2011 6 DSIRE ldquoMaine ndash Net Energy Billingrdquo
httpwwwdsireusaorgincentivesincentivecfmIncentive_Code=ME02Rampre=1ampee=1 August 2011 7 Seacoastonlinecome ldquoRGGI Quietly setting a standardrdquo
httpwwwseacoastonlinecomappspbcsdllarticleAID=20090920NEWS909200341-1NEWSMAP
September 20 2009
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
7
MAINE
o Weatherization of 100 percent of homes and 50 percent of businesses by 2030
o Capturing all cost-effective efficiency resources available for utility customers ndash
promotes stationary power and transportation applications8
The Finance Authority of Maine (Authority) manages the Clean Fuel Vehicle Fund which is a
non-lapsing revolving loan fund that may be used for direct loans and grants to support
production distribution and consumption of clean fuels and biofuels (including fuel cells) The
Authority may also insure up to 100 percent of a loan for a clean fuel or biofuel project ndash
promotes transportation applications9
By December 1 2012 the Maine Office of Energy Independence and Security (Office) must
develop a plan to reduce petroleum consumption in all sectors of the economy with the overall
goal of reducing petroleum consumption in the state by at least 30 percent and 50 percent based
on 2007 levels by 2030 and 2050 respectively ndash promotes transportation applications10
Maine has established a policy that prohibits the Maine State Purchasing Agent from purchasing
or leasing any car or light-duty truck for use by any state department or agency unless the car or
truck has a manufacturers estimated highway mileage rating of at least 45 miles per gallon (mpg)
or 35 mpg respectively ndash promotes transportation applications11
The Transportation Efficiency Fund is a non-lapsing fund managed by the Maine Department of
Transportation to increase energy efficiency and reduce reliance on fossil fuels within the states
transportation system Funding may be used for zero emission vehicles biofuel and other
alternative fuel vehicles congestion mitigation and air quality initiatives rail public transit and
car or van pooling ndash promotes transportation applications12
8 DSIRE ldquoMaine Renewable Portfolio Standardsrdquo
httpwwwdsireusaorgincentivesincentivecfmIncentive_Code=ME09Rampre=1ampee=1 August 10 2007 9 EERE ldquoAFV and Fueling Infrastructure Loansrdquo httpwwwafdcenergygovafdclawslawME5299 August 10 2011
10 EERE ldquoState Plan to Reduce Petroleum Consumptionrdquo httpwwwafdcenergygovafdclawslawME9401 August 10 2011
11 EERE ldquoFuel-Efficient Vehicle Acquisition Requirements rdquo httpwwwafdcenergygovafdclawslawME5730 August 10
2011 12
EERE ldquoTransportation Efficiency Fund rdquo httpwwwafdcenergygovafdclawslawME8442 August 10 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
8
MAINE
ECONOMIC IMPACT
The hydrogen and fuel cell industry has direct indirect and induced impacts on local and regional
economies 13
A new hydrogen andor fuel cell project directly affects the arearsquos economy through the
purchase of goods and services generation of land use revenue taxes or payments in lieu of taxes and
employment Secondary effects include both indirect and induced economic effects resulting from the
circulation of the initial spending through the local economy economic diversification changes in
property values and the use of indigenous resources
Maine is home to at least 28 companies that are part of the growing hydrogen and fuel cell industry
supply chain in the Northeast region Appendix V lists the hydrogen and fuel cell supply chain companies
in Maine Realizing over $2 million in revenue and investment from their participation in this regional
cluster in 2010 these companies include manufacturing parts distributing supplying of industrial gas
engineering based research and development (RampD) coating applications and managing of venture
capital funds 14
Furthermore the hydrogen and fuel cell industry is estimated to have contributed
approximately $113000 in state and local tax revenue and over $29 million in gross state product
Table 1 shows Mainersquos impact in the Northeast regionrsquos hydrogen and fuel cell industry as of April 2011
Table 1 - Maine Economic Data 2011
Maine Economic Data
Supply Chain Members 28
Indirect Rev ($M) 194
Indirect Jobs 10
Indirect Labor Income ($M) 050
Induced Revenue ($M) 097
Induced Jobs 8
Induced Labor Income ($M) 029
Total Revenue ($M) 29
Total Jobs 18
Total Labor Income ($M) 080
In addition there are over 118000 people employed across 3500 companies within the Northeast
registered as part of the motor vehicle industry Approximately 1874 of these individuals and 78 of these
companies are located in Maine If neweremerging hydrogen and fuel cell technology were to gain
momentum within the transportation sector the estimated employment rate for the hydrogen and fuel cell
industry could grow significantly in the region15
13
Indirect impacts are the estimated output (ie revenue) employment and labor income in other business (ie not-OEMs) that
are associated with the purchases made by hydrogen and fuel cell OEMs as well as other companies in the sectorrsquos supply chain
Induced impacts are the estimated output employment and labor income in other businesses (ie non-OEMs) that are associated
with the purchases by workers related to the hydrogen and fuel cell industry 14
Northeast Electrochemical Energy Storage Cluster Supply Chain Database Search httpneescorgresourcestype=1
August8 2011 15 NAICS Codes Motor Vehicle ndash 33611 Motor Vehicle Parts ndash 3363
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
9
MAINE
POTENTIAL STATIONARY TARGETS
In 2009 Maine consumed the equivalent of 12614 million megawatt-hours of energy from the
transportation residential industrial and commercial sectors16
Electricity consumption in Maine was
approximately 113 million MWh and is forecasted to grow at a rate of 09 percent annually over the next
decade1718
Figure 1 illustrates the percent of total energy consumed by each sector in Maine A more
detailed breakout of energy usage is provided in Appendix II
This demand represents approximately nine percent of the population in New England and nine percent of
the regionrsquos total electricity consumption The State relies on both in-state resources and imports of
power over the regionrsquos transmission system to serve electricity to customers Net electrical demand in
Maine industries was 1288 MW in 2009 and is projected to increase by approximately 50 MW by 2015
Further the statersquos overall electricity demand is forecasted to grow at a rate of 09 percent (15 percent
peak summer demand growth) annually over the next decade Demand for new electric capacity as well
as a replacement of older less efficient base-load generation facilities is expected With approximately
3400 MW in total capacity of generation plants Maine represents 11 percent of the total capacity in New
England As shown in Figure 2 natural gas was the primary energy source for electricity consumed in
Maine for 2009 19
16
US Energy Information Administration (EIA) ldquoState Energy Data Systemrdquo
ldquohttpwwweiagovstatesedshfjspincfile=sep_sumhtmlrank_usehtmlrdquo August 2011 17
EIA ldquoElectric Power Annual 2009 ndash State Data Tablesrdquo wwweiagovcneafelectricityepaepa_sprdshtshtml January 2011 18
ISO New England ldquoMaine 2011 State Profilerdquo wwwiso-necomnwsissgrid_mktskey_factsnh_01-2011_profilepdf
January 2011 19
EIA ldquo1990 - 2010 Retail Sales of Electricity by State by Sector by Provider (EIA-861)rdquo
httpwwweiagovcneafelectricityepaepa_sprdshtshtml January 4 2011
Residential
22
Commercial
17
Industrial
32
Transportation
29
Figure 2 ndash Electric Power Generation by
Primary Energy Source Figure 1 ndash Energy Consumption by
Sector
Coal
05
Petroleum
16
Natural Gas
492
Hydroelectric
224
Other
Renewables
244 Other
19
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
10
MAINE
Fuel cell systems have many advantages over conventional technologies including
High fuel-to-electricity efficiency (gt 40 percent) utilizing hydrocarbon fuels
Overall system efficiency of 85 to 93 percent
Reduction of noise pollution
Reduction of air pollution
Often do not require new transmission
Siting is not controversial and
If near point of use waste heat can be captured and used Combined heat and power (CHP)
systems are more efficient and can reduce facility energy costs over applications that use separate
heat and central station power systems20
Fuel cells can be deployed as a CHP technology that provides both power and thermal energy and can
increase energy efficiency at a customer site typically from 35 to 50 percent The value of CHP includes
reduced transmission and distribution costs reduced fuel use and associated emissions21
Based on the
targets identified within this plan there is the potential to develop at least 58 MWs of stationary fuel cell
generation capacity in Maine which would provide the following benefits annually
Production of approximately 473000 MWh of electricity
Production of approximately 127 million MMBTUs of thermal energy
Reduction of CO2 emissions of approximately 90000 tons (electric generation only)22
For the purpose of this plan applications have been explored with a focus on fuel cells in the 300 kW to
400 kW range However smaller fuel cells are potentially viable for specific applications Facilities that
have electrical and thermal requirements that closely match the output of the fuel cells provide the best
opportunity for the application of a fuel cell Facilities that may be good candidates for the application of
a fuel cell include commercial buildings with high electricity consumption selected government
buildings public works facilities and energy intensive industries
The Energy Information Agencys (EIA) Commercial Building Energy Consumption Survey (CBECS_
identifies the building types listed below as having high electricity consumption They are the best
candidates for on-site generation and CHP applications These selected building types making up the
CBECS subcategory within the commercial industry include
Education
Food Sales
Food Services
Inpatient Healthcare
Lodging
Public Order amp Safety23
As illustrated in Figure 3 these selected building types within the commercial sector is estimated to
account for approximately 15 percent of Mainersquos total electrical consumption Appendix II further
20 FuelCell2000 ldquoFuel Cell Basicsrdquo wwwfuelcellsorgbasicsappshtml July 2011 21 ldquoDistributed Generation Market Potential 2004 Update Connecticut and Southwest Connecticutrdquo ISE Joel M Rinebold
ECSU March 15 2004 22 Replacement of conventional fossil fuel generating capacity with methane fuel cells could reduce carbon dioxide (CO2)
emissions by between approximately 100 and 600 lbMWh US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) eGRID2010 Version
11 Year 2007 GHG Annual Output Emission Rates Annual non-baseload output emission rates (NPCC New England) FuelCell
Energy DFC 300 Product sheet httpwwwfuelcellenergycomfilesFCE2030020Product20Sheet-lo-rez20FINALpdf
UTC Power PureCell Model 400 System Performance Characteristics httpwwwutcpowercomproductspurecell400 23
As defined by CBECS Public Order amp Safety facilities are buildings used for the preservation of law and order or public
safety Although these sites are usually described as government facilities they are referred to as commercial buildings because
their similarities in energy usage with the other building sites making up the CBECS data
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
11
MAINE
defines Mainersquos estimated electrical consumption in each sector Graphical representation of these
opportunities analyzed is depicted in Appendix I
Figure 3 ndash Maine Electrical Consumption per Sector
Education
There are approximately 145 non-public schools and 780 public schools (134 of which are considered
high schools with 100 or more students enrolled) in Maine2425
High schools operate for a longer period
of time daily due to extracurricular after school activities such as clubs and athletics Furthermore two
of these schools have swimming pools which may make these sites especially attractive because it would
increase the utilization of and make more efficient the electrical and thermal output offered by a fuel cell
There are also 39 colleges and universities in Maine Colleges and universities have facilities for
students faculty administration and maintenance crews that typically include dormitories cafeterias
gyms libraries and athletic departments ndash some with swimming pools Of these 173 locations (134 high
schools and 39 colleges) 65 are located in communities serviced by natural gas (Appendix I ndash Figure 1
Education)
Educational establishments in other states such as Connecticut and New York have shown interest in fuel
cell technology Examples of existing or planned fuel cell applications include South Windsor High
School (CT) Liverpool High School (NY) Rochester Institute of Technology Yale University
University of Connecticut and the State University of New York College of Environmental Science and
Forestry
Table 2 - Education Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
964
(5)
65
(3)
42
(6)
126
(6)
99338
(6)
267551
(6)
19073
(4)
24 EIA Description of CBECS Building Types wwweiagovemeucbecsbuilding_typeshtml 25 Public schools are classified as magnets charters alternative schools and special facilities
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
12
MAINE
Food Sales
There are over 1800 businesses in Maine known to be engaged in the retail sale of food Food sales
establishments are good candidates for fuel cells based on their electrical demand and thermal
requirements for heating and refrigeration Approximately 80 of these sites are considered larger food
sales businesses with approximately 60 or more employees at their site 26
Of these 80 large food sales
businesses 45 are located in communities serviced by natural gas (Appendix I ndash Figure 2 Food Sales)27
The application of a large fuel cell (gt300 kW) at a small convenience store may not be economically
viable based on the electric demand and operational requirements however a smaller fuel cell may be
appropriate
Popular grocery chains such as Price Chopper Supervalu Wholefoods and Stop and Shop have shown
interest in powering their stores with fuel cells in Massachusetts Connecticut and New York28
In
addition grocery distribution centers like the one operated by Shaws (a Supervalu brand) in Wells
Maine are prime targets for the application of hydrogen and fuel cell technology for both stationary
power and material handling equipment
Table 3 - Food Sales Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
1800
(4)
45
(4)
45
(4)
135((
(4)
106434
(4)
286662
(4)
20435
(3)
Food Service
There are over 2100 businesses in Maine that can be classified as food service establishments used for
the preparation and sale of food and beverages for consumption29
15 of these sites are considered larger
restaurant businesses with 130 or more employees at their site and are located in Maine communities
serviced by natural gas (Appendix I ndash Figure 3 Food Services)30
The application of a large fuel cell
(gt300 kW) at smaller restaurants with less than 130 workers may not be economically viable based on the
electric demand and operational requirements however a smaller fuel cell ( 5 kW) may be appropriate
to meet hot water and space heating requirements A significant portion (18 percent) of the energy
consumed in a commercial food service operation can be attributed to the domestic hot water heating
load31
In other parts of the US popular chains such as McDonalds are beginning to show an interest in
the smaller sized fuel cell units for the provision of electricity and thermal energy including domestic
water heating at food service establishments32
26
On average food sale facilities consume 43000 kWh of electricity per worker on an annual basis When compared to current
fuel cell technology (gt300 kW) which satisfies annual electricity consumption loads between 2628000 ndash 3504000 kWh
calculations show food sales facilities employing more than 61 workers may represent favorable opportunities for the application
of a larger fuel cell 27 EIA Description of CBECS Building Types wwweiagovemeucbecsbuilding_typeshtml 28 Clean Energy States Alliance (CESA) ldquoFuel Cells for Supermarkets ndash Cleaner Energy with Fuel Cell Combined Heat and
Power Systemsrdquo Benny Smith wwwcleanenergystatesorgassetsUploadsBlakeFuelCellsSupermarketsFBpdf 29 EIA Description of CBECS Building Types wwweiagovemeucbecsbuilding_typeshtml 30
On average food service facilities consume 20300 kWh of electricity per worker on an annual basis Current fuel cell
technology (gt300 kW) can satisfy annual electricity consumption loads between 2628000 ndash 3504000 kWh Calculations show
food service facilities employing more than 130 workers may represent favorable opportunities for the application of a larger fuel
cell 31
ldquoCase Studies in Restaurant Water Heatingrdquo Fisher Donald httpeecucdaviseduACEEE2008datapapers9_243pdf 2008 32
Sustainable business Oregon ldquoClearEdge sustains brisk growthrdquo
httpwwwsustainablebusinessoregoncomarticles201001clearedge_sustains_brisk_growthhtml May 8 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
13
MAINE
Office
Equipment 4 Ventilation 4
Refrigeration
3
Lighting 11
Cooling 13
Space Heating
33
Water Heating
18
Cooking 5 Other 9
Table 4 - Food Services Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
2100
(3)
15
(4)
15
(4)
45
(4)
35478
(4)
95554
(4)
6812
(2)
Inpatient Healthcare
There are over 181 inpatient healthcare facilities in Maine 42 of which are classified as hospitals33
Of
these 42 hospitals eight are located in communities serviced by natural gas and contain 100 or more beds
onsite (Appendix I ndash Figure 4 Inpatient Healthcare) Hospitals represent an excellent opportunity for the
application of fuel cells because they require a high availability factor of electricity for lifesaving medical
devices and operate 247 with a relatively flat load curve Furthermore medical equipment patient
rooms sterilizedoperating rooms data centers and kitchen areas within these facilities are often required
to be in operational conditions at all times which maximizes the use of electricity and thermal energy
from a fuel cell Nationally hospital energy costs have increased 56 percent from $389 per square foot
in 2003 to $607 per square foot for 2010 partially due to the increased cost of energy34
Examples of healthcare facilities with planned or operational fuel cells include St Francis Stamford and
Waterbury Hospitals in Connecticut and North Central Bronx Hospital in New York
Table 5 - Inpatient Healthcare Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
181
(5)
42
(10)
42
(10)
126
(10)
99338
(10)
267551
(10)
19073
(8)
Lodging
There are over 730 establishments specializing in
travellodging accommodations that include hotels motels or
inns in Maine Approximately 33 of these establishments
have 150 or more rooms onsite and can be classified as
ldquolarger sizedrdquo lodging that may have additional attributes
such as heated pools exercise facilities andor restaurants 35
Of these 33 locations 15 employ more than 94 workers and
are located in communities serviced by natural gas 36
As
shown in Figure 4 more than 60 percent of total energy use at
a typical lodging facility is due to lighting space heating and
water heating 37
The application of a large fuel cell (gt300
33 EIA Description of CBECS Building Types wwweiagovemeucbecsbuilding_typeshtml 34
BetterBricks ldquohttpwwwbetterbrickscomgraphicsassetsdocumentsBB_Article_EthicalandBusinessCasepdfrdquo Page 1
August 2011 35 EPA ldquoCHP in the Hotel and Casino Market Sectorrdquo wwwepagovchpdocumentshotel_casino_analysispdf December 2005 36
On average lodging facilities consume 28000 kWh of electricity per worker on an annual basis Current fuel cell technology
(gt300 kW) can satisfy annual electricity consumption loads between 2628000 ndash 3504000 kWh Calculations show lodging
facilities employing more than 94 workers may represent favorable opportunities for the application of a larger fuel cell 37 National Grid ldquoManaging Energy Costs in Full-Service Hotelsrdquo
wwwnationalgriduscomnon_htmlshared_energyeff_hotelspdf 2004
Figure 4 - US Lodging Energy Consumption
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
14
MAINE
kW) at hotelresort facilities with less than 94 employees may not be economically viable based on the
electrical demand and operational requirement however a smaller fuel cell ( 5 kW) may be appropriate
Popular hotel chains such as the Hilton and Starwood Hotels have shown interest in powering their
establishments with fuel cells in New Jersey and New York
Maine also has 107 facilities identified as convalescent homes three of which have bed capacities greater
than or equal to 150 units38
All three sites are located in communities serviced by natural gas (Appendix
I ndash Figure 5 Lodging)
Table 6 - Lodging Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
837
(10)
18
(2)
18
(2)
54
(2)
42574
(2)
114665
(2)
8174
(2)
Public Order and Safety There are approximately 216 facilities in Maine that can be classified as public order and safety these
include 96 fire stations 102 police stations eight state police stations nine border patrols and nine
prisons 3940
Ten of these locations employ more than 210 workers and are located in communities
serviced by natural gas4142
These applications may represent favorable opportunities for the application
of a larger fuel cell (gt300 kW) which could provide heat and uninterrupted power 4344
The sites
identified (Appendix I ndash Figure 6 Public Order and Safety) will have special value to provide increased
reliability to mission critical facilities associated with public safety and emergency response during grid
outages The application of a large fuel cell (gt300 kW) at public order and safety facilities with less than
210 employees may not be economically viable based on the electrical demand and operational
requirement however a smaller fuel cell ( 5 kW) may be appropriate Central Park Police Station in
New York City New York is presently powered by a 200 kW fuel cell system
Table 7 - Public Order and Safety Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
216
(7)
10
(3)
10
(3)
30
(3)
23652
(3)
63703
(3)
4541
(3)
38 Assisted-Living-List ldquoList of 120 Nursing Homes in Maine (ME)rdquo httpassisted-living-listcomme--nursing-homes May 9
2011 39 EIA Description of CBECS Building Types wwweiagovemeucbecsbuilding_typeshtml 40 USACOPS ndash The Nations Law Enforcement Site wwwusacopscomme 41
CBECSldquoTable C14rdquo httpwwweiagovemeucbecscbecs2003detailed_tables_20032003set192003pdfalltablespdf
November 2011 42
On average public order and safety facilities consume 12400 kWh of electricity per worker on an annual basis Current fuel
cell technology (gt300 kW) can satisfy annual electricity consumption loads between 2628000 ndash 3504000 kWh Calculations
show public order and safety facilities employing more than 212 workers may represent favorable opportunities for the
application of a larger fuel cell 43
2628000 12400 = 21194 44
CBECSldquoTable C14rdquo httpwwweiagovemeucbecscbecs2003detailed_tables_20032003set192003pdfalltablespdf
November 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
15
MAINE
Energy Intensive Industries
As shown in Table 2 energy intensive industries with high electricity consumption (which on average is
48 percent of annual operating costs) have been identified as potential locations for the application of a
fuel cell45
In Maine there are approximately 156 of these industrial facilities that are involved in the
manufacture of aluminum chemicals forest products glass metal casting petroleum coal products or
steel and employ 25 or more employees46
Of these 156 locations 64 are located in communities serviced
by natural gas (Appendix I ndash Figure 7 Energy Intensive Industries)
Table 8 - 2002 Data for the Energy Intensive Industry by Sector47
NAICS Code Sector Energy Consumption per Dollar Value of Shipments (kWh)
325 Chemical manufacturing 249
322 Pulp and Paper 446
324110 Petroleum Refining 472
311 Food manufacturing 076
331111 Iron and steel 815
321 Wood Products 123
3313 Alumina and aluminum 358
327310 Cement 1641
33611 Motor vehicle manufacturing 021
3315 Metal casting 164
336811 Shipbuilding and ship repair 205
3363 Motor vehicle parts manufacturing 205
Companies such as Coca-Cola Johnson amp Johnson and Pepperidge Farms in Connecticut New Jersey
and New York have installed fuel cells to help supply energy to their facilities
Table 9 - Energy Intensive Industry Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
156
(3)
6
(1)
6
(1)
18
(1)
14191
(1)
38222
(1)
2725
(1)
Government Owned Buildings
Buildings operated by the federal government can be found at 114 locations in Maine four of these
properties are actively owned rather than leased by the federal government and are located in
communities serviced by natural gas (Appendix I ndash Figure 8 Federal Government Operated Buildings)
There are also a number of buildings owned and operated by the State of Maine The application of fuel
cell technology at government owned buildings would assist in balancing load requirements at these sites
and offer a unique value for active and passive public education associated with the high usage of these
public buildings
45 EIA ldquoElectricity Generation Capabilityrdquo 1999 CBECS wwweiadoegovemeucbecspba99comparegenerhtml 46 Proprietary market data 47 EPA ldquoEnergy Trends in Selected Manufacturing Sectorsrdquo wwwepagovsectorspdfenergych2pdf March 2007
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
16
MAINE
Table 10 - Government Owned Building Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
114
(9)
4
(4)
4
(4)
12
(4)
9461
(4)
25481
(4)
1816
(4)
Wireless Telecommunication Sites
Telecommunications companies rely on electricity to run call centers cell phone towers and other vital
equipment In Maine there are approximately 509 telecommunications andor wireless company tower
sites (Appendix I ndash Figure 9 Telecommunication Sites) Any loss of power at these locations may result
in a loss of service to customers thus having reliable power is critical Each individual site represents an
opportunity to provide back-up power for continuous operation through the application of on-site back-up
generation powered by hydrogen and fuel cell technology It is an industry standard to install units
capable of supplying 48-72 hours of backup power which this is typically accomplished with batteries or
conventional emergency generators48
The deployment of fuel cells at selected telecommunication sites
will have special value to provide increased reliability to critical sites associated with emergency
communications and homeland security An example of a telecommunication site that utilizes fuel cell
technology to provide back-up power is a T-Mobile facility located in Storrs Connecticut
Table 11 - Wireless Telecommunication Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
509
(13)
51
(13) NA NA NA NA NA
Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs) There are 111 WWTPs in Maine that have design flows ranging from 3000 gallons per day (GPD) to 16
million gallons per day (MGD) seven of these facilities average between 3 ndash 16 MGD WWTPs
typically operate 247 and may be able to utilize the thermal energy from the fuel cell to process fats oils
and grease49
WWTPs account for approximately three percent of the electric load in the United State50
Digester gas produced at WWTPrsquos which is usually 60 percent methane can serve as a fuel substitute for
natural gas to power fuel cells Anaerobic digesters generally require a wastewater flow greater than
three MGD for an economy of scale to collect and use the methane51
Most facilities currently represent a
lost opportunity to capture and use the digestion of methane emissions created from their operations
(Appendix I ndash Figure 10 Solid and Liquid Waste Sites) 5253
A 200 kW fuel cell power plant in Yonkers New York was the worldrsquos first commercial fuel cell to run
on a waste gas created at a wastewater treatment plant The fuel cell generates about 1600 MWh of
electricity a year and reduces methane emissions released to the environment54
A 200 kW fuel cell
48 ReliOn Hydrogen Fuel Cell Wireless Applicationsrdquo wwwrelion-inccompdfReliOn_AppsWireless_2010pdf May 4 2011 49
ldquoBeyond Zero Net Energy Case Studies of Wastewater Treatment for Energy and Resource Productionrdquo Toffey Bill
September 2010 httpwwwawra-pmasmemberlodgeorgResourcesDocumentsBeyond_NZE_WWT-Toffey-9-16-2010pdf 50
EPA Wastewater Management Fact Sheet ldquoIntroductionrdquo July 2006 51 EPA Wastewater Management Fact Sheet wwwp2paysorgenergyWastePlantpdf July 2006 52 ldquoGHG Emissions from Wastewater Treatment and Biosolids Managementrdquo Beecher Ned November 20 2009
wwwdesstatenhusorganizationdivisionswaterwmbriverswatershed_conferencedocuments2009_fri_climate_2pdf 53 EPA Wastewater Management Fact Sheet wwwp2paysorgenergyWastePlantpdf May 4 2011 54 NYPA ldquoWHAT WE DO ndash Fuel Cellsrdquo wwwnypagovservicesfuelcellshtm August 8 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
17
MAINE
power plant was and installed at the Water Pollution Control Authorityrsquos WWTP in New Haven
Connecticut and produces 10 ndash 15 percent of the facilityrsquos electricity reducing energy costs by almost
$13000 a year55
Table 12 - Wastewater Treatment Plants Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
111
(19)
1
(6)
1
(6)
03
(6)
2365
(6)
6370
(6)
454
(5)
Landfill Methane Outreach Program (LMOP)
There are 11 landfills in Maine identified by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) through their
LMOP program two of which are operational two are candidates and six are considered potential sites
for the production and recovery of methane gas 5657
The amount of methane emissions released by a
given site is dependent upon the amount of material in the landfill and the amount of time the material has
been in place Similar to WWTPs methane emissions from landfills could be captured and used as a fuel
to power a fuel cell system In 2009 municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills were responsible for
producing approximately 17 percent of human-related methane emissions in the nation These locations
could produce renewable energy and help manage the release of methane (Appendix I ndash Figure 10 Solid
and Liquid Waste Sites)
Table 13 - Landfill Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
25
(12)
1
(7)
1
(7)
03
(7)
2365
(7)
6370
(7)
454
(6)
Airports
During peak air travel times in the US there are approximately 50000 airplanes in the sky each day
Ensuring safe operations of commercial and private aircrafts are the responsibility of air traffic
controllers Modern software host computers voice communication systems and instituted full scale
glide path angle capabilities assist air traffic controllers in tracking and communicating with aircrafts
consequently reliable electricity is extremely important and present an opportunity for a fuel cell power
application 58
There are approximately 103 airports in Maine including 47 that are open to the public and have
scheduled services Of those 47 airports six (Table 3) have 2500 or more passengers enplaned each
year two of these six facilities are located in communities serviced by natural gas (See Appendix I ndash
55 Conntactcom ldquoCity to Install Fuel Cellrdquo
httpwwwconntactcomarchive_indexarchive_pages4472_Business_New_Havenhtml August 15 2003 56
Due to size individual sites may have more than one potential candidate or operational project 57 LMOP defines a candidate landfill as ldquoone that is accepting waste or has been closed for five years or less has at least one
million tons of waste and does not have an operational or under-construction projectrdquoEPA ldquoLandfill Methane Outreach
Programrdquo wwwepagovlmopbasic-infoindexhtml April 7 2011 58 Howstuffworkscom ldquoHow Air Traffic Control Worksrdquo Craig Freudenrich
httpsciencehowstuffworkscomtransportflightmodernair-traffic-control5htm May 4 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
18
MAINE
Figure 11 Commercial Airports) An example of an airport currently hosting a fuel cell power plant to
provide backup power is Albany International Airport located in Albany New York
Table 14 ndash Maine Top Airports Enplanement Count
Airport59
Total Enplanement in 2000
Portland International Jetport 668098
Bangor International 272833
Northern Maine Regional at Presque Isle 25174
Knox County Regional 17328
Hancock County Bar harbor 14399
Augusta State 7148
Bangor International Airport (BGR) is considered the only ldquoJoint-Userdquo airport in Maine Joint-Use
facilities are establishments where the military department authorizes use of the military runway for
public airport services Army Aviation Support Facilities (AASF) located at this site are used by the
Army to provide aircraft and equipment readiness train and utilize military personnel conduct flight
training and operations and perform field level maintenance Bangor International Airport represents a
favorable opportunity for the application of uninterruptible power for necessary services associated with
national defense and emergency response and is located in a community serviced by natural gas
(Appendix I ndash Figure 11 Commercial Airports)
Table 15 - Airport Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
103
(12)
5(1)
(1)
1
(1)
15
(1)
11826
(1)
31851
(1)
2271
(8)
Military The US Department of Defense (DOD) is the largest funding organization in terms of supporting fuel
cell activities for military applications in the world DOD organizations are using fuel cells for
Stationary units for power supply in bases
Fuel cell units in transport applications
Portable units for equipping individual soldiers or group of soldiers
In a collaborative partnership with the DOE the DOD plans to install and operate 18 fuel cell backup
power systems at eight of its military installations two of which are located within the Northeast region
(New York and New Jersey)60
In addition the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard (PSNY) in Kittery Maine
occupies more than 297 acres on base employs approximately 4500 civilian employees and 100 naval
officers in addition to enlisted personal assigned to the shipyard and is a potential application for
hydrogen and fuel cell technology (Appendix I ndash Figure 11 Commercial Airports) 61
59 Bureau of Transportation Statistics ldquoMaine Transportation Profilerdquo
wwwbtsgovpublicationsstate_transportation_statisticsmainepdfentirepdf March 30 2011 60 Fuel Cell Today ldquoUS DoD to Install Fuel cell Backup Power Systems at Eight Military Installationsrdquo
httpwwwfuelcelltodaycomonlinenewsarticles2011-07US-DOD-FC-Backup-Power-Systems July 20 2011 61
Portsmouth Naval Shipyard ldquoShipyard Factsrdquo httpwwwnavseanavymilshipyardsportsmouthPagesFactsaspx August
2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
19
MAINE
Table 16 - Military Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
1
(7)
1
(7)
1
(7)
03
(7)
2365
(7)
6370
(7)
454
(6)
POTENTIAL TRANSPORTATION TARGETS
Transportation is responsible for one-fourth of the total global GHG emissions and consumes 75 percent
of the worldrsquos oil production In 2010 the US used 21 million barrels of non-renewable petroleum each
day Roughly 29 percent of Mainersquos energy consumption is due to demands of the transportation sector
including gasoline and on-highway diesel petroleum for automobiles trucks and buses A small percent
of non-renewable petroleum is used for jet and ship fuel62
The current economy in the US is dependent on hydrocarbon energy sources and any disruption or
shortage of this energy supply will severely affect many energy related activities including
transportation As oil and other non-sustainable hydrocarbon energy resources become scarce energy
prices will increase and the reliability of supply will be reduced Government and industry are now
investigating the use of hydrogen and renewable energy as a replacement of hydrocarbon fuels
Hydrogen-fueled fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) have many advantages over conventional
technology including
Quiet operation
Near zero emissions of controlled pollutants such as nitrous oxide carbon monoxide
hydrocarbon gases or particulates
Substantial (30 to 50 percent) reduction in GHG emissions on a well-to-wheel basis compared to
conventional gasoline or gasoline-hybrid vehicles when the hydrogen is produced by
conventional methods such as natural gas and 100 percent when hydrogen is produced from a
clean energy source
Ability to fuel vehicles with indigenous energy sources which reduces dependence on imported
energy and adds to energy security and
Higher efficiency than conventional vehicles (See Table 4)6364
Table 17 - Average Energy Efficiency of Conventional and Fuel Cell Vehicles (mpge65
)
Passenger Car Light Truck Transit Bus
Hydrogen Gasoline Hybrid Gasoline Hydrogen Gasoline Hydrogen Fuel Cell Diesel
52 50 293 492 215 54 39
FCEVs can reduce price volatility dependence on oil improve environmental performance and provide
greater efficiencies than conventional transportation technologies as follows
62 ldquoUS Oil Consumption to BP Spillrdquo httpapplesfromorangescom201005us-oil-consumption-to-bp-spill May31 2010 63 ldquoChallenges for Sustainable Mobility and Development of Fuel Cell Vehiclesrdquo Masatami Takimoto Executive Vice President
Toyota Motor Corporation January 26 2006 Presentation at the 2nd International Hydrogen amp Fuel Cell Expo Technical
Conference Tokyo Japan 64 ldquoTwenty Hydrogen Mythsrdquo Amory B Lovins Rocky Mountain Institute June 20 2003 65 Miles per Gallon Equivalent
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
20
MAINE
Replacement of gasoline-fueled passenger vehicles and light duty trucks and diesel-fueled transit
buses with FCEVs could result in annual CO2 emission reductions (per vehicle) of approximately
10170 15770 and 182984 pounds per year respectively66
Replacement of gasoline-fueled passenger vehicles and light duty trucks and diesel-fueled transit
buses with FCEVs could result in annual energy savings (per vehicle) of approximately 230
gallons of gasoline (passenger vehicle) 485 gallons of gasoline (light duty truck) and 4390
gallons of diesel (bus)
Replacement of gasoline-fueled passenger vehicles light duty trucks and diesel-fueled transit
buses with FCEVs could result in annual fuel cost savings of approximately $885 per passenger
vehicle $1866 per light duty truck and $17560 per bus67
Automobile manufacturers such as Toyota General Motors Honda Daimler AG and Hyundai have
projected that models of their FCEVs will begin to roll out in larger numbers by 2015 Longer term the
US DOE has projected that between 151 million and 239 million light duty FCEVs may be sold each
year by 2050 and between 144 million and 347 million light duty FCEVs may be in use by 2050 with a
transition to a hydrogen economy These estimates could be accelerated if political economic energy
security or environmental polices prompt a rapid advancement in alternative fuels68
Mainersquos opportunities to support these new vehicles include alternative fueling stations Maine
Department of Transportation (MDOT) refueling stations bus transit operations government public and
privately owned fleets and material handling and airport ground support equipment (GSE) Graphical
representation of these opportunities analyzed are depicted in Appendix I
Alternative Fueling Stations
There are approximately 1400 retail fueling stations in Maine69
however only 10 public andor private
stations within the state provide alternative fuels such as biodiesel compressed natural gas propane
andor electricity for alternative-fueled vehicles70
There are also at least 17 refueling stations owned and
operated by MDOT that can be used by authorities operating federal and state safety vehicles state transit
vehicles and employees of universities that operate fleet vehicles on a regular basis 71
Development of
hydrogen fueling at alternative fuel stations and at selected locations owned and operated by MDOT
would help facilitate the deployment of FCEVs within the state (Appendix I ndash Figure 12 Alternative
Fueling Stations) Currently there are approximately 18 existing or planned transportation fueling
stations in the Northeast region where hydrogen is provided as an alternative fuel72737475
66 Fuel Cell Economic Development Plan Connecticut Department of Economic and Community Development and the
Connecticut Center for Advanced Technology Inc January 1 2008 Calculations based upon average annual mileage of 12500
miles for passenger car and 14000 miles for light trucks (US EPA) and 37000 average milesyear per bus (US DOT FTA
2007) 67 US EIA Weekly Retail Gasoline and Diesel Prices gasoline - $3847 and diesel ndash 400
wwweiagovdnavpetpet_pri_gnd_a_epm0r_pte_dpgal_whtm 68
Effects of a Transition to a Hydrogen Economy on Employment in the United States Report to Congress
httpwwwhydrogenenergygovcongress_reportshtml August 2011 69 ldquoPublic retail gasoline stations state yearrdquo wwwafdcenergygovafdcdatadocsgasoline_stations_statexls May 5 2011 70 Alternative Fuels Data Center wwwafdcenergygovafdclocatorstations 71 EPA ldquoGovernment UST Noncompliance Report-2007rdquo wwwepagovoustdocsME20Compliance20Reportpdf August
82007 72 Alternative Fuels Data Center httpwwwafdcenergygovafdclocatorstations 73 Hyride ldquoAbout the fueling stationrdquo httpwwwhyrideorghtml-about_hyrideAbout_Fuelinghtml 74 CTTransit ldquoHartford Bus Facility Site Work (Phase 1)rdquo
wwwcttransitcomProcurementsDisplayaspProcurementID=8752CA67-AB1F-4D88-BCEC-4B82AC8A2542 March 2011 75
Currently there are no publicly or privately accessible transportation fueling stations where hydrogen is provided as an
alternative fuel in Maine
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
21
MAINE
Fleets
There are over 7000 fleet vehicles (excluding state and federal vehicles) classified as non-leasing or
company owned vehicles in Maine 76
Fleet vehicles typically account for more than twice the amount of
mileage and therefore twice the fuel consumption and emissions compared to personal vehicles on a per
vehicle basis There are an additional 1781 passenger automobiles andor light duty trucks in Maine
owned by state and federal agencies (excluding state police) that traveled a combined 14965373 miles in
2010 while releasing 1031 metrics tons of CO2 77
Conversion of fleet vehicles from conventional fossil
fuels to FCEVs could significantly reduce petroleum consumption and GHG emissions Fleet vehicle
hubs are good candidates for hydrogen refueling and conversion to FCEVs because they mostly operate
on fixed routes or within fixed districts and are fueled from a centralized station
Bus Transit
There are approximately 61 directly operated buses that provide public transportation services in Maine78
As discussed above replacement of a conventional diesel transit bus with a fuel cell transit bus would
result in the reduction of CO2 emissions (estimated at approximately 183000 pounds per year) and
reduction of diesel fuel (estimated at approximately 4390 gallons per year)79
Although the efficiency of
conventional diesel buses has increased conventional diesel buses which typically achieve fuel economy
performance levels of 39 miles per gallon have the greatest potential for energy savings by using high
efficiency fuel cells In addition to Maine other states have also begun the transition of fueling transit
buses with alternative fuels to improve efficiency and environmental performance
Material Handling
Material handling equipment such as forklifts are used by a variety of industries including
manufacturing construction mining agriculture food retailers and wholesale trade to move goods
within a facility or to load goods for shipping to another site Material handling equipment is usually
battery propane or diesel powered Batteries that currently power material handling equipment are heavy
and take up significant storage space while only providing up to 6 hours of run time Fuel cells can
ensure constant power delivery and performance eliminating the reduction in voltage output that occurs
as batteries discharge Fuel cell powered material handling equipment last more than twice as long (12-
14 hours) and also eliminate the need for battery storage and charging rooms leaving more space for
products In addition fueling time only takes two to three minutes by the operator compared to least 20
minutes or more for each battery replacement which saves the operator valuable time and increases
warehouse productivity
In addition fuel cell powered material handling equipment has significant cost advantages compared to
batteries such as
15 times lower maintenance cost
8 times lower refuelingrecharging labor cost
2 times lower net present value of total operations and management (OampM) system cost
76
Fleetcom ldquo2009-My Registrationrdquo httpwwwautomotive-
fleetcomStatisticsStatsVieweraspxfile=http3a2f2fwwwautomotive-fleetcom2ffc_resources2fstats2fAFFB10-16-
top10-statepdfampchannel 77 US General Services Administration ldquoGSA 2010 Fleet Reportsrdquo Table 4-2 httpwwwgsagovportalcontent230525 September
2011 78
NTD Date ldquoTS22 - Service Data and Operating Expenses Time-Series by Systemrdquo
httpwwwntdprogramgovntdprogramdatahtm December 2011 79 Fuel Cell Economic Development Plan Connecticut Department of Economic and Community Development and the
Connecticut Center for Advanced Technology Inc January 1 2008
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
22
MAINE
63 percent less emissions of GHG (Appendix X provides a comparison of PEM fuel cell and
battery-powered material handling equipment)
Fuel cell powered material handling equipment is already in use at dozens of warehouses distribution
centers and manufacturing plants in North America80
Large corporations that are currently using or
planning to use fuel cell powered material handling equipment include CVS Coca-Cola BMW Central
Grocers and Wal-Mart (Refer to Appendix IX for a partial list of companies in North America that using
fuel cell powered forklifts)81
There are approximately five distribution centerswarehouse sites that have
been identified in Maine that may benefit from the use of fuel cell powered material handling equipment
(Appendix I ndash Figure 13 Distribution CentersWarehouses amp Ports)
Ground Support Equipment
Ground support equipment (GSE) such as catering trucks deicers and airport tugs can be battery
operated or more commonly run on diesel or gasoline As an alternative hydrogen-powered tugs are
being developed for both military and commercial applications While their performance is similar to that
of other battery-powered equipment a fuel cell-powered GSE remains fully charged (provided there is
hydrogen fuel available) and do not experience performance lag at the end of a shift like battery-powered
GSEs82
Potential large end-users of GSE that serve Mainersquos largest airports include Air Canada Delta
Airlines Continental JetBlue United and US Airways83
(Appendix I ndash Figure 11 Commercial
Airports)
Ports
Maine has 3480 miles of coastline with six cargo ports and 13 cruise ship ports The ports of Portland
and Bath Maine which service large vessels such as container ships tankers bulk carriers and cruise
ships may be candidates for improved energy management Commercial marine vessels (cargo ships
entering and leaving Marine ports) contribute approximately 166 tons of volatile organic compounds
(VOC) 1134 tons of NOX 374 tons of CO 124 tons of sulfur dioxide SO2 and 91 tons of particulate
matter (PM10) per year84
In one year a single large container ship can emit pollutants equivalent to that of 50 million cars The
low grade bunker fuel used by the worlds 90000 cargo ships contains up to 2000 times the amount of
sulfur compared to diesel fuel used in automobiles85
Furthermore diesel emissions from cruise ships
while at port are a significant source of air pollution While docked vessels shut off their main engines
but use auxiliary diesel and steam engines to power refrigeration lights pumps and other functions a
process called ldquocold-ironing An estimated one-third of ship emissions occur while they are idling at
berth Replacing auxiliary engines with on-shore electric power could significantly reduce emissions
The applications of fuel cell technology at ports may also provide electric and thermal energy for
improving energy management for warehouses and equipment operated between terminals (Appendix I ndash
Figure 13 Distribution CentersWarehouses amp Ports)86
80 DOE EERE ldquoEarly Markets Fuel Cells for Material Handling Equipmentrdquo
www1eereenergygovhydrogenandfuelcellseducationpdfsearly_markets_forkliftspdf February 2011 81 Plug Power ldquoPlug Power Celebrates Successful year for Companyrsquos Manufacturing and Sales Activityrdquo
wwwplugpowercom January 4 2011 82 Battelle ldquoIdentification and Characterization of Near-Term Direct Hydrogen Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Marketsrdquo
April 2007 www1eereenergygovhydrogenandfuelcellspdfspemfc_econ_2006_report_final_0407pdf 83 PWM ldquoAirlinesrdquo httpwwwportlandjetportorgairlines August 24 2011 84
Maine Department of Environmental Protection ldquoAir Emission from Marine Vesselsrdquo
httpwwwmainegovdepblwqtopicvesselairemissionsreportpdf January 15 2005 85
ldquoBig polluters one massive container ship equals 50 million carsrdquo Paul Evans httpwwwgizmagcomshipping-
pollution11526 April 232009 86
Savemayportvillagenet ldquoCruise Ship Pollutionrdquo httpwwwsavemayportvillagenetid20html October 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
23
MAINE
Table 18 -Ports Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
42
(35)
2
(11)
2
(11)
06
(11)
4730
(11)
12741
(11)
908
(9)
CONCLUSION
Hydrogen and fuel cell technology offers significant opportunities for improved energy reliability energy
efficiency and emission reductions Large fuel cell units (gt300 kW) may be appropriate for applications
that serve large electric and thermal loads Smaller fuel cell units (lt 300 kW) may provide back-up power
for telecommunication sites restaurantsfast food outlets and smaller sized public facilities at this time
Table 19 ndashSummary of Potential Fuel Cell Applications
Category Total Sites Potential
Sites
Number of Fuel
Cells
lt 300 kW
Number of
Fuel Cells
gt300 kW
CB
EC
S D
ata
Education 964 6587
23 42
Food Sales 1800+ 4588
45
Food Services 2100+ 1589
15
Inpatient Healthcare 181 4290
42
Lodging 837 1891
18
Public Order amp Safety 216 1092
10
Energy Intensive Industries 156 693
6
Government Operated
Buildings 114 4
94
4
Wireless
Telecommunication
Towers
50995
5196
51
WWTPs 111 197
1
Landfills 25 198
1
Airports (w AASF) 103 5 (1)99
5
87 65 high schools andor college and universities located in communities serviced by natural gas 88 45 food sale facilities located in communities serviced by natural gas 89 Ten percent of the 97 food service facilities located in communities serviced by natural gas 90 Eight Hospitals located in communities serviced by natural gas and occupying 150+ or more beds onsite 91 15 hotel facilities with 100+ rooms onsite and three convalescent homes with 150+ bed onsite located in communities serviced
by natural gas 92 Correctional facilities andor other public order and safety facilities with 212 workers or more 93 Ten percent of the 64 energy intensive industry facilities located in communities serviced with natural gas 94 Four actively owned federal government operated building located in communities serviced by natural gas 95
The Federal Communications Commission regulates interstate and international communications by radio television wire
satellite and cable in all 50 states the District of Columbia and US territories 96 Ten percent of the 509 wireless telecommunication sites in Mainersquos targeted for back-up PEM fuel cell deployment 97 Ten percent of Maine WWTP with average flows of 30+ MGD 98 Ten percent of the landfills targeted based on LMOP data
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
24
MAINE
Military 1 1 1
Ports 42 2 2
Total 7159+ 266 74 192
As shown in Table 5 the analysis provided here estimates that there are approximately 266 potential
locations which may be favorable candidates for the application of a fuel cell to provide heat and power
Assuming the demand for electricity was uniform throughout the year approximately 150 to 192 fuel cell
units with a capacity of 300 ndash 400 kW could be deployed for a total fuel cell capacity of 58 to 77 MWs
If opportunities for fuel cell use in Maine identified in this report are met with 300 kW units a minimum
of 473040 MWh electric and 127 million MMBTUs (equivalent to 373404 MWh) of thermal energy
would be produced which could reduce CO2 emissions by at least 90824 tons per year 100
Maine can also benefit from the use of hydrogen and fuel cell technology for transportation such as
passenger fleets transit district fleets municipal fleets and state department fleets The application of
hydrogen and fuel cell technology for transportation would reduce the dependence on oil improve
environmental performance and provide greater efficiencies than conventional transportation
technologies
bull Replacement of a gasoline-fueled passenger vehicle with FCEVs could result in annual CO2
emission reductions (per vehicle) of approximately 10170 pounds annual energy savings of 230
gallons of gasoline and annual fuel cost savings of $885
bull Replacement of a gasoline-fueled light duty truck with FCEVs could result in annual CO2
emission reductions (per light duty truck) of approximately 15770 pounds annual energy savings
of 485 gallons of gasoline and annual fuel cost savings of $1866
bull Replacement of a diesel-fueled transit bus with a fuel cell powered bus could result in annual CO2
emission reductions (per bus) of approximately 182984 pounds annual energy savings of 4390
gallons of fuel and annual fuel cost savings of $17560
Hydrogen and fuel cell technology also provides significant opportunities for job creation andor
economic development Realizing over $2 million in revenue and investment in 2010 the hydrogen and
fuel cell industry in Maine is estimated to have contributed approximately $113000 in state and local tax
revenue and over $29 million in gross state product Currently there are at least 30 Maine companies
that are part of the growing hydrogen and fuel cell industry supply chain in the Northeast region If
neweremerging hydrogen and fuel cell technology were to gain momentum the number of companies
and employment for the industry could grow substantially
99 Airport facilities with 2500+ annual Enplanement Counts andor AASF 100
If opportunities for fuel cell use in Maine identified in this report are met with 400 kW units a minimum of 665760 MWh
electric and 312 million MMBTUs (equivalent to 915127 MWh) of thermal energy would be produced which could reduce CO2
emissions by at least 127826 tons per year
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
25
MAINE
APPENDICES
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
26
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 1 Education
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
27
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 2 Food Sales
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
28
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 3 Food Services
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
29
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 4 Inpatient Healthcare
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
30
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 5 Lodging
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
31
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 6 Public Order and Safety
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
32
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 7 Energy Intensive Industries
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
33
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 8 Federal Government Operated Buildings
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
34
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 9 Telecommunication Sites
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
35
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 10 Solid and Liquid Waste Sites
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
36
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 11 Commercial Airports
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
37
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 12 Alternative Fueling Stations
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
38
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 13 Distribution CentersWarehouses amp Ports
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
39
MAINE
Appendix II ndash Maine Estimated Electrical Consumption per Sector
Category Total Site
Electric Consumption per Building
(1000 kWh)101
kWh Consumed per Sector
New England
Education 925 161844 149705700
Food Sales 1800 319821 575677800
Food Services 2100 128 269199000
Inpatient Healthcare 181 603863 1092991125
Lodging 837 21312 178379766
Public Order amp Safety 262 77855 20398010
Total 6105 2286351401
Residential102
4503000000
Industrial 3702000000
Commercial 4503000000
Other Commercial 2286351401
101
EIA Electricity consumption and expenditure intensities for Non-Mall Building 2003 102
DOE EERE ldquoElectric Power and Renewable Energy in Mainerdquo httpapps1eereenergygovstateselectricitycfmstate=ME
August 25 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
40
MAINE
Appendix III ndash Key Stakeholders
Organization CityTown State Website Hydrogen Energy Center Portland ME wwwhydrogenenergycenterorg
University of Maine School of
Engineering Technology Orono ME httpwwwumaineeduset
University of Maine Advanced
Manufacturing Center Orono
ME wwwumaineeduamc
University of Maine Advanced
Structures and Composites Center Orono
ME httpwww2umaineeduaewc
Manufacturers Association of Maine Westbrook ME
wwwmainemfgcom
Maine Manufacturing Extension
Partnership Augusta
ME httpwwwmainemeporg
Mid-Coast Regional Redevelopment
Authority Brunswick
ME wwwmrraus
Manufacturing Applications Center Gorham ME
httpwwwusmmaineedu
Maine Center for Enterprise
Development University of Southern
Maine
Portland ME
wwwmcedbiz
Maine Small Business Development
Center Portland
ME httpwwwmainesbdcorg
Southern Maine Community College
Sustainability and Energy Alternatives
Center
South
Portland ME httpwwwsmccmeedubusiness-a-
communitycomunity-resourcessustainability-
centerhtml
Environment and Energy Technology
Council of Maine Portland
ME wwwE2Techorg
Maine Technology Institute Gardiner ME
wwwmainetechnologyorg
Maine Innovation Economy advisory
Board Maine DECD Augusta ME httpwwwmainegovdecd
Governorrsquos Office of Energy
Independence and Security Augusta ME httpmainegovoeis
Utility Companies
Unitil httpwwwunitilcomcustomer-configuration
Bangor Gas Co httpwwwbangorgascom
Central Maine Power Co httpwwwcmpcocom
Bangor Hydro-Electric Co httpwwwbhecom
Maine Public Service Co httpwwwmainepublicservicecom
Appendix IV ndash Maine State Incentives and Programs
Funding Source Maine Public Utilities Commission
Program Title Community-based Renewable Energy Pilot Program
Applicable EnergiesTechnologies Solar Thermal Electric Photovoltaic Landfill Gas Wind
Biomass Hydroelectric Geothermal Electric Fuel Cells Anaerobic Digestion Tidal Energy
Fuel Cells using Renewable Fuels
Summary The Maine Utilities Commission (PUC) finalized the rule in February 2010 Legislation
mandates that up 10 50 MW of generating capacity will be permitted uned this program and
individual participants may not exceed 10 MW Of the 50 MW cap 10 must be reserved
specifically for small program participants or for participants located in a service territory of a
cooperative transmission and distribution utility
Restrictions
The PUC may require investor-owned utilities to enter into long-term contracts for energy capacity
resources or renewable energy credits (RECs) produced by the community-based project The
contacts term may not exceed 20 year the PUC will conduct long-term contract solicitations for
ldquolarge generatorsrdquo
Timing The Maine Public Utilities Commission is seeking proposals from suppliers of energy
capacity or renewable energy credits (RECs) for the development of community-based renewable
energy projects over 1 MW The docket number for this RFP is 2011-150 All inquiries about this
RFP should be directed to christinercookmainegov
Maximum Size Choice of either 15 REC credit multiplier or up to 10 MW DC
Requirements
To be eligible for incentives a generating facility must be 51 percent locally owned use renewable
energy resources be no larger than 10 MW in generating capacity and be located in the State
httpwwwstatemeusmpucelectricitycommunity_pilotshtml
Rebate amount $010kWh or cost fo the project whichever is lower
For further information please visit
httpwwwstatemeusmpucelectricitycommunity_pilotshtml
Source
Maine Public Utilities Commission ldquoCommunity-based Renewable Energy Pilot Programrdquo August 10 2011
DSIRE ldquoCommunity-based Renewable Energy Production Incentive (Pilot Program)rdquo August 10 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
42
Funding Source Voluntary Renewable Resource Grants
Program Title Voluntary Renewable Resources Fund
Applicable EnergiesTechnologies Solar Thermal Electric Photovoltaics Wind Biomass
Hydroelectric Geothermal Electric Fuel Cells Municipal Solid Waste Tidal Energy Fuel
Cells using Renewable Fuels
Summary Supported by the state Voluntary Renewable resource Fund and administered by the
Efficient Maine provide funding for small-scale demonstration projects designed to educate
communities on the value oand cost effectiveness of renewable energy
Restrictions To Qualify for grant funding renewable-energy resources generally must qualify as a
small power production facility un Federal Energy Regulatory Commission rules or must not exceed
100 MW in capacity and use one of more of the applicable energiestechnologies
Timing Start Date of this program occurred 12151998 and no expiration date is given
Maximum Size $50000
Requirements
httpwwwmainegovmpucrecovery
Rebate amount
$50000 Maximu
For further information please visit
httpwwwmainegovmpucrecovery
Source
Maine PUC ldquoFederal Stimulus MPUC and the Federal Recovery Packagerdquo ndash August 10 2011
DSIRE ldquoMaine - Voluntary Renewable Resource Grantsrdquo August 10 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
43
Appendix V ndash Partial Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Supply Chain Companies in Maine103
Organization Name Product or Service Category
1 University of Maine School of
Engineering Technology Research amp Development
2 University of Maine Advanced
Structures and Composites Center Research amp Development
3 Precision Partners-Mid-State Machine
Products Manufacturing Services
4 Ocean Energy Institute EngineeringDesign Services
5 Newfab Inc Manufacturing Services
6 New England Castings Other
7 Mitchell Ledge Farm Components
8 McNabb Marketing Resources Other
9 Maine Oxy Inc Fuel
10 Maine Machine Products Co Manufacturing Services
11 MacTec Inc FCH2 System DistrInstallMaint Services
12 Kennebec Technologies Manufacturing Services
13 Hydrogen Energy Center Service Center Lab or Test ConsultingLegalFinancial
Services
14 Hydrogen Energy Center Other
15 Green Energy Maine Other
16 Fire Risk Management Inc EngineeringDesign Services
17 Fire Risk Management EngineeringDesign Services
18 Fairchild Semiconductor Research amp Development
19 EcoMain Research amp Development
20 Control Point Inc Lab or Test EquipmentServices
21 Colby Company Engineering EngineeringDesign Services
22 Chewonki Foundation Other
23 Burroughs Machine Tool Products Equipment
24 Bernstein Shur ConsultingLegalFinancial Services
25 Bath Iron Works (General Dynamics
Inc) Research amp Development
26 AMEC EngineeringDesign Services
27 Advantages Gases and Tools Fuel
28 Advanced Manufacturing Center-
University of ME Manufacturing Services
103
Northeast Electrochemical Energy Storage Cluster Supply Chain Database Search httpneescorgresourcestype=1 August 11 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
44
Appendix VI ndash Comparison of Fuel Cell Technologies104
Fuel Cell
Type
Common
Electrolyte
Operating
Temperature
Typical
Stack
Size
Efficiency Applications Advantages Disadvantages
Polymer
Electrolyte
Membrane
(PEM)
Perfluoro sulfonic
acid
50-100degC
122-212deg
typically
80degC
lt 1 kW ndash 1
MW105
gt
kW 60
transportation
35
stationary
bull Backup power
bull Portable power
bull Distributed
generation
bull Transportation
bull Specialty vehicle
bull Solid electrolyte reduces
corrosion amp electrolyte
management problems
bull Low temperature
bull Quick start-up
bull Expensive catalysts
bull Sensitive to fuel
impurities
bull Low temperature waste
heat
Alkaline
(AFC)
Aqueous solution
of potassium
hydroxide soaked
in a matrix
90-100degC
194-212degF
10 ndash 100
kW 60
bull Military
bull Space
bull Cathode reaction faster
in alkaline electrolyte
leads to high performance
bull Low cost components
bull Sensitive to CO2
in fuel and air
bull Electrolyte management
Phosphoric
Acid
(PAFC)
Phosphoric acid
soaked in a matrix
150-200degC
302-392degF
400 kW
100 kW
module
40 bull Distributed
generation
bull Higher temperature enables
CHP
bull Increased tolerance to fuel
impurities
bull Pt catalyst
bull Long start up time
bull Low current and power
Molten
Carbonate
(MCFC)
Solution of lithium
sodium andor
potassium
carbonates soaked
in a matrix
600-700degC
1112-1292degF
300
k W- 3 M
W
300 kW
module
45 ndash 50
bull Electric utility
bull Distributed
generation
bull High efficiency
bull Fuel flexibility
bull Can use a variety of catalysts
bull Suitable for CHP
bull High temperature
corrosion and breakdown
of cell components
bull Long start up time
bull Low power density
Solid Oxide
(SOFC)
Yttria stabilized
zirconia
700-1000degC
1202-1832degF
1 kW ndash 2
MW 60
bull Auxiliary power
bull Electric utility
bull Distributed
generation
bull High efficiency
bull Fuel flexibility
bull Can use a variety of catalysts
bull Solid electrolyte
bull Suitable f o r CHP amp CHHP
bull HybridGT cycle
bull High temperature
corrosion and breakdown
of cell components
bull High temperature
operation requires long
start up
time and limits
Polymer Electrolyte is no longer a single category row Data shown does not take into account High Temperature PEM which operates in the range of 160oC to 180
oC It solves
virtually all of the disadvantages listed under PEM It is not sensitive to impurities It has usable heat Stack efficiencies of 52 on the high side are realized HTPEM is not a
PAFC fuel cell and should not be confused with one
104 US Department of Energy Fuel Cells Technology Program httpwww1eereenergygovhydrogenandfuelcellsfuelcellspdfsfc_comparison_chartpdf August 5 2011 105
Ballard ldquoCLEARgen Multi-MY Systemsrdquo httpwwwballardcomfuel-cell-productscleargen-multi-mw-systemsaspx November 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
45
Appendix VII ndashAnalysis of Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities and Threats for Maine
Strengths
Stationary Power ndash Strong market drivers including high
electricity cost cold climate reliance on oil for space heating
strong CHP and district heating market strong environmental
and green energy awareness) capable core of fuel cell CHP
installers energy storage demand to serve MErsquos aggressive
wind-power industry strong ongoing expansion of natural gas
servicedistribution
Transportation Power - Strong market drivers including a
dispersed population highly reliant on truck and auto
transportation receptive and environmentally conscious
alternative fuelstransportation market relatively low income
population in need of relief from automobile fuel costs strong
Navy shipbuilding industry as potential user of H2FC auxiliary
power system strongly interested in fleet-based hydrogen
fueling station development (SunHydro model) strong interest
in municipal transit and fuel cell -powered rail
Economic Development Factors ndash Brunswick Renewable
Energy Park emphasis on skills development and technology
synergies aggressive state level policy to policy to develop
renewable wind and biomass energy technologies skilled and
well organized network of precision manufacturing firms tied
into aerospace and communications equipment industries
strong labor force at relatively low wages RampDbusiness
infrastructure for advanced biofuels and composite material
structures growing University of Maine commitment to fuel
cell and biomass RampD state funding source familiaritycomfort
with H2FC technology
Weaknesses
Stationary Power ndash No technologyindustrial momentum at the
OEM level geographically distant from OEMs for component-
supply opportunities
Transportation Power ndash No technologyindustrial base at the
OEM level lack of infrastructure funding relatively dispersed
population for transportation services
Economic Development Factors ndash limited state incentives
somewhat sluggish overall state economy relatively
undeveloped core of technology skillsknowledge base
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
46
Opportunities
Stationary Power ndash Opportunity as an ldquoearly adaptor marketrdquo
some supply chain buildup opportunities around SP deployment
Linkage between H2FC technologies and advanced biofuels
RampD Dispersed population amp economy needs distributed
solutions Major need for power storage in conjunction with
Maines planned offshore wind-power RampD and development
Transportation Power ndash Hydrogen refueling station plans Early-
stage potential for major roll-out in marine auxiliary power (US
Navy) Commuter rail expansion
Portable Power ndash Little currently-identified opportunity
Economic Development Factors ndash Brunswick ldquoRenewable Energy
Industrial Parkrdquo can be significant seed nucleus for both
deployment amp development Machine-tool industry pursuing
H2FC components supply-chain opportunities
Threats
Stationary Power ndash The regionrsquos favorable market
needsdemand could be met by other technologiessources ndash
Canadian hydro amp nuclear wind geothermal direct biomass
and power-storage alternatives ndash batteries solid state ammonia
etc
Transportation Power ndash The regionrsquos favorable market
characteristics and needs could be met by other electric
vehicles particularly in the absence of a hydrogen
infrastructure
Economic Development Factors ndash competition from more fully-
equipped statesregions wind and other renewables grab Maine
energy industry momentum lack of funding to sustain
University of MErsquos momentum in storage and fuel cell
technologies related to biomass and wind hesitation of state
government to support alternative energy incentives
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
47
Appendix VIII ndash Partial list of Fuel Cell Deployment in the Northeast region
Manufacturer Site Name Site Location Year Installed
Plug Power T-Mobile cell tower Storrs CT 2008
Plug Power Albany International Airport Albany NY 2004
FuelCell Energy Pepperidge Farms Plant Bloomfield CT 2005
FuelCell Energy Peabody Museum New Haven CT 2003
FuelCell Energy Sheraton New York Hotel amp Towers Manhattan NY 2004
FuelCell Energy Sheraton Hotel Edison NJ 2003
FuelCell Energy Sheraton Hotel Parsippany NJ 2003
UTC Power Cabelas Sporting Goods East Hartford CT 2008
UTC Power Whole Foods Market Glastonbury CT 2008
UTC Power Connecticut Science Center Hartford CT 2009
UTC Power St Francis Hospital Hartford CT 2003
UTC Power Middletown High School Middletown CT 2008
UTC Power Connecticut Juvenile Training School Middletown CT 2001
UTC Power 360 State Street Apartment Building New Haven CT 2010
UTC Power South Windsor High School South Windsor CT 2002
UTC Power Mohegan Sun Casino Hotel Uncasville CT 2002
UTC Power CTTransit Fuel Cell Bus Hartford CT 2007
UTC Power Whole Foods Market Dedham MA 2009
UTC Power Bronx Zoo Bronx NY 2008
UTC Power North Central Bronx Hospital Bronx NY 2000
UTC Power Hunts Point Water Pollution Control Plant Bronx NY 2005
UTC Power Price Chopper Supermarket Colonie NY 2010
UTC Power East Rochester High School East Rochester NY 2007
UTC Power Coca-Cola Refreshments Production Facility Elmsford NY 2010
UTC Power Verizon Call Center and Communications Building Garden City NY 2005
UTC Power State Office Building Hauppauge NY 2009
UTC Power Liverpool High School Liverpool NY 2000
UTC Power New York Hilton Hotel New York City NY 2007
UTC Power Central Park Police Station New York City NY 1999
UTC Power Rochester Institute of Technology Rochester NY 1993
UTC Power NYPA office building White Plains NY 2010
UTC Power Wastewater treatment plant Yonkers NY 1997
UTC Power The Octagon Roosevelt Island NY 2011
UTC Power Johnson amp Johnson World Headquarters New Brunswick NJ 2003
UTC Power CTTRANSIT (Fuel Cell Powered Buses) Hartford CT 2007 - Present
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
48
Appendix IX ndash Partial list of Fuel Cell-Powered Forklifts in North America106
Company CityTown State Site Year
Deployed
Fuel Cell
Manufacturer
of
forklifts
Coca-Cola San Leandro CA
Bottling and
distribution center 2011 Plug Power 37
Charlotte NC Bottling facility 2011 Plug Power 40
EARP
Distribution Kansas City KS Distribution center 2011
Oorja
Protonics 24
Golden State
Foods Lemont IL Distribution facility 2011
Oorja
Protonics 20
Kroger Co Compton CA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 161
Sysco
Riverside CA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 80
Boston MA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 160
Long Island NY Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 42
San Antonio TX Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 113
Front Royal VA Redistribution
facility 2011 Plug Power 100
Baldor
Specialty Foods Bronx NY Facility
Planned
in 2012
Oorja
Protonics 50
BMW
Manufacturing
Co
Spartanburg SC Manufacturing
plant 2010 Plug Power 86
Defense
Logistics
Agency US
Department of
Defense
San Joaquin CA Distribution facility 2011 Plug Power 20
Fort Lewis WA Distribution depot 2011 Plug Power 19
Warner
Robins GA Distribution depot 2010 Hydrogenics 20
Susquehanna PA Distribution depot 2010 Plug Power 15
2009 Nuvera 40
Martin-Brower Stockton CA Food distribution
center 2010
Oorja
Protonics 15
United Natural
Foods Inc
(UNFI)
Sarasota FL Distribution center 2010 Plug Power 65
Wal-Mart
Balzac Al
Canada
Refrigerated
distribution center 2010 Plug Power 80
Washington
Court House OH
Food distribution
center 2007 Plug Power 55
Wegmans Pottsville PA Warehouse 2010 Plug Power 136
Whole Foods
Market Landover MD Distribution center 2010 Plug Power 61
106
FuelCell2000 ldquoFuel Cell-Powered Forklifts in North Americardquo httpwwwfuelcellsorginfochartsforkliftspdf November
2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
49
Appendix X ndash Comparison of PEM Fuel Cell and Battery-Powered Material Handling
Equipment
3 kW PEM Fuel Cell-Powered
Pallet Trucks
3 kW Battery-powered
(2 batteries per truck)
Total Fuel Cycle Energy Use
(total energy consumedkWh
delivered to the wheels) -12000 BtukWh 14000 BtukWh
Fuel Cycle GHG Emissions
(in g CO2 equivalent 820 gkWh 1200 gkWh
Estimated Product Life 8-10 years 4-5 years No Emissions at Point of Use
Quiet Operation
Wide Ambient Operating
Temperature range
Constant Power Available
over Shift
Routine Maintenance Costs
($YR) $1250 - $1500year $2000year
Time for RefuelingChanging
Batteries 4 ndash 8 minday 45-60 minday (for battery change-outs)
8 hours (for battery recharging amp cooling) Cost of FuelElectricity $6000year $1300year Labor Cost of
refuelingRecharging $1100year $8750year
Net Present Value of Capital
Cost $12600
($18000 wo incentive) $14000
Net Present Value of OampM
costs (including fuel) $52000 $128000
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
50
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
5
MAINE
INTRODUCTION
A Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Industry Development Plan was created for each state in the Northeast region
(Maine Vermont New Hampshire Massachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut New York and New
Jersey) with support from the United States (US) Department of Energy (DOE) to increase awareness
and facilitate the deployment of hydrogen and fuel cell technology The intent of this guidance document
is to make available information regarding the economic value and deployment opportunities for
hydrogen and fuel cell technology1
A fuel cell is a device that uses hydrogen (or a hydrogen-rich fuel such as natural gas) and oxygen to
create an electric current The amount of power produced by a fuel cell depends on several factors
including fuel cell type stack size operating temperature and the pressure at which the gases are
supplied to the cell Fuel cells are classified primarily by the type of electrolyte they employ which
determines the type of chemical reactions that take place in the cell the temperature range in which the
cell operates the fuel required and other factors These characteristics in turn affect the applications for
which these cells are most suitable There are several types of fuel cells currently in use or under
development each with its own advantages limitations and potential applications These technologies
and applications are identified in Appendix VI
Fuel cells have the potential to replace the internal combustion engine (ICE) in vehicles and provide
power for stationary and portable power applications Fuel cells are in commercial service as distributed
power plants in stationary applications throughout the world providing thermal power and electricity to
power homes and businesses Fuel cells are also used in transportation applications such as automobiles
trucks buses and other equipment Fuel cells for portable applications which are currently in
development and can provide power for laptop computers and cell phones
Fuel cells are cleaner and more efficient than traditional combustion-based engines and power plants
therefore less energy is needed to provide the same amount of power Typically stationary fuel cell
power plants are fueled with natural gas or other hydrogen rich fuel Virtually none of the earthrsquos
hydrogen is in a form that we can readily use in fuel cells or other energy applications Almost all
organic compounds which by definition contain carbon also contain hydrogen2 Natural gas is widely
available throughout the northeast is relatively inexpensive and is primarily a domestic energy supply
Consequently natural gas shows the greatest potential to serve as a transitional fuel for the near future
hydrogen economy 3
Capturing carbon emissions from natural gas reforming processes would further improve the
environmental advantages of a hydrogen economy Carbon can be sequestered more easily in converting
centralized natural gas to hydrogen rather than burning the natural gas When pure hydrogen is used to
power a fuel cell the only by-products are water and heat no pollutants or greenhouse gases (GHG) are
produced
Hydrogen is the lightest element in the universe It also holds a great deal of potential energy which
makes it a good energy storage medium There is a lot of discussion about using hydrogen as an energy
source andor an energy storage medium There are also a number of firms looking at developing
hydrogen energy systems in Maine
1 Key stakeholders are identified in Appendix III
2 Hydrogen and fuel cells a comprehensive guide ndash Rebecca L Busby 2005
3 EIArdquoCommercial Sector Energy Price Estimates 2009rdquo
httpwwweiagovstatesedshfjspincfile=sep_sumhtmlsum_pr_comhtml August 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
6
MAINE
DRIVERS
The Northeast hydrogen and fuel cell industry while still emerging currently has an economic impact of
over $1 Billion of total revenue and investment Maine benefits from secondary impacts of indirect and
induced employment and revenue4 Furthermore Maine has a definitive and attractive economic
development opportunity to greatly increase its economic participation in the hydrogen and fuel cell
industry within the Northeast region and worldwide An economic strengths weaknesses opportunities
and threats (SWOT) assessment for Maine is provided in Appendix VII
Industries in the Northeast including those in Maine are facing increased pressure to reduce costs fuel
consumption and emissions that may be contributing to climate change Mainersquos relative proximity to
major load centers the high cost of electricity concerns over regional air quality available federal tax
incentives and legislative mandates in Maine and neighboring states have resulted in renewed interest in
the development of efficient renewable energy Incentives designed to assist individuals and
organizations in energy conservation and the development of renewable energy are currently offered
within the state Appendix IV contains an outline of Mainersquos incentives and renewable energy programs
Some specific factors that are driving the market for hydrogen and fuel cell technology in Maine include
the following
The current Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPS) recognizes fuel cells and fuel cells that run on
renewable fuels as a ldquoClass Irdquo renewable energy sources and calls for an increase in renewable
energy used in the state from its current level of approximately three percent to approximately ten
percent by 2017 ndash promotes stationary power and transportation applications
5
Net Metering ndash In June 2011 Gov Paul LePage signed legislation requiring the Maine Public
Utilities Commission (PUC) to amend the net energy rules to develop contract terms for net
energy billing and interconnection agreements Furthermore the bill allows the PUC to amend
net energy billing rules following routine technical rules and will enable the PUC to amend net
energy billing without having to send the amendments to the legislature for approval ndash promotes
stationary power applications6
Maine is one of the states in the ten-state region that is part of the Regional Greenhouse Gas
Initiative (RGGI) the nationrsquos first mandatory market-based program to reduce emissions of
carbon dioxide (CO2) RGGIs goals are to stabilize and cap emissions at 188 million tons
annually from 2009-2014 and to reduce CO2-emissions by 25 percent per year from 2015-20187
ndash promotes stationary power and transportation applications
In June 2009 Maine enacted the Act regarding Maines energy future that established the
Efficiency Maine Trust which is responsible for creating a plan to reach the following energy
efficiency targets
o 100 MW reduction in peak-load electricity consumption by 2020
o 30 percent reduction in electricity and natural gas consumption
o 20 percent reduction in heating fuel consumption
4 Maine does not have any original equipment manufacturers (OEM) of hydrogenfuel cell systems so it has no ldquodirectrdquo economic
impact 5 DSIRE ldquoRenewable Portfolio Standardsrdquo
httpwwwdsireusaorgincentivesincentivecfmIncentive_Code=ME01Rampre=1ampee=1 August 2011 6 DSIRE ldquoMaine ndash Net Energy Billingrdquo
httpwwwdsireusaorgincentivesincentivecfmIncentive_Code=ME02Rampre=1ampee=1 August 2011 7 Seacoastonlinecome ldquoRGGI Quietly setting a standardrdquo
httpwwwseacoastonlinecomappspbcsdllarticleAID=20090920NEWS909200341-1NEWSMAP
September 20 2009
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
7
MAINE
o Weatherization of 100 percent of homes and 50 percent of businesses by 2030
o Capturing all cost-effective efficiency resources available for utility customers ndash
promotes stationary power and transportation applications8
The Finance Authority of Maine (Authority) manages the Clean Fuel Vehicle Fund which is a
non-lapsing revolving loan fund that may be used for direct loans and grants to support
production distribution and consumption of clean fuels and biofuels (including fuel cells) The
Authority may also insure up to 100 percent of a loan for a clean fuel or biofuel project ndash
promotes transportation applications9
By December 1 2012 the Maine Office of Energy Independence and Security (Office) must
develop a plan to reduce petroleum consumption in all sectors of the economy with the overall
goal of reducing petroleum consumption in the state by at least 30 percent and 50 percent based
on 2007 levels by 2030 and 2050 respectively ndash promotes transportation applications10
Maine has established a policy that prohibits the Maine State Purchasing Agent from purchasing
or leasing any car or light-duty truck for use by any state department or agency unless the car or
truck has a manufacturers estimated highway mileage rating of at least 45 miles per gallon (mpg)
or 35 mpg respectively ndash promotes transportation applications11
The Transportation Efficiency Fund is a non-lapsing fund managed by the Maine Department of
Transportation to increase energy efficiency and reduce reliance on fossil fuels within the states
transportation system Funding may be used for zero emission vehicles biofuel and other
alternative fuel vehicles congestion mitigation and air quality initiatives rail public transit and
car or van pooling ndash promotes transportation applications12
8 DSIRE ldquoMaine Renewable Portfolio Standardsrdquo
httpwwwdsireusaorgincentivesincentivecfmIncentive_Code=ME09Rampre=1ampee=1 August 10 2007 9 EERE ldquoAFV and Fueling Infrastructure Loansrdquo httpwwwafdcenergygovafdclawslawME5299 August 10 2011
10 EERE ldquoState Plan to Reduce Petroleum Consumptionrdquo httpwwwafdcenergygovafdclawslawME9401 August 10 2011
11 EERE ldquoFuel-Efficient Vehicle Acquisition Requirements rdquo httpwwwafdcenergygovafdclawslawME5730 August 10
2011 12
EERE ldquoTransportation Efficiency Fund rdquo httpwwwafdcenergygovafdclawslawME8442 August 10 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
8
MAINE
ECONOMIC IMPACT
The hydrogen and fuel cell industry has direct indirect and induced impacts on local and regional
economies 13
A new hydrogen andor fuel cell project directly affects the arearsquos economy through the
purchase of goods and services generation of land use revenue taxes or payments in lieu of taxes and
employment Secondary effects include both indirect and induced economic effects resulting from the
circulation of the initial spending through the local economy economic diversification changes in
property values and the use of indigenous resources
Maine is home to at least 28 companies that are part of the growing hydrogen and fuel cell industry
supply chain in the Northeast region Appendix V lists the hydrogen and fuel cell supply chain companies
in Maine Realizing over $2 million in revenue and investment from their participation in this regional
cluster in 2010 these companies include manufacturing parts distributing supplying of industrial gas
engineering based research and development (RampD) coating applications and managing of venture
capital funds 14
Furthermore the hydrogen and fuel cell industry is estimated to have contributed
approximately $113000 in state and local tax revenue and over $29 million in gross state product
Table 1 shows Mainersquos impact in the Northeast regionrsquos hydrogen and fuel cell industry as of April 2011
Table 1 - Maine Economic Data 2011
Maine Economic Data
Supply Chain Members 28
Indirect Rev ($M) 194
Indirect Jobs 10
Indirect Labor Income ($M) 050
Induced Revenue ($M) 097
Induced Jobs 8
Induced Labor Income ($M) 029
Total Revenue ($M) 29
Total Jobs 18
Total Labor Income ($M) 080
In addition there are over 118000 people employed across 3500 companies within the Northeast
registered as part of the motor vehicle industry Approximately 1874 of these individuals and 78 of these
companies are located in Maine If neweremerging hydrogen and fuel cell technology were to gain
momentum within the transportation sector the estimated employment rate for the hydrogen and fuel cell
industry could grow significantly in the region15
13
Indirect impacts are the estimated output (ie revenue) employment and labor income in other business (ie not-OEMs) that
are associated with the purchases made by hydrogen and fuel cell OEMs as well as other companies in the sectorrsquos supply chain
Induced impacts are the estimated output employment and labor income in other businesses (ie non-OEMs) that are associated
with the purchases by workers related to the hydrogen and fuel cell industry 14
Northeast Electrochemical Energy Storage Cluster Supply Chain Database Search httpneescorgresourcestype=1
August8 2011 15 NAICS Codes Motor Vehicle ndash 33611 Motor Vehicle Parts ndash 3363
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
9
MAINE
POTENTIAL STATIONARY TARGETS
In 2009 Maine consumed the equivalent of 12614 million megawatt-hours of energy from the
transportation residential industrial and commercial sectors16
Electricity consumption in Maine was
approximately 113 million MWh and is forecasted to grow at a rate of 09 percent annually over the next
decade1718
Figure 1 illustrates the percent of total energy consumed by each sector in Maine A more
detailed breakout of energy usage is provided in Appendix II
This demand represents approximately nine percent of the population in New England and nine percent of
the regionrsquos total electricity consumption The State relies on both in-state resources and imports of
power over the regionrsquos transmission system to serve electricity to customers Net electrical demand in
Maine industries was 1288 MW in 2009 and is projected to increase by approximately 50 MW by 2015
Further the statersquos overall electricity demand is forecasted to grow at a rate of 09 percent (15 percent
peak summer demand growth) annually over the next decade Demand for new electric capacity as well
as a replacement of older less efficient base-load generation facilities is expected With approximately
3400 MW in total capacity of generation plants Maine represents 11 percent of the total capacity in New
England As shown in Figure 2 natural gas was the primary energy source for electricity consumed in
Maine for 2009 19
16
US Energy Information Administration (EIA) ldquoState Energy Data Systemrdquo
ldquohttpwwweiagovstatesedshfjspincfile=sep_sumhtmlrank_usehtmlrdquo August 2011 17
EIA ldquoElectric Power Annual 2009 ndash State Data Tablesrdquo wwweiagovcneafelectricityepaepa_sprdshtshtml January 2011 18
ISO New England ldquoMaine 2011 State Profilerdquo wwwiso-necomnwsissgrid_mktskey_factsnh_01-2011_profilepdf
January 2011 19
EIA ldquo1990 - 2010 Retail Sales of Electricity by State by Sector by Provider (EIA-861)rdquo
httpwwweiagovcneafelectricityepaepa_sprdshtshtml January 4 2011
Residential
22
Commercial
17
Industrial
32
Transportation
29
Figure 2 ndash Electric Power Generation by
Primary Energy Source Figure 1 ndash Energy Consumption by
Sector
Coal
05
Petroleum
16
Natural Gas
492
Hydroelectric
224
Other
Renewables
244 Other
19
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
10
MAINE
Fuel cell systems have many advantages over conventional technologies including
High fuel-to-electricity efficiency (gt 40 percent) utilizing hydrocarbon fuels
Overall system efficiency of 85 to 93 percent
Reduction of noise pollution
Reduction of air pollution
Often do not require new transmission
Siting is not controversial and
If near point of use waste heat can be captured and used Combined heat and power (CHP)
systems are more efficient and can reduce facility energy costs over applications that use separate
heat and central station power systems20
Fuel cells can be deployed as a CHP technology that provides both power and thermal energy and can
increase energy efficiency at a customer site typically from 35 to 50 percent The value of CHP includes
reduced transmission and distribution costs reduced fuel use and associated emissions21
Based on the
targets identified within this plan there is the potential to develop at least 58 MWs of stationary fuel cell
generation capacity in Maine which would provide the following benefits annually
Production of approximately 473000 MWh of electricity
Production of approximately 127 million MMBTUs of thermal energy
Reduction of CO2 emissions of approximately 90000 tons (electric generation only)22
For the purpose of this plan applications have been explored with a focus on fuel cells in the 300 kW to
400 kW range However smaller fuel cells are potentially viable for specific applications Facilities that
have electrical and thermal requirements that closely match the output of the fuel cells provide the best
opportunity for the application of a fuel cell Facilities that may be good candidates for the application of
a fuel cell include commercial buildings with high electricity consumption selected government
buildings public works facilities and energy intensive industries
The Energy Information Agencys (EIA) Commercial Building Energy Consumption Survey (CBECS_
identifies the building types listed below as having high electricity consumption They are the best
candidates for on-site generation and CHP applications These selected building types making up the
CBECS subcategory within the commercial industry include
Education
Food Sales
Food Services
Inpatient Healthcare
Lodging
Public Order amp Safety23
As illustrated in Figure 3 these selected building types within the commercial sector is estimated to
account for approximately 15 percent of Mainersquos total electrical consumption Appendix II further
20 FuelCell2000 ldquoFuel Cell Basicsrdquo wwwfuelcellsorgbasicsappshtml July 2011 21 ldquoDistributed Generation Market Potential 2004 Update Connecticut and Southwest Connecticutrdquo ISE Joel M Rinebold
ECSU March 15 2004 22 Replacement of conventional fossil fuel generating capacity with methane fuel cells could reduce carbon dioxide (CO2)
emissions by between approximately 100 and 600 lbMWh US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) eGRID2010 Version
11 Year 2007 GHG Annual Output Emission Rates Annual non-baseload output emission rates (NPCC New England) FuelCell
Energy DFC 300 Product sheet httpwwwfuelcellenergycomfilesFCE2030020Product20Sheet-lo-rez20FINALpdf
UTC Power PureCell Model 400 System Performance Characteristics httpwwwutcpowercomproductspurecell400 23
As defined by CBECS Public Order amp Safety facilities are buildings used for the preservation of law and order or public
safety Although these sites are usually described as government facilities they are referred to as commercial buildings because
their similarities in energy usage with the other building sites making up the CBECS data
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
11
MAINE
defines Mainersquos estimated electrical consumption in each sector Graphical representation of these
opportunities analyzed is depicted in Appendix I
Figure 3 ndash Maine Electrical Consumption per Sector
Education
There are approximately 145 non-public schools and 780 public schools (134 of which are considered
high schools with 100 or more students enrolled) in Maine2425
High schools operate for a longer period
of time daily due to extracurricular after school activities such as clubs and athletics Furthermore two
of these schools have swimming pools which may make these sites especially attractive because it would
increase the utilization of and make more efficient the electrical and thermal output offered by a fuel cell
There are also 39 colleges and universities in Maine Colleges and universities have facilities for
students faculty administration and maintenance crews that typically include dormitories cafeterias
gyms libraries and athletic departments ndash some with swimming pools Of these 173 locations (134 high
schools and 39 colleges) 65 are located in communities serviced by natural gas (Appendix I ndash Figure 1
Education)
Educational establishments in other states such as Connecticut and New York have shown interest in fuel
cell technology Examples of existing or planned fuel cell applications include South Windsor High
School (CT) Liverpool High School (NY) Rochester Institute of Technology Yale University
University of Connecticut and the State University of New York College of Environmental Science and
Forestry
Table 2 - Education Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
964
(5)
65
(3)
42
(6)
126
(6)
99338
(6)
267551
(6)
19073
(4)
24 EIA Description of CBECS Building Types wwweiagovemeucbecsbuilding_typeshtml 25 Public schools are classified as magnets charters alternative schools and special facilities
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
12
MAINE
Food Sales
There are over 1800 businesses in Maine known to be engaged in the retail sale of food Food sales
establishments are good candidates for fuel cells based on their electrical demand and thermal
requirements for heating and refrigeration Approximately 80 of these sites are considered larger food
sales businesses with approximately 60 or more employees at their site 26
Of these 80 large food sales
businesses 45 are located in communities serviced by natural gas (Appendix I ndash Figure 2 Food Sales)27
The application of a large fuel cell (gt300 kW) at a small convenience store may not be economically
viable based on the electric demand and operational requirements however a smaller fuel cell may be
appropriate
Popular grocery chains such as Price Chopper Supervalu Wholefoods and Stop and Shop have shown
interest in powering their stores with fuel cells in Massachusetts Connecticut and New York28
In
addition grocery distribution centers like the one operated by Shaws (a Supervalu brand) in Wells
Maine are prime targets for the application of hydrogen and fuel cell technology for both stationary
power and material handling equipment
Table 3 - Food Sales Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
1800
(4)
45
(4)
45
(4)
135((
(4)
106434
(4)
286662
(4)
20435
(3)
Food Service
There are over 2100 businesses in Maine that can be classified as food service establishments used for
the preparation and sale of food and beverages for consumption29
15 of these sites are considered larger
restaurant businesses with 130 or more employees at their site and are located in Maine communities
serviced by natural gas (Appendix I ndash Figure 3 Food Services)30
The application of a large fuel cell
(gt300 kW) at smaller restaurants with less than 130 workers may not be economically viable based on the
electric demand and operational requirements however a smaller fuel cell ( 5 kW) may be appropriate
to meet hot water and space heating requirements A significant portion (18 percent) of the energy
consumed in a commercial food service operation can be attributed to the domestic hot water heating
load31
In other parts of the US popular chains such as McDonalds are beginning to show an interest in
the smaller sized fuel cell units for the provision of electricity and thermal energy including domestic
water heating at food service establishments32
26
On average food sale facilities consume 43000 kWh of electricity per worker on an annual basis When compared to current
fuel cell technology (gt300 kW) which satisfies annual electricity consumption loads between 2628000 ndash 3504000 kWh
calculations show food sales facilities employing more than 61 workers may represent favorable opportunities for the application
of a larger fuel cell 27 EIA Description of CBECS Building Types wwweiagovemeucbecsbuilding_typeshtml 28 Clean Energy States Alliance (CESA) ldquoFuel Cells for Supermarkets ndash Cleaner Energy with Fuel Cell Combined Heat and
Power Systemsrdquo Benny Smith wwwcleanenergystatesorgassetsUploadsBlakeFuelCellsSupermarketsFBpdf 29 EIA Description of CBECS Building Types wwweiagovemeucbecsbuilding_typeshtml 30
On average food service facilities consume 20300 kWh of electricity per worker on an annual basis Current fuel cell
technology (gt300 kW) can satisfy annual electricity consumption loads between 2628000 ndash 3504000 kWh Calculations show
food service facilities employing more than 130 workers may represent favorable opportunities for the application of a larger fuel
cell 31
ldquoCase Studies in Restaurant Water Heatingrdquo Fisher Donald httpeecucdaviseduACEEE2008datapapers9_243pdf 2008 32
Sustainable business Oregon ldquoClearEdge sustains brisk growthrdquo
httpwwwsustainablebusinessoregoncomarticles201001clearedge_sustains_brisk_growthhtml May 8 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
13
MAINE
Office
Equipment 4 Ventilation 4
Refrigeration
3
Lighting 11
Cooling 13
Space Heating
33
Water Heating
18
Cooking 5 Other 9
Table 4 - Food Services Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
2100
(3)
15
(4)
15
(4)
45
(4)
35478
(4)
95554
(4)
6812
(2)
Inpatient Healthcare
There are over 181 inpatient healthcare facilities in Maine 42 of which are classified as hospitals33
Of
these 42 hospitals eight are located in communities serviced by natural gas and contain 100 or more beds
onsite (Appendix I ndash Figure 4 Inpatient Healthcare) Hospitals represent an excellent opportunity for the
application of fuel cells because they require a high availability factor of electricity for lifesaving medical
devices and operate 247 with a relatively flat load curve Furthermore medical equipment patient
rooms sterilizedoperating rooms data centers and kitchen areas within these facilities are often required
to be in operational conditions at all times which maximizes the use of electricity and thermal energy
from a fuel cell Nationally hospital energy costs have increased 56 percent from $389 per square foot
in 2003 to $607 per square foot for 2010 partially due to the increased cost of energy34
Examples of healthcare facilities with planned or operational fuel cells include St Francis Stamford and
Waterbury Hospitals in Connecticut and North Central Bronx Hospital in New York
Table 5 - Inpatient Healthcare Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
181
(5)
42
(10)
42
(10)
126
(10)
99338
(10)
267551
(10)
19073
(8)
Lodging
There are over 730 establishments specializing in
travellodging accommodations that include hotels motels or
inns in Maine Approximately 33 of these establishments
have 150 or more rooms onsite and can be classified as
ldquolarger sizedrdquo lodging that may have additional attributes
such as heated pools exercise facilities andor restaurants 35
Of these 33 locations 15 employ more than 94 workers and
are located in communities serviced by natural gas 36
As
shown in Figure 4 more than 60 percent of total energy use at
a typical lodging facility is due to lighting space heating and
water heating 37
The application of a large fuel cell (gt300
33 EIA Description of CBECS Building Types wwweiagovemeucbecsbuilding_typeshtml 34
BetterBricks ldquohttpwwwbetterbrickscomgraphicsassetsdocumentsBB_Article_EthicalandBusinessCasepdfrdquo Page 1
August 2011 35 EPA ldquoCHP in the Hotel and Casino Market Sectorrdquo wwwepagovchpdocumentshotel_casino_analysispdf December 2005 36
On average lodging facilities consume 28000 kWh of electricity per worker on an annual basis Current fuel cell technology
(gt300 kW) can satisfy annual electricity consumption loads between 2628000 ndash 3504000 kWh Calculations show lodging
facilities employing more than 94 workers may represent favorable opportunities for the application of a larger fuel cell 37 National Grid ldquoManaging Energy Costs in Full-Service Hotelsrdquo
wwwnationalgriduscomnon_htmlshared_energyeff_hotelspdf 2004
Figure 4 - US Lodging Energy Consumption
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
14
MAINE
kW) at hotelresort facilities with less than 94 employees may not be economically viable based on the
electrical demand and operational requirement however a smaller fuel cell ( 5 kW) may be appropriate
Popular hotel chains such as the Hilton and Starwood Hotels have shown interest in powering their
establishments with fuel cells in New Jersey and New York
Maine also has 107 facilities identified as convalescent homes three of which have bed capacities greater
than or equal to 150 units38
All three sites are located in communities serviced by natural gas (Appendix
I ndash Figure 5 Lodging)
Table 6 - Lodging Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
837
(10)
18
(2)
18
(2)
54
(2)
42574
(2)
114665
(2)
8174
(2)
Public Order and Safety There are approximately 216 facilities in Maine that can be classified as public order and safety these
include 96 fire stations 102 police stations eight state police stations nine border patrols and nine
prisons 3940
Ten of these locations employ more than 210 workers and are located in communities
serviced by natural gas4142
These applications may represent favorable opportunities for the application
of a larger fuel cell (gt300 kW) which could provide heat and uninterrupted power 4344
The sites
identified (Appendix I ndash Figure 6 Public Order and Safety) will have special value to provide increased
reliability to mission critical facilities associated with public safety and emergency response during grid
outages The application of a large fuel cell (gt300 kW) at public order and safety facilities with less than
210 employees may not be economically viable based on the electrical demand and operational
requirement however a smaller fuel cell ( 5 kW) may be appropriate Central Park Police Station in
New York City New York is presently powered by a 200 kW fuel cell system
Table 7 - Public Order and Safety Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
216
(7)
10
(3)
10
(3)
30
(3)
23652
(3)
63703
(3)
4541
(3)
38 Assisted-Living-List ldquoList of 120 Nursing Homes in Maine (ME)rdquo httpassisted-living-listcomme--nursing-homes May 9
2011 39 EIA Description of CBECS Building Types wwweiagovemeucbecsbuilding_typeshtml 40 USACOPS ndash The Nations Law Enforcement Site wwwusacopscomme 41
CBECSldquoTable C14rdquo httpwwweiagovemeucbecscbecs2003detailed_tables_20032003set192003pdfalltablespdf
November 2011 42
On average public order and safety facilities consume 12400 kWh of electricity per worker on an annual basis Current fuel
cell technology (gt300 kW) can satisfy annual electricity consumption loads between 2628000 ndash 3504000 kWh Calculations
show public order and safety facilities employing more than 212 workers may represent favorable opportunities for the
application of a larger fuel cell 43
2628000 12400 = 21194 44
CBECSldquoTable C14rdquo httpwwweiagovemeucbecscbecs2003detailed_tables_20032003set192003pdfalltablespdf
November 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
15
MAINE
Energy Intensive Industries
As shown in Table 2 energy intensive industries with high electricity consumption (which on average is
48 percent of annual operating costs) have been identified as potential locations for the application of a
fuel cell45
In Maine there are approximately 156 of these industrial facilities that are involved in the
manufacture of aluminum chemicals forest products glass metal casting petroleum coal products or
steel and employ 25 or more employees46
Of these 156 locations 64 are located in communities serviced
by natural gas (Appendix I ndash Figure 7 Energy Intensive Industries)
Table 8 - 2002 Data for the Energy Intensive Industry by Sector47
NAICS Code Sector Energy Consumption per Dollar Value of Shipments (kWh)
325 Chemical manufacturing 249
322 Pulp and Paper 446
324110 Petroleum Refining 472
311 Food manufacturing 076
331111 Iron and steel 815
321 Wood Products 123
3313 Alumina and aluminum 358
327310 Cement 1641
33611 Motor vehicle manufacturing 021
3315 Metal casting 164
336811 Shipbuilding and ship repair 205
3363 Motor vehicle parts manufacturing 205
Companies such as Coca-Cola Johnson amp Johnson and Pepperidge Farms in Connecticut New Jersey
and New York have installed fuel cells to help supply energy to their facilities
Table 9 - Energy Intensive Industry Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
156
(3)
6
(1)
6
(1)
18
(1)
14191
(1)
38222
(1)
2725
(1)
Government Owned Buildings
Buildings operated by the federal government can be found at 114 locations in Maine four of these
properties are actively owned rather than leased by the federal government and are located in
communities serviced by natural gas (Appendix I ndash Figure 8 Federal Government Operated Buildings)
There are also a number of buildings owned and operated by the State of Maine The application of fuel
cell technology at government owned buildings would assist in balancing load requirements at these sites
and offer a unique value for active and passive public education associated with the high usage of these
public buildings
45 EIA ldquoElectricity Generation Capabilityrdquo 1999 CBECS wwweiadoegovemeucbecspba99comparegenerhtml 46 Proprietary market data 47 EPA ldquoEnergy Trends in Selected Manufacturing Sectorsrdquo wwwepagovsectorspdfenergych2pdf March 2007
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
16
MAINE
Table 10 - Government Owned Building Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
114
(9)
4
(4)
4
(4)
12
(4)
9461
(4)
25481
(4)
1816
(4)
Wireless Telecommunication Sites
Telecommunications companies rely on electricity to run call centers cell phone towers and other vital
equipment In Maine there are approximately 509 telecommunications andor wireless company tower
sites (Appendix I ndash Figure 9 Telecommunication Sites) Any loss of power at these locations may result
in a loss of service to customers thus having reliable power is critical Each individual site represents an
opportunity to provide back-up power for continuous operation through the application of on-site back-up
generation powered by hydrogen and fuel cell technology It is an industry standard to install units
capable of supplying 48-72 hours of backup power which this is typically accomplished with batteries or
conventional emergency generators48
The deployment of fuel cells at selected telecommunication sites
will have special value to provide increased reliability to critical sites associated with emergency
communications and homeland security An example of a telecommunication site that utilizes fuel cell
technology to provide back-up power is a T-Mobile facility located in Storrs Connecticut
Table 11 - Wireless Telecommunication Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
509
(13)
51
(13) NA NA NA NA NA
Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs) There are 111 WWTPs in Maine that have design flows ranging from 3000 gallons per day (GPD) to 16
million gallons per day (MGD) seven of these facilities average between 3 ndash 16 MGD WWTPs
typically operate 247 and may be able to utilize the thermal energy from the fuel cell to process fats oils
and grease49
WWTPs account for approximately three percent of the electric load in the United State50
Digester gas produced at WWTPrsquos which is usually 60 percent methane can serve as a fuel substitute for
natural gas to power fuel cells Anaerobic digesters generally require a wastewater flow greater than
three MGD for an economy of scale to collect and use the methane51
Most facilities currently represent a
lost opportunity to capture and use the digestion of methane emissions created from their operations
(Appendix I ndash Figure 10 Solid and Liquid Waste Sites) 5253
A 200 kW fuel cell power plant in Yonkers New York was the worldrsquos first commercial fuel cell to run
on a waste gas created at a wastewater treatment plant The fuel cell generates about 1600 MWh of
electricity a year and reduces methane emissions released to the environment54
A 200 kW fuel cell
48 ReliOn Hydrogen Fuel Cell Wireless Applicationsrdquo wwwrelion-inccompdfReliOn_AppsWireless_2010pdf May 4 2011 49
ldquoBeyond Zero Net Energy Case Studies of Wastewater Treatment for Energy and Resource Productionrdquo Toffey Bill
September 2010 httpwwwawra-pmasmemberlodgeorgResourcesDocumentsBeyond_NZE_WWT-Toffey-9-16-2010pdf 50
EPA Wastewater Management Fact Sheet ldquoIntroductionrdquo July 2006 51 EPA Wastewater Management Fact Sheet wwwp2paysorgenergyWastePlantpdf July 2006 52 ldquoGHG Emissions from Wastewater Treatment and Biosolids Managementrdquo Beecher Ned November 20 2009
wwwdesstatenhusorganizationdivisionswaterwmbriverswatershed_conferencedocuments2009_fri_climate_2pdf 53 EPA Wastewater Management Fact Sheet wwwp2paysorgenergyWastePlantpdf May 4 2011 54 NYPA ldquoWHAT WE DO ndash Fuel Cellsrdquo wwwnypagovservicesfuelcellshtm August 8 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
17
MAINE
power plant was and installed at the Water Pollution Control Authorityrsquos WWTP in New Haven
Connecticut and produces 10 ndash 15 percent of the facilityrsquos electricity reducing energy costs by almost
$13000 a year55
Table 12 - Wastewater Treatment Plants Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
111
(19)
1
(6)
1
(6)
03
(6)
2365
(6)
6370
(6)
454
(5)
Landfill Methane Outreach Program (LMOP)
There are 11 landfills in Maine identified by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) through their
LMOP program two of which are operational two are candidates and six are considered potential sites
for the production and recovery of methane gas 5657
The amount of methane emissions released by a
given site is dependent upon the amount of material in the landfill and the amount of time the material has
been in place Similar to WWTPs methane emissions from landfills could be captured and used as a fuel
to power a fuel cell system In 2009 municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills were responsible for
producing approximately 17 percent of human-related methane emissions in the nation These locations
could produce renewable energy and help manage the release of methane (Appendix I ndash Figure 10 Solid
and Liquid Waste Sites)
Table 13 - Landfill Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
25
(12)
1
(7)
1
(7)
03
(7)
2365
(7)
6370
(7)
454
(6)
Airports
During peak air travel times in the US there are approximately 50000 airplanes in the sky each day
Ensuring safe operations of commercial and private aircrafts are the responsibility of air traffic
controllers Modern software host computers voice communication systems and instituted full scale
glide path angle capabilities assist air traffic controllers in tracking and communicating with aircrafts
consequently reliable electricity is extremely important and present an opportunity for a fuel cell power
application 58
There are approximately 103 airports in Maine including 47 that are open to the public and have
scheduled services Of those 47 airports six (Table 3) have 2500 or more passengers enplaned each
year two of these six facilities are located in communities serviced by natural gas (See Appendix I ndash
55 Conntactcom ldquoCity to Install Fuel Cellrdquo
httpwwwconntactcomarchive_indexarchive_pages4472_Business_New_Havenhtml August 15 2003 56
Due to size individual sites may have more than one potential candidate or operational project 57 LMOP defines a candidate landfill as ldquoone that is accepting waste or has been closed for five years or less has at least one
million tons of waste and does not have an operational or under-construction projectrdquoEPA ldquoLandfill Methane Outreach
Programrdquo wwwepagovlmopbasic-infoindexhtml April 7 2011 58 Howstuffworkscom ldquoHow Air Traffic Control Worksrdquo Craig Freudenrich
httpsciencehowstuffworkscomtransportflightmodernair-traffic-control5htm May 4 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
18
MAINE
Figure 11 Commercial Airports) An example of an airport currently hosting a fuel cell power plant to
provide backup power is Albany International Airport located in Albany New York
Table 14 ndash Maine Top Airports Enplanement Count
Airport59
Total Enplanement in 2000
Portland International Jetport 668098
Bangor International 272833
Northern Maine Regional at Presque Isle 25174
Knox County Regional 17328
Hancock County Bar harbor 14399
Augusta State 7148
Bangor International Airport (BGR) is considered the only ldquoJoint-Userdquo airport in Maine Joint-Use
facilities are establishments where the military department authorizes use of the military runway for
public airport services Army Aviation Support Facilities (AASF) located at this site are used by the
Army to provide aircraft and equipment readiness train and utilize military personnel conduct flight
training and operations and perform field level maintenance Bangor International Airport represents a
favorable opportunity for the application of uninterruptible power for necessary services associated with
national defense and emergency response and is located in a community serviced by natural gas
(Appendix I ndash Figure 11 Commercial Airports)
Table 15 - Airport Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
103
(12)
5(1)
(1)
1
(1)
15
(1)
11826
(1)
31851
(1)
2271
(8)
Military The US Department of Defense (DOD) is the largest funding organization in terms of supporting fuel
cell activities for military applications in the world DOD organizations are using fuel cells for
Stationary units for power supply in bases
Fuel cell units in transport applications
Portable units for equipping individual soldiers or group of soldiers
In a collaborative partnership with the DOE the DOD plans to install and operate 18 fuel cell backup
power systems at eight of its military installations two of which are located within the Northeast region
(New York and New Jersey)60
In addition the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard (PSNY) in Kittery Maine
occupies more than 297 acres on base employs approximately 4500 civilian employees and 100 naval
officers in addition to enlisted personal assigned to the shipyard and is a potential application for
hydrogen and fuel cell technology (Appendix I ndash Figure 11 Commercial Airports) 61
59 Bureau of Transportation Statistics ldquoMaine Transportation Profilerdquo
wwwbtsgovpublicationsstate_transportation_statisticsmainepdfentirepdf March 30 2011 60 Fuel Cell Today ldquoUS DoD to Install Fuel cell Backup Power Systems at Eight Military Installationsrdquo
httpwwwfuelcelltodaycomonlinenewsarticles2011-07US-DOD-FC-Backup-Power-Systems July 20 2011 61
Portsmouth Naval Shipyard ldquoShipyard Factsrdquo httpwwwnavseanavymilshipyardsportsmouthPagesFactsaspx August
2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
19
MAINE
Table 16 - Military Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
1
(7)
1
(7)
1
(7)
03
(7)
2365
(7)
6370
(7)
454
(6)
POTENTIAL TRANSPORTATION TARGETS
Transportation is responsible for one-fourth of the total global GHG emissions and consumes 75 percent
of the worldrsquos oil production In 2010 the US used 21 million barrels of non-renewable petroleum each
day Roughly 29 percent of Mainersquos energy consumption is due to demands of the transportation sector
including gasoline and on-highway diesel petroleum for automobiles trucks and buses A small percent
of non-renewable petroleum is used for jet and ship fuel62
The current economy in the US is dependent on hydrocarbon energy sources and any disruption or
shortage of this energy supply will severely affect many energy related activities including
transportation As oil and other non-sustainable hydrocarbon energy resources become scarce energy
prices will increase and the reliability of supply will be reduced Government and industry are now
investigating the use of hydrogen and renewable energy as a replacement of hydrocarbon fuels
Hydrogen-fueled fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) have many advantages over conventional
technology including
Quiet operation
Near zero emissions of controlled pollutants such as nitrous oxide carbon monoxide
hydrocarbon gases or particulates
Substantial (30 to 50 percent) reduction in GHG emissions on a well-to-wheel basis compared to
conventional gasoline or gasoline-hybrid vehicles when the hydrogen is produced by
conventional methods such as natural gas and 100 percent when hydrogen is produced from a
clean energy source
Ability to fuel vehicles with indigenous energy sources which reduces dependence on imported
energy and adds to energy security and
Higher efficiency than conventional vehicles (See Table 4)6364
Table 17 - Average Energy Efficiency of Conventional and Fuel Cell Vehicles (mpge65
)
Passenger Car Light Truck Transit Bus
Hydrogen Gasoline Hybrid Gasoline Hydrogen Gasoline Hydrogen Fuel Cell Diesel
52 50 293 492 215 54 39
FCEVs can reduce price volatility dependence on oil improve environmental performance and provide
greater efficiencies than conventional transportation technologies as follows
62 ldquoUS Oil Consumption to BP Spillrdquo httpapplesfromorangescom201005us-oil-consumption-to-bp-spill May31 2010 63 ldquoChallenges for Sustainable Mobility and Development of Fuel Cell Vehiclesrdquo Masatami Takimoto Executive Vice President
Toyota Motor Corporation January 26 2006 Presentation at the 2nd International Hydrogen amp Fuel Cell Expo Technical
Conference Tokyo Japan 64 ldquoTwenty Hydrogen Mythsrdquo Amory B Lovins Rocky Mountain Institute June 20 2003 65 Miles per Gallon Equivalent
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
20
MAINE
Replacement of gasoline-fueled passenger vehicles and light duty trucks and diesel-fueled transit
buses with FCEVs could result in annual CO2 emission reductions (per vehicle) of approximately
10170 15770 and 182984 pounds per year respectively66
Replacement of gasoline-fueled passenger vehicles and light duty trucks and diesel-fueled transit
buses with FCEVs could result in annual energy savings (per vehicle) of approximately 230
gallons of gasoline (passenger vehicle) 485 gallons of gasoline (light duty truck) and 4390
gallons of diesel (bus)
Replacement of gasoline-fueled passenger vehicles light duty trucks and diesel-fueled transit
buses with FCEVs could result in annual fuel cost savings of approximately $885 per passenger
vehicle $1866 per light duty truck and $17560 per bus67
Automobile manufacturers such as Toyota General Motors Honda Daimler AG and Hyundai have
projected that models of their FCEVs will begin to roll out in larger numbers by 2015 Longer term the
US DOE has projected that between 151 million and 239 million light duty FCEVs may be sold each
year by 2050 and between 144 million and 347 million light duty FCEVs may be in use by 2050 with a
transition to a hydrogen economy These estimates could be accelerated if political economic energy
security or environmental polices prompt a rapid advancement in alternative fuels68
Mainersquos opportunities to support these new vehicles include alternative fueling stations Maine
Department of Transportation (MDOT) refueling stations bus transit operations government public and
privately owned fleets and material handling and airport ground support equipment (GSE) Graphical
representation of these opportunities analyzed are depicted in Appendix I
Alternative Fueling Stations
There are approximately 1400 retail fueling stations in Maine69
however only 10 public andor private
stations within the state provide alternative fuels such as biodiesel compressed natural gas propane
andor electricity for alternative-fueled vehicles70
There are also at least 17 refueling stations owned and
operated by MDOT that can be used by authorities operating federal and state safety vehicles state transit
vehicles and employees of universities that operate fleet vehicles on a regular basis 71
Development of
hydrogen fueling at alternative fuel stations and at selected locations owned and operated by MDOT
would help facilitate the deployment of FCEVs within the state (Appendix I ndash Figure 12 Alternative
Fueling Stations) Currently there are approximately 18 existing or planned transportation fueling
stations in the Northeast region where hydrogen is provided as an alternative fuel72737475
66 Fuel Cell Economic Development Plan Connecticut Department of Economic and Community Development and the
Connecticut Center for Advanced Technology Inc January 1 2008 Calculations based upon average annual mileage of 12500
miles for passenger car and 14000 miles for light trucks (US EPA) and 37000 average milesyear per bus (US DOT FTA
2007) 67 US EIA Weekly Retail Gasoline and Diesel Prices gasoline - $3847 and diesel ndash 400
wwweiagovdnavpetpet_pri_gnd_a_epm0r_pte_dpgal_whtm 68
Effects of a Transition to a Hydrogen Economy on Employment in the United States Report to Congress
httpwwwhydrogenenergygovcongress_reportshtml August 2011 69 ldquoPublic retail gasoline stations state yearrdquo wwwafdcenergygovafdcdatadocsgasoline_stations_statexls May 5 2011 70 Alternative Fuels Data Center wwwafdcenergygovafdclocatorstations 71 EPA ldquoGovernment UST Noncompliance Report-2007rdquo wwwepagovoustdocsME20Compliance20Reportpdf August
82007 72 Alternative Fuels Data Center httpwwwafdcenergygovafdclocatorstations 73 Hyride ldquoAbout the fueling stationrdquo httpwwwhyrideorghtml-about_hyrideAbout_Fuelinghtml 74 CTTransit ldquoHartford Bus Facility Site Work (Phase 1)rdquo
wwwcttransitcomProcurementsDisplayaspProcurementID=8752CA67-AB1F-4D88-BCEC-4B82AC8A2542 March 2011 75
Currently there are no publicly or privately accessible transportation fueling stations where hydrogen is provided as an
alternative fuel in Maine
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
21
MAINE
Fleets
There are over 7000 fleet vehicles (excluding state and federal vehicles) classified as non-leasing or
company owned vehicles in Maine 76
Fleet vehicles typically account for more than twice the amount of
mileage and therefore twice the fuel consumption and emissions compared to personal vehicles on a per
vehicle basis There are an additional 1781 passenger automobiles andor light duty trucks in Maine
owned by state and federal agencies (excluding state police) that traveled a combined 14965373 miles in
2010 while releasing 1031 metrics tons of CO2 77
Conversion of fleet vehicles from conventional fossil
fuels to FCEVs could significantly reduce petroleum consumption and GHG emissions Fleet vehicle
hubs are good candidates for hydrogen refueling and conversion to FCEVs because they mostly operate
on fixed routes or within fixed districts and are fueled from a centralized station
Bus Transit
There are approximately 61 directly operated buses that provide public transportation services in Maine78
As discussed above replacement of a conventional diesel transit bus with a fuel cell transit bus would
result in the reduction of CO2 emissions (estimated at approximately 183000 pounds per year) and
reduction of diesel fuel (estimated at approximately 4390 gallons per year)79
Although the efficiency of
conventional diesel buses has increased conventional diesel buses which typically achieve fuel economy
performance levels of 39 miles per gallon have the greatest potential for energy savings by using high
efficiency fuel cells In addition to Maine other states have also begun the transition of fueling transit
buses with alternative fuels to improve efficiency and environmental performance
Material Handling
Material handling equipment such as forklifts are used by a variety of industries including
manufacturing construction mining agriculture food retailers and wholesale trade to move goods
within a facility or to load goods for shipping to another site Material handling equipment is usually
battery propane or diesel powered Batteries that currently power material handling equipment are heavy
and take up significant storage space while only providing up to 6 hours of run time Fuel cells can
ensure constant power delivery and performance eliminating the reduction in voltage output that occurs
as batteries discharge Fuel cell powered material handling equipment last more than twice as long (12-
14 hours) and also eliminate the need for battery storage and charging rooms leaving more space for
products In addition fueling time only takes two to three minutes by the operator compared to least 20
minutes or more for each battery replacement which saves the operator valuable time and increases
warehouse productivity
In addition fuel cell powered material handling equipment has significant cost advantages compared to
batteries such as
15 times lower maintenance cost
8 times lower refuelingrecharging labor cost
2 times lower net present value of total operations and management (OampM) system cost
76
Fleetcom ldquo2009-My Registrationrdquo httpwwwautomotive-
fleetcomStatisticsStatsVieweraspxfile=http3a2f2fwwwautomotive-fleetcom2ffc_resources2fstats2fAFFB10-16-
top10-statepdfampchannel 77 US General Services Administration ldquoGSA 2010 Fleet Reportsrdquo Table 4-2 httpwwwgsagovportalcontent230525 September
2011 78
NTD Date ldquoTS22 - Service Data and Operating Expenses Time-Series by Systemrdquo
httpwwwntdprogramgovntdprogramdatahtm December 2011 79 Fuel Cell Economic Development Plan Connecticut Department of Economic and Community Development and the
Connecticut Center for Advanced Technology Inc January 1 2008
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
22
MAINE
63 percent less emissions of GHG (Appendix X provides a comparison of PEM fuel cell and
battery-powered material handling equipment)
Fuel cell powered material handling equipment is already in use at dozens of warehouses distribution
centers and manufacturing plants in North America80
Large corporations that are currently using or
planning to use fuel cell powered material handling equipment include CVS Coca-Cola BMW Central
Grocers and Wal-Mart (Refer to Appendix IX for a partial list of companies in North America that using
fuel cell powered forklifts)81
There are approximately five distribution centerswarehouse sites that have
been identified in Maine that may benefit from the use of fuel cell powered material handling equipment
(Appendix I ndash Figure 13 Distribution CentersWarehouses amp Ports)
Ground Support Equipment
Ground support equipment (GSE) such as catering trucks deicers and airport tugs can be battery
operated or more commonly run on diesel or gasoline As an alternative hydrogen-powered tugs are
being developed for both military and commercial applications While their performance is similar to that
of other battery-powered equipment a fuel cell-powered GSE remains fully charged (provided there is
hydrogen fuel available) and do not experience performance lag at the end of a shift like battery-powered
GSEs82
Potential large end-users of GSE that serve Mainersquos largest airports include Air Canada Delta
Airlines Continental JetBlue United and US Airways83
(Appendix I ndash Figure 11 Commercial
Airports)
Ports
Maine has 3480 miles of coastline with six cargo ports and 13 cruise ship ports The ports of Portland
and Bath Maine which service large vessels such as container ships tankers bulk carriers and cruise
ships may be candidates for improved energy management Commercial marine vessels (cargo ships
entering and leaving Marine ports) contribute approximately 166 tons of volatile organic compounds
(VOC) 1134 tons of NOX 374 tons of CO 124 tons of sulfur dioxide SO2 and 91 tons of particulate
matter (PM10) per year84
In one year a single large container ship can emit pollutants equivalent to that of 50 million cars The
low grade bunker fuel used by the worlds 90000 cargo ships contains up to 2000 times the amount of
sulfur compared to diesel fuel used in automobiles85
Furthermore diesel emissions from cruise ships
while at port are a significant source of air pollution While docked vessels shut off their main engines
but use auxiliary diesel and steam engines to power refrigeration lights pumps and other functions a
process called ldquocold-ironing An estimated one-third of ship emissions occur while they are idling at
berth Replacing auxiliary engines with on-shore electric power could significantly reduce emissions
The applications of fuel cell technology at ports may also provide electric and thermal energy for
improving energy management for warehouses and equipment operated between terminals (Appendix I ndash
Figure 13 Distribution CentersWarehouses amp Ports)86
80 DOE EERE ldquoEarly Markets Fuel Cells for Material Handling Equipmentrdquo
www1eereenergygovhydrogenandfuelcellseducationpdfsearly_markets_forkliftspdf February 2011 81 Plug Power ldquoPlug Power Celebrates Successful year for Companyrsquos Manufacturing and Sales Activityrdquo
wwwplugpowercom January 4 2011 82 Battelle ldquoIdentification and Characterization of Near-Term Direct Hydrogen Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Marketsrdquo
April 2007 www1eereenergygovhydrogenandfuelcellspdfspemfc_econ_2006_report_final_0407pdf 83 PWM ldquoAirlinesrdquo httpwwwportlandjetportorgairlines August 24 2011 84
Maine Department of Environmental Protection ldquoAir Emission from Marine Vesselsrdquo
httpwwwmainegovdepblwqtopicvesselairemissionsreportpdf January 15 2005 85
ldquoBig polluters one massive container ship equals 50 million carsrdquo Paul Evans httpwwwgizmagcomshipping-
pollution11526 April 232009 86
Savemayportvillagenet ldquoCruise Ship Pollutionrdquo httpwwwsavemayportvillagenetid20html October 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
23
MAINE
Table 18 -Ports Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
42
(35)
2
(11)
2
(11)
06
(11)
4730
(11)
12741
(11)
908
(9)
CONCLUSION
Hydrogen and fuel cell technology offers significant opportunities for improved energy reliability energy
efficiency and emission reductions Large fuel cell units (gt300 kW) may be appropriate for applications
that serve large electric and thermal loads Smaller fuel cell units (lt 300 kW) may provide back-up power
for telecommunication sites restaurantsfast food outlets and smaller sized public facilities at this time
Table 19 ndashSummary of Potential Fuel Cell Applications
Category Total Sites Potential
Sites
Number of Fuel
Cells
lt 300 kW
Number of
Fuel Cells
gt300 kW
CB
EC
S D
ata
Education 964 6587
23 42
Food Sales 1800+ 4588
45
Food Services 2100+ 1589
15
Inpatient Healthcare 181 4290
42
Lodging 837 1891
18
Public Order amp Safety 216 1092
10
Energy Intensive Industries 156 693
6
Government Operated
Buildings 114 4
94
4
Wireless
Telecommunication
Towers
50995
5196
51
WWTPs 111 197
1
Landfills 25 198
1
Airports (w AASF) 103 5 (1)99
5
87 65 high schools andor college and universities located in communities serviced by natural gas 88 45 food sale facilities located in communities serviced by natural gas 89 Ten percent of the 97 food service facilities located in communities serviced by natural gas 90 Eight Hospitals located in communities serviced by natural gas and occupying 150+ or more beds onsite 91 15 hotel facilities with 100+ rooms onsite and three convalescent homes with 150+ bed onsite located in communities serviced
by natural gas 92 Correctional facilities andor other public order and safety facilities with 212 workers or more 93 Ten percent of the 64 energy intensive industry facilities located in communities serviced with natural gas 94 Four actively owned federal government operated building located in communities serviced by natural gas 95
The Federal Communications Commission regulates interstate and international communications by radio television wire
satellite and cable in all 50 states the District of Columbia and US territories 96 Ten percent of the 509 wireless telecommunication sites in Mainersquos targeted for back-up PEM fuel cell deployment 97 Ten percent of Maine WWTP with average flows of 30+ MGD 98 Ten percent of the landfills targeted based on LMOP data
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
24
MAINE
Military 1 1 1
Ports 42 2 2
Total 7159+ 266 74 192
As shown in Table 5 the analysis provided here estimates that there are approximately 266 potential
locations which may be favorable candidates for the application of a fuel cell to provide heat and power
Assuming the demand for electricity was uniform throughout the year approximately 150 to 192 fuel cell
units with a capacity of 300 ndash 400 kW could be deployed for a total fuel cell capacity of 58 to 77 MWs
If opportunities for fuel cell use in Maine identified in this report are met with 300 kW units a minimum
of 473040 MWh electric and 127 million MMBTUs (equivalent to 373404 MWh) of thermal energy
would be produced which could reduce CO2 emissions by at least 90824 tons per year 100
Maine can also benefit from the use of hydrogen and fuel cell technology for transportation such as
passenger fleets transit district fleets municipal fleets and state department fleets The application of
hydrogen and fuel cell technology for transportation would reduce the dependence on oil improve
environmental performance and provide greater efficiencies than conventional transportation
technologies
bull Replacement of a gasoline-fueled passenger vehicle with FCEVs could result in annual CO2
emission reductions (per vehicle) of approximately 10170 pounds annual energy savings of 230
gallons of gasoline and annual fuel cost savings of $885
bull Replacement of a gasoline-fueled light duty truck with FCEVs could result in annual CO2
emission reductions (per light duty truck) of approximately 15770 pounds annual energy savings
of 485 gallons of gasoline and annual fuel cost savings of $1866
bull Replacement of a diesel-fueled transit bus with a fuel cell powered bus could result in annual CO2
emission reductions (per bus) of approximately 182984 pounds annual energy savings of 4390
gallons of fuel and annual fuel cost savings of $17560
Hydrogen and fuel cell technology also provides significant opportunities for job creation andor
economic development Realizing over $2 million in revenue and investment in 2010 the hydrogen and
fuel cell industry in Maine is estimated to have contributed approximately $113000 in state and local tax
revenue and over $29 million in gross state product Currently there are at least 30 Maine companies
that are part of the growing hydrogen and fuel cell industry supply chain in the Northeast region If
neweremerging hydrogen and fuel cell technology were to gain momentum the number of companies
and employment for the industry could grow substantially
99 Airport facilities with 2500+ annual Enplanement Counts andor AASF 100
If opportunities for fuel cell use in Maine identified in this report are met with 400 kW units a minimum of 665760 MWh
electric and 312 million MMBTUs (equivalent to 915127 MWh) of thermal energy would be produced which could reduce CO2
emissions by at least 127826 tons per year
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
25
MAINE
APPENDICES
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
26
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 1 Education
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
27
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 2 Food Sales
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
28
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 3 Food Services
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
29
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 4 Inpatient Healthcare
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
30
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 5 Lodging
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
31
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 6 Public Order and Safety
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
32
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 7 Energy Intensive Industries
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
33
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 8 Federal Government Operated Buildings
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
34
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 9 Telecommunication Sites
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
35
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 10 Solid and Liquid Waste Sites
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
36
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 11 Commercial Airports
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
37
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 12 Alternative Fueling Stations
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
38
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 13 Distribution CentersWarehouses amp Ports
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
39
MAINE
Appendix II ndash Maine Estimated Electrical Consumption per Sector
Category Total Site
Electric Consumption per Building
(1000 kWh)101
kWh Consumed per Sector
New England
Education 925 161844 149705700
Food Sales 1800 319821 575677800
Food Services 2100 128 269199000
Inpatient Healthcare 181 603863 1092991125
Lodging 837 21312 178379766
Public Order amp Safety 262 77855 20398010
Total 6105 2286351401
Residential102
4503000000
Industrial 3702000000
Commercial 4503000000
Other Commercial 2286351401
101
EIA Electricity consumption and expenditure intensities for Non-Mall Building 2003 102
DOE EERE ldquoElectric Power and Renewable Energy in Mainerdquo httpapps1eereenergygovstateselectricitycfmstate=ME
August 25 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
40
MAINE
Appendix III ndash Key Stakeholders
Organization CityTown State Website Hydrogen Energy Center Portland ME wwwhydrogenenergycenterorg
University of Maine School of
Engineering Technology Orono ME httpwwwumaineeduset
University of Maine Advanced
Manufacturing Center Orono
ME wwwumaineeduamc
University of Maine Advanced
Structures and Composites Center Orono
ME httpwww2umaineeduaewc
Manufacturers Association of Maine Westbrook ME
wwwmainemfgcom
Maine Manufacturing Extension
Partnership Augusta
ME httpwwwmainemeporg
Mid-Coast Regional Redevelopment
Authority Brunswick
ME wwwmrraus
Manufacturing Applications Center Gorham ME
httpwwwusmmaineedu
Maine Center for Enterprise
Development University of Southern
Maine
Portland ME
wwwmcedbiz
Maine Small Business Development
Center Portland
ME httpwwwmainesbdcorg
Southern Maine Community College
Sustainability and Energy Alternatives
Center
South
Portland ME httpwwwsmccmeedubusiness-a-
communitycomunity-resourcessustainability-
centerhtml
Environment and Energy Technology
Council of Maine Portland
ME wwwE2Techorg
Maine Technology Institute Gardiner ME
wwwmainetechnologyorg
Maine Innovation Economy advisory
Board Maine DECD Augusta ME httpwwwmainegovdecd
Governorrsquos Office of Energy
Independence and Security Augusta ME httpmainegovoeis
Utility Companies
Unitil httpwwwunitilcomcustomer-configuration
Bangor Gas Co httpwwwbangorgascom
Central Maine Power Co httpwwwcmpcocom
Bangor Hydro-Electric Co httpwwwbhecom
Maine Public Service Co httpwwwmainepublicservicecom
Appendix IV ndash Maine State Incentives and Programs
Funding Source Maine Public Utilities Commission
Program Title Community-based Renewable Energy Pilot Program
Applicable EnergiesTechnologies Solar Thermal Electric Photovoltaic Landfill Gas Wind
Biomass Hydroelectric Geothermal Electric Fuel Cells Anaerobic Digestion Tidal Energy
Fuel Cells using Renewable Fuels
Summary The Maine Utilities Commission (PUC) finalized the rule in February 2010 Legislation
mandates that up 10 50 MW of generating capacity will be permitted uned this program and
individual participants may not exceed 10 MW Of the 50 MW cap 10 must be reserved
specifically for small program participants or for participants located in a service territory of a
cooperative transmission and distribution utility
Restrictions
The PUC may require investor-owned utilities to enter into long-term contracts for energy capacity
resources or renewable energy credits (RECs) produced by the community-based project The
contacts term may not exceed 20 year the PUC will conduct long-term contract solicitations for
ldquolarge generatorsrdquo
Timing The Maine Public Utilities Commission is seeking proposals from suppliers of energy
capacity or renewable energy credits (RECs) for the development of community-based renewable
energy projects over 1 MW The docket number for this RFP is 2011-150 All inquiries about this
RFP should be directed to christinercookmainegov
Maximum Size Choice of either 15 REC credit multiplier or up to 10 MW DC
Requirements
To be eligible for incentives a generating facility must be 51 percent locally owned use renewable
energy resources be no larger than 10 MW in generating capacity and be located in the State
httpwwwstatemeusmpucelectricitycommunity_pilotshtml
Rebate amount $010kWh or cost fo the project whichever is lower
For further information please visit
httpwwwstatemeusmpucelectricitycommunity_pilotshtml
Source
Maine Public Utilities Commission ldquoCommunity-based Renewable Energy Pilot Programrdquo August 10 2011
DSIRE ldquoCommunity-based Renewable Energy Production Incentive (Pilot Program)rdquo August 10 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
42
Funding Source Voluntary Renewable Resource Grants
Program Title Voluntary Renewable Resources Fund
Applicable EnergiesTechnologies Solar Thermal Electric Photovoltaics Wind Biomass
Hydroelectric Geothermal Electric Fuel Cells Municipal Solid Waste Tidal Energy Fuel
Cells using Renewable Fuels
Summary Supported by the state Voluntary Renewable resource Fund and administered by the
Efficient Maine provide funding for small-scale demonstration projects designed to educate
communities on the value oand cost effectiveness of renewable energy
Restrictions To Qualify for grant funding renewable-energy resources generally must qualify as a
small power production facility un Federal Energy Regulatory Commission rules or must not exceed
100 MW in capacity and use one of more of the applicable energiestechnologies
Timing Start Date of this program occurred 12151998 and no expiration date is given
Maximum Size $50000
Requirements
httpwwwmainegovmpucrecovery
Rebate amount
$50000 Maximu
For further information please visit
httpwwwmainegovmpucrecovery
Source
Maine PUC ldquoFederal Stimulus MPUC and the Federal Recovery Packagerdquo ndash August 10 2011
DSIRE ldquoMaine - Voluntary Renewable Resource Grantsrdquo August 10 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
43
Appendix V ndash Partial Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Supply Chain Companies in Maine103
Organization Name Product or Service Category
1 University of Maine School of
Engineering Technology Research amp Development
2 University of Maine Advanced
Structures and Composites Center Research amp Development
3 Precision Partners-Mid-State Machine
Products Manufacturing Services
4 Ocean Energy Institute EngineeringDesign Services
5 Newfab Inc Manufacturing Services
6 New England Castings Other
7 Mitchell Ledge Farm Components
8 McNabb Marketing Resources Other
9 Maine Oxy Inc Fuel
10 Maine Machine Products Co Manufacturing Services
11 MacTec Inc FCH2 System DistrInstallMaint Services
12 Kennebec Technologies Manufacturing Services
13 Hydrogen Energy Center Service Center Lab or Test ConsultingLegalFinancial
Services
14 Hydrogen Energy Center Other
15 Green Energy Maine Other
16 Fire Risk Management Inc EngineeringDesign Services
17 Fire Risk Management EngineeringDesign Services
18 Fairchild Semiconductor Research amp Development
19 EcoMain Research amp Development
20 Control Point Inc Lab or Test EquipmentServices
21 Colby Company Engineering EngineeringDesign Services
22 Chewonki Foundation Other
23 Burroughs Machine Tool Products Equipment
24 Bernstein Shur ConsultingLegalFinancial Services
25 Bath Iron Works (General Dynamics
Inc) Research amp Development
26 AMEC EngineeringDesign Services
27 Advantages Gases and Tools Fuel
28 Advanced Manufacturing Center-
University of ME Manufacturing Services
103
Northeast Electrochemical Energy Storage Cluster Supply Chain Database Search httpneescorgresourcestype=1 August 11 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
44
Appendix VI ndash Comparison of Fuel Cell Technologies104
Fuel Cell
Type
Common
Electrolyte
Operating
Temperature
Typical
Stack
Size
Efficiency Applications Advantages Disadvantages
Polymer
Electrolyte
Membrane
(PEM)
Perfluoro sulfonic
acid
50-100degC
122-212deg
typically
80degC
lt 1 kW ndash 1
MW105
gt
kW 60
transportation
35
stationary
bull Backup power
bull Portable power
bull Distributed
generation
bull Transportation
bull Specialty vehicle
bull Solid electrolyte reduces
corrosion amp electrolyte
management problems
bull Low temperature
bull Quick start-up
bull Expensive catalysts
bull Sensitive to fuel
impurities
bull Low temperature waste
heat
Alkaline
(AFC)
Aqueous solution
of potassium
hydroxide soaked
in a matrix
90-100degC
194-212degF
10 ndash 100
kW 60
bull Military
bull Space
bull Cathode reaction faster
in alkaline electrolyte
leads to high performance
bull Low cost components
bull Sensitive to CO2
in fuel and air
bull Electrolyte management
Phosphoric
Acid
(PAFC)
Phosphoric acid
soaked in a matrix
150-200degC
302-392degF
400 kW
100 kW
module
40 bull Distributed
generation
bull Higher temperature enables
CHP
bull Increased tolerance to fuel
impurities
bull Pt catalyst
bull Long start up time
bull Low current and power
Molten
Carbonate
(MCFC)
Solution of lithium
sodium andor
potassium
carbonates soaked
in a matrix
600-700degC
1112-1292degF
300
k W- 3 M
W
300 kW
module
45 ndash 50
bull Electric utility
bull Distributed
generation
bull High efficiency
bull Fuel flexibility
bull Can use a variety of catalysts
bull Suitable for CHP
bull High temperature
corrosion and breakdown
of cell components
bull Long start up time
bull Low power density
Solid Oxide
(SOFC)
Yttria stabilized
zirconia
700-1000degC
1202-1832degF
1 kW ndash 2
MW 60
bull Auxiliary power
bull Electric utility
bull Distributed
generation
bull High efficiency
bull Fuel flexibility
bull Can use a variety of catalysts
bull Solid electrolyte
bull Suitable f o r CHP amp CHHP
bull HybridGT cycle
bull High temperature
corrosion and breakdown
of cell components
bull High temperature
operation requires long
start up
time and limits
Polymer Electrolyte is no longer a single category row Data shown does not take into account High Temperature PEM which operates in the range of 160oC to 180
oC It solves
virtually all of the disadvantages listed under PEM It is not sensitive to impurities It has usable heat Stack efficiencies of 52 on the high side are realized HTPEM is not a
PAFC fuel cell and should not be confused with one
104 US Department of Energy Fuel Cells Technology Program httpwww1eereenergygovhydrogenandfuelcellsfuelcellspdfsfc_comparison_chartpdf August 5 2011 105
Ballard ldquoCLEARgen Multi-MY Systemsrdquo httpwwwballardcomfuel-cell-productscleargen-multi-mw-systemsaspx November 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
45
Appendix VII ndashAnalysis of Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities and Threats for Maine
Strengths
Stationary Power ndash Strong market drivers including high
electricity cost cold climate reliance on oil for space heating
strong CHP and district heating market strong environmental
and green energy awareness) capable core of fuel cell CHP
installers energy storage demand to serve MErsquos aggressive
wind-power industry strong ongoing expansion of natural gas
servicedistribution
Transportation Power - Strong market drivers including a
dispersed population highly reliant on truck and auto
transportation receptive and environmentally conscious
alternative fuelstransportation market relatively low income
population in need of relief from automobile fuel costs strong
Navy shipbuilding industry as potential user of H2FC auxiliary
power system strongly interested in fleet-based hydrogen
fueling station development (SunHydro model) strong interest
in municipal transit and fuel cell -powered rail
Economic Development Factors ndash Brunswick Renewable
Energy Park emphasis on skills development and technology
synergies aggressive state level policy to policy to develop
renewable wind and biomass energy technologies skilled and
well organized network of precision manufacturing firms tied
into aerospace and communications equipment industries
strong labor force at relatively low wages RampDbusiness
infrastructure for advanced biofuels and composite material
structures growing University of Maine commitment to fuel
cell and biomass RampD state funding source familiaritycomfort
with H2FC technology
Weaknesses
Stationary Power ndash No technologyindustrial momentum at the
OEM level geographically distant from OEMs for component-
supply opportunities
Transportation Power ndash No technologyindustrial base at the
OEM level lack of infrastructure funding relatively dispersed
population for transportation services
Economic Development Factors ndash limited state incentives
somewhat sluggish overall state economy relatively
undeveloped core of technology skillsknowledge base
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
46
Opportunities
Stationary Power ndash Opportunity as an ldquoearly adaptor marketrdquo
some supply chain buildup opportunities around SP deployment
Linkage between H2FC technologies and advanced biofuels
RampD Dispersed population amp economy needs distributed
solutions Major need for power storage in conjunction with
Maines planned offshore wind-power RampD and development
Transportation Power ndash Hydrogen refueling station plans Early-
stage potential for major roll-out in marine auxiliary power (US
Navy) Commuter rail expansion
Portable Power ndash Little currently-identified opportunity
Economic Development Factors ndash Brunswick ldquoRenewable Energy
Industrial Parkrdquo can be significant seed nucleus for both
deployment amp development Machine-tool industry pursuing
H2FC components supply-chain opportunities
Threats
Stationary Power ndash The regionrsquos favorable market
needsdemand could be met by other technologiessources ndash
Canadian hydro amp nuclear wind geothermal direct biomass
and power-storage alternatives ndash batteries solid state ammonia
etc
Transportation Power ndash The regionrsquos favorable market
characteristics and needs could be met by other electric
vehicles particularly in the absence of a hydrogen
infrastructure
Economic Development Factors ndash competition from more fully-
equipped statesregions wind and other renewables grab Maine
energy industry momentum lack of funding to sustain
University of MErsquos momentum in storage and fuel cell
technologies related to biomass and wind hesitation of state
government to support alternative energy incentives
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
47
Appendix VIII ndash Partial list of Fuel Cell Deployment in the Northeast region
Manufacturer Site Name Site Location Year Installed
Plug Power T-Mobile cell tower Storrs CT 2008
Plug Power Albany International Airport Albany NY 2004
FuelCell Energy Pepperidge Farms Plant Bloomfield CT 2005
FuelCell Energy Peabody Museum New Haven CT 2003
FuelCell Energy Sheraton New York Hotel amp Towers Manhattan NY 2004
FuelCell Energy Sheraton Hotel Edison NJ 2003
FuelCell Energy Sheraton Hotel Parsippany NJ 2003
UTC Power Cabelas Sporting Goods East Hartford CT 2008
UTC Power Whole Foods Market Glastonbury CT 2008
UTC Power Connecticut Science Center Hartford CT 2009
UTC Power St Francis Hospital Hartford CT 2003
UTC Power Middletown High School Middletown CT 2008
UTC Power Connecticut Juvenile Training School Middletown CT 2001
UTC Power 360 State Street Apartment Building New Haven CT 2010
UTC Power South Windsor High School South Windsor CT 2002
UTC Power Mohegan Sun Casino Hotel Uncasville CT 2002
UTC Power CTTransit Fuel Cell Bus Hartford CT 2007
UTC Power Whole Foods Market Dedham MA 2009
UTC Power Bronx Zoo Bronx NY 2008
UTC Power North Central Bronx Hospital Bronx NY 2000
UTC Power Hunts Point Water Pollution Control Plant Bronx NY 2005
UTC Power Price Chopper Supermarket Colonie NY 2010
UTC Power East Rochester High School East Rochester NY 2007
UTC Power Coca-Cola Refreshments Production Facility Elmsford NY 2010
UTC Power Verizon Call Center and Communications Building Garden City NY 2005
UTC Power State Office Building Hauppauge NY 2009
UTC Power Liverpool High School Liverpool NY 2000
UTC Power New York Hilton Hotel New York City NY 2007
UTC Power Central Park Police Station New York City NY 1999
UTC Power Rochester Institute of Technology Rochester NY 1993
UTC Power NYPA office building White Plains NY 2010
UTC Power Wastewater treatment plant Yonkers NY 1997
UTC Power The Octagon Roosevelt Island NY 2011
UTC Power Johnson amp Johnson World Headquarters New Brunswick NJ 2003
UTC Power CTTRANSIT (Fuel Cell Powered Buses) Hartford CT 2007 - Present
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
48
Appendix IX ndash Partial list of Fuel Cell-Powered Forklifts in North America106
Company CityTown State Site Year
Deployed
Fuel Cell
Manufacturer
of
forklifts
Coca-Cola San Leandro CA
Bottling and
distribution center 2011 Plug Power 37
Charlotte NC Bottling facility 2011 Plug Power 40
EARP
Distribution Kansas City KS Distribution center 2011
Oorja
Protonics 24
Golden State
Foods Lemont IL Distribution facility 2011
Oorja
Protonics 20
Kroger Co Compton CA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 161
Sysco
Riverside CA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 80
Boston MA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 160
Long Island NY Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 42
San Antonio TX Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 113
Front Royal VA Redistribution
facility 2011 Plug Power 100
Baldor
Specialty Foods Bronx NY Facility
Planned
in 2012
Oorja
Protonics 50
BMW
Manufacturing
Co
Spartanburg SC Manufacturing
plant 2010 Plug Power 86
Defense
Logistics
Agency US
Department of
Defense
San Joaquin CA Distribution facility 2011 Plug Power 20
Fort Lewis WA Distribution depot 2011 Plug Power 19
Warner
Robins GA Distribution depot 2010 Hydrogenics 20
Susquehanna PA Distribution depot 2010 Plug Power 15
2009 Nuvera 40
Martin-Brower Stockton CA Food distribution
center 2010
Oorja
Protonics 15
United Natural
Foods Inc
(UNFI)
Sarasota FL Distribution center 2010 Plug Power 65
Wal-Mart
Balzac Al
Canada
Refrigerated
distribution center 2010 Plug Power 80
Washington
Court House OH
Food distribution
center 2007 Plug Power 55
Wegmans Pottsville PA Warehouse 2010 Plug Power 136
Whole Foods
Market Landover MD Distribution center 2010 Plug Power 61
106
FuelCell2000 ldquoFuel Cell-Powered Forklifts in North Americardquo httpwwwfuelcellsorginfochartsforkliftspdf November
2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
49
Appendix X ndash Comparison of PEM Fuel Cell and Battery-Powered Material Handling
Equipment
3 kW PEM Fuel Cell-Powered
Pallet Trucks
3 kW Battery-powered
(2 batteries per truck)
Total Fuel Cycle Energy Use
(total energy consumedkWh
delivered to the wheels) -12000 BtukWh 14000 BtukWh
Fuel Cycle GHG Emissions
(in g CO2 equivalent 820 gkWh 1200 gkWh
Estimated Product Life 8-10 years 4-5 years No Emissions at Point of Use
Quiet Operation
Wide Ambient Operating
Temperature range
Constant Power Available
over Shift
Routine Maintenance Costs
($YR) $1250 - $1500year $2000year
Time for RefuelingChanging
Batteries 4 ndash 8 minday 45-60 minday (for battery change-outs)
8 hours (for battery recharging amp cooling) Cost of FuelElectricity $6000year $1300year Labor Cost of
refuelingRecharging $1100year $8750year
Net Present Value of Capital
Cost $12600
($18000 wo incentive) $14000
Net Present Value of OampM
costs (including fuel) $52000 $128000
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
50
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
6
MAINE
DRIVERS
The Northeast hydrogen and fuel cell industry while still emerging currently has an economic impact of
over $1 Billion of total revenue and investment Maine benefits from secondary impacts of indirect and
induced employment and revenue4 Furthermore Maine has a definitive and attractive economic
development opportunity to greatly increase its economic participation in the hydrogen and fuel cell
industry within the Northeast region and worldwide An economic strengths weaknesses opportunities
and threats (SWOT) assessment for Maine is provided in Appendix VII
Industries in the Northeast including those in Maine are facing increased pressure to reduce costs fuel
consumption and emissions that may be contributing to climate change Mainersquos relative proximity to
major load centers the high cost of electricity concerns over regional air quality available federal tax
incentives and legislative mandates in Maine and neighboring states have resulted in renewed interest in
the development of efficient renewable energy Incentives designed to assist individuals and
organizations in energy conservation and the development of renewable energy are currently offered
within the state Appendix IV contains an outline of Mainersquos incentives and renewable energy programs
Some specific factors that are driving the market for hydrogen and fuel cell technology in Maine include
the following
The current Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPS) recognizes fuel cells and fuel cells that run on
renewable fuels as a ldquoClass Irdquo renewable energy sources and calls for an increase in renewable
energy used in the state from its current level of approximately three percent to approximately ten
percent by 2017 ndash promotes stationary power and transportation applications
5
Net Metering ndash In June 2011 Gov Paul LePage signed legislation requiring the Maine Public
Utilities Commission (PUC) to amend the net energy rules to develop contract terms for net
energy billing and interconnection agreements Furthermore the bill allows the PUC to amend
net energy billing rules following routine technical rules and will enable the PUC to amend net
energy billing without having to send the amendments to the legislature for approval ndash promotes
stationary power applications6
Maine is one of the states in the ten-state region that is part of the Regional Greenhouse Gas
Initiative (RGGI) the nationrsquos first mandatory market-based program to reduce emissions of
carbon dioxide (CO2) RGGIs goals are to stabilize and cap emissions at 188 million tons
annually from 2009-2014 and to reduce CO2-emissions by 25 percent per year from 2015-20187
ndash promotes stationary power and transportation applications
In June 2009 Maine enacted the Act regarding Maines energy future that established the
Efficiency Maine Trust which is responsible for creating a plan to reach the following energy
efficiency targets
o 100 MW reduction in peak-load electricity consumption by 2020
o 30 percent reduction in electricity and natural gas consumption
o 20 percent reduction in heating fuel consumption
4 Maine does not have any original equipment manufacturers (OEM) of hydrogenfuel cell systems so it has no ldquodirectrdquo economic
impact 5 DSIRE ldquoRenewable Portfolio Standardsrdquo
httpwwwdsireusaorgincentivesincentivecfmIncentive_Code=ME01Rampre=1ampee=1 August 2011 6 DSIRE ldquoMaine ndash Net Energy Billingrdquo
httpwwwdsireusaorgincentivesincentivecfmIncentive_Code=ME02Rampre=1ampee=1 August 2011 7 Seacoastonlinecome ldquoRGGI Quietly setting a standardrdquo
httpwwwseacoastonlinecomappspbcsdllarticleAID=20090920NEWS909200341-1NEWSMAP
September 20 2009
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
7
MAINE
o Weatherization of 100 percent of homes and 50 percent of businesses by 2030
o Capturing all cost-effective efficiency resources available for utility customers ndash
promotes stationary power and transportation applications8
The Finance Authority of Maine (Authority) manages the Clean Fuel Vehicle Fund which is a
non-lapsing revolving loan fund that may be used for direct loans and grants to support
production distribution and consumption of clean fuels and biofuels (including fuel cells) The
Authority may also insure up to 100 percent of a loan for a clean fuel or biofuel project ndash
promotes transportation applications9
By December 1 2012 the Maine Office of Energy Independence and Security (Office) must
develop a plan to reduce petroleum consumption in all sectors of the economy with the overall
goal of reducing petroleum consumption in the state by at least 30 percent and 50 percent based
on 2007 levels by 2030 and 2050 respectively ndash promotes transportation applications10
Maine has established a policy that prohibits the Maine State Purchasing Agent from purchasing
or leasing any car or light-duty truck for use by any state department or agency unless the car or
truck has a manufacturers estimated highway mileage rating of at least 45 miles per gallon (mpg)
or 35 mpg respectively ndash promotes transportation applications11
The Transportation Efficiency Fund is a non-lapsing fund managed by the Maine Department of
Transportation to increase energy efficiency and reduce reliance on fossil fuels within the states
transportation system Funding may be used for zero emission vehicles biofuel and other
alternative fuel vehicles congestion mitigation and air quality initiatives rail public transit and
car or van pooling ndash promotes transportation applications12
8 DSIRE ldquoMaine Renewable Portfolio Standardsrdquo
httpwwwdsireusaorgincentivesincentivecfmIncentive_Code=ME09Rampre=1ampee=1 August 10 2007 9 EERE ldquoAFV and Fueling Infrastructure Loansrdquo httpwwwafdcenergygovafdclawslawME5299 August 10 2011
10 EERE ldquoState Plan to Reduce Petroleum Consumptionrdquo httpwwwafdcenergygovafdclawslawME9401 August 10 2011
11 EERE ldquoFuel-Efficient Vehicle Acquisition Requirements rdquo httpwwwafdcenergygovafdclawslawME5730 August 10
2011 12
EERE ldquoTransportation Efficiency Fund rdquo httpwwwafdcenergygovafdclawslawME8442 August 10 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
8
MAINE
ECONOMIC IMPACT
The hydrogen and fuel cell industry has direct indirect and induced impacts on local and regional
economies 13
A new hydrogen andor fuel cell project directly affects the arearsquos economy through the
purchase of goods and services generation of land use revenue taxes or payments in lieu of taxes and
employment Secondary effects include both indirect and induced economic effects resulting from the
circulation of the initial spending through the local economy economic diversification changes in
property values and the use of indigenous resources
Maine is home to at least 28 companies that are part of the growing hydrogen and fuel cell industry
supply chain in the Northeast region Appendix V lists the hydrogen and fuel cell supply chain companies
in Maine Realizing over $2 million in revenue and investment from their participation in this regional
cluster in 2010 these companies include manufacturing parts distributing supplying of industrial gas
engineering based research and development (RampD) coating applications and managing of venture
capital funds 14
Furthermore the hydrogen and fuel cell industry is estimated to have contributed
approximately $113000 in state and local tax revenue and over $29 million in gross state product
Table 1 shows Mainersquos impact in the Northeast regionrsquos hydrogen and fuel cell industry as of April 2011
Table 1 - Maine Economic Data 2011
Maine Economic Data
Supply Chain Members 28
Indirect Rev ($M) 194
Indirect Jobs 10
Indirect Labor Income ($M) 050
Induced Revenue ($M) 097
Induced Jobs 8
Induced Labor Income ($M) 029
Total Revenue ($M) 29
Total Jobs 18
Total Labor Income ($M) 080
In addition there are over 118000 people employed across 3500 companies within the Northeast
registered as part of the motor vehicle industry Approximately 1874 of these individuals and 78 of these
companies are located in Maine If neweremerging hydrogen and fuel cell technology were to gain
momentum within the transportation sector the estimated employment rate for the hydrogen and fuel cell
industry could grow significantly in the region15
13
Indirect impacts are the estimated output (ie revenue) employment and labor income in other business (ie not-OEMs) that
are associated with the purchases made by hydrogen and fuel cell OEMs as well as other companies in the sectorrsquos supply chain
Induced impacts are the estimated output employment and labor income in other businesses (ie non-OEMs) that are associated
with the purchases by workers related to the hydrogen and fuel cell industry 14
Northeast Electrochemical Energy Storage Cluster Supply Chain Database Search httpneescorgresourcestype=1
August8 2011 15 NAICS Codes Motor Vehicle ndash 33611 Motor Vehicle Parts ndash 3363
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
9
MAINE
POTENTIAL STATIONARY TARGETS
In 2009 Maine consumed the equivalent of 12614 million megawatt-hours of energy from the
transportation residential industrial and commercial sectors16
Electricity consumption in Maine was
approximately 113 million MWh and is forecasted to grow at a rate of 09 percent annually over the next
decade1718
Figure 1 illustrates the percent of total energy consumed by each sector in Maine A more
detailed breakout of energy usage is provided in Appendix II
This demand represents approximately nine percent of the population in New England and nine percent of
the regionrsquos total electricity consumption The State relies on both in-state resources and imports of
power over the regionrsquos transmission system to serve electricity to customers Net electrical demand in
Maine industries was 1288 MW in 2009 and is projected to increase by approximately 50 MW by 2015
Further the statersquos overall electricity demand is forecasted to grow at a rate of 09 percent (15 percent
peak summer demand growth) annually over the next decade Demand for new electric capacity as well
as a replacement of older less efficient base-load generation facilities is expected With approximately
3400 MW in total capacity of generation plants Maine represents 11 percent of the total capacity in New
England As shown in Figure 2 natural gas was the primary energy source for electricity consumed in
Maine for 2009 19
16
US Energy Information Administration (EIA) ldquoState Energy Data Systemrdquo
ldquohttpwwweiagovstatesedshfjspincfile=sep_sumhtmlrank_usehtmlrdquo August 2011 17
EIA ldquoElectric Power Annual 2009 ndash State Data Tablesrdquo wwweiagovcneafelectricityepaepa_sprdshtshtml January 2011 18
ISO New England ldquoMaine 2011 State Profilerdquo wwwiso-necomnwsissgrid_mktskey_factsnh_01-2011_profilepdf
January 2011 19
EIA ldquo1990 - 2010 Retail Sales of Electricity by State by Sector by Provider (EIA-861)rdquo
httpwwweiagovcneafelectricityepaepa_sprdshtshtml January 4 2011
Residential
22
Commercial
17
Industrial
32
Transportation
29
Figure 2 ndash Electric Power Generation by
Primary Energy Source Figure 1 ndash Energy Consumption by
Sector
Coal
05
Petroleum
16
Natural Gas
492
Hydroelectric
224
Other
Renewables
244 Other
19
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
10
MAINE
Fuel cell systems have many advantages over conventional technologies including
High fuel-to-electricity efficiency (gt 40 percent) utilizing hydrocarbon fuels
Overall system efficiency of 85 to 93 percent
Reduction of noise pollution
Reduction of air pollution
Often do not require new transmission
Siting is not controversial and
If near point of use waste heat can be captured and used Combined heat and power (CHP)
systems are more efficient and can reduce facility energy costs over applications that use separate
heat and central station power systems20
Fuel cells can be deployed as a CHP technology that provides both power and thermal energy and can
increase energy efficiency at a customer site typically from 35 to 50 percent The value of CHP includes
reduced transmission and distribution costs reduced fuel use and associated emissions21
Based on the
targets identified within this plan there is the potential to develop at least 58 MWs of stationary fuel cell
generation capacity in Maine which would provide the following benefits annually
Production of approximately 473000 MWh of electricity
Production of approximately 127 million MMBTUs of thermal energy
Reduction of CO2 emissions of approximately 90000 tons (electric generation only)22
For the purpose of this plan applications have been explored with a focus on fuel cells in the 300 kW to
400 kW range However smaller fuel cells are potentially viable for specific applications Facilities that
have electrical and thermal requirements that closely match the output of the fuel cells provide the best
opportunity for the application of a fuel cell Facilities that may be good candidates for the application of
a fuel cell include commercial buildings with high electricity consumption selected government
buildings public works facilities and energy intensive industries
The Energy Information Agencys (EIA) Commercial Building Energy Consumption Survey (CBECS_
identifies the building types listed below as having high electricity consumption They are the best
candidates for on-site generation and CHP applications These selected building types making up the
CBECS subcategory within the commercial industry include
Education
Food Sales
Food Services
Inpatient Healthcare
Lodging
Public Order amp Safety23
As illustrated in Figure 3 these selected building types within the commercial sector is estimated to
account for approximately 15 percent of Mainersquos total electrical consumption Appendix II further
20 FuelCell2000 ldquoFuel Cell Basicsrdquo wwwfuelcellsorgbasicsappshtml July 2011 21 ldquoDistributed Generation Market Potential 2004 Update Connecticut and Southwest Connecticutrdquo ISE Joel M Rinebold
ECSU March 15 2004 22 Replacement of conventional fossil fuel generating capacity with methane fuel cells could reduce carbon dioxide (CO2)
emissions by between approximately 100 and 600 lbMWh US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) eGRID2010 Version
11 Year 2007 GHG Annual Output Emission Rates Annual non-baseload output emission rates (NPCC New England) FuelCell
Energy DFC 300 Product sheet httpwwwfuelcellenergycomfilesFCE2030020Product20Sheet-lo-rez20FINALpdf
UTC Power PureCell Model 400 System Performance Characteristics httpwwwutcpowercomproductspurecell400 23
As defined by CBECS Public Order amp Safety facilities are buildings used for the preservation of law and order or public
safety Although these sites are usually described as government facilities they are referred to as commercial buildings because
their similarities in energy usage with the other building sites making up the CBECS data
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
11
MAINE
defines Mainersquos estimated electrical consumption in each sector Graphical representation of these
opportunities analyzed is depicted in Appendix I
Figure 3 ndash Maine Electrical Consumption per Sector
Education
There are approximately 145 non-public schools and 780 public schools (134 of which are considered
high schools with 100 or more students enrolled) in Maine2425
High schools operate for a longer period
of time daily due to extracurricular after school activities such as clubs and athletics Furthermore two
of these schools have swimming pools which may make these sites especially attractive because it would
increase the utilization of and make more efficient the electrical and thermal output offered by a fuel cell
There are also 39 colleges and universities in Maine Colleges and universities have facilities for
students faculty administration and maintenance crews that typically include dormitories cafeterias
gyms libraries and athletic departments ndash some with swimming pools Of these 173 locations (134 high
schools and 39 colleges) 65 are located in communities serviced by natural gas (Appendix I ndash Figure 1
Education)
Educational establishments in other states such as Connecticut and New York have shown interest in fuel
cell technology Examples of existing or planned fuel cell applications include South Windsor High
School (CT) Liverpool High School (NY) Rochester Institute of Technology Yale University
University of Connecticut and the State University of New York College of Environmental Science and
Forestry
Table 2 - Education Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
964
(5)
65
(3)
42
(6)
126
(6)
99338
(6)
267551
(6)
19073
(4)
24 EIA Description of CBECS Building Types wwweiagovemeucbecsbuilding_typeshtml 25 Public schools are classified as magnets charters alternative schools and special facilities
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
12
MAINE
Food Sales
There are over 1800 businesses in Maine known to be engaged in the retail sale of food Food sales
establishments are good candidates for fuel cells based on their electrical demand and thermal
requirements for heating and refrigeration Approximately 80 of these sites are considered larger food
sales businesses with approximately 60 or more employees at their site 26
Of these 80 large food sales
businesses 45 are located in communities serviced by natural gas (Appendix I ndash Figure 2 Food Sales)27
The application of a large fuel cell (gt300 kW) at a small convenience store may not be economically
viable based on the electric demand and operational requirements however a smaller fuel cell may be
appropriate
Popular grocery chains such as Price Chopper Supervalu Wholefoods and Stop and Shop have shown
interest in powering their stores with fuel cells in Massachusetts Connecticut and New York28
In
addition grocery distribution centers like the one operated by Shaws (a Supervalu brand) in Wells
Maine are prime targets for the application of hydrogen and fuel cell technology for both stationary
power and material handling equipment
Table 3 - Food Sales Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
1800
(4)
45
(4)
45
(4)
135((
(4)
106434
(4)
286662
(4)
20435
(3)
Food Service
There are over 2100 businesses in Maine that can be classified as food service establishments used for
the preparation and sale of food and beverages for consumption29
15 of these sites are considered larger
restaurant businesses with 130 or more employees at their site and are located in Maine communities
serviced by natural gas (Appendix I ndash Figure 3 Food Services)30
The application of a large fuel cell
(gt300 kW) at smaller restaurants with less than 130 workers may not be economically viable based on the
electric demand and operational requirements however a smaller fuel cell ( 5 kW) may be appropriate
to meet hot water and space heating requirements A significant portion (18 percent) of the energy
consumed in a commercial food service operation can be attributed to the domestic hot water heating
load31
In other parts of the US popular chains such as McDonalds are beginning to show an interest in
the smaller sized fuel cell units for the provision of electricity and thermal energy including domestic
water heating at food service establishments32
26
On average food sale facilities consume 43000 kWh of electricity per worker on an annual basis When compared to current
fuel cell technology (gt300 kW) which satisfies annual electricity consumption loads between 2628000 ndash 3504000 kWh
calculations show food sales facilities employing more than 61 workers may represent favorable opportunities for the application
of a larger fuel cell 27 EIA Description of CBECS Building Types wwweiagovemeucbecsbuilding_typeshtml 28 Clean Energy States Alliance (CESA) ldquoFuel Cells for Supermarkets ndash Cleaner Energy with Fuel Cell Combined Heat and
Power Systemsrdquo Benny Smith wwwcleanenergystatesorgassetsUploadsBlakeFuelCellsSupermarketsFBpdf 29 EIA Description of CBECS Building Types wwweiagovemeucbecsbuilding_typeshtml 30
On average food service facilities consume 20300 kWh of electricity per worker on an annual basis Current fuel cell
technology (gt300 kW) can satisfy annual electricity consumption loads between 2628000 ndash 3504000 kWh Calculations show
food service facilities employing more than 130 workers may represent favorable opportunities for the application of a larger fuel
cell 31
ldquoCase Studies in Restaurant Water Heatingrdquo Fisher Donald httpeecucdaviseduACEEE2008datapapers9_243pdf 2008 32
Sustainable business Oregon ldquoClearEdge sustains brisk growthrdquo
httpwwwsustainablebusinessoregoncomarticles201001clearedge_sustains_brisk_growthhtml May 8 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
13
MAINE
Office
Equipment 4 Ventilation 4
Refrigeration
3
Lighting 11
Cooling 13
Space Heating
33
Water Heating
18
Cooking 5 Other 9
Table 4 - Food Services Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
2100
(3)
15
(4)
15
(4)
45
(4)
35478
(4)
95554
(4)
6812
(2)
Inpatient Healthcare
There are over 181 inpatient healthcare facilities in Maine 42 of which are classified as hospitals33
Of
these 42 hospitals eight are located in communities serviced by natural gas and contain 100 or more beds
onsite (Appendix I ndash Figure 4 Inpatient Healthcare) Hospitals represent an excellent opportunity for the
application of fuel cells because they require a high availability factor of electricity for lifesaving medical
devices and operate 247 with a relatively flat load curve Furthermore medical equipment patient
rooms sterilizedoperating rooms data centers and kitchen areas within these facilities are often required
to be in operational conditions at all times which maximizes the use of electricity and thermal energy
from a fuel cell Nationally hospital energy costs have increased 56 percent from $389 per square foot
in 2003 to $607 per square foot for 2010 partially due to the increased cost of energy34
Examples of healthcare facilities with planned or operational fuel cells include St Francis Stamford and
Waterbury Hospitals in Connecticut and North Central Bronx Hospital in New York
Table 5 - Inpatient Healthcare Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
181
(5)
42
(10)
42
(10)
126
(10)
99338
(10)
267551
(10)
19073
(8)
Lodging
There are over 730 establishments specializing in
travellodging accommodations that include hotels motels or
inns in Maine Approximately 33 of these establishments
have 150 or more rooms onsite and can be classified as
ldquolarger sizedrdquo lodging that may have additional attributes
such as heated pools exercise facilities andor restaurants 35
Of these 33 locations 15 employ more than 94 workers and
are located in communities serviced by natural gas 36
As
shown in Figure 4 more than 60 percent of total energy use at
a typical lodging facility is due to lighting space heating and
water heating 37
The application of a large fuel cell (gt300
33 EIA Description of CBECS Building Types wwweiagovemeucbecsbuilding_typeshtml 34
BetterBricks ldquohttpwwwbetterbrickscomgraphicsassetsdocumentsBB_Article_EthicalandBusinessCasepdfrdquo Page 1
August 2011 35 EPA ldquoCHP in the Hotel and Casino Market Sectorrdquo wwwepagovchpdocumentshotel_casino_analysispdf December 2005 36
On average lodging facilities consume 28000 kWh of electricity per worker on an annual basis Current fuel cell technology
(gt300 kW) can satisfy annual electricity consumption loads between 2628000 ndash 3504000 kWh Calculations show lodging
facilities employing more than 94 workers may represent favorable opportunities for the application of a larger fuel cell 37 National Grid ldquoManaging Energy Costs in Full-Service Hotelsrdquo
wwwnationalgriduscomnon_htmlshared_energyeff_hotelspdf 2004
Figure 4 - US Lodging Energy Consumption
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
14
MAINE
kW) at hotelresort facilities with less than 94 employees may not be economically viable based on the
electrical demand and operational requirement however a smaller fuel cell ( 5 kW) may be appropriate
Popular hotel chains such as the Hilton and Starwood Hotels have shown interest in powering their
establishments with fuel cells in New Jersey and New York
Maine also has 107 facilities identified as convalescent homes three of which have bed capacities greater
than or equal to 150 units38
All three sites are located in communities serviced by natural gas (Appendix
I ndash Figure 5 Lodging)
Table 6 - Lodging Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
837
(10)
18
(2)
18
(2)
54
(2)
42574
(2)
114665
(2)
8174
(2)
Public Order and Safety There are approximately 216 facilities in Maine that can be classified as public order and safety these
include 96 fire stations 102 police stations eight state police stations nine border patrols and nine
prisons 3940
Ten of these locations employ more than 210 workers and are located in communities
serviced by natural gas4142
These applications may represent favorable opportunities for the application
of a larger fuel cell (gt300 kW) which could provide heat and uninterrupted power 4344
The sites
identified (Appendix I ndash Figure 6 Public Order and Safety) will have special value to provide increased
reliability to mission critical facilities associated with public safety and emergency response during grid
outages The application of a large fuel cell (gt300 kW) at public order and safety facilities with less than
210 employees may not be economically viable based on the electrical demand and operational
requirement however a smaller fuel cell ( 5 kW) may be appropriate Central Park Police Station in
New York City New York is presently powered by a 200 kW fuel cell system
Table 7 - Public Order and Safety Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
216
(7)
10
(3)
10
(3)
30
(3)
23652
(3)
63703
(3)
4541
(3)
38 Assisted-Living-List ldquoList of 120 Nursing Homes in Maine (ME)rdquo httpassisted-living-listcomme--nursing-homes May 9
2011 39 EIA Description of CBECS Building Types wwweiagovemeucbecsbuilding_typeshtml 40 USACOPS ndash The Nations Law Enforcement Site wwwusacopscomme 41
CBECSldquoTable C14rdquo httpwwweiagovemeucbecscbecs2003detailed_tables_20032003set192003pdfalltablespdf
November 2011 42
On average public order and safety facilities consume 12400 kWh of electricity per worker on an annual basis Current fuel
cell technology (gt300 kW) can satisfy annual electricity consumption loads between 2628000 ndash 3504000 kWh Calculations
show public order and safety facilities employing more than 212 workers may represent favorable opportunities for the
application of a larger fuel cell 43
2628000 12400 = 21194 44
CBECSldquoTable C14rdquo httpwwweiagovemeucbecscbecs2003detailed_tables_20032003set192003pdfalltablespdf
November 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
15
MAINE
Energy Intensive Industries
As shown in Table 2 energy intensive industries with high electricity consumption (which on average is
48 percent of annual operating costs) have been identified as potential locations for the application of a
fuel cell45
In Maine there are approximately 156 of these industrial facilities that are involved in the
manufacture of aluminum chemicals forest products glass metal casting petroleum coal products or
steel and employ 25 or more employees46
Of these 156 locations 64 are located in communities serviced
by natural gas (Appendix I ndash Figure 7 Energy Intensive Industries)
Table 8 - 2002 Data for the Energy Intensive Industry by Sector47
NAICS Code Sector Energy Consumption per Dollar Value of Shipments (kWh)
325 Chemical manufacturing 249
322 Pulp and Paper 446
324110 Petroleum Refining 472
311 Food manufacturing 076
331111 Iron and steel 815
321 Wood Products 123
3313 Alumina and aluminum 358
327310 Cement 1641
33611 Motor vehicle manufacturing 021
3315 Metal casting 164
336811 Shipbuilding and ship repair 205
3363 Motor vehicle parts manufacturing 205
Companies such as Coca-Cola Johnson amp Johnson and Pepperidge Farms in Connecticut New Jersey
and New York have installed fuel cells to help supply energy to their facilities
Table 9 - Energy Intensive Industry Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
156
(3)
6
(1)
6
(1)
18
(1)
14191
(1)
38222
(1)
2725
(1)
Government Owned Buildings
Buildings operated by the federal government can be found at 114 locations in Maine four of these
properties are actively owned rather than leased by the federal government and are located in
communities serviced by natural gas (Appendix I ndash Figure 8 Federal Government Operated Buildings)
There are also a number of buildings owned and operated by the State of Maine The application of fuel
cell technology at government owned buildings would assist in balancing load requirements at these sites
and offer a unique value for active and passive public education associated with the high usage of these
public buildings
45 EIA ldquoElectricity Generation Capabilityrdquo 1999 CBECS wwweiadoegovemeucbecspba99comparegenerhtml 46 Proprietary market data 47 EPA ldquoEnergy Trends in Selected Manufacturing Sectorsrdquo wwwepagovsectorspdfenergych2pdf March 2007
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
16
MAINE
Table 10 - Government Owned Building Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
114
(9)
4
(4)
4
(4)
12
(4)
9461
(4)
25481
(4)
1816
(4)
Wireless Telecommunication Sites
Telecommunications companies rely on electricity to run call centers cell phone towers and other vital
equipment In Maine there are approximately 509 telecommunications andor wireless company tower
sites (Appendix I ndash Figure 9 Telecommunication Sites) Any loss of power at these locations may result
in a loss of service to customers thus having reliable power is critical Each individual site represents an
opportunity to provide back-up power for continuous operation through the application of on-site back-up
generation powered by hydrogen and fuel cell technology It is an industry standard to install units
capable of supplying 48-72 hours of backup power which this is typically accomplished with batteries or
conventional emergency generators48
The deployment of fuel cells at selected telecommunication sites
will have special value to provide increased reliability to critical sites associated with emergency
communications and homeland security An example of a telecommunication site that utilizes fuel cell
technology to provide back-up power is a T-Mobile facility located in Storrs Connecticut
Table 11 - Wireless Telecommunication Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
509
(13)
51
(13) NA NA NA NA NA
Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs) There are 111 WWTPs in Maine that have design flows ranging from 3000 gallons per day (GPD) to 16
million gallons per day (MGD) seven of these facilities average between 3 ndash 16 MGD WWTPs
typically operate 247 and may be able to utilize the thermal energy from the fuel cell to process fats oils
and grease49
WWTPs account for approximately three percent of the electric load in the United State50
Digester gas produced at WWTPrsquos which is usually 60 percent methane can serve as a fuel substitute for
natural gas to power fuel cells Anaerobic digesters generally require a wastewater flow greater than
three MGD for an economy of scale to collect and use the methane51
Most facilities currently represent a
lost opportunity to capture and use the digestion of methane emissions created from their operations
(Appendix I ndash Figure 10 Solid and Liquid Waste Sites) 5253
A 200 kW fuel cell power plant in Yonkers New York was the worldrsquos first commercial fuel cell to run
on a waste gas created at a wastewater treatment plant The fuel cell generates about 1600 MWh of
electricity a year and reduces methane emissions released to the environment54
A 200 kW fuel cell
48 ReliOn Hydrogen Fuel Cell Wireless Applicationsrdquo wwwrelion-inccompdfReliOn_AppsWireless_2010pdf May 4 2011 49
ldquoBeyond Zero Net Energy Case Studies of Wastewater Treatment for Energy and Resource Productionrdquo Toffey Bill
September 2010 httpwwwawra-pmasmemberlodgeorgResourcesDocumentsBeyond_NZE_WWT-Toffey-9-16-2010pdf 50
EPA Wastewater Management Fact Sheet ldquoIntroductionrdquo July 2006 51 EPA Wastewater Management Fact Sheet wwwp2paysorgenergyWastePlantpdf July 2006 52 ldquoGHG Emissions from Wastewater Treatment and Biosolids Managementrdquo Beecher Ned November 20 2009
wwwdesstatenhusorganizationdivisionswaterwmbriverswatershed_conferencedocuments2009_fri_climate_2pdf 53 EPA Wastewater Management Fact Sheet wwwp2paysorgenergyWastePlantpdf May 4 2011 54 NYPA ldquoWHAT WE DO ndash Fuel Cellsrdquo wwwnypagovservicesfuelcellshtm August 8 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
17
MAINE
power plant was and installed at the Water Pollution Control Authorityrsquos WWTP in New Haven
Connecticut and produces 10 ndash 15 percent of the facilityrsquos electricity reducing energy costs by almost
$13000 a year55
Table 12 - Wastewater Treatment Plants Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
111
(19)
1
(6)
1
(6)
03
(6)
2365
(6)
6370
(6)
454
(5)
Landfill Methane Outreach Program (LMOP)
There are 11 landfills in Maine identified by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) through their
LMOP program two of which are operational two are candidates and six are considered potential sites
for the production and recovery of methane gas 5657
The amount of methane emissions released by a
given site is dependent upon the amount of material in the landfill and the amount of time the material has
been in place Similar to WWTPs methane emissions from landfills could be captured and used as a fuel
to power a fuel cell system In 2009 municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills were responsible for
producing approximately 17 percent of human-related methane emissions in the nation These locations
could produce renewable energy and help manage the release of methane (Appendix I ndash Figure 10 Solid
and Liquid Waste Sites)
Table 13 - Landfill Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
25
(12)
1
(7)
1
(7)
03
(7)
2365
(7)
6370
(7)
454
(6)
Airports
During peak air travel times in the US there are approximately 50000 airplanes in the sky each day
Ensuring safe operations of commercial and private aircrafts are the responsibility of air traffic
controllers Modern software host computers voice communication systems and instituted full scale
glide path angle capabilities assist air traffic controllers in tracking and communicating with aircrafts
consequently reliable electricity is extremely important and present an opportunity for a fuel cell power
application 58
There are approximately 103 airports in Maine including 47 that are open to the public and have
scheduled services Of those 47 airports six (Table 3) have 2500 or more passengers enplaned each
year two of these six facilities are located in communities serviced by natural gas (See Appendix I ndash
55 Conntactcom ldquoCity to Install Fuel Cellrdquo
httpwwwconntactcomarchive_indexarchive_pages4472_Business_New_Havenhtml August 15 2003 56
Due to size individual sites may have more than one potential candidate or operational project 57 LMOP defines a candidate landfill as ldquoone that is accepting waste or has been closed for five years or less has at least one
million tons of waste and does not have an operational or under-construction projectrdquoEPA ldquoLandfill Methane Outreach
Programrdquo wwwepagovlmopbasic-infoindexhtml April 7 2011 58 Howstuffworkscom ldquoHow Air Traffic Control Worksrdquo Craig Freudenrich
httpsciencehowstuffworkscomtransportflightmodernair-traffic-control5htm May 4 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
18
MAINE
Figure 11 Commercial Airports) An example of an airport currently hosting a fuel cell power plant to
provide backup power is Albany International Airport located in Albany New York
Table 14 ndash Maine Top Airports Enplanement Count
Airport59
Total Enplanement in 2000
Portland International Jetport 668098
Bangor International 272833
Northern Maine Regional at Presque Isle 25174
Knox County Regional 17328
Hancock County Bar harbor 14399
Augusta State 7148
Bangor International Airport (BGR) is considered the only ldquoJoint-Userdquo airport in Maine Joint-Use
facilities are establishments where the military department authorizes use of the military runway for
public airport services Army Aviation Support Facilities (AASF) located at this site are used by the
Army to provide aircraft and equipment readiness train and utilize military personnel conduct flight
training and operations and perform field level maintenance Bangor International Airport represents a
favorable opportunity for the application of uninterruptible power for necessary services associated with
national defense and emergency response and is located in a community serviced by natural gas
(Appendix I ndash Figure 11 Commercial Airports)
Table 15 - Airport Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
103
(12)
5(1)
(1)
1
(1)
15
(1)
11826
(1)
31851
(1)
2271
(8)
Military The US Department of Defense (DOD) is the largest funding organization in terms of supporting fuel
cell activities for military applications in the world DOD organizations are using fuel cells for
Stationary units for power supply in bases
Fuel cell units in transport applications
Portable units for equipping individual soldiers or group of soldiers
In a collaborative partnership with the DOE the DOD plans to install and operate 18 fuel cell backup
power systems at eight of its military installations two of which are located within the Northeast region
(New York and New Jersey)60
In addition the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard (PSNY) in Kittery Maine
occupies more than 297 acres on base employs approximately 4500 civilian employees and 100 naval
officers in addition to enlisted personal assigned to the shipyard and is a potential application for
hydrogen and fuel cell technology (Appendix I ndash Figure 11 Commercial Airports) 61
59 Bureau of Transportation Statistics ldquoMaine Transportation Profilerdquo
wwwbtsgovpublicationsstate_transportation_statisticsmainepdfentirepdf March 30 2011 60 Fuel Cell Today ldquoUS DoD to Install Fuel cell Backup Power Systems at Eight Military Installationsrdquo
httpwwwfuelcelltodaycomonlinenewsarticles2011-07US-DOD-FC-Backup-Power-Systems July 20 2011 61
Portsmouth Naval Shipyard ldquoShipyard Factsrdquo httpwwwnavseanavymilshipyardsportsmouthPagesFactsaspx August
2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
19
MAINE
Table 16 - Military Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
1
(7)
1
(7)
1
(7)
03
(7)
2365
(7)
6370
(7)
454
(6)
POTENTIAL TRANSPORTATION TARGETS
Transportation is responsible for one-fourth of the total global GHG emissions and consumes 75 percent
of the worldrsquos oil production In 2010 the US used 21 million barrels of non-renewable petroleum each
day Roughly 29 percent of Mainersquos energy consumption is due to demands of the transportation sector
including gasoline and on-highway diesel petroleum for automobiles trucks and buses A small percent
of non-renewable petroleum is used for jet and ship fuel62
The current economy in the US is dependent on hydrocarbon energy sources and any disruption or
shortage of this energy supply will severely affect many energy related activities including
transportation As oil and other non-sustainable hydrocarbon energy resources become scarce energy
prices will increase and the reliability of supply will be reduced Government and industry are now
investigating the use of hydrogen and renewable energy as a replacement of hydrocarbon fuels
Hydrogen-fueled fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) have many advantages over conventional
technology including
Quiet operation
Near zero emissions of controlled pollutants such as nitrous oxide carbon monoxide
hydrocarbon gases or particulates
Substantial (30 to 50 percent) reduction in GHG emissions on a well-to-wheel basis compared to
conventional gasoline or gasoline-hybrid vehicles when the hydrogen is produced by
conventional methods such as natural gas and 100 percent when hydrogen is produced from a
clean energy source
Ability to fuel vehicles with indigenous energy sources which reduces dependence on imported
energy and adds to energy security and
Higher efficiency than conventional vehicles (See Table 4)6364
Table 17 - Average Energy Efficiency of Conventional and Fuel Cell Vehicles (mpge65
)
Passenger Car Light Truck Transit Bus
Hydrogen Gasoline Hybrid Gasoline Hydrogen Gasoline Hydrogen Fuel Cell Diesel
52 50 293 492 215 54 39
FCEVs can reduce price volatility dependence on oil improve environmental performance and provide
greater efficiencies than conventional transportation technologies as follows
62 ldquoUS Oil Consumption to BP Spillrdquo httpapplesfromorangescom201005us-oil-consumption-to-bp-spill May31 2010 63 ldquoChallenges for Sustainable Mobility and Development of Fuel Cell Vehiclesrdquo Masatami Takimoto Executive Vice President
Toyota Motor Corporation January 26 2006 Presentation at the 2nd International Hydrogen amp Fuel Cell Expo Technical
Conference Tokyo Japan 64 ldquoTwenty Hydrogen Mythsrdquo Amory B Lovins Rocky Mountain Institute June 20 2003 65 Miles per Gallon Equivalent
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
20
MAINE
Replacement of gasoline-fueled passenger vehicles and light duty trucks and diesel-fueled transit
buses with FCEVs could result in annual CO2 emission reductions (per vehicle) of approximately
10170 15770 and 182984 pounds per year respectively66
Replacement of gasoline-fueled passenger vehicles and light duty trucks and diesel-fueled transit
buses with FCEVs could result in annual energy savings (per vehicle) of approximately 230
gallons of gasoline (passenger vehicle) 485 gallons of gasoline (light duty truck) and 4390
gallons of diesel (bus)
Replacement of gasoline-fueled passenger vehicles light duty trucks and diesel-fueled transit
buses with FCEVs could result in annual fuel cost savings of approximately $885 per passenger
vehicle $1866 per light duty truck and $17560 per bus67
Automobile manufacturers such as Toyota General Motors Honda Daimler AG and Hyundai have
projected that models of their FCEVs will begin to roll out in larger numbers by 2015 Longer term the
US DOE has projected that between 151 million and 239 million light duty FCEVs may be sold each
year by 2050 and between 144 million and 347 million light duty FCEVs may be in use by 2050 with a
transition to a hydrogen economy These estimates could be accelerated if political economic energy
security or environmental polices prompt a rapid advancement in alternative fuels68
Mainersquos opportunities to support these new vehicles include alternative fueling stations Maine
Department of Transportation (MDOT) refueling stations bus transit operations government public and
privately owned fleets and material handling and airport ground support equipment (GSE) Graphical
representation of these opportunities analyzed are depicted in Appendix I
Alternative Fueling Stations
There are approximately 1400 retail fueling stations in Maine69
however only 10 public andor private
stations within the state provide alternative fuels such as biodiesel compressed natural gas propane
andor electricity for alternative-fueled vehicles70
There are also at least 17 refueling stations owned and
operated by MDOT that can be used by authorities operating federal and state safety vehicles state transit
vehicles and employees of universities that operate fleet vehicles on a regular basis 71
Development of
hydrogen fueling at alternative fuel stations and at selected locations owned and operated by MDOT
would help facilitate the deployment of FCEVs within the state (Appendix I ndash Figure 12 Alternative
Fueling Stations) Currently there are approximately 18 existing or planned transportation fueling
stations in the Northeast region where hydrogen is provided as an alternative fuel72737475
66 Fuel Cell Economic Development Plan Connecticut Department of Economic and Community Development and the
Connecticut Center for Advanced Technology Inc January 1 2008 Calculations based upon average annual mileage of 12500
miles for passenger car and 14000 miles for light trucks (US EPA) and 37000 average milesyear per bus (US DOT FTA
2007) 67 US EIA Weekly Retail Gasoline and Diesel Prices gasoline - $3847 and diesel ndash 400
wwweiagovdnavpetpet_pri_gnd_a_epm0r_pte_dpgal_whtm 68
Effects of a Transition to a Hydrogen Economy on Employment in the United States Report to Congress
httpwwwhydrogenenergygovcongress_reportshtml August 2011 69 ldquoPublic retail gasoline stations state yearrdquo wwwafdcenergygovafdcdatadocsgasoline_stations_statexls May 5 2011 70 Alternative Fuels Data Center wwwafdcenergygovafdclocatorstations 71 EPA ldquoGovernment UST Noncompliance Report-2007rdquo wwwepagovoustdocsME20Compliance20Reportpdf August
82007 72 Alternative Fuels Data Center httpwwwafdcenergygovafdclocatorstations 73 Hyride ldquoAbout the fueling stationrdquo httpwwwhyrideorghtml-about_hyrideAbout_Fuelinghtml 74 CTTransit ldquoHartford Bus Facility Site Work (Phase 1)rdquo
wwwcttransitcomProcurementsDisplayaspProcurementID=8752CA67-AB1F-4D88-BCEC-4B82AC8A2542 March 2011 75
Currently there are no publicly or privately accessible transportation fueling stations where hydrogen is provided as an
alternative fuel in Maine
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
21
MAINE
Fleets
There are over 7000 fleet vehicles (excluding state and federal vehicles) classified as non-leasing or
company owned vehicles in Maine 76
Fleet vehicles typically account for more than twice the amount of
mileage and therefore twice the fuel consumption and emissions compared to personal vehicles on a per
vehicle basis There are an additional 1781 passenger automobiles andor light duty trucks in Maine
owned by state and federal agencies (excluding state police) that traveled a combined 14965373 miles in
2010 while releasing 1031 metrics tons of CO2 77
Conversion of fleet vehicles from conventional fossil
fuels to FCEVs could significantly reduce petroleum consumption and GHG emissions Fleet vehicle
hubs are good candidates for hydrogen refueling and conversion to FCEVs because they mostly operate
on fixed routes or within fixed districts and are fueled from a centralized station
Bus Transit
There are approximately 61 directly operated buses that provide public transportation services in Maine78
As discussed above replacement of a conventional diesel transit bus with a fuel cell transit bus would
result in the reduction of CO2 emissions (estimated at approximately 183000 pounds per year) and
reduction of diesel fuel (estimated at approximately 4390 gallons per year)79
Although the efficiency of
conventional diesel buses has increased conventional diesel buses which typically achieve fuel economy
performance levels of 39 miles per gallon have the greatest potential for energy savings by using high
efficiency fuel cells In addition to Maine other states have also begun the transition of fueling transit
buses with alternative fuels to improve efficiency and environmental performance
Material Handling
Material handling equipment such as forklifts are used by a variety of industries including
manufacturing construction mining agriculture food retailers and wholesale trade to move goods
within a facility or to load goods for shipping to another site Material handling equipment is usually
battery propane or diesel powered Batteries that currently power material handling equipment are heavy
and take up significant storage space while only providing up to 6 hours of run time Fuel cells can
ensure constant power delivery and performance eliminating the reduction in voltage output that occurs
as batteries discharge Fuel cell powered material handling equipment last more than twice as long (12-
14 hours) and also eliminate the need for battery storage and charging rooms leaving more space for
products In addition fueling time only takes two to three minutes by the operator compared to least 20
minutes or more for each battery replacement which saves the operator valuable time and increases
warehouse productivity
In addition fuel cell powered material handling equipment has significant cost advantages compared to
batteries such as
15 times lower maintenance cost
8 times lower refuelingrecharging labor cost
2 times lower net present value of total operations and management (OampM) system cost
76
Fleetcom ldquo2009-My Registrationrdquo httpwwwautomotive-
fleetcomStatisticsStatsVieweraspxfile=http3a2f2fwwwautomotive-fleetcom2ffc_resources2fstats2fAFFB10-16-
top10-statepdfampchannel 77 US General Services Administration ldquoGSA 2010 Fleet Reportsrdquo Table 4-2 httpwwwgsagovportalcontent230525 September
2011 78
NTD Date ldquoTS22 - Service Data and Operating Expenses Time-Series by Systemrdquo
httpwwwntdprogramgovntdprogramdatahtm December 2011 79 Fuel Cell Economic Development Plan Connecticut Department of Economic and Community Development and the
Connecticut Center for Advanced Technology Inc January 1 2008
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
22
MAINE
63 percent less emissions of GHG (Appendix X provides a comparison of PEM fuel cell and
battery-powered material handling equipment)
Fuel cell powered material handling equipment is already in use at dozens of warehouses distribution
centers and manufacturing plants in North America80
Large corporations that are currently using or
planning to use fuel cell powered material handling equipment include CVS Coca-Cola BMW Central
Grocers and Wal-Mart (Refer to Appendix IX for a partial list of companies in North America that using
fuel cell powered forklifts)81
There are approximately five distribution centerswarehouse sites that have
been identified in Maine that may benefit from the use of fuel cell powered material handling equipment
(Appendix I ndash Figure 13 Distribution CentersWarehouses amp Ports)
Ground Support Equipment
Ground support equipment (GSE) such as catering trucks deicers and airport tugs can be battery
operated or more commonly run on diesel or gasoline As an alternative hydrogen-powered tugs are
being developed for both military and commercial applications While their performance is similar to that
of other battery-powered equipment a fuel cell-powered GSE remains fully charged (provided there is
hydrogen fuel available) and do not experience performance lag at the end of a shift like battery-powered
GSEs82
Potential large end-users of GSE that serve Mainersquos largest airports include Air Canada Delta
Airlines Continental JetBlue United and US Airways83
(Appendix I ndash Figure 11 Commercial
Airports)
Ports
Maine has 3480 miles of coastline with six cargo ports and 13 cruise ship ports The ports of Portland
and Bath Maine which service large vessels such as container ships tankers bulk carriers and cruise
ships may be candidates for improved energy management Commercial marine vessels (cargo ships
entering and leaving Marine ports) contribute approximately 166 tons of volatile organic compounds
(VOC) 1134 tons of NOX 374 tons of CO 124 tons of sulfur dioxide SO2 and 91 tons of particulate
matter (PM10) per year84
In one year a single large container ship can emit pollutants equivalent to that of 50 million cars The
low grade bunker fuel used by the worlds 90000 cargo ships contains up to 2000 times the amount of
sulfur compared to diesel fuel used in automobiles85
Furthermore diesel emissions from cruise ships
while at port are a significant source of air pollution While docked vessels shut off their main engines
but use auxiliary diesel and steam engines to power refrigeration lights pumps and other functions a
process called ldquocold-ironing An estimated one-third of ship emissions occur while they are idling at
berth Replacing auxiliary engines with on-shore electric power could significantly reduce emissions
The applications of fuel cell technology at ports may also provide electric and thermal energy for
improving energy management for warehouses and equipment operated between terminals (Appendix I ndash
Figure 13 Distribution CentersWarehouses amp Ports)86
80 DOE EERE ldquoEarly Markets Fuel Cells for Material Handling Equipmentrdquo
www1eereenergygovhydrogenandfuelcellseducationpdfsearly_markets_forkliftspdf February 2011 81 Plug Power ldquoPlug Power Celebrates Successful year for Companyrsquos Manufacturing and Sales Activityrdquo
wwwplugpowercom January 4 2011 82 Battelle ldquoIdentification and Characterization of Near-Term Direct Hydrogen Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Marketsrdquo
April 2007 www1eereenergygovhydrogenandfuelcellspdfspemfc_econ_2006_report_final_0407pdf 83 PWM ldquoAirlinesrdquo httpwwwportlandjetportorgairlines August 24 2011 84
Maine Department of Environmental Protection ldquoAir Emission from Marine Vesselsrdquo
httpwwwmainegovdepblwqtopicvesselairemissionsreportpdf January 15 2005 85
ldquoBig polluters one massive container ship equals 50 million carsrdquo Paul Evans httpwwwgizmagcomshipping-
pollution11526 April 232009 86
Savemayportvillagenet ldquoCruise Ship Pollutionrdquo httpwwwsavemayportvillagenetid20html October 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
23
MAINE
Table 18 -Ports Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
42
(35)
2
(11)
2
(11)
06
(11)
4730
(11)
12741
(11)
908
(9)
CONCLUSION
Hydrogen and fuel cell technology offers significant opportunities for improved energy reliability energy
efficiency and emission reductions Large fuel cell units (gt300 kW) may be appropriate for applications
that serve large electric and thermal loads Smaller fuel cell units (lt 300 kW) may provide back-up power
for telecommunication sites restaurantsfast food outlets and smaller sized public facilities at this time
Table 19 ndashSummary of Potential Fuel Cell Applications
Category Total Sites Potential
Sites
Number of Fuel
Cells
lt 300 kW
Number of
Fuel Cells
gt300 kW
CB
EC
S D
ata
Education 964 6587
23 42
Food Sales 1800+ 4588
45
Food Services 2100+ 1589
15
Inpatient Healthcare 181 4290
42
Lodging 837 1891
18
Public Order amp Safety 216 1092
10
Energy Intensive Industries 156 693
6
Government Operated
Buildings 114 4
94
4
Wireless
Telecommunication
Towers
50995
5196
51
WWTPs 111 197
1
Landfills 25 198
1
Airports (w AASF) 103 5 (1)99
5
87 65 high schools andor college and universities located in communities serviced by natural gas 88 45 food sale facilities located in communities serviced by natural gas 89 Ten percent of the 97 food service facilities located in communities serviced by natural gas 90 Eight Hospitals located in communities serviced by natural gas and occupying 150+ or more beds onsite 91 15 hotel facilities with 100+ rooms onsite and three convalescent homes with 150+ bed onsite located in communities serviced
by natural gas 92 Correctional facilities andor other public order and safety facilities with 212 workers or more 93 Ten percent of the 64 energy intensive industry facilities located in communities serviced with natural gas 94 Four actively owned federal government operated building located in communities serviced by natural gas 95
The Federal Communications Commission regulates interstate and international communications by radio television wire
satellite and cable in all 50 states the District of Columbia and US territories 96 Ten percent of the 509 wireless telecommunication sites in Mainersquos targeted for back-up PEM fuel cell deployment 97 Ten percent of Maine WWTP with average flows of 30+ MGD 98 Ten percent of the landfills targeted based on LMOP data
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
24
MAINE
Military 1 1 1
Ports 42 2 2
Total 7159+ 266 74 192
As shown in Table 5 the analysis provided here estimates that there are approximately 266 potential
locations which may be favorable candidates for the application of a fuel cell to provide heat and power
Assuming the demand for electricity was uniform throughout the year approximately 150 to 192 fuel cell
units with a capacity of 300 ndash 400 kW could be deployed for a total fuel cell capacity of 58 to 77 MWs
If opportunities for fuel cell use in Maine identified in this report are met with 300 kW units a minimum
of 473040 MWh electric and 127 million MMBTUs (equivalent to 373404 MWh) of thermal energy
would be produced which could reduce CO2 emissions by at least 90824 tons per year 100
Maine can also benefit from the use of hydrogen and fuel cell technology for transportation such as
passenger fleets transit district fleets municipal fleets and state department fleets The application of
hydrogen and fuel cell technology for transportation would reduce the dependence on oil improve
environmental performance and provide greater efficiencies than conventional transportation
technologies
bull Replacement of a gasoline-fueled passenger vehicle with FCEVs could result in annual CO2
emission reductions (per vehicle) of approximately 10170 pounds annual energy savings of 230
gallons of gasoline and annual fuel cost savings of $885
bull Replacement of a gasoline-fueled light duty truck with FCEVs could result in annual CO2
emission reductions (per light duty truck) of approximately 15770 pounds annual energy savings
of 485 gallons of gasoline and annual fuel cost savings of $1866
bull Replacement of a diesel-fueled transit bus with a fuel cell powered bus could result in annual CO2
emission reductions (per bus) of approximately 182984 pounds annual energy savings of 4390
gallons of fuel and annual fuel cost savings of $17560
Hydrogen and fuel cell technology also provides significant opportunities for job creation andor
economic development Realizing over $2 million in revenue and investment in 2010 the hydrogen and
fuel cell industry in Maine is estimated to have contributed approximately $113000 in state and local tax
revenue and over $29 million in gross state product Currently there are at least 30 Maine companies
that are part of the growing hydrogen and fuel cell industry supply chain in the Northeast region If
neweremerging hydrogen and fuel cell technology were to gain momentum the number of companies
and employment for the industry could grow substantially
99 Airport facilities with 2500+ annual Enplanement Counts andor AASF 100
If opportunities for fuel cell use in Maine identified in this report are met with 400 kW units a minimum of 665760 MWh
electric and 312 million MMBTUs (equivalent to 915127 MWh) of thermal energy would be produced which could reduce CO2
emissions by at least 127826 tons per year
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
25
MAINE
APPENDICES
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
26
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 1 Education
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
27
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 2 Food Sales
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
28
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 3 Food Services
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
29
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 4 Inpatient Healthcare
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
30
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 5 Lodging
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
31
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 6 Public Order and Safety
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
32
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 7 Energy Intensive Industries
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
33
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 8 Federal Government Operated Buildings
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
34
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 9 Telecommunication Sites
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
35
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 10 Solid and Liquid Waste Sites
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
36
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 11 Commercial Airports
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
37
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 12 Alternative Fueling Stations
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
38
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 13 Distribution CentersWarehouses amp Ports
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
39
MAINE
Appendix II ndash Maine Estimated Electrical Consumption per Sector
Category Total Site
Electric Consumption per Building
(1000 kWh)101
kWh Consumed per Sector
New England
Education 925 161844 149705700
Food Sales 1800 319821 575677800
Food Services 2100 128 269199000
Inpatient Healthcare 181 603863 1092991125
Lodging 837 21312 178379766
Public Order amp Safety 262 77855 20398010
Total 6105 2286351401
Residential102
4503000000
Industrial 3702000000
Commercial 4503000000
Other Commercial 2286351401
101
EIA Electricity consumption and expenditure intensities for Non-Mall Building 2003 102
DOE EERE ldquoElectric Power and Renewable Energy in Mainerdquo httpapps1eereenergygovstateselectricitycfmstate=ME
August 25 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
40
MAINE
Appendix III ndash Key Stakeholders
Organization CityTown State Website Hydrogen Energy Center Portland ME wwwhydrogenenergycenterorg
University of Maine School of
Engineering Technology Orono ME httpwwwumaineeduset
University of Maine Advanced
Manufacturing Center Orono
ME wwwumaineeduamc
University of Maine Advanced
Structures and Composites Center Orono
ME httpwww2umaineeduaewc
Manufacturers Association of Maine Westbrook ME
wwwmainemfgcom
Maine Manufacturing Extension
Partnership Augusta
ME httpwwwmainemeporg
Mid-Coast Regional Redevelopment
Authority Brunswick
ME wwwmrraus
Manufacturing Applications Center Gorham ME
httpwwwusmmaineedu
Maine Center for Enterprise
Development University of Southern
Maine
Portland ME
wwwmcedbiz
Maine Small Business Development
Center Portland
ME httpwwwmainesbdcorg
Southern Maine Community College
Sustainability and Energy Alternatives
Center
South
Portland ME httpwwwsmccmeedubusiness-a-
communitycomunity-resourcessustainability-
centerhtml
Environment and Energy Technology
Council of Maine Portland
ME wwwE2Techorg
Maine Technology Institute Gardiner ME
wwwmainetechnologyorg
Maine Innovation Economy advisory
Board Maine DECD Augusta ME httpwwwmainegovdecd
Governorrsquos Office of Energy
Independence and Security Augusta ME httpmainegovoeis
Utility Companies
Unitil httpwwwunitilcomcustomer-configuration
Bangor Gas Co httpwwwbangorgascom
Central Maine Power Co httpwwwcmpcocom
Bangor Hydro-Electric Co httpwwwbhecom
Maine Public Service Co httpwwwmainepublicservicecom
Appendix IV ndash Maine State Incentives and Programs
Funding Source Maine Public Utilities Commission
Program Title Community-based Renewable Energy Pilot Program
Applicable EnergiesTechnologies Solar Thermal Electric Photovoltaic Landfill Gas Wind
Biomass Hydroelectric Geothermal Electric Fuel Cells Anaerobic Digestion Tidal Energy
Fuel Cells using Renewable Fuels
Summary The Maine Utilities Commission (PUC) finalized the rule in February 2010 Legislation
mandates that up 10 50 MW of generating capacity will be permitted uned this program and
individual participants may not exceed 10 MW Of the 50 MW cap 10 must be reserved
specifically for small program participants or for participants located in a service territory of a
cooperative transmission and distribution utility
Restrictions
The PUC may require investor-owned utilities to enter into long-term contracts for energy capacity
resources or renewable energy credits (RECs) produced by the community-based project The
contacts term may not exceed 20 year the PUC will conduct long-term contract solicitations for
ldquolarge generatorsrdquo
Timing The Maine Public Utilities Commission is seeking proposals from suppliers of energy
capacity or renewable energy credits (RECs) for the development of community-based renewable
energy projects over 1 MW The docket number for this RFP is 2011-150 All inquiries about this
RFP should be directed to christinercookmainegov
Maximum Size Choice of either 15 REC credit multiplier or up to 10 MW DC
Requirements
To be eligible for incentives a generating facility must be 51 percent locally owned use renewable
energy resources be no larger than 10 MW in generating capacity and be located in the State
httpwwwstatemeusmpucelectricitycommunity_pilotshtml
Rebate amount $010kWh or cost fo the project whichever is lower
For further information please visit
httpwwwstatemeusmpucelectricitycommunity_pilotshtml
Source
Maine Public Utilities Commission ldquoCommunity-based Renewable Energy Pilot Programrdquo August 10 2011
DSIRE ldquoCommunity-based Renewable Energy Production Incentive (Pilot Program)rdquo August 10 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
42
Funding Source Voluntary Renewable Resource Grants
Program Title Voluntary Renewable Resources Fund
Applicable EnergiesTechnologies Solar Thermal Electric Photovoltaics Wind Biomass
Hydroelectric Geothermal Electric Fuel Cells Municipal Solid Waste Tidal Energy Fuel
Cells using Renewable Fuels
Summary Supported by the state Voluntary Renewable resource Fund and administered by the
Efficient Maine provide funding for small-scale demonstration projects designed to educate
communities on the value oand cost effectiveness of renewable energy
Restrictions To Qualify for grant funding renewable-energy resources generally must qualify as a
small power production facility un Federal Energy Regulatory Commission rules or must not exceed
100 MW in capacity and use one of more of the applicable energiestechnologies
Timing Start Date of this program occurred 12151998 and no expiration date is given
Maximum Size $50000
Requirements
httpwwwmainegovmpucrecovery
Rebate amount
$50000 Maximu
For further information please visit
httpwwwmainegovmpucrecovery
Source
Maine PUC ldquoFederal Stimulus MPUC and the Federal Recovery Packagerdquo ndash August 10 2011
DSIRE ldquoMaine - Voluntary Renewable Resource Grantsrdquo August 10 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
43
Appendix V ndash Partial Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Supply Chain Companies in Maine103
Organization Name Product or Service Category
1 University of Maine School of
Engineering Technology Research amp Development
2 University of Maine Advanced
Structures and Composites Center Research amp Development
3 Precision Partners-Mid-State Machine
Products Manufacturing Services
4 Ocean Energy Institute EngineeringDesign Services
5 Newfab Inc Manufacturing Services
6 New England Castings Other
7 Mitchell Ledge Farm Components
8 McNabb Marketing Resources Other
9 Maine Oxy Inc Fuel
10 Maine Machine Products Co Manufacturing Services
11 MacTec Inc FCH2 System DistrInstallMaint Services
12 Kennebec Technologies Manufacturing Services
13 Hydrogen Energy Center Service Center Lab or Test ConsultingLegalFinancial
Services
14 Hydrogen Energy Center Other
15 Green Energy Maine Other
16 Fire Risk Management Inc EngineeringDesign Services
17 Fire Risk Management EngineeringDesign Services
18 Fairchild Semiconductor Research amp Development
19 EcoMain Research amp Development
20 Control Point Inc Lab or Test EquipmentServices
21 Colby Company Engineering EngineeringDesign Services
22 Chewonki Foundation Other
23 Burroughs Machine Tool Products Equipment
24 Bernstein Shur ConsultingLegalFinancial Services
25 Bath Iron Works (General Dynamics
Inc) Research amp Development
26 AMEC EngineeringDesign Services
27 Advantages Gases and Tools Fuel
28 Advanced Manufacturing Center-
University of ME Manufacturing Services
103
Northeast Electrochemical Energy Storage Cluster Supply Chain Database Search httpneescorgresourcestype=1 August 11 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
44
Appendix VI ndash Comparison of Fuel Cell Technologies104
Fuel Cell
Type
Common
Electrolyte
Operating
Temperature
Typical
Stack
Size
Efficiency Applications Advantages Disadvantages
Polymer
Electrolyte
Membrane
(PEM)
Perfluoro sulfonic
acid
50-100degC
122-212deg
typically
80degC
lt 1 kW ndash 1
MW105
gt
kW 60
transportation
35
stationary
bull Backup power
bull Portable power
bull Distributed
generation
bull Transportation
bull Specialty vehicle
bull Solid electrolyte reduces
corrosion amp electrolyte
management problems
bull Low temperature
bull Quick start-up
bull Expensive catalysts
bull Sensitive to fuel
impurities
bull Low temperature waste
heat
Alkaline
(AFC)
Aqueous solution
of potassium
hydroxide soaked
in a matrix
90-100degC
194-212degF
10 ndash 100
kW 60
bull Military
bull Space
bull Cathode reaction faster
in alkaline electrolyte
leads to high performance
bull Low cost components
bull Sensitive to CO2
in fuel and air
bull Electrolyte management
Phosphoric
Acid
(PAFC)
Phosphoric acid
soaked in a matrix
150-200degC
302-392degF
400 kW
100 kW
module
40 bull Distributed
generation
bull Higher temperature enables
CHP
bull Increased tolerance to fuel
impurities
bull Pt catalyst
bull Long start up time
bull Low current and power
Molten
Carbonate
(MCFC)
Solution of lithium
sodium andor
potassium
carbonates soaked
in a matrix
600-700degC
1112-1292degF
300
k W- 3 M
W
300 kW
module
45 ndash 50
bull Electric utility
bull Distributed
generation
bull High efficiency
bull Fuel flexibility
bull Can use a variety of catalysts
bull Suitable for CHP
bull High temperature
corrosion and breakdown
of cell components
bull Long start up time
bull Low power density
Solid Oxide
(SOFC)
Yttria stabilized
zirconia
700-1000degC
1202-1832degF
1 kW ndash 2
MW 60
bull Auxiliary power
bull Electric utility
bull Distributed
generation
bull High efficiency
bull Fuel flexibility
bull Can use a variety of catalysts
bull Solid electrolyte
bull Suitable f o r CHP amp CHHP
bull HybridGT cycle
bull High temperature
corrosion and breakdown
of cell components
bull High temperature
operation requires long
start up
time and limits
Polymer Electrolyte is no longer a single category row Data shown does not take into account High Temperature PEM which operates in the range of 160oC to 180
oC It solves
virtually all of the disadvantages listed under PEM It is not sensitive to impurities It has usable heat Stack efficiencies of 52 on the high side are realized HTPEM is not a
PAFC fuel cell and should not be confused with one
104 US Department of Energy Fuel Cells Technology Program httpwww1eereenergygovhydrogenandfuelcellsfuelcellspdfsfc_comparison_chartpdf August 5 2011 105
Ballard ldquoCLEARgen Multi-MY Systemsrdquo httpwwwballardcomfuel-cell-productscleargen-multi-mw-systemsaspx November 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
45
Appendix VII ndashAnalysis of Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities and Threats for Maine
Strengths
Stationary Power ndash Strong market drivers including high
electricity cost cold climate reliance on oil for space heating
strong CHP and district heating market strong environmental
and green energy awareness) capable core of fuel cell CHP
installers energy storage demand to serve MErsquos aggressive
wind-power industry strong ongoing expansion of natural gas
servicedistribution
Transportation Power - Strong market drivers including a
dispersed population highly reliant on truck and auto
transportation receptive and environmentally conscious
alternative fuelstransportation market relatively low income
population in need of relief from automobile fuel costs strong
Navy shipbuilding industry as potential user of H2FC auxiliary
power system strongly interested in fleet-based hydrogen
fueling station development (SunHydro model) strong interest
in municipal transit and fuel cell -powered rail
Economic Development Factors ndash Brunswick Renewable
Energy Park emphasis on skills development and technology
synergies aggressive state level policy to policy to develop
renewable wind and biomass energy technologies skilled and
well organized network of precision manufacturing firms tied
into aerospace and communications equipment industries
strong labor force at relatively low wages RampDbusiness
infrastructure for advanced biofuels and composite material
structures growing University of Maine commitment to fuel
cell and biomass RampD state funding source familiaritycomfort
with H2FC technology
Weaknesses
Stationary Power ndash No technologyindustrial momentum at the
OEM level geographically distant from OEMs for component-
supply opportunities
Transportation Power ndash No technologyindustrial base at the
OEM level lack of infrastructure funding relatively dispersed
population for transportation services
Economic Development Factors ndash limited state incentives
somewhat sluggish overall state economy relatively
undeveloped core of technology skillsknowledge base
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
46
Opportunities
Stationary Power ndash Opportunity as an ldquoearly adaptor marketrdquo
some supply chain buildup opportunities around SP deployment
Linkage between H2FC technologies and advanced biofuels
RampD Dispersed population amp economy needs distributed
solutions Major need for power storage in conjunction with
Maines planned offshore wind-power RampD and development
Transportation Power ndash Hydrogen refueling station plans Early-
stage potential for major roll-out in marine auxiliary power (US
Navy) Commuter rail expansion
Portable Power ndash Little currently-identified opportunity
Economic Development Factors ndash Brunswick ldquoRenewable Energy
Industrial Parkrdquo can be significant seed nucleus for both
deployment amp development Machine-tool industry pursuing
H2FC components supply-chain opportunities
Threats
Stationary Power ndash The regionrsquos favorable market
needsdemand could be met by other technologiessources ndash
Canadian hydro amp nuclear wind geothermal direct biomass
and power-storage alternatives ndash batteries solid state ammonia
etc
Transportation Power ndash The regionrsquos favorable market
characteristics and needs could be met by other electric
vehicles particularly in the absence of a hydrogen
infrastructure
Economic Development Factors ndash competition from more fully-
equipped statesregions wind and other renewables grab Maine
energy industry momentum lack of funding to sustain
University of MErsquos momentum in storage and fuel cell
technologies related to biomass and wind hesitation of state
government to support alternative energy incentives
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
47
Appendix VIII ndash Partial list of Fuel Cell Deployment in the Northeast region
Manufacturer Site Name Site Location Year Installed
Plug Power T-Mobile cell tower Storrs CT 2008
Plug Power Albany International Airport Albany NY 2004
FuelCell Energy Pepperidge Farms Plant Bloomfield CT 2005
FuelCell Energy Peabody Museum New Haven CT 2003
FuelCell Energy Sheraton New York Hotel amp Towers Manhattan NY 2004
FuelCell Energy Sheraton Hotel Edison NJ 2003
FuelCell Energy Sheraton Hotel Parsippany NJ 2003
UTC Power Cabelas Sporting Goods East Hartford CT 2008
UTC Power Whole Foods Market Glastonbury CT 2008
UTC Power Connecticut Science Center Hartford CT 2009
UTC Power St Francis Hospital Hartford CT 2003
UTC Power Middletown High School Middletown CT 2008
UTC Power Connecticut Juvenile Training School Middletown CT 2001
UTC Power 360 State Street Apartment Building New Haven CT 2010
UTC Power South Windsor High School South Windsor CT 2002
UTC Power Mohegan Sun Casino Hotel Uncasville CT 2002
UTC Power CTTransit Fuel Cell Bus Hartford CT 2007
UTC Power Whole Foods Market Dedham MA 2009
UTC Power Bronx Zoo Bronx NY 2008
UTC Power North Central Bronx Hospital Bronx NY 2000
UTC Power Hunts Point Water Pollution Control Plant Bronx NY 2005
UTC Power Price Chopper Supermarket Colonie NY 2010
UTC Power East Rochester High School East Rochester NY 2007
UTC Power Coca-Cola Refreshments Production Facility Elmsford NY 2010
UTC Power Verizon Call Center and Communications Building Garden City NY 2005
UTC Power State Office Building Hauppauge NY 2009
UTC Power Liverpool High School Liverpool NY 2000
UTC Power New York Hilton Hotel New York City NY 2007
UTC Power Central Park Police Station New York City NY 1999
UTC Power Rochester Institute of Technology Rochester NY 1993
UTC Power NYPA office building White Plains NY 2010
UTC Power Wastewater treatment plant Yonkers NY 1997
UTC Power The Octagon Roosevelt Island NY 2011
UTC Power Johnson amp Johnson World Headquarters New Brunswick NJ 2003
UTC Power CTTRANSIT (Fuel Cell Powered Buses) Hartford CT 2007 - Present
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
48
Appendix IX ndash Partial list of Fuel Cell-Powered Forklifts in North America106
Company CityTown State Site Year
Deployed
Fuel Cell
Manufacturer
of
forklifts
Coca-Cola San Leandro CA
Bottling and
distribution center 2011 Plug Power 37
Charlotte NC Bottling facility 2011 Plug Power 40
EARP
Distribution Kansas City KS Distribution center 2011
Oorja
Protonics 24
Golden State
Foods Lemont IL Distribution facility 2011
Oorja
Protonics 20
Kroger Co Compton CA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 161
Sysco
Riverside CA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 80
Boston MA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 160
Long Island NY Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 42
San Antonio TX Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 113
Front Royal VA Redistribution
facility 2011 Plug Power 100
Baldor
Specialty Foods Bronx NY Facility
Planned
in 2012
Oorja
Protonics 50
BMW
Manufacturing
Co
Spartanburg SC Manufacturing
plant 2010 Plug Power 86
Defense
Logistics
Agency US
Department of
Defense
San Joaquin CA Distribution facility 2011 Plug Power 20
Fort Lewis WA Distribution depot 2011 Plug Power 19
Warner
Robins GA Distribution depot 2010 Hydrogenics 20
Susquehanna PA Distribution depot 2010 Plug Power 15
2009 Nuvera 40
Martin-Brower Stockton CA Food distribution
center 2010
Oorja
Protonics 15
United Natural
Foods Inc
(UNFI)
Sarasota FL Distribution center 2010 Plug Power 65
Wal-Mart
Balzac Al
Canada
Refrigerated
distribution center 2010 Plug Power 80
Washington
Court House OH
Food distribution
center 2007 Plug Power 55
Wegmans Pottsville PA Warehouse 2010 Plug Power 136
Whole Foods
Market Landover MD Distribution center 2010 Plug Power 61
106
FuelCell2000 ldquoFuel Cell-Powered Forklifts in North Americardquo httpwwwfuelcellsorginfochartsforkliftspdf November
2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
49
Appendix X ndash Comparison of PEM Fuel Cell and Battery-Powered Material Handling
Equipment
3 kW PEM Fuel Cell-Powered
Pallet Trucks
3 kW Battery-powered
(2 batteries per truck)
Total Fuel Cycle Energy Use
(total energy consumedkWh
delivered to the wheels) -12000 BtukWh 14000 BtukWh
Fuel Cycle GHG Emissions
(in g CO2 equivalent 820 gkWh 1200 gkWh
Estimated Product Life 8-10 years 4-5 years No Emissions at Point of Use
Quiet Operation
Wide Ambient Operating
Temperature range
Constant Power Available
over Shift
Routine Maintenance Costs
($YR) $1250 - $1500year $2000year
Time for RefuelingChanging
Batteries 4 ndash 8 minday 45-60 minday (for battery change-outs)
8 hours (for battery recharging amp cooling) Cost of FuelElectricity $6000year $1300year Labor Cost of
refuelingRecharging $1100year $8750year
Net Present Value of Capital
Cost $12600
($18000 wo incentive) $14000
Net Present Value of OampM
costs (including fuel) $52000 $128000
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
50
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
7
MAINE
o Weatherization of 100 percent of homes and 50 percent of businesses by 2030
o Capturing all cost-effective efficiency resources available for utility customers ndash
promotes stationary power and transportation applications8
The Finance Authority of Maine (Authority) manages the Clean Fuel Vehicle Fund which is a
non-lapsing revolving loan fund that may be used for direct loans and grants to support
production distribution and consumption of clean fuels and biofuels (including fuel cells) The
Authority may also insure up to 100 percent of a loan for a clean fuel or biofuel project ndash
promotes transportation applications9
By December 1 2012 the Maine Office of Energy Independence and Security (Office) must
develop a plan to reduce petroleum consumption in all sectors of the economy with the overall
goal of reducing petroleum consumption in the state by at least 30 percent and 50 percent based
on 2007 levels by 2030 and 2050 respectively ndash promotes transportation applications10
Maine has established a policy that prohibits the Maine State Purchasing Agent from purchasing
or leasing any car or light-duty truck for use by any state department or agency unless the car or
truck has a manufacturers estimated highway mileage rating of at least 45 miles per gallon (mpg)
or 35 mpg respectively ndash promotes transportation applications11
The Transportation Efficiency Fund is a non-lapsing fund managed by the Maine Department of
Transportation to increase energy efficiency and reduce reliance on fossil fuels within the states
transportation system Funding may be used for zero emission vehicles biofuel and other
alternative fuel vehicles congestion mitigation and air quality initiatives rail public transit and
car or van pooling ndash promotes transportation applications12
8 DSIRE ldquoMaine Renewable Portfolio Standardsrdquo
httpwwwdsireusaorgincentivesincentivecfmIncentive_Code=ME09Rampre=1ampee=1 August 10 2007 9 EERE ldquoAFV and Fueling Infrastructure Loansrdquo httpwwwafdcenergygovafdclawslawME5299 August 10 2011
10 EERE ldquoState Plan to Reduce Petroleum Consumptionrdquo httpwwwafdcenergygovafdclawslawME9401 August 10 2011
11 EERE ldquoFuel-Efficient Vehicle Acquisition Requirements rdquo httpwwwafdcenergygovafdclawslawME5730 August 10
2011 12
EERE ldquoTransportation Efficiency Fund rdquo httpwwwafdcenergygovafdclawslawME8442 August 10 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
8
MAINE
ECONOMIC IMPACT
The hydrogen and fuel cell industry has direct indirect and induced impacts on local and regional
economies 13
A new hydrogen andor fuel cell project directly affects the arearsquos economy through the
purchase of goods and services generation of land use revenue taxes or payments in lieu of taxes and
employment Secondary effects include both indirect and induced economic effects resulting from the
circulation of the initial spending through the local economy economic diversification changes in
property values and the use of indigenous resources
Maine is home to at least 28 companies that are part of the growing hydrogen and fuel cell industry
supply chain in the Northeast region Appendix V lists the hydrogen and fuel cell supply chain companies
in Maine Realizing over $2 million in revenue and investment from their participation in this regional
cluster in 2010 these companies include manufacturing parts distributing supplying of industrial gas
engineering based research and development (RampD) coating applications and managing of venture
capital funds 14
Furthermore the hydrogen and fuel cell industry is estimated to have contributed
approximately $113000 in state and local tax revenue and over $29 million in gross state product
Table 1 shows Mainersquos impact in the Northeast regionrsquos hydrogen and fuel cell industry as of April 2011
Table 1 - Maine Economic Data 2011
Maine Economic Data
Supply Chain Members 28
Indirect Rev ($M) 194
Indirect Jobs 10
Indirect Labor Income ($M) 050
Induced Revenue ($M) 097
Induced Jobs 8
Induced Labor Income ($M) 029
Total Revenue ($M) 29
Total Jobs 18
Total Labor Income ($M) 080
In addition there are over 118000 people employed across 3500 companies within the Northeast
registered as part of the motor vehicle industry Approximately 1874 of these individuals and 78 of these
companies are located in Maine If neweremerging hydrogen and fuel cell technology were to gain
momentum within the transportation sector the estimated employment rate for the hydrogen and fuel cell
industry could grow significantly in the region15
13
Indirect impacts are the estimated output (ie revenue) employment and labor income in other business (ie not-OEMs) that
are associated with the purchases made by hydrogen and fuel cell OEMs as well as other companies in the sectorrsquos supply chain
Induced impacts are the estimated output employment and labor income in other businesses (ie non-OEMs) that are associated
with the purchases by workers related to the hydrogen and fuel cell industry 14
Northeast Electrochemical Energy Storage Cluster Supply Chain Database Search httpneescorgresourcestype=1
August8 2011 15 NAICS Codes Motor Vehicle ndash 33611 Motor Vehicle Parts ndash 3363
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
9
MAINE
POTENTIAL STATIONARY TARGETS
In 2009 Maine consumed the equivalent of 12614 million megawatt-hours of energy from the
transportation residential industrial and commercial sectors16
Electricity consumption in Maine was
approximately 113 million MWh and is forecasted to grow at a rate of 09 percent annually over the next
decade1718
Figure 1 illustrates the percent of total energy consumed by each sector in Maine A more
detailed breakout of energy usage is provided in Appendix II
This demand represents approximately nine percent of the population in New England and nine percent of
the regionrsquos total electricity consumption The State relies on both in-state resources and imports of
power over the regionrsquos transmission system to serve electricity to customers Net electrical demand in
Maine industries was 1288 MW in 2009 and is projected to increase by approximately 50 MW by 2015
Further the statersquos overall electricity demand is forecasted to grow at a rate of 09 percent (15 percent
peak summer demand growth) annually over the next decade Demand for new electric capacity as well
as a replacement of older less efficient base-load generation facilities is expected With approximately
3400 MW in total capacity of generation plants Maine represents 11 percent of the total capacity in New
England As shown in Figure 2 natural gas was the primary energy source for electricity consumed in
Maine for 2009 19
16
US Energy Information Administration (EIA) ldquoState Energy Data Systemrdquo
ldquohttpwwweiagovstatesedshfjspincfile=sep_sumhtmlrank_usehtmlrdquo August 2011 17
EIA ldquoElectric Power Annual 2009 ndash State Data Tablesrdquo wwweiagovcneafelectricityepaepa_sprdshtshtml January 2011 18
ISO New England ldquoMaine 2011 State Profilerdquo wwwiso-necomnwsissgrid_mktskey_factsnh_01-2011_profilepdf
January 2011 19
EIA ldquo1990 - 2010 Retail Sales of Electricity by State by Sector by Provider (EIA-861)rdquo
httpwwweiagovcneafelectricityepaepa_sprdshtshtml January 4 2011
Residential
22
Commercial
17
Industrial
32
Transportation
29
Figure 2 ndash Electric Power Generation by
Primary Energy Source Figure 1 ndash Energy Consumption by
Sector
Coal
05
Petroleum
16
Natural Gas
492
Hydroelectric
224
Other
Renewables
244 Other
19
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
10
MAINE
Fuel cell systems have many advantages over conventional technologies including
High fuel-to-electricity efficiency (gt 40 percent) utilizing hydrocarbon fuels
Overall system efficiency of 85 to 93 percent
Reduction of noise pollution
Reduction of air pollution
Often do not require new transmission
Siting is not controversial and
If near point of use waste heat can be captured and used Combined heat and power (CHP)
systems are more efficient and can reduce facility energy costs over applications that use separate
heat and central station power systems20
Fuel cells can be deployed as a CHP technology that provides both power and thermal energy and can
increase energy efficiency at a customer site typically from 35 to 50 percent The value of CHP includes
reduced transmission and distribution costs reduced fuel use and associated emissions21
Based on the
targets identified within this plan there is the potential to develop at least 58 MWs of stationary fuel cell
generation capacity in Maine which would provide the following benefits annually
Production of approximately 473000 MWh of electricity
Production of approximately 127 million MMBTUs of thermal energy
Reduction of CO2 emissions of approximately 90000 tons (electric generation only)22
For the purpose of this plan applications have been explored with a focus on fuel cells in the 300 kW to
400 kW range However smaller fuel cells are potentially viable for specific applications Facilities that
have electrical and thermal requirements that closely match the output of the fuel cells provide the best
opportunity for the application of a fuel cell Facilities that may be good candidates for the application of
a fuel cell include commercial buildings with high electricity consumption selected government
buildings public works facilities and energy intensive industries
The Energy Information Agencys (EIA) Commercial Building Energy Consumption Survey (CBECS_
identifies the building types listed below as having high electricity consumption They are the best
candidates for on-site generation and CHP applications These selected building types making up the
CBECS subcategory within the commercial industry include
Education
Food Sales
Food Services
Inpatient Healthcare
Lodging
Public Order amp Safety23
As illustrated in Figure 3 these selected building types within the commercial sector is estimated to
account for approximately 15 percent of Mainersquos total electrical consumption Appendix II further
20 FuelCell2000 ldquoFuel Cell Basicsrdquo wwwfuelcellsorgbasicsappshtml July 2011 21 ldquoDistributed Generation Market Potential 2004 Update Connecticut and Southwest Connecticutrdquo ISE Joel M Rinebold
ECSU March 15 2004 22 Replacement of conventional fossil fuel generating capacity with methane fuel cells could reduce carbon dioxide (CO2)
emissions by between approximately 100 and 600 lbMWh US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) eGRID2010 Version
11 Year 2007 GHG Annual Output Emission Rates Annual non-baseload output emission rates (NPCC New England) FuelCell
Energy DFC 300 Product sheet httpwwwfuelcellenergycomfilesFCE2030020Product20Sheet-lo-rez20FINALpdf
UTC Power PureCell Model 400 System Performance Characteristics httpwwwutcpowercomproductspurecell400 23
As defined by CBECS Public Order amp Safety facilities are buildings used for the preservation of law and order or public
safety Although these sites are usually described as government facilities they are referred to as commercial buildings because
their similarities in energy usage with the other building sites making up the CBECS data
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
11
MAINE
defines Mainersquos estimated electrical consumption in each sector Graphical representation of these
opportunities analyzed is depicted in Appendix I
Figure 3 ndash Maine Electrical Consumption per Sector
Education
There are approximately 145 non-public schools and 780 public schools (134 of which are considered
high schools with 100 or more students enrolled) in Maine2425
High schools operate for a longer period
of time daily due to extracurricular after school activities such as clubs and athletics Furthermore two
of these schools have swimming pools which may make these sites especially attractive because it would
increase the utilization of and make more efficient the electrical and thermal output offered by a fuel cell
There are also 39 colleges and universities in Maine Colleges and universities have facilities for
students faculty administration and maintenance crews that typically include dormitories cafeterias
gyms libraries and athletic departments ndash some with swimming pools Of these 173 locations (134 high
schools and 39 colleges) 65 are located in communities serviced by natural gas (Appendix I ndash Figure 1
Education)
Educational establishments in other states such as Connecticut and New York have shown interest in fuel
cell technology Examples of existing or planned fuel cell applications include South Windsor High
School (CT) Liverpool High School (NY) Rochester Institute of Technology Yale University
University of Connecticut and the State University of New York College of Environmental Science and
Forestry
Table 2 - Education Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
964
(5)
65
(3)
42
(6)
126
(6)
99338
(6)
267551
(6)
19073
(4)
24 EIA Description of CBECS Building Types wwweiagovemeucbecsbuilding_typeshtml 25 Public schools are classified as magnets charters alternative schools and special facilities
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
12
MAINE
Food Sales
There are over 1800 businesses in Maine known to be engaged in the retail sale of food Food sales
establishments are good candidates for fuel cells based on their electrical demand and thermal
requirements for heating and refrigeration Approximately 80 of these sites are considered larger food
sales businesses with approximately 60 or more employees at their site 26
Of these 80 large food sales
businesses 45 are located in communities serviced by natural gas (Appendix I ndash Figure 2 Food Sales)27
The application of a large fuel cell (gt300 kW) at a small convenience store may not be economically
viable based on the electric demand and operational requirements however a smaller fuel cell may be
appropriate
Popular grocery chains such as Price Chopper Supervalu Wholefoods and Stop and Shop have shown
interest in powering their stores with fuel cells in Massachusetts Connecticut and New York28
In
addition grocery distribution centers like the one operated by Shaws (a Supervalu brand) in Wells
Maine are prime targets for the application of hydrogen and fuel cell technology for both stationary
power and material handling equipment
Table 3 - Food Sales Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
1800
(4)
45
(4)
45
(4)
135((
(4)
106434
(4)
286662
(4)
20435
(3)
Food Service
There are over 2100 businesses in Maine that can be classified as food service establishments used for
the preparation and sale of food and beverages for consumption29
15 of these sites are considered larger
restaurant businesses with 130 or more employees at their site and are located in Maine communities
serviced by natural gas (Appendix I ndash Figure 3 Food Services)30
The application of a large fuel cell
(gt300 kW) at smaller restaurants with less than 130 workers may not be economically viable based on the
electric demand and operational requirements however a smaller fuel cell ( 5 kW) may be appropriate
to meet hot water and space heating requirements A significant portion (18 percent) of the energy
consumed in a commercial food service operation can be attributed to the domestic hot water heating
load31
In other parts of the US popular chains such as McDonalds are beginning to show an interest in
the smaller sized fuel cell units for the provision of electricity and thermal energy including domestic
water heating at food service establishments32
26
On average food sale facilities consume 43000 kWh of electricity per worker on an annual basis When compared to current
fuel cell technology (gt300 kW) which satisfies annual electricity consumption loads between 2628000 ndash 3504000 kWh
calculations show food sales facilities employing more than 61 workers may represent favorable opportunities for the application
of a larger fuel cell 27 EIA Description of CBECS Building Types wwweiagovemeucbecsbuilding_typeshtml 28 Clean Energy States Alliance (CESA) ldquoFuel Cells for Supermarkets ndash Cleaner Energy with Fuel Cell Combined Heat and
Power Systemsrdquo Benny Smith wwwcleanenergystatesorgassetsUploadsBlakeFuelCellsSupermarketsFBpdf 29 EIA Description of CBECS Building Types wwweiagovemeucbecsbuilding_typeshtml 30
On average food service facilities consume 20300 kWh of electricity per worker on an annual basis Current fuel cell
technology (gt300 kW) can satisfy annual electricity consumption loads between 2628000 ndash 3504000 kWh Calculations show
food service facilities employing more than 130 workers may represent favorable opportunities for the application of a larger fuel
cell 31
ldquoCase Studies in Restaurant Water Heatingrdquo Fisher Donald httpeecucdaviseduACEEE2008datapapers9_243pdf 2008 32
Sustainable business Oregon ldquoClearEdge sustains brisk growthrdquo
httpwwwsustainablebusinessoregoncomarticles201001clearedge_sustains_brisk_growthhtml May 8 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
13
MAINE
Office
Equipment 4 Ventilation 4
Refrigeration
3
Lighting 11
Cooling 13
Space Heating
33
Water Heating
18
Cooking 5 Other 9
Table 4 - Food Services Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
2100
(3)
15
(4)
15
(4)
45
(4)
35478
(4)
95554
(4)
6812
(2)
Inpatient Healthcare
There are over 181 inpatient healthcare facilities in Maine 42 of which are classified as hospitals33
Of
these 42 hospitals eight are located in communities serviced by natural gas and contain 100 or more beds
onsite (Appendix I ndash Figure 4 Inpatient Healthcare) Hospitals represent an excellent opportunity for the
application of fuel cells because they require a high availability factor of electricity for lifesaving medical
devices and operate 247 with a relatively flat load curve Furthermore medical equipment patient
rooms sterilizedoperating rooms data centers and kitchen areas within these facilities are often required
to be in operational conditions at all times which maximizes the use of electricity and thermal energy
from a fuel cell Nationally hospital energy costs have increased 56 percent from $389 per square foot
in 2003 to $607 per square foot for 2010 partially due to the increased cost of energy34
Examples of healthcare facilities with planned or operational fuel cells include St Francis Stamford and
Waterbury Hospitals in Connecticut and North Central Bronx Hospital in New York
Table 5 - Inpatient Healthcare Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
181
(5)
42
(10)
42
(10)
126
(10)
99338
(10)
267551
(10)
19073
(8)
Lodging
There are over 730 establishments specializing in
travellodging accommodations that include hotels motels or
inns in Maine Approximately 33 of these establishments
have 150 or more rooms onsite and can be classified as
ldquolarger sizedrdquo lodging that may have additional attributes
such as heated pools exercise facilities andor restaurants 35
Of these 33 locations 15 employ more than 94 workers and
are located in communities serviced by natural gas 36
As
shown in Figure 4 more than 60 percent of total energy use at
a typical lodging facility is due to lighting space heating and
water heating 37
The application of a large fuel cell (gt300
33 EIA Description of CBECS Building Types wwweiagovemeucbecsbuilding_typeshtml 34
BetterBricks ldquohttpwwwbetterbrickscomgraphicsassetsdocumentsBB_Article_EthicalandBusinessCasepdfrdquo Page 1
August 2011 35 EPA ldquoCHP in the Hotel and Casino Market Sectorrdquo wwwepagovchpdocumentshotel_casino_analysispdf December 2005 36
On average lodging facilities consume 28000 kWh of electricity per worker on an annual basis Current fuel cell technology
(gt300 kW) can satisfy annual electricity consumption loads between 2628000 ndash 3504000 kWh Calculations show lodging
facilities employing more than 94 workers may represent favorable opportunities for the application of a larger fuel cell 37 National Grid ldquoManaging Energy Costs in Full-Service Hotelsrdquo
wwwnationalgriduscomnon_htmlshared_energyeff_hotelspdf 2004
Figure 4 - US Lodging Energy Consumption
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
14
MAINE
kW) at hotelresort facilities with less than 94 employees may not be economically viable based on the
electrical demand and operational requirement however a smaller fuel cell ( 5 kW) may be appropriate
Popular hotel chains such as the Hilton and Starwood Hotels have shown interest in powering their
establishments with fuel cells in New Jersey and New York
Maine also has 107 facilities identified as convalescent homes three of which have bed capacities greater
than or equal to 150 units38
All three sites are located in communities serviced by natural gas (Appendix
I ndash Figure 5 Lodging)
Table 6 - Lodging Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
837
(10)
18
(2)
18
(2)
54
(2)
42574
(2)
114665
(2)
8174
(2)
Public Order and Safety There are approximately 216 facilities in Maine that can be classified as public order and safety these
include 96 fire stations 102 police stations eight state police stations nine border patrols and nine
prisons 3940
Ten of these locations employ more than 210 workers and are located in communities
serviced by natural gas4142
These applications may represent favorable opportunities for the application
of a larger fuel cell (gt300 kW) which could provide heat and uninterrupted power 4344
The sites
identified (Appendix I ndash Figure 6 Public Order and Safety) will have special value to provide increased
reliability to mission critical facilities associated with public safety and emergency response during grid
outages The application of a large fuel cell (gt300 kW) at public order and safety facilities with less than
210 employees may not be economically viable based on the electrical demand and operational
requirement however a smaller fuel cell ( 5 kW) may be appropriate Central Park Police Station in
New York City New York is presently powered by a 200 kW fuel cell system
Table 7 - Public Order and Safety Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
216
(7)
10
(3)
10
(3)
30
(3)
23652
(3)
63703
(3)
4541
(3)
38 Assisted-Living-List ldquoList of 120 Nursing Homes in Maine (ME)rdquo httpassisted-living-listcomme--nursing-homes May 9
2011 39 EIA Description of CBECS Building Types wwweiagovemeucbecsbuilding_typeshtml 40 USACOPS ndash The Nations Law Enforcement Site wwwusacopscomme 41
CBECSldquoTable C14rdquo httpwwweiagovemeucbecscbecs2003detailed_tables_20032003set192003pdfalltablespdf
November 2011 42
On average public order and safety facilities consume 12400 kWh of electricity per worker on an annual basis Current fuel
cell technology (gt300 kW) can satisfy annual electricity consumption loads between 2628000 ndash 3504000 kWh Calculations
show public order and safety facilities employing more than 212 workers may represent favorable opportunities for the
application of a larger fuel cell 43
2628000 12400 = 21194 44
CBECSldquoTable C14rdquo httpwwweiagovemeucbecscbecs2003detailed_tables_20032003set192003pdfalltablespdf
November 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
15
MAINE
Energy Intensive Industries
As shown in Table 2 energy intensive industries with high electricity consumption (which on average is
48 percent of annual operating costs) have been identified as potential locations for the application of a
fuel cell45
In Maine there are approximately 156 of these industrial facilities that are involved in the
manufacture of aluminum chemicals forest products glass metal casting petroleum coal products or
steel and employ 25 or more employees46
Of these 156 locations 64 are located in communities serviced
by natural gas (Appendix I ndash Figure 7 Energy Intensive Industries)
Table 8 - 2002 Data for the Energy Intensive Industry by Sector47
NAICS Code Sector Energy Consumption per Dollar Value of Shipments (kWh)
325 Chemical manufacturing 249
322 Pulp and Paper 446
324110 Petroleum Refining 472
311 Food manufacturing 076
331111 Iron and steel 815
321 Wood Products 123
3313 Alumina and aluminum 358
327310 Cement 1641
33611 Motor vehicle manufacturing 021
3315 Metal casting 164
336811 Shipbuilding and ship repair 205
3363 Motor vehicle parts manufacturing 205
Companies such as Coca-Cola Johnson amp Johnson and Pepperidge Farms in Connecticut New Jersey
and New York have installed fuel cells to help supply energy to their facilities
Table 9 - Energy Intensive Industry Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
156
(3)
6
(1)
6
(1)
18
(1)
14191
(1)
38222
(1)
2725
(1)
Government Owned Buildings
Buildings operated by the federal government can be found at 114 locations in Maine four of these
properties are actively owned rather than leased by the federal government and are located in
communities serviced by natural gas (Appendix I ndash Figure 8 Federal Government Operated Buildings)
There are also a number of buildings owned and operated by the State of Maine The application of fuel
cell technology at government owned buildings would assist in balancing load requirements at these sites
and offer a unique value for active and passive public education associated with the high usage of these
public buildings
45 EIA ldquoElectricity Generation Capabilityrdquo 1999 CBECS wwweiadoegovemeucbecspba99comparegenerhtml 46 Proprietary market data 47 EPA ldquoEnergy Trends in Selected Manufacturing Sectorsrdquo wwwepagovsectorspdfenergych2pdf March 2007
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
16
MAINE
Table 10 - Government Owned Building Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
114
(9)
4
(4)
4
(4)
12
(4)
9461
(4)
25481
(4)
1816
(4)
Wireless Telecommunication Sites
Telecommunications companies rely on electricity to run call centers cell phone towers and other vital
equipment In Maine there are approximately 509 telecommunications andor wireless company tower
sites (Appendix I ndash Figure 9 Telecommunication Sites) Any loss of power at these locations may result
in a loss of service to customers thus having reliable power is critical Each individual site represents an
opportunity to provide back-up power for continuous operation through the application of on-site back-up
generation powered by hydrogen and fuel cell technology It is an industry standard to install units
capable of supplying 48-72 hours of backup power which this is typically accomplished with batteries or
conventional emergency generators48
The deployment of fuel cells at selected telecommunication sites
will have special value to provide increased reliability to critical sites associated with emergency
communications and homeland security An example of a telecommunication site that utilizes fuel cell
technology to provide back-up power is a T-Mobile facility located in Storrs Connecticut
Table 11 - Wireless Telecommunication Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
509
(13)
51
(13) NA NA NA NA NA
Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs) There are 111 WWTPs in Maine that have design flows ranging from 3000 gallons per day (GPD) to 16
million gallons per day (MGD) seven of these facilities average between 3 ndash 16 MGD WWTPs
typically operate 247 and may be able to utilize the thermal energy from the fuel cell to process fats oils
and grease49
WWTPs account for approximately three percent of the electric load in the United State50
Digester gas produced at WWTPrsquos which is usually 60 percent methane can serve as a fuel substitute for
natural gas to power fuel cells Anaerobic digesters generally require a wastewater flow greater than
three MGD for an economy of scale to collect and use the methane51
Most facilities currently represent a
lost opportunity to capture and use the digestion of methane emissions created from their operations
(Appendix I ndash Figure 10 Solid and Liquid Waste Sites) 5253
A 200 kW fuel cell power plant in Yonkers New York was the worldrsquos first commercial fuel cell to run
on a waste gas created at a wastewater treatment plant The fuel cell generates about 1600 MWh of
electricity a year and reduces methane emissions released to the environment54
A 200 kW fuel cell
48 ReliOn Hydrogen Fuel Cell Wireless Applicationsrdquo wwwrelion-inccompdfReliOn_AppsWireless_2010pdf May 4 2011 49
ldquoBeyond Zero Net Energy Case Studies of Wastewater Treatment for Energy and Resource Productionrdquo Toffey Bill
September 2010 httpwwwawra-pmasmemberlodgeorgResourcesDocumentsBeyond_NZE_WWT-Toffey-9-16-2010pdf 50
EPA Wastewater Management Fact Sheet ldquoIntroductionrdquo July 2006 51 EPA Wastewater Management Fact Sheet wwwp2paysorgenergyWastePlantpdf July 2006 52 ldquoGHG Emissions from Wastewater Treatment and Biosolids Managementrdquo Beecher Ned November 20 2009
wwwdesstatenhusorganizationdivisionswaterwmbriverswatershed_conferencedocuments2009_fri_climate_2pdf 53 EPA Wastewater Management Fact Sheet wwwp2paysorgenergyWastePlantpdf May 4 2011 54 NYPA ldquoWHAT WE DO ndash Fuel Cellsrdquo wwwnypagovservicesfuelcellshtm August 8 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
17
MAINE
power plant was and installed at the Water Pollution Control Authorityrsquos WWTP in New Haven
Connecticut and produces 10 ndash 15 percent of the facilityrsquos electricity reducing energy costs by almost
$13000 a year55
Table 12 - Wastewater Treatment Plants Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
111
(19)
1
(6)
1
(6)
03
(6)
2365
(6)
6370
(6)
454
(5)
Landfill Methane Outreach Program (LMOP)
There are 11 landfills in Maine identified by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) through their
LMOP program two of which are operational two are candidates and six are considered potential sites
for the production and recovery of methane gas 5657
The amount of methane emissions released by a
given site is dependent upon the amount of material in the landfill and the amount of time the material has
been in place Similar to WWTPs methane emissions from landfills could be captured and used as a fuel
to power a fuel cell system In 2009 municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills were responsible for
producing approximately 17 percent of human-related methane emissions in the nation These locations
could produce renewable energy and help manage the release of methane (Appendix I ndash Figure 10 Solid
and Liquid Waste Sites)
Table 13 - Landfill Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
25
(12)
1
(7)
1
(7)
03
(7)
2365
(7)
6370
(7)
454
(6)
Airports
During peak air travel times in the US there are approximately 50000 airplanes in the sky each day
Ensuring safe operations of commercial and private aircrafts are the responsibility of air traffic
controllers Modern software host computers voice communication systems and instituted full scale
glide path angle capabilities assist air traffic controllers in tracking and communicating with aircrafts
consequently reliable electricity is extremely important and present an opportunity for a fuel cell power
application 58
There are approximately 103 airports in Maine including 47 that are open to the public and have
scheduled services Of those 47 airports six (Table 3) have 2500 or more passengers enplaned each
year two of these six facilities are located in communities serviced by natural gas (See Appendix I ndash
55 Conntactcom ldquoCity to Install Fuel Cellrdquo
httpwwwconntactcomarchive_indexarchive_pages4472_Business_New_Havenhtml August 15 2003 56
Due to size individual sites may have more than one potential candidate or operational project 57 LMOP defines a candidate landfill as ldquoone that is accepting waste or has been closed for five years or less has at least one
million tons of waste and does not have an operational or under-construction projectrdquoEPA ldquoLandfill Methane Outreach
Programrdquo wwwepagovlmopbasic-infoindexhtml April 7 2011 58 Howstuffworkscom ldquoHow Air Traffic Control Worksrdquo Craig Freudenrich
httpsciencehowstuffworkscomtransportflightmodernair-traffic-control5htm May 4 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
18
MAINE
Figure 11 Commercial Airports) An example of an airport currently hosting a fuel cell power plant to
provide backup power is Albany International Airport located in Albany New York
Table 14 ndash Maine Top Airports Enplanement Count
Airport59
Total Enplanement in 2000
Portland International Jetport 668098
Bangor International 272833
Northern Maine Regional at Presque Isle 25174
Knox County Regional 17328
Hancock County Bar harbor 14399
Augusta State 7148
Bangor International Airport (BGR) is considered the only ldquoJoint-Userdquo airport in Maine Joint-Use
facilities are establishments where the military department authorizes use of the military runway for
public airport services Army Aviation Support Facilities (AASF) located at this site are used by the
Army to provide aircraft and equipment readiness train and utilize military personnel conduct flight
training and operations and perform field level maintenance Bangor International Airport represents a
favorable opportunity for the application of uninterruptible power for necessary services associated with
national defense and emergency response and is located in a community serviced by natural gas
(Appendix I ndash Figure 11 Commercial Airports)
Table 15 - Airport Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
103
(12)
5(1)
(1)
1
(1)
15
(1)
11826
(1)
31851
(1)
2271
(8)
Military The US Department of Defense (DOD) is the largest funding organization in terms of supporting fuel
cell activities for military applications in the world DOD organizations are using fuel cells for
Stationary units for power supply in bases
Fuel cell units in transport applications
Portable units for equipping individual soldiers or group of soldiers
In a collaborative partnership with the DOE the DOD plans to install and operate 18 fuel cell backup
power systems at eight of its military installations two of which are located within the Northeast region
(New York and New Jersey)60
In addition the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard (PSNY) in Kittery Maine
occupies more than 297 acres on base employs approximately 4500 civilian employees and 100 naval
officers in addition to enlisted personal assigned to the shipyard and is a potential application for
hydrogen and fuel cell technology (Appendix I ndash Figure 11 Commercial Airports) 61
59 Bureau of Transportation Statistics ldquoMaine Transportation Profilerdquo
wwwbtsgovpublicationsstate_transportation_statisticsmainepdfentirepdf March 30 2011 60 Fuel Cell Today ldquoUS DoD to Install Fuel cell Backup Power Systems at Eight Military Installationsrdquo
httpwwwfuelcelltodaycomonlinenewsarticles2011-07US-DOD-FC-Backup-Power-Systems July 20 2011 61
Portsmouth Naval Shipyard ldquoShipyard Factsrdquo httpwwwnavseanavymilshipyardsportsmouthPagesFactsaspx August
2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
19
MAINE
Table 16 - Military Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
1
(7)
1
(7)
1
(7)
03
(7)
2365
(7)
6370
(7)
454
(6)
POTENTIAL TRANSPORTATION TARGETS
Transportation is responsible for one-fourth of the total global GHG emissions and consumes 75 percent
of the worldrsquos oil production In 2010 the US used 21 million barrels of non-renewable petroleum each
day Roughly 29 percent of Mainersquos energy consumption is due to demands of the transportation sector
including gasoline and on-highway diesel petroleum for automobiles trucks and buses A small percent
of non-renewable petroleum is used for jet and ship fuel62
The current economy in the US is dependent on hydrocarbon energy sources and any disruption or
shortage of this energy supply will severely affect many energy related activities including
transportation As oil and other non-sustainable hydrocarbon energy resources become scarce energy
prices will increase and the reliability of supply will be reduced Government and industry are now
investigating the use of hydrogen and renewable energy as a replacement of hydrocarbon fuels
Hydrogen-fueled fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) have many advantages over conventional
technology including
Quiet operation
Near zero emissions of controlled pollutants such as nitrous oxide carbon monoxide
hydrocarbon gases or particulates
Substantial (30 to 50 percent) reduction in GHG emissions on a well-to-wheel basis compared to
conventional gasoline or gasoline-hybrid vehicles when the hydrogen is produced by
conventional methods such as natural gas and 100 percent when hydrogen is produced from a
clean energy source
Ability to fuel vehicles with indigenous energy sources which reduces dependence on imported
energy and adds to energy security and
Higher efficiency than conventional vehicles (See Table 4)6364
Table 17 - Average Energy Efficiency of Conventional and Fuel Cell Vehicles (mpge65
)
Passenger Car Light Truck Transit Bus
Hydrogen Gasoline Hybrid Gasoline Hydrogen Gasoline Hydrogen Fuel Cell Diesel
52 50 293 492 215 54 39
FCEVs can reduce price volatility dependence on oil improve environmental performance and provide
greater efficiencies than conventional transportation technologies as follows
62 ldquoUS Oil Consumption to BP Spillrdquo httpapplesfromorangescom201005us-oil-consumption-to-bp-spill May31 2010 63 ldquoChallenges for Sustainable Mobility and Development of Fuel Cell Vehiclesrdquo Masatami Takimoto Executive Vice President
Toyota Motor Corporation January 26 2006 Presentation at the 2nd International Hydrogen amp Fuel Cell Expo Technical
Conference Tokyo Japan 64 ldquoTwenty Hydrogen Mythsrdquo Amory B Lovins Rocky Mountain Institute June 20 2003 65 Miles per Gallon Equivalent
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
20
MAINE
Replacement of gasoline-fueled passenger vehicles and light duty trucks and diesel-fueled transit
buses with FCEVs could result in annual CO2 emission reductions (per vehicle) of approximately
10170 15770 and 182984 pounds per year respectively66
Replacement of gasoline-fueled passenger vehicles and light duty trucks and diesel-fueled transit
buses with FCEVs could result in annual energy savings (per vehicle) of approximately 230
gallons of gasoline (passenger vehicle) 485 gallons of gasoline (light duty truck) and 4390
gallons of diesel (bus)
Replacement of gasoline-fueled passenger vehicles light duty trucks and diesel-fueled transit
buses with FCEVs could result in annual fuel cost savings of approximately $885 per passenger
vehicle $1866 per light duty truck and $17560 per bus67
Automobile manufacturers such as Toyota General Motors Honda Daimler AG and Hyundai have
projected that models of their FCEVs will begin to roll out in larger numbers by 2015 Longer term the
US DOE has projected that between 151 million and 239 million light duty FCEVs may be sold each
year by 2050 and between 144 million and 347 million light duty FCEVs may be in use by 2050 with a
transition to a hydrogen economy These estimates could be accelerated if political economic energy
security or environmental polices prompt a rapid advancement in alternative fuels68
Mainersquos opportunities to support these new vehicles include alternative fueling stations Maine
Department of Transportation (MDOT) refueling stations bus transit operations government public and
privately owned fleets and material handling and airport ground support equipment (GSE) Graphical
representation of these opportunities analyzed are depicted in Appendix I
Alternative Fueling Stations
There are approximately 1400 retail fueling stations in Maine69
however only 10 public andor private
stations within the state provide alternative fuels such as biodiesel compressed natural gas propane
andor electricity for alternative-fueled vehicles70
There are also at least 17 refueling stations owned and
operated by MDOT that can be used by authorities operating federal and state safety vehicles state transit
vehicles and employees of universities that operate fleet vehicles on a regular basis 71
Development of
hydrogen fueling at alternative fuel stations and at selected locations owned and operated by MDOT
would help facilitate the deployment of FCEVs within the state (Appendix I ndash Figure 12 Alternative
Fueling Stations) Currently there are approximately 18 existing or planned transportation fueling
stations in the Northeast region where hydrogen is provided as an alternative fuel72737475
66 Fuel Cell Economic Development Plan Connecticut Department of Economic and Community Development and the
Connecticut Center for Advanced Technology Inc January 1 2008 Calculations based upon average annual mileage of 12500
miles for passenger car and 14000 miles for light trucks (US EPA) and 37000 average milesyear per bus (US DOT FTA
2007) 67 US EIA Weekly Retail Gasoline and Diesel Prices gasoline - $3847 and diesel ndash 400
wwweiagovdnavpetpet_pri_gnd_a_epm0r_pte_dpgal_whtm 68
Effects of a Transition to a Hydrogen Economy on Employment in the United States Report to Congress
httpwwwhydrogenenergygovcongress_reportshtml August 2011 69 ldquoPublic retail gasoline stations state yearrdquo wwwafdcenergygovafdcdatadocsgasoline_stations_statexls May 5 2011 70 Alternative Fuels Data Center wwwafdcenergygovafdclocatorstations 71 EPA ldquoGovernment UST Noncompliance Report-2007rdquo wwwepagovoustdocsME20Compliance20Reportpdf August
82007 72 Alternative Fuels Data Center httpwwwafdcenergygovafdclocatorstations 73 Hyride ldquoAbout the fueling stationrdquo httpwwwhyrideorghtml-about_hyrideAbout_Fuelinghtml 74 CTTransit ldquoHartford Bus Facility Site Work (Phase 1)rdquo
wwwcttransitcomProcurementsDisplayaspProcurementID=8752CA67-AB1F-4D88-BCEC-4B82AC8A2542 March 2011 75
Currently there are no publicly or privately accessible transportation fueling stations where hydrogen is provided as an
alternative fuel in Maine
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
21
MAINE
Fleets
There are over 7000 fleet vehicles (excluding state and federal vehicles) classified as non-leasing or
company owned vehicles in Maine 76
Fleet vehicles typically account for more than twice the amount of
mileage and therefore twice the fuel consumption and emissions compared to personal vehicles on a per
vehicle basis There are an additional 1781 passenger automobiles andor light duty trucks in Maine
owned by state and federal agencies (excluding state police) that traveled a combined 14965373 miles in
2010 while releasing 1031 metrics tons of CO2 77
Conversion of fleet vehicles from conventional fossil
fuels to FCEVs could significantly reduce petroleum consumption and GHG emissions Fleet vehicle
hubs are good candidates for hydrogen refueling and conversion to FCEVs because they mostly operate
on fixed routes or within fixed districts and are fueled from a centralized station
Bus Transit
There are approximately 61 directly operated buses that provide public transportation services in Maine78
As discussed above replacement of a conventional diesel transit bus with a fuel cell transit bus would
result in the reduction of CO2 emissions (estimated at approximately 183000 pounds per year) and
reduction of diesel fuel (estimated at approximately 4390 gallons per year)79
Although the efficiency of
conventional diesel buses has increased conventional diesel buses which typically achieve fuel economy
performance levels of 39 miles per gallon have the greatest potential for energy savings by using high
efficiency fuel cells In addition to Maine other states have also begun the transition of fueling transit
buses with alternative fuels to improve efficiency and environmental performance
Material Handling
Material handling equipment such as forklifts are used by a variety of industries including
manufacturing construction mining agriculture food retailers and wholesale trade to move goods
within a facility or to load goods for shipping to another site Material handling equipment is usually
battery propane or diesel powered Batteries that currently power material handling equipment are heavy
and take up significant storage space while only providing up to 6 hours of run time Fuel cells can
ensure constant power delivery and performance eliminating the reduction in voltage output that occurs
as batteries discharge Fuel cell powered material handling equipment last more than twice as long (12-
14 hours) and also eliminate the need for battery storage and charging rooms leaving more space for
products In addition fueling time only takes two to three minutes by the operator compared to least 20
minutes or more for each battery replacement which saves the operator valuable time and increases
warehouse productivity
In addition fuel cell powered material handling equipment has significant cost advantages compared to
batteries such as
15 times lower maintenance cost
8 times lower refuelingrecharging labor cost
2 times lower net present value of total operations and management (OampM) system cost
76
Fleetcom ldquo2009-My Registrationrdquo httpwwwautomotive-
fleetcomStatisticsStatsVieweraspxfile=http3a2f2fwwwautomotive-fleetcom2ffc_resources2fstats2fAFFB10-16-
top10-statepdfampchannel 77 US General Services Administration ldquoGSA 2010 Fleet Reportsrdquo Table 4-2 httpwwwgsagovportalcontent230525 September
2011 78
NTD Date ldquoTS22 - Service Data and Operating Expenses Time-Series by Systemrdquo
httpwwwntdprogramgovntdprogramdatahtm December 2011 79 Fuel Cell Economic Development Plan Connecticut Department of Economic and Community Development and the
Connecticut Center for Advanced Technology Inc January 1 2008
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
22
MAINE
63 percent less emissions of GHG (Appendix X provides a comparison of PEM fuel cell and
battery-powered material handling equipment)
Fuel cell powered material handling equipment is already in use at dozens of warehouses distribution
centers and manufacturing plants in North America80
Large corporations that are currently using or
planning to use fuel cell powered material handling equipment include CVS Coca-Cola BMW Central
Grocers and Wal-Mart (Refer to Appendix IX for a partial list of companies in North America that using
fuel cell powered forklifts)81
There are approximately five distribution centerswarehouse sites that have
been identified in Maine that may benefit from the use of fuel cell powered material handling equipment
(Appendix I ndash Figure 13 Distribution CentersWarehouses amp Ports)
Ground Support Equipment
Ground support equipment (GSE) such as catering trucks deicers and airport tugs can be battery
operated or more commonly run on diesel or gasoline As an alternative hydrogen-powered tugs are
being developed for both military and commercial applications While their performance is similar to that
of other battery-powered equipment a fuel cell-powered GSE remains fully charged (provided there is
hydrogen fuel available) and do not experience performance lag at the end of a shift like battery-powered
GSEs82
Potential large end-users of GSE that serve Mainersquos largest airports include Air Canada Delta
Airlines Continental JetBlue United and US Airways83
(Appendix I ndash Figure 11 Commercial
Airports)
Ports
Maine has 3480 miles of coastline with six cargo ports and 13 cruise ship ports The ports of Portland
and Bath Maine which service large vessels such as container ships tankers bulk carriers and cruise
ships may be candidates for improved energy management Commercial marine vessels (cargo ships
entering and leaving Marine ports) contribute approximately 166 tons of volatile organic compounds
(VOC) 1134 tons of NOX 374 tons of CO 124 tons of sulfur dioxide SO2 and 91 tons of particulate
matter (PM10) per year84
In one year a single large container ship can emit pollutants equivalent to that of 50 million cars The
low grade bunker fuel used by the worlds 90000 cargo ships contains up to 2000 times the amount of
sulfur compared to diesel fuel used in automobiles85
Furthermore diesel emissions from cruise ships
while at port are a significant source of air pollution While docked vessels shut off their main engines
but use auxiliary diesel and steam engines to power refrigeration lights pumps and other functions a
process called ldquocold-ironing An estimated one-third of ship emissions occur while they are idling at
berth Replacing auxiliary engines with on-shore electric power could significantly reduce emissions
The applications of fuel cell technology at ports may also provide electric and thermal energy for
improving energy management for warehouses and equipment operated between terminals (Appendix I ndash
Figure 13 Distribution CentersWarehouses amp Ports)86
80 DOE EERE ldquoEarly Markets Fuel Cells for Material Handling Equipmentrdquo
www1eereenergygovhydrogenandfuelcellseducationpdfsearly_markets_forkliftspdf February 2011 81 Plug Power ldquoPlug Power Celebrates Successful year for Companyrsquos Manufacturing and Sales Activityrdquo
wwwplugpowercom January 4 2011 82 Battelle ldquoIdentification and Characterization of Near-Term Direct Hydrogen Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Marketsrdquo
April 2007 www1eereenergygovhydrogenandfuelcellspdfspemfc_econ_2006_report_final_0407pdf 83 PWM ldquoAirlinesrdquo httpwwwportlandjetportorgairlines August 24 2011 84
Maine Department of Environmental Protection ldquoAir Emission from Marine Vesselsrdquo
httpwwwmainegovdepblwqtopicvesselairemissionsreportpdf January 15 2005 85
ldquoBig polluters one massive container ship equals 50 million carsrdquo Paul Evans httpwwwgizmagcomshipping-
pollution11526 April 232009 86
Savemayportvillagenet ldquoCruise Ship Pollutionrdquo httpwwwsavemayportvillagenetid20html October 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
23
MAINE
Table 18 -Ports Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
42
(35)
2
(11)
2
(11)
06
(11)
4730
(11)
12741
(11)
908
(9)
CONCLUSION
Hydrogen and fuel cell technology offers significant opportunities for improved energy reliability energy
efficiency and emission reductions Large fuel cell units (gt300 kW) may be appropriate for applications
that serve large electric and thermal loads Smaller fuel cell units (lt 300 kW) may provide back-up power
for telecommunication sites restaurantsfast food outlets and smaller sized public facilities at this time
Table 19 ndashSummary of Potential Fuel Cell Applications
Category Total Sites Potential
Sites
Number of Fuel
Cells
lt 300 kW
Number of
Fuel Cells
gt300 kW
CB
EC
S D
ata
Education 964 6587
23 42
Food Sales 1800+ 4588
45
Food Services 2100+ 1589
15
Inpatient Healthcare 181 4290
42
Lodging 837 1891
18
Public Order amp Safety 216 1092
10
Energy Intensive Industries 156 693
6
Government Operated
Buildings 114 4
94
4
Wireless
Telecommunication
Towers
50995
5196
51
WWTPs 111 197
1
Landfills 25 198
1
Airports (w AASF) 103 5 (1)99
5
87 65 high schools andor college and universities located in communities serviced by natural gas 88 45 food sale facilities located in communities serviced by natural gas 89 Ten percent of the 97 food service facilities located in communities serviced by natural gas 90 Eight Hospitals located in communities serviced by natural gas and occupying 150+ or more beds onsite 91 15 hotel facilities with 100+ rooms onsite and three convalescent homes with 150+ bed onsite located in communities serviced
by natural gas 92 Correctional facilities andor other public order and safety facilities with 212 workers or more 93 Ten percent of the 64 energy intensive industry facilities located in communities serviced with natural gas 94 Four actively owned federal government operated building located in communities serviced by natural gas 95
The Federal Communications Commission regulates interstate and international communications by radio television wire
satellite and cable in all 50 states the District of Columbia and US territories 96 Ten percent of the 509 wireless telecommunication sites in Mainersquos targeted for back-up PEM fuel cell deployment 97 Ten percent of Maine WWTP with average flows of 30+ MGD 98 Ten percent of the landfills targeted based on LMOP data
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
24
MAINE
Military 1 1 1
Ports 42 2 2
Total 7159+ 266 74 192
As shown in Table 5 the analysis provided here estimates that there are approximately 266 potential
locations which may be favorable candidates for the application of a fuel cell to provide heat and power
Assuming the demand for electricity was uniform throughout the year approximately 150 to 192 fuel cell
units with a capacity of 300 ndash 400 kW could be deployed for a total fuel cell capacity of 58 to 77 MWs
If opportunities for fuel cell use in Maine identified in this report are met with 300 kW units a minimum
of 473040 MWh electric and 127 million MMBTUs (equivalent to 373404 MWh) of thermal energy
would be produced which could reduce CO2 emissions by at least 90824 tons per year 100
Maine can also benefit from the use of hydrogen and fuel cell technology for transportation such as
passenger fleets transit district fleets municipal fleets and state department fleets The application of
hydrogen and fuel cell technology for transportation would reduce the dependence on oil improve
environmental performance and provide greater efficiencies than conventional transportation
technologies
bull Replacement of a gasoline-fueled passenger vehicle with FCEVs could result in annual CO2
emission reductions (per vehicle) of approximately 10170 pounds annual energy savings of 230
gallons of gasoline and annual fuel cost savings of $885
bull Replacement of a gasoline-fueled light duty truck with FCEVs could result in annual CO2
emission reductions (per light duty truck) of approximately 15770 pounds annual energy savings
of 485 gallons of gasoline and annual fuel cost savings of $1866
bull Replacement of a diesel-fueled transit bus with a fuel cell powered bus could result in annual CO2
emission reductions (per bus) of approximately 182984 pounds annual energy savings of 4390
gallons of fuel and annual fuel cost savings of $17560
Hydrogen and fuel cell technology also provides significant opportunities for job creation andor
economic development Realizing over $2 million in revenue and investment in 2010 the hydrogen and
fuel cell industry in Maine is estimated to have contributed approximately $113000 in state and local tax
revenue and over $29 million in gross state product Currently there are at least 30 Maine companies
that are part of the growing hydrogen and fuel cell industry supply chain in the Northeast region If
neweremerging hydrogen and fuel cell technology were to gain momentum the number of companies
and employment for the industry could grow substantially
99 Airport facilities with 2500+ annual Enplanement Counts andor AASF 100
If opportunities for fuel cell use in Maine identified in this report are met with 400 kW units a minimum of 665760 MWh
electric and 312 million MMBTUs (equivalent to 915127 MWh) of thermal energy would be produced which could reduce CO2
emissions by at least 127826 tons per year
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
25
MAINE
APPENDICES
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
26
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 1 Education
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
27
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 2 Food Sales
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
28
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 3 Food Services
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
29
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 4 Inpatient Healthcare
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
30
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 5 Lodging
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
31
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 6 Public Order and Safety
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
32
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 7 Energy Intensive Industries
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
33
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 8 Federal Government Operated Buildings
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
34
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 9 Telecommunication Sites
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
35
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 10 Solid and Liquid Waste Sites
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
36
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 11 Commercial Airports
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
37
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 12 Alternative Fueling Stations
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
38
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 13 Distribution CentersWarehouses amp Ports
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
39
MAINE
Appendix II ndash Maine Estimated Electrical Consumption per Sector
Category Total Site
Electric Consumption per Building
(1000 kWh)101
kWh Consumed per Sector
New England
Education 925 161844 149705700
Food Sales 1800 319821 575677800
Food Services 2100 128 269199000
Inpatient Healthcare 181 603863 1092991125
Lodging 837 21312 178379766
Public Order amp Safety 262 77855 20398010
Total 6105 2286351401
Residential102
4503000000
Industrial 3702000000
Commercial 4503000000
Other Commercial 2286351401
101
EIA Electricity consumption and expenditure intensities for Non-Mall Building 2003 102
DOE EERE ldquoElectric Power and Renewable Energy in Mainerdquo httpapps1eereenergygovstateselectricitycfmstate=ME
August 25 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
40
MAINE
Appendix III ndash Key Stakeholders
Organization CityTown State Website Hydrogen Energy Center Portland ME wwwhydrogenenergycenterorg
University of Maine School of
Engineering Technology Orono ME httpwwwumaineeduset
University of Maine Advanced
Manufacturing Center Orono
ME wwwumaineeduamc
University of Maine Advanced
Structures and Composites Center Orono
ME httpwww2umaineeduaewc
Manufacturers Association of Maine Westbrook ME
wwwmainemfgcom
Maine Manufacturing Extension
Partnership Augusta
ME httpwwwmainemeporg
Mid-Coast Regional Redevelopment
Authority Brunswick
ME wwwmrraus
Manufacturing Applications Center Gorham ME
httpwwwusmmaineedu
Maine Center for Enterprise
Development University of Southern
Maine
Portland ME
wwwmcedbiz
Maine Small Business Development
Center Portland
ME httpwwwmainesbdcorg
Southern Maine Community College
Sustainability and Energy Alternatives
Center
South
Portland ME httpwwwsmccmeedubusiness-a-
communitycomunity-resourcessustainability-
centerhtml
Environment and Energy Technology
Council of Maine Portland
ME wwwE2Techorg
Maine Technology Institute Gardiner ME
wwwmainetechnologyorg
Maine Innovation Economy advisory
Board Maine DECD Augusta ME httpwwwmainegovdecd
Governorrsquos Office of Energy
Independence and Security Augusta ME httpmainegovoeis
Utility Companies
Unitil httpwwwunitilcomcustomer-configuration
Bangor Gas Co httpwwwbangorgascom
Central Maine Power Co httpwwwcmpcocom
Bangor Hydro-Electric Co httpwwwbhecom
Maine Public Service Co httpwwwmainepublicservicecom
Appendix IV ndash Maine State Incentives and Programs
Funding Source Maine Public Utilities Commission
Program Title Community-based Renewable Energy Pilot Program
Applicable EnergiesTechnologies Solar Thermal Electric Photovoltaic Landfill Gas Wind
Biomass Hydroelectric Geothermal Electric Fuel Cells Anaerobic Digestion Tidal Energy
Fuel Cells using Renewable Fuels
Summary The Maine Utilities Commission (PUC) finalized the rule in February 2010 Legislation
mandates that up 10 50 MW of generating capacity will be permitted uned this program and
individual participants may not exceed 10 MW Of the 50 MW cap 10 must be reserved
specifically for small program participants or for participants located in a service territory of a
cooperative transmission and distribution utility
Restrictions
The PUC may require investor-owned utilities to enter into long-term contracts for energy capacity
resources or renewable energy credits (RECs) produced by the community-based project The
contacts term may not exceed 20 year the PUC will conduct long-term contract solicitations for
ldquolarge generatorsrdquo
Timing The Maine Public Utilities Commission is seeking proposals from suppliers of energy
capacity or renewable energy credits (RECs) for the development of community-based renewable
energy projects over 1 MW The docket number for this RFP is 2011-150 All inquiries about this
RFP should be directed to christinercookmainegov
Maximum Size Choice of either 15 REC credit multiplier or up to 10 MW DC
Requirements
To be eligible for incentives a generating facility must be 51 percent locally owned use renewable
energy resources be no larger than 10 MW in generating capacity and be located in the State
httpwwwstatemeusmpucelectricitycommunity_pilotshtml
Rebate amount $010kWh or cost fo the project whichever is lower
For further information please visit
httpwwwstatemeusmpucelectricitycommunity_pilotshtml
Source
Maine Public Utilities Commission ldquoCommunity-based Renewable Energy Pilot Programrdquo August 10 2011
DSIRE ldquoCommunity-based Renewable Energy Production Incentive (Pilot Program)rdquo August 10 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
42
Funding Source Voluntary Renewable Resource Grants
Program Title Voluntary Renewable Resources Fund
Applicable EnergiesTechnologies Solar Thermal Electric Photovoltaics Wind Biomass
Hydroelectric Geothermal Electric Fuel Cells Municipal Solid Waste Tidal Energy Fuel
Cells using Renewable Fuels
Summary Supported by the state Voluntary Renewable resource Fund and administered by the
Efficient Maine provide funding for small-scale demonstration projects designed to educate
communities on the value oand cost effectiveness of renewable energy
Restrictions To Qualify for grant funding renewable-energy resources generally must qualify as a
small power production facility un Federal Energy Regulatory Commission rules or must not exceed
100 MW in capacity and use one of more of the applicable energiestechnologies
Timing Start Date of this program occurred 12151998 and no expiration date is given
Maximum Size $50000
Requirements
httpwwwmainegovmpucrecovery
Rebate amount
$50000 Maximu
For further information please visit
httpwwwmainegovmpucrecovery
Source
Maine PUC ldquoFederal Stimulus MPUC and the Federal Recovery Packagerdquo ndash August 10 2011
DSIRE ldquoMaine - Voluntary Renewable Resource Grantsrdquo August 10 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
43
Appendix V ndash Partial Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Supply Chain Companies in Maine103
Organization Name Product or Service Category
1 University of Maine School of
Engineering Technology Research amp Development
2 University of Maine Advanced
Structures and Composites Center Research amp Development
3 Precision Partners-Mid-State Machine
Products Manufacturing Services
4 Ocean Energy Institute EngineeringDesign Services
5 Newfab Inc Manufacturing Services
6 New England Castings Other
7 Mitchell Ledge Farm Components
8 McNabb Marketing Resources Other
9 Maine Oxy Inc Fuel
10 Maine Machine Products Co Manufacturing Services
11 MacTec Inc FCH2 System DistrInstallMaint Services
12 Kennebec Technologies Manufacturing Services
13 Hydrogen Energy Center Service Center Lab or Test ConsultingLegalFinancial
Services
14 Hydrogen Energy Center Other
15 Green Energy Maine Other
16 Fire Risk Management Inc EngineeringDesign Services
17 Fire Risk Management EngineeringDesign Services
18 Fairchild Semiconductor Research amp Development
19 EcoMain Research amp Development
20 Control Point Inc Lab or Test EquipmentServices
21 Colby Company Engineering EngineeringDesign Services
22 Chewonki Foundation Other
23 Burroughs Machine Tool Products Equipment
24 Bernstein Shur ConsultingLegalFinancial Services
25 Bath Iron Works (General Dynamics
Inc) Research amp Development
26 AMEC EngineeringDesign Services
27 Advantages Gases and Tools Fuel
28 Advanced Manufacturing Center-
University of ME Manufacturing Services
103
Northeast Electrochemical Energy Storage Cluster Supply Chain Database Search httpneescorgresourcestype=1 August 11 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
44
Appendix VI ndash Comparison of Fuel Cell Technologies104
Fuel Cell
Type
Common
Electrolyte
Operating
Temperature
Typical
Stack
Size
Efficiency Applications Advantages Disadvantages
Polymer
Electrolyte
Membrane
(PEM)
Perfluoro sulfonic
acid
50-100degC
122-212deg
typically
80degC
lt 1 kW ndash 1
MW105
gt
kW 60
transportation
35
stationary
bull Backup power
bull Portable power
bull Distributed
generation
bull Transportation
bull Specialty vehicle
bull Solid electrolyte reduces
corrosion amp electrolyte
management problems
bull Low temperature
bull Quick start-up
bull Expensive catalysts
bull Sensitive to fuel
impurities
bull Low temperature waste
heat
Alkaline
(AFC)
Aqueous solution
of potassium
hydroxide soaked
in a matrix
90-100degC
194-212degF
10 ndash 100
kW 60
bull Military
bull Space
bull Cathode reaction faster
in alkaline electrolyte
leads to high performance
bull Low cost components
bull Sensitive to CO2
in fuel and air
bull Electrolyte management
Phosphoric
Acid
(PAFC)
Phosphoric acid
soaked in a matrix
150-200degC
302-392degF
400 kW
100 kW
module
40 bull Distributed
generation
bull Higher temperature enables
CHP
bull Increased tolerance to fuel
impurities
bull Pt catalyst
bull Long start up time
bull Low current and power
Molten
Carbonate
(MCFC)
Solution of lithium
sodium andor
potassium
carbonates soaked
in a matrix
600-700degC
1112-1292degF
300
k W- 3 M
W
300 kW
module
45 ndash 50
bull Electric utility
bull Distributed
generation
bull High efficiency
bull Fuel flexibility
bull Can use a variety of catalysts
bull Suitable for CHP
bull High temperature
corrosion and breakdown
of cell components
bull Long start up time
bull Low power density
Solid Oxide
(SOFC)
Yttria stabilized
zirconia
700-1000degC
1202-1832degF
1 kW ndash 2
MW 60
bull Auxiliary power
bull Electric utility
bull Distributed
generation
bull High efficiency
bull Fuel flexibility
bull Can use a variety of catalysts
bull Solid electrolyte
bull Suitable f o r CHP amp CHHP
bull HybridGT cycle
bull High temperature
corrosion and breakdown
of cell components
bull High temperature
operation requires long
start up
time and limits
Polymer Electrolyte is no longer a single category row Data shown does not take into account High Temperature PEM which operates in the range of 160oC to 180
oC It solves
virtually all of the disadvantages listed under PEM It is not sensitive to impurities It has usable heat Stack efficiencies of 52 on the high side are realized HTPEM is not a
PAFC fuel cell and should not be confused with one
104 US Department of Energy Fuel Cells Technology Program httpwww1eereenergygovhydrogenandfuelcellsfuelcellspdfsfc_comparison_chartpdf August 5 2011 105
Ballard ldquoCLEARgen Multi-MY Systemsrdquo httpwwwballardcomfuel-cell-productscleargen-multi-mw-systemsaspx November 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
45
Appendix VII ndashAnalysis of Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities and Threats for Maine
Strengths
Stationary Power ndash Strong market drivers including high
electricity cost cold climate reliance on oil for space heating
strong CHP and district heating market strong environmental
and green energy awareness) capable core of fuel cell CHP
installers energy storage demand to serve MErsquos aggressive
wind-power industry strong ongoing expansion of natural gas
servicedistribution
Transportation Power - Strong market drivers including a
dispersed population highly reliant on truck and auto
transportation receptive and environmentally conscious
alternative fuelstransportation market relatively low income
population in need of relief from automobile fuel costs strong
Navy shipbuilding industry as potential user of H2FC auxiliary
power system strongly interested in fleet-based hydrogen
fueling station development (SunHydro model) strong interest
in municipal transit and fuel cell -powered rail
Economic Development Factors ndash Brunswick Renewable
Energy Park emphasis on skills development and technology
synergies aggressive state level policy to policy to develop
renewable wind and biomass energy technologies skilled and
well organized network of precision manufacturing firms tied
into aerospace and communications equipment industries
strong labor force at relatively low wages RampDbusiness
infrastructure for advanced biofuels and composite material
structures growing University of Maine commitment to fuel
cell and biomass RampD state funding source familiaritycomfort
with H2FC technology
Weaknesses
Stationary Power ndash No technologyindustrial momentum at the
OEM level geographically distant from OEMs for component-
supply opportunities
Transportation Power ndash No technologyindustrial base at the
OEM level lack of infrastructure funding relatively dispersed
population for transportation services
Economic Development Factors ndash limited state incentives
somewhat sluggish overall state economy relatively
undeveloped core of technology skillsknowledge base
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
46
Opportunities
Stationary Power ndash Opportunity as an ldquoearly adaptor marketrdquo
some supply chain buildup opportunities around SP deployment
Linkage between H2FC technologies and advanced biofuels
RampD Dispersed population amp economy needs distributed
solutions Major need for power storage in conjunction with
Maines planned offshore wind-power RampD and development
Transportation Power ndash Hydrogen refueling station plans Early-
stage potential for major roll-out in marine auxiliary power (US
Navy) Commuter rail expansion
Portable Power ndash Little currently-identified opportunity
Economic Development Factors ndash Brunswick ldquoRenewable Energy
Industrial Parkrdquo can be significant seed nucleus for both
deployment amp development Machine-tool industry pursuing
H2FC components supply-chain opportunities
Threats
Stationary Power ndash The regionrsquos favorable market
needsdemand could be met by other technologiessources ndash
Canadian hydro amp nuclear wind geothermal direct biomass
and power-storage alternatives ndash batteries solid state ammonia
etc
Transportation Power ndash The regionrsquos favorable market
characteristics and needs could be met by other electric
vehicles particularly in the absence of a hydrogen
infrastructure
Economic Development Factors ndash competition from more fully-
equipped statesregions wind and other renewables grab Maine
energy industry momentum lack of funding to sustain
University of MErsquos momentum in storage and fuel cell
technologies related to biomass and wind hesitation of state
government to support alternative energy incentives
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
47
Appendix VIII ndash Partial list of Fuel Cell Deployment in the Northeast region
Manufacturer Site Name Site Location Year Installed
Plug Power T-Mobile cell tower Storrs CT 2008
Plug Power Albany International Airport Albany NY 2004
FuelCell Energy Pepperidge Farms Plant Bloomfield CT 2005
FuelCell Energy Peabody Museum New Haven CT 2003
FuelCell Energy Sheraton New York Hotel amp Towers Manhattan NY 2004
FuelCell Energy Sheraton Hotel Edison NJ 2003
FuelCell Energy Sheraton Hotel Parsippany NJ 2003
UTC Power Cabelas Sporting Goods East Hartford CT 2008
UTC Power Whole Foods Market Glastonbury CT 2008
UTC Power Connecticut Science Center Hartford CT 2009
UTC Power St Francis Hospital Hartford CT 2003
UTC Power Middletown High School Middletown CT 2008
UTC Power Connecticut Juvenile Training School Middletown CT 2001
UTC Power 360 State Street Apartment Building New Haven CT 2010
UTC Power South Windsor High School South Windsor CT 2002
UTC Power Mohegan Sun Casino Hotel Uncasville CT 2002
UTC Power CTTransit Fuel Cell Bus Hartford CT 2007
UTC Power Whole Foods Market Dedham MA 2009
UTC Power Bronx Zoo Bronx NY 2008
UTC Power North Central Bronx Hospital Bronx NY 2000
UTC Power Hunts Point Water Pollution Control Plant Bronx NY 2005
UTC Power Price Chopper Supermarket Colonie NY 2010
UTC Power East Rochester High School East Rochester NY 2007
UTC Power Coca-Cola Refreshments Production Facility Elmsford NY 2010
UTC Power Verizon Call Center and Communications Building Garden City NY 2005
UTC Power State Office Building Hauppauge NY 2009
UTC Power Liverpool High School Liverpool NY 2000
UTC Power New York Hilton Hotel New York City NY 2007
UTC Power Central Park Police Station New York City NY 1999
UTC Power Rochester Institute of Technology Rochester NY 1993
UTC Power NYPA office building White Plains NY 2010
UTC Power Wastewater treatment plant Yonkers NY 1997
UTC Power The Octagon Roosevelt Island NY 2011
UTC Power Johnson amp Johnson World Headquarters New Brunswick NJ 2003
UTC Power CTTRANSIT (Fuel Cell Powered Buses) Hartford CT 2007 - Present
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
48
Appendix IX ndash Partial list of Fuel Cell-Powered Forklifts in North America106
Company CityTown State Site Year
Deployed
Fuel Cell
Manufacturer
of
forklifts
Coca-Cola San Leandro CA
Bottling and
distribution center 2011 Plug Power 37
Charlotte NC Bottling facility 2011 Plug Power 40
EARP
Distribution Kansas City KS Distribution center 2011
Oorja
Protonics 24
Golden State
Foods Lemont IL Distribution facility 2011
Oorja
Protonics 20
Kroger Co Compton CA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 161
Sysco
Riverside CA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 80
Boston MA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 160
Long Island NY Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 42
San Antonio TX Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 113
Front Royal VA Redistribution
facility 2011 Plug Power 100
Baldor
Specialty Foods Bronx NY Facility
Planned
in 2012
Oorja
Protonics 50
BMW
Manufacturing
Co
Spartanburg SC Manufacturing
plant 2010 Plug Power 86
Defense
Logistics
Agency US
Department of
Defense
San Joaquin CA Distribution facility 2011 Plug Power 20
Fort Lewis WA Distribution depot 2011 Plug Power 19
Warner
Robins GA Distribution depot 2010 Hydrogenics 20
Susquehanna PA Distribution depot 2010 Plug Power 15
2009 Nuvera 40
Martin-Brower Stockton CA Food distribution
center 2010
Oorja
Protonics 15
United Natural
Foods Inc
(UNFI)
Sarasota FL Distribution center 2010 Plug Power 65
Wal-Mart
Balzac Al
Canada
Refrigerated
distribution center 2010 Plug Power 80
Washington
Court House OH
Food distribution
center 2007 Plug Power 55
Wegmans Pottsville PA Warehouse 2010 Plug Power 136
Whole Foods
Market Landover MD Distribution center 2010 Plug Power 61
106
FuelCell2000 ldquoFuel Cell-Powered Forklifts in North Americardquo httpwwwfuelcellsorginfochartsforkliftspdf November
2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
49
Appendix X ndash Comparison of PEM Fuel Cell and Battery-Powered Material Handling
Equipment
3 kW PEM Fuel Cell-Powered
Pallet Trucks
3 kW Battery-powered
(2 batteries per truck)
Total Fuel Cycle Energy Use
(total energy consumedkWh
delivered to the wheels) -12000 BtukWh 14000 BtukWh
Fuel Cycle GHG Emissions
(in g CO2 equivalent 820 gkWh 1200 gkWh
Estimated Product Life 8-10 years 4-5 years No Emissions at Point of Use
Quiet Operation
Wide Ambient Operating
Temperature range
Constant Power Available
over Shift
Routine Maintenance Costs
($YR) $1250 - $1500year $2000year
Time for RefuelingChanging
Batteries 4 ndash 8 minday 45-60 minday (for battery change-outs)
8 hours (for battery recharging amp cooling) Cost of FuelElectricity $6000year $1300year Labor Cost of
refuelingRecharging $1100year $8750year
Net Present Value of Capital
Cost $12600
($18000 wo incentive) $14000
Net Present Value of OampM
costs (including fuel) $52000 $128000
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
50
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
8
MAINE
ECONOMIC IMPACT
The hydrogen and fuel cell industry has direct indirect and induced impacts on local and regional
economies 13
A new hydrogen andor fuel cell project directly affects the arearsquos economy through the
purchase of goods and services generation of land use revenue taxes or payments in lieu of taxes and
employment Secondary effects include both indirect and induced economic effects resulting from the
circulation of the initial spending through the local economy economic diversification changes in
property values and the use of indigenous resources
Maine is home to at least 28 companies that are part of the growing hydrogen and fuel cell industry
supply chain in the Northeast region Appendix V lists the hydrogen and fuel cell supply chain companies
in Maine Realizing over $2 million in revenue and investment from their participation in this regional
cluster in 2010 these companies include manufacturing parts distributing supplying of industrial gas
engineering based research and development (RampD) coating applications and managing of venture
capital funds 14
Furthermore the hydrogen and fuel cell industry is estimated to have contributed
approximately $113000 in state and local tax revenue and over $29 million in gross state product
Table 1 shows Mainersquos impact in the Northeast regionrsquos hydrogen and fuel cell industry as of April 2011
Table 1 - Maine Economic Data 2011
Maine Economic Data
Supply Chain Members 28
Indirect Rev ($M) 194
Indirect Jobs 10
Indirect Labor Income ($M) 050
Induced Revenue ($M) 097
Induced Jobs 8
Induced Labor Income ($M) 029
Total Revenue ($M) 29
Total Jobs 18
Total Labor Income ($M) 080
In addition there are over 118000 people employed across 3500 companies within the Northeast
registered as part of the motor vehicle industry Approximately 1874 of these individuals and 78 of these
companies are located in Maine If neweremerging hydrogen and fuel cell technology were to gain
momentum within the transportation sector the estimated employment rate for the hydrogen and fuel cell
industry could grow significantly in the region15
13
Indirect impacts are the estimated output (ie revenue) employment and labor income in other business (ie not-OEMs) that
are associated with the purchases made by hydrogen and fuel cell OEMs as well as other companies in the sectorrsquos supply chain
Induced impacts are the estimated output employment and labor income in other businesses (ie non-OEMs) that are associated
with the purchases by workers related to the hydrogen and fuel cell industry 14
Northeast Electrochemical Energy Storage Cluster Supply Chain Database Search httpneescorgresourcestype=1
August8 2011 15 NAICS Codes Motor Vehicle ndash 33611 Motor Vehicle Parts ndash 3363
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
9
MAINE
POTENTIAL STATIONARY TARGETS
In 2009 Maine consumed the equivalent of 12614 million megawatt-hours of energy from the
transportation residential industrial and commercial sectors16
Electricity consumption in Maine was
approximately 113 million MWh and is forecasted to grow at a rate of 09 percent annually over the next
decade1718
Figure 1 illustrates the percent of total energy consumed by each sector in Maine A more
detailed breakout of energy usage is provided in Appendix II
This demand represents approximately nine percent of the population in New England and nine percent of
the regionrsquos total electricity consumption The State relies on both in-state resources and imports of
power over the regionrsquos transmission system to serve electricity to customers Net electrical demand in
Maine industries was 1288 MW in 2009 and is projected to increase by approximately 50 MW by 2015
Further the statersquos overall electricity demand is forecasted to grow at a rate of 09 percent (15 percent
peak summer demand growth) annually over the next decade Demand for new electric capacity as well
as a replacement of older less efficient base-load generation facilities is expected With approximately
3400 MW in total capacity of generation plants Maine represents 11 percent of the total capacity in New
England As shown in Figure 2 natural gas was the primary energy source for electricity consumed in
Maine for 2009 19
16
US Energy Information Administration (EIA) ldquoState Energy Data Systemrdquo
ldquohttpwwweiagovstatesedshfjspincfile=sep_sumhtmlrank_usehtmlrdquo August 2011 17
EIA ldquoElectric Power Annual 2009 ndash State Data Tablesrdquo wwweiagovcneafelectricityepaepa_sprdshtshtml January 2011 18
ISO New England ldquoMaine 2011 State Profilerdquo wwwiso-necomnwsissgrid_mktskey_factsnh_01-2011_profilepdf
January 2011 19
EIA ldquo1990 - 2010 Retail Sales of Electricity by State by Sector by Provider (EIA-861)rdquo
httpwwweiagovcneafelectricityepaepa_sprdshtshtml January 4 2011
Residential
22
Commercial
17
Industrial
32
Transportation
29
Figure 2 ndash Electric Power Generation by
Primary Energy Source Figure 1 ndash Energy Consumption by
Sector
Coal
05
Petroleum
16
Natural Gas
492
Hydroelectric
224
Other
Renewables
244 Other
19
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
10
MAINE
Fuel cell systems have many advantages over conventional technologies including
High fuel-to-electricity efficiency (gt 40 percent) utilizing hydrocarbon fuels
Overall system efficiency of 85 to 93 percent
Reduction of noise pollution
Reduction of air pollution
Often do not require new transmission
Siting is not controversial and
If near point of use waste heat can be captured and used Combined heat and power (CHP)
systems are more efficient and can reduce facility energy costs over applications that use separate
heat and central station power systems20
Fuel cells can be deployed as a CHP technology that provides both power and thermal energy and can
increase energy efficiency at a customer site typically from 35 to 50 percent The value of CHP includes
reduced transmission and distribution costs reduced fuel use and associated emissions21
Based on the
targets identified within this plan there is the potential to develop at least 58 MWs of stationary fuel cell
generation capacity in Maine which would provide the following benefits annually
Production of approximately 473000 MWh of electricity
Production of approximately 127 million MMBTUs of thermal energy
Reduction of CO2 emissions of approximately 90000 tons (electric generation only)22
For the purpose of this plan applications have been explored with a focus on fuel cells in the 300 kW to
400 kW range However smaller fuel cells are potentially viable for specific applications Facilities that
have electrical and thermal requirements that closely match the output of the fuel cells provide the best
opportunity for the application of a fuel cell Facilities that may be good candidates for the application of
a fuel cell include commercial buildings with high electricity consumption selected government
buildings public works facilities and energy intensive industries
The Energy Information Agencys (EIA) Commercial Building Energy Consumption Survey (CBECS_
identifies the building types listed below as having high electricity consumption They are the best
candidates for on-site generation and CHP applications These selected building types making up the
CBECS subcategory within the commercial industry include
Education
Food Sales
Food Services
Inpatient Healthcare
Lodging
Public Order amp Safety23
As illustrated in Figure 3 these selected building types within the commercial sector is estimated to
account for approximately 15 percent of Mainersquos total electrical consumption Appendix II further
20 FuelCell2000 ldquoFuel Cell Basicsrdquo wwwfuelcellsorgbasicsappshtml July 2011 21 ldquoDistributed Generation Market Potential 2004 Update Connecticut and Southwest Connecticutrdquo ISE Joel M Rinebold
ECSU March 15 2004 22 Replacement of conventional fossil fuel generating capacity with methane fuel cells could reduce carbon dioxide (CO2)
emissions by between approximately 100 and 600 lbMWh US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) eGRID2010 Version
11 Year 2007 GHG Annual Output Emission Rates Annual non-baseload output emission rates (NPCC New England) FuelCell
Energy DFC 300 Product sheet httpwwwfuelcellenergycomfilesFCE2030020Product20Sheet-lo-rez20FINALpdf
UTC Power PureCell Model 400 System Performance Characteristics httpwwwutcpowercomproductspurecell400 23
As defined by CBECS Public Order amp Safety facilities are buildings used for the preservation of law and order or public
safety Although these sites are usually described as government facilities they are referred to as commercial buildings because
their similarities in energy usage with the other building sites making up the CBECS data
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
11
MAINE
defines Mainersquos estimated electrical consumption in each sector Graphical representation of these
opportunities analyzed is depicted in Appendix I
Figure 3 ndash Maine Electrical Consumption per Sector
Education
There are approximately 145 non-public schools and 780 public schools (134 of which are considered
high schools with 100 or more students enrolled) in Maine2425
High schools operate for a longer period
of time daily due to extracurricular after school activities such as clubs and athletics Furthermore two
of these schools have swimming pools which may make these sites especially attractive because it would
increase the utilization of and make more efficient the electrical and thermal output offered by a fuel cell
There are also 39 colleges and universities in Maine Colleges and universities have facilities for
students faculty administration and maintenance crews that typically include dormitories cafeterias
gyms libraries and athletic departments ndash some with swimming pools Of these 173 locations (134 high
schools and 39 colleges) 65 are located in communities serviced by natural gas (Appendix I ndash Figure 1
Education)
Educational establishments in other states such as Connecticut and New York have shown interest in fuel
cell technology Examples of existing or planned fuel cell applications include South Windsor High
School (CT) Liverpool High School (NY) Rochester Institute of Technology Yale University
University of Connecticut and the State University of New York College of Environmental Science and
Forestry
Table 2 - Education Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
964
(5)
65
(3)
42
(6)
126
(6)
99338
(6)
267551
(6)
19073
(4)
24 EIA Description of CBECS Building Types wwweiagovemeucbecsbuilding_typeshtml 25 Public schools are classified as magnets charters alternative schools and special facilities
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
12
MAINE
Food Sales
There are over 1800 businesses in Maine known to be engaged in the retail sale of food Food sales
establishments are good candidates for fuel cells based on their electrical demand and thermal
requirements for heating and refrigeration Approximately 80 of these sites are considered larger food
sales businesses with approximately 60 or more employees at their site 26
Of these 80 large food sales
businesses 45 are located in communities serviced by natural gas (Appendix I ndash Figure 2 Food Sales)27
The application of a large fuel cell (gt300 kW) at a small convenience store may not be economically
viable based on the electric demand and operational requirements however a smaller fuel cell may be
appropriate
Popular grocery chains such as Price Chopper Supervalu Wholefoods and Stop and Shop have shown
interest in powering their stores with fuel cells in Massachusetts Connecticut and New York28
In
addition grocery distribution centers like the one operated by Shaws (a Supervalu brand) in Wells
Maine are prime targets for the application of hydrogen and fuel cell technology for both stationary
power and material handling equipment
Table 3 - Food Sales Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
1800
(4)
45
(4)
45
(4)
135((
(4)
106434
(4)
286662
(4)
20435
(3)
Food Service
There are over 2100 businesses in Maine that can be classified as food service establishments used for
the preparation and sale of food and beverages for consumption29
15 of these sites are considered larger
restaurant businesses with 130 or more employees at their site and are located in Maine communities
serviced by natural gas (Appendix I ndash Figure 3 Food Services)30
The application of a large fuel cell
(gt300 kW) at smaller restaurants with less than 130 workers may not be economically viable based on the
electric demand and operational requirements however a smaller fuel cell ( 5 kW) may be appropriate
to meet hot water and space heating requirements A significant portion (18 percent) of the energy
consumed in a commercial food service operation can be attributed to the domestic hot water heating
load31
In other parts of the US popular chains such as McDonalds are beginning to show an interest in
the smaller sized fuel cell units for the provision of electricity and thermal energy including domestic
water heating at food service establishments32
26
On average food sale facilities consume 43000 kWh of electricity per worker on an annual basis When compared to current
fuel cell technology (gt300 kW) which satisfies annual electricity consumption loads between 2628000 ndash 3504000 kWh
calculations show food sales facilities employing more than 61 workers may represent favorable opportunities for the application
of a larger fuel cell 27 EIA Description of CBECS Building Types wwweiagovemeucbecsbuilding_typeshtml 28 Clean Energy States Alliance (CESA) ldquoFuel Cells for Supermarkets ndash Cleaner Energy with Fuel Cell Combined Heat and
Power Systemsrdquo Benny Smith wwwcleanenergystatesorgassetsUploadsBlakeFuelCellsSupermarketsFBpdf 29 EIA Description of CBECS Building Types wwweiagovemeucbecsbuilding_typeshtml 30
On average food service facilities consume 20300 kWh of electricity per worker on an annual basis Current fuel cell
technology (gt300 kW) can satisfy annual electricity consumption loads between 2628000 ndash 3504000 kWh Calculations show
food service facilities employing more than 130 workers may represent favorable opportunities for the application of a larger fuel
cell 31
ldquoCase Studies in Restaurant Water Heatingrdquo Fisher Donald httpeecucdaviseduACEEE2008datapapers9_243pdf 2008 32
Sustainable business Oregon ldquoClearEdge sustains brisk growthrdquo
httpwwwsustainablebusinessoregoncomarticles201001clearedge_sustains_brisk_growthhtml May 8 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
13
MAINE
Office
Equipment 4 Ventilation 4
Refrigeration
3
Lighting 11
Cooling 13
Space Heating
33
Water Heating
18
Cooking 5 Other 9
Table 4 - Food Services Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
2100
(3)
15
(4)
15
(4)
45
(4)
35478
(4)
95554
(4)
6812
(2)
Inpatient Healthcare
There are over 181 inpatient healthcare facilities in Maine 42 of which are classified as hospitals33
Of
these 42 hospitals eight are located in communities serviced by natural gas and contain 100 or more beds
onsite (Appendix I ndash Figure 4 Inpatient Healthcare) Hospitals represent an excellent opportunity for the
application of fuel cells because they require a high availability factor of electricity for lifesaving medical
devices and operate 247 with a relatively flat load curve Furthermore medical equipment patient
rooms sterilizedoperating rooms data centers and kitchen areas within these facilities are often required
to be in operational conditions at all times which maximizes the use of electricity and thermal energy
from a fuel cell Nationally hospital energy costs have increased 56 percent from $389 per square foot
in 2003 to $607 per square foot for 2010 partially due to the increased cost of energy34
Examples of healthcare facilities with planned or operational fuel cells include St Francis Stamford and
Waterbury Hospitals in Connecticut and North Central Bronx Hospital in New York
Table 5 - Inpatient Healthcare Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
181
(5)
42
(10)
42
(10)
126
(10)
99338
(10)
267551
(10)
19073
(8)
Lodging
There are over 730 establishments specializing in
travellodging accommodations that include hotels motels or
inns in Maine Approximately 33 of these establishments
have 150 or more rooms onsite and can be classified as
ldquolarger sizedrdquo lodging that may have additional attributes
such as heated pools exercise facilities andor restaurants 35
Of these 33 locations 15 employ more than 94 workers and
are located in communities serviced by natural gas 36
As
shown in Figure 4 more than 60 percent of total energy use at
a typical lodging facility is due to lighting space heating and
water heating 37
The application of a large fuel cell (gt300
33 EIA Description of CBECS Building Types wwweiagovemeucbecsbuilding_typeshtml 34
BetterBricks ldquohttpwwwbetterbrickscomgraphicsassetsdocumentsBB_Article_EthicalandBusinessCasepdfrdquo Page 1
August 2011 35 EPA ldquoCHP in the Hotel and Casino Market Sectorrdquo wwwepagovchpdocumentshotel_casino_analysispdf December 2005 36
On average lodging facilities consume 28000 kWh of electricity per worker on an annual basis Current fuel cell technology
(gt300 kW) can satisfy annual electricity consumption loads between 2628000 ndash 3504000 kWh Calculations show lodging
facilities employing more than 94 workers may represent favorable opportunities for the application of a larger fuel cell 37 National Grid ldquoManaging Energy Costs in Full-Service Hotelsrdquo
wwwnationalgriduscomnon_htmlshared_energyeff_hotelspdf 2004
Figure 4 - US Lodging Energy Consumption
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
14
MAINE
kW) at hotelresort facilities with less than 94 employees may not be economically viable based on the
electrical demand and operational requirement however a smaller fuel cell ( 5 kW) may be appropriate
Popular hotel chains such as the Hilton and Starwood Hotels have shown interest in powering their
establishments with fuel cells in New Jersey and New York
Maine also has 107 facilities identified as convalescent homes three of which have bed capacities greater
than or equal to 150 units38
All three sites are located in communities serviced by natural gas (Appendix
I ndash Figure 5 Lodging)
Table 6 - Lodging Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
837
(10)
18
(2)
18
(2)
54
(2)
42574
(2)
114665
(2)
8174
(2)
Public Order and Safety There are approximately 216 facilities in Maine that can be classified as public order and safety these
include 96 fire stations 102 police stations eight state police stations nine border patrols and nine
prisons 3940
Ten of these locations employ more than 210 workers and are located in communities
serviced by natural gas4142
These applications may represent favorable opportunities for the application
of a larger fuel cell (gt300 kW) which could provide heat and uninterrupted power 4344
The sites
identified (Appendix I ndash Figure 6 Public Order and Safety) will have special value to provide increased
reliability to mission critical facilities associated with public safety and emergency response during grid
outages The application of a large fuel cell (gt300 kW) at public order and safety facilities with less than
210 employees may not be economically viable based on the electrical demand and operational
requirement however a smaller fuel cell ( 5 kW) may be appropriate Central Park Police Station in
New York City New York is presently powered by a 200 kW fuel cell system
Table 7 - Public Order and Safety Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
216
(7)
10
(3)
10
(3)
30
(3)
23652
(3)
63703
(3)
4541
(3)
38 Assisted-Living-List ldquoList of 120 Nursing Homes in Maine (ME)rdquo httpassisted-living-listcomme--nursing-homes May 9
2011 39 EIA Description of CBECS Building Types wwweiagovemeucbecsbuilding_typeshtml 40 USACOPS ndash The Nations Law Enforcement Site wwwusacopscomme 41
CBECSldquoTable C14rdquo httpwwweiagovemeucbecscbecs2003detailed_tables_20032003set192003pdfalltablespdf
November 2011 42
On average public order and safety facilities consume 12400 kWh of electricity per worker on an annual basis Current fuel
cell technology (gt300 kW) can satisfy annual electricity consumption loads between 2628000 ndash 3504000 kWh Calculations
show public order and safety facilities employing more than 212 workers may represent favorable opportunities for the
application of a larger fuel cell 43
2628000 12400 = 21194 44
CBECSldquoTable C14rdquo httpwwweiagovemeucbecscbecs2003detailed_tables_20032003set192003pdfalltablespdf
November 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
15
MAINE
Energy Intensive Industries
As shown in Table 2 energy intensive industries with high electricity consumption (which on average is
48 percent of annual operating costs) have been identified as potential locations for the application of a
fuel cell45
In Maine there are approximately 156 of these industrial facilities that are involved in the
manufacture of aluminum chemicals forest products glass metal casting petroleum coal products or
steel and employ 25 or more employees46
Of these 156 locations 64 are located in communities serviced
by natural gas (Appendix I ndash Figure 7 Energy Intensive Industries)
Table 8 - 2002 Data for the Energy Intensive Industry by Sector47
NAICS Code Sector Energy Consumption per Dollar Value of Shipments (kWh)
325 Chemical manufacturing 249
322 Pulp and Paper 446
324110 Petroleum Refining 472
311 Food manufacturing 076
331111 Iron and steel 815
321 Wood Products 123
3313 Alumina and aluminum 358
327310 Cement 1641
33611 Motor vehicle manufacturing 021
3315 Metal casting 164
336811 Shipbuilding and ship repair 205
3363 Motor vehicle parts manufacturing 205
Companies such as Coca-Cola Johnson amp Johnson and Pepperidge Farms in Connecticut New Jersey
and New York have installed fuel cells to help supply energy to their facilities
Table 9 - Energy Intensive Industry Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
156
(3)
6
(1)
6
(1)
18
(1)
14191
(1)
38222
(1)
2725
(1)
Government Owned Buildings
Buildings operated by the federal government can be found at 114 locations in Maine four of these
properties are actively owned rather than leased by the federal government and are located in
communities serviced by natural gas (Appendix I ndash Figure 8 Federal Government Operated Buildings)
There are also a number of buildings owned and operated by the State of Maine The application of fuel
cell technology at government owned buildings would assist in balancing load requirements at these sites
and offer a unique value for active and passive public education associated with the high usage of these
public buildings
45 EIA ldquoElectricity Generation Capabilityrdquo 1999 CBECS wwweiadoegovemeucbecspba99comparegenerhtml 46 Proprietary market data 47 EPA ldquoEnergy Trends in Selected Manufacturing Sectorsrdquo wwwepagovsectorspdfenergych2pdf March 2007
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
16
MAINE
Table 10 - Government Owned Building Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
114
(9)
4
(4)
4
(4)
12
(4)
9461
(4)
25481
(4)
1816
(4)
Wireless Telecommunication Sites
Telecommunications companies rely on electricity to run call centers cell phone towers and other vital
equipment In Maine there are approximately 509 telecommunications andor wireless company tower
sites (Appendix I ndash Figure 9 Telecommunication Sites) Any loss of power at these locations may result
in a loss of service to customers thus having reliable power is critical Each individual site represents an
opportunity to provide back-up power for continuous operation through the application of on-site back-up
generation powered by hydrogen and fuel cell technology It is an industry standard to install units
capable of supplying 48-72 hours of backup power which this is typically accomplished with batteries or
conventional emergency generators48
The deployment of fuel cells at selected telecommunication sites
will have special value to provide increased reliability to critical sites associated with emergency
communications and homeland security An example of a telecommunication site that utilizes fuel cell
technology to provide back-up power is a T-Mobile facility located in Storrs Connecticut
Table 11 - Wireless Telecommunication Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
509
(13)
51
(13) NA NA NA NA NA
Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs) There are 111 WWTPs in Maine that have design flows ranging from 3000 gallons per day (GPD) to 16
million gallons per day (MGD) seven of these facilities average between 3 ndash 16 MGD WWTPs
typically operate 247 and may be able to utilize the thermal energy from the fuel cell to process fats oils
and grease49
WWTPs account for approximately three percent of the electric load in the United State50
Digester gas produced at WWTPrsquos which is usually 60 percent methane can serve as a fuel substitute for
natural gas to power fuel cells Anaerobic digesters generally require a wastewater flow greater than
three MGD for an economy of scale to collect and use the methane51
Most facilities currently represent a
lost opportunity to capture and use the digestion of methane emissions created from their operations
(Appendix I ndash Figure 10 Solid and Liquid Waste Sites) 5253
A 200 kW fuel cell power plant in Yonkers New York was the worldrsquos first commercial fuel cell to run
on a waste gas created at a wastewater treatment plant The fuel cell generates about 1600 MWh of
electricity a year and reduces methane emissions released to the environment54
A 200 kW fuel cell
48 ReliOn Hydrogen Fuel Cell Wireless Applicationsrdquo wwwrelion-inccompdfReliOn_AppsWireless_2010pdf May 4 2011 49
ldquoBeyond Zero Net Energy Case Studies of Wastewater Treatment for Energy and Resource Productionrdquo Toffey Bill
September 2010 httpwwwawra-pmasmemberlodgeorgResourcesDocumentsBeyond_NZE_WWT-Toffey-9-16-2010pdf 50
EPA Wastewater Management Fact Sheet ldquoIntroductionrdquo July 2006 51 EPA Wastewater Management Fact Sheet wwwp2paysorgenergyWastePlantpdf July 2006 52 ldquoGHG Emissions from Wastewater Treatment and Biosolids Managementrdquo Beecher Ned November 20 2009
wwwdesstatenhusorganizationdivisionswaterwmbriverswatershed_conferencedocuments2009_fri_climate_2pdf 53 EPA Wastewater Management Fact Sheet wwwp2paysorgenergyWastePlantpdf May 4 2011 54 NYPA ldquoWHAT WE DO ndash Fuel Cellsrdquo wwwnypagovservicesfuelcellshtm August 8 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
17
MAINE
power plant was and installed at the Water Pollution Control Authorityrsquos WWTP in New Haven
Connecticut and produces 10 ndash 15 percent of the facilityrsquos electricity reducing energy costs by almost
$13000 a year55
Table 12 - Wastewater Treatment Plants Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
111
(19)
1
(6)
1
(6)
03
(6)
2365
(6)
6370
(6)
454
(5)
Landfill Methane Outreach Program (LMOP)
There are 11 landfills in Maine identified by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) through their
LMOP program two of which are operational two are candidates and six are considered potential sites
for the production and recovery of methane gas 5657
The amount of methane emissions released by a
given site is dependent upon the amount of material in the landfill and the amount of time the material has
been in place Similar to WWTPs methane emissions from landfills could be captured and used as a fuel
to power a fuel cell system In 2009 municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills were responsible for
producing approximately 17 percent of human-related methane emissions in the nation These locations
could produce renewable energy and help manage the release of methane (Appendix I ndash Figure 10 Solid
and Liquid Waste Sites)
Table 13 - Landfill Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
25
(12)
1
(7)
1
(7)
03
(7)
2365
(7)
6370
(7)
454
(6)
Airports
During peak air travel times in the US there are approximately 50000 airplanes in the sky each day
Ensuring safe operations of commercial and private aircrafts are the responsibility of air traffic
controllers Modern software host computers voice communication systems and instituted full scale
glide path angle capabilities assist air traffic controllers in tracking and communicating with aircrafts
consequently reliable electricity is extremely important and present an opportunity for a fuel cell power
application 58
There are approximately 103 airports in Maine including 47 that are open to the public and have
scheduled services Of those 47 airports six (Table 3) have 2500 or more passengers enplaned each
year two of these six facilities are located in communities serviced by natural gas (See Appendix I ndash
55 Conntactcom ldquoCity to Install Fuel Cellrdquo
httpwwwconntactcomarchive_indexarchive_pages4472_Business_New_Havenhtml August 15 2003 56
Due to size individual sites may have more than one potential candidate or operational project 57 LMOP defines a candidate landfill as ldquoone that is accepting waste or has been closed for five years or less has at least one
million tons of waste and does not have an operational or under-construction projectrdquoEPA ldquoLandfill Methane Outreach
Programrdquo wwwepagovlmopbasic-infoindexhtml April 7 2011 58 Howstuffworkscom ldquoHow Air Traffic Control Worksrdquo Craig Freudenrich
httpsciencehowstuffworkscomtransportflightmodernair-traffic-control5htm May 4 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
18
MAINE
Figure 11 Commercial Airports) An example of an airport currently hosting a fuel cell power plant to
provide backup power is Albany International Airport located in Albany New York
Table 14 ndash Maine Top Airports Enplanement Count
Airport59
Total Enplanement in 2000
Portland International Jetport 668098
Bangor International 272833
Northern Maine Regional at Presque Isle 25174
Knox County Regional 17328
Hancock County Bar harbor 14399
Augusta State 7148
Bangor International Airport (BGR) is considered the only ldquoJoint-Userdquo airport in Maine Joint-Use
facilities are establishments where the military department authorizes use of the military runway for
public airport services Army Aviation Support Facilities (AASF) located at this site are used by the
Army to provide aircraft and equipment readiness train and utilize military personnel conduct flight
training and operations and perform field level maintenance Bangor International Airport represents a
favorable opportunity for the application of uninterruptible power for necessary services associated with
national defense and emergency response and is located in a community serviced by natural gas
(Appendix I ndash Figure 11 Commercial Airports)
Table 15 - Airport Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
103
(12)
5(1)
(1)
1
(1)
15
(1)
11826
(1)
31851
(1)
2271
(8)
Military The US Department of Defense (DOD) is the largest funding organization in terms of supporting fuel
cell activities for military applications in the world DOD organizations are using fuel cells for
Stationary units for power supply in bases
Fuel cell units in transport applications
Portable units for equipping individual soldiers or group of soldiers
In a collaborative partnership with the DOE the DOD plans to install and operate 18 fuel cell backup
power systems at eight of its military installations two of which are located within the Northeast region
(New York and New Jersey)60
In addition the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard (PSNY) in Kittery Maine
occupies more than 297 acres on base employs approximately 4500 civilian employees and 100 naval
officers in addition to enlisted personal assigned to the shipyard and is a potential application for
hydrogen and fuel cell technology (Appendix I ndash Figure 11 Commercial Airports) 61
59 Bureau of Transportation Statistics ldquoMaine Transportation Profilerdquo
wwwbtsgovpublicationsstate_transportation_statisticsmainepdfentirepdf March 30 2011 60 Fuel Cell Today ldquoUS DoD to Install Fuel cell Backup Power Systems at Eight Military Installationsrdquo
httpwwwfuelcelltodaycomonlinenewsarticles2011-07US-DOD-FC-Backup-Power-Systems July 20 2011 61
Portsmouth Naval Shipyard ldquoShipyard Factsrdquo httpwwwnavseanavymilshipyardsportsmouthPagesFactsaspx August
2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
19
MAINE
Table 16 - Military Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
1
(7)
1
(7)
1
(7)
03
(7)
2365
(7)
6370
(7)
454
(6)
POTENTIAL TRANSPORTATION TARGETS
Transportation is responsible for one-fourth of the total global GHG emissions and consumes 75 percent
of the worldrsquos oil production In 2010 the US used 21 million barrels of non-renewable petroleum each
day Roughly 29 percent of Mainersquos energy consumption is due to demands of the transportation sector
including gasoline and on-highway diesel petroleum for automobiles trucks and buses A small percent
of non-renewable petroleum is used for jet and ship fuel62
The current economy in the US is dependent on hydrocarbon energy sources and any disruption or
shortage of this energy supply will severely affect many energy related activities including
transportation As oil and other non-sustainable hydrocarbon energy resources become scarce energy
prices will increase and the reliability of supply will be reduced Government and industry are now
investigating the use of hydrogen and renewable energy as a replacement of hydrocarbon fuels
Hydrogen-fueled fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) have many advantages over conventional
technology including
Quiet operation
Near zero emissions of controlled pollutants such as nitrous oxide carbon monoxide
hydrocarbon gases or particulates
Substantial (30 to 50 percent) reduction in GHG emissions on a well-to-wheel basis compared to
conventional gasoline or gasoline-hybrid vehicles when the hydrogen is produced by
conventional methods such as natural gas and 100 percent when hydrogen is produced from a
clean energy source
Ability to fuel vehicles with indigenous energy sources which reduces dependence on imported
energy and adds to energy security and
Higher efficiency than conventional vehicles (See Table 4)6364
Table 17 - Average Energy Efficiency of Conventional and Fuel Cell Vehicles (mpge65
)
Passenger Car Light Truck Transit Bus
Hydrogen Gasoline Hybrid Gasoline Hydrogen Gasoline Hydrogen Fuel Cell Diesel
52 50 293 492 215 54 39
FCEVs can reduce price volatility dependence on oil improve environmental performance and provide
greater efficiencies than conventional transportation technologies as follows
62 ldquoUS Oil Consumption to BP Spillrdquo httpapplesfromorangescom201005us-oil-consumption-to-bp-spill May31 2010 63 ldquoChallenges for Sustainable Mobility and Development of Fuel Cell Vehiclesrdquo Masatami Takimoto Executive Vice President
Toyota Motor Corporation January 26 2006 Presentation at the 2nd International Hydrogen amp Fuel Cell Expo Technical
Conference Tokyo Japan 64 ldquoTwenty Hydrogen Mythsrdquo Amory B Lovins Rocky Mountain Institute June 20 2003 65 Miles per Gallon Equivalent
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
20
MAINE
Replacement of gasoline-fueled passenger vehicles and light duty trucks and diesel-fueled transit
buses with FCEVs could result in annual CO2 emission reductions (per vehicle) of approximately
10170 15770 and 182984 pounds per year respectively66
Replacement of gasoline-fueled passenger vehicles and light duty trucks and diesel-fueled transit
buses with FCEVs could result in annual energy savings (per vehicle) of approximately 230
gallons of gasoline (passenger vehicle) 485 gallons of gasoline (light duty truck) and 4390
gallons of diesel (bus)
Replacement of gasoline-fueled passenger vehicles light duty trucks and diesel-fueled transit
buses with FCEVs could result in annual fuel cost savings of approximately $885 per passenger
vehicle $1866 per light duty truck and $17560 per bus67
Automobile manufacturers such as Toyota General Motors Honda Daimler AG and Hyundai have
projected that models of their FCEVs will begin to roll out in larger numbers by 2015 Longer term the
US DOE has projected that between 151 million and 239 million light duty FCEVs may be sold each
year by 2050 and between 144 million and 347 million light duty FCEVs may be in use by 2050 with a
transition to a hydrogen economy These estimates could be accelerated if political economic energy
security or environmental polices prompt a rapid advancement in alternative fuels68
Mainersquos opportunities to support these new vehicles include alternative fueling stations Maine
Department of Transportation (MDOT) refueling stations bus transit operations government public and
privately owned fleets and material handling and airport ground support equipment (GSE) Graphical
representation of these opportunities analyzed are depicted in Appendix I
Alternative Fueling Stations
There are approximately 1400 retail fueling stations in Maine69
however only 10 public andor private
stations within the state provide alternative fuels such as biodiesel compressed natural gas propane
andor electricity for alternative-fueled vehicles70
There are also at least 17 refueling stations owned and
operated by MDOT that can be used by authorities operating federal and state safety vehicles state transit
vehicles and employees of universities that operate fleet vehicles on a regular basis 71
Development of
hydrogen fueling at alternative fuel stations and at selected locations owned and operated by MDOT
would help facilitate the deployment of FCEVs within the state (Appendix I ndash Figure 12 Alternative
Fueling Stations) Currently there are approximately 18 existing or planned transportation fueling
stations in the Northeast region where hydrogen is provided as an alternative fuel72737475
66 Fuel Cell Economic Development Plan Connecticut Department of Economic and Community Development and the
Connecticut Center for Advanced Technology Inc January 1 2008 Calculations based upon average annual mileage of 12500
miles for passenger car and 14000 miles for light trucks (US EPA) and 37000 average milesyear per bus (US DOT FTA
2007) 67 US EIA Weekly Retail Gasoline and Diesel Prices gasoline - $3847 and diesel ndash 400
wwweiagovdnavpetpet_pri_gnd_a_epm0r_pte_dpgal_whtm 68
Effects of a Transition to a Hydrogen Economy on Employment in the United States Report to Congress
httpwwwhydrogenenergygovcongress_reportshtml August 2011 69 ldquoPublic retail gasoline stations state yearrdquo wwwafdcenergygovafdcdatadocsgasoline_stations_statexls May 5 2011 70 Alternative Fuels Data Center wwwafdcenergygovafdclocatorstations 71 EPA ldquoGovernment UST Noncompliance Report-2007rdquo wwwepagovoustdocsME20Compliance20Reportpdf August
82007 72 Alternative Fuels Data Center httpwwwafdcenergygovafdclocatorstations 73 Hyride ldquoAbout the fueling stationrdquo httpwwwhyrideorghtml-about_hyrideAbout_Fuelinghtml 74 CTTransit ldquoHartford Bus Facility Site Work (Phase 1)rdquo
wwwcttransitcomProcurementsDisplayaspProcurementID=8752CA67-AB1F-4D88-BCEC-4B82AC8A2542 March 2011 75
Currently there are no publicly or privately accessible transportation fueling stations where hydrogen is provided as an
alternative fuel in Maine
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
21
MAINE
Fleets
There are over 7000 fleet vehicles (excluding state and federal vehicles) classified as non-leasing or
company owned vehicles in Maine 76
Fleet vehicles typically account for more than twice the amount of
mileage and therefore twice the fuel consumption and emissions compared to personal vehicles on a per
vehicle basis There are an additional 1781 passenger automobiles andor light duty trucks in Maine
owned by state and federal agencies (excluding state police) that traveled a combined 14965373 miles in
2010 while releasing 1031 metrics tons of CO2 77
Conversion of fleet vehicles from conventional fossil
fuels to FCEVs could significantly reduce petroleum consumption and GHG emissions Fleet vehicle
hubs are good candidates for hydrogen refueling and conversion to FCEVs because they mostly operate
on fixed routes or within fixed districts and are fueled from a centralized station
Bus Transit
There are approximately 61 directly operated buses that provide public transportation services in Maine78
As discussed above replacement of a conventional diesel transit bus with a fuel cell transit bus would
result in the reduction of CO2 emissions (estimated at approximately 183000 pounds per year) and
reduction of diesel fuel (estimated at approximately 4390 gallons per year)79
Although the efficiency of
conventional diesel buses has increased conventional diesel buses which typically achieve fuel economy
performance levels of 39 miles per gallon have the greatest potential for energy savings by using high
efficiency fuel cells In addition to Maine other states have also begun the transition of fueling transit
buses with alternative fuels to improve efficiency and environmental performance
Material Handling
Material handling equipment such as forklifts are used by a variety of industries including
manufacturing construction mining agriculture food retailers and wholesale trade to move goods
within a facility or to load goods for shipping to another site Material handling equipment is usually
battery propane or diesel powered Batteries that currently power material handling equipment are heavy
and take up significant storage space while only providing up to 6 hours of run time Fuel cells can
ensure constant power delivery and performance eliminating the reduction in voltage output that occurs
as batteries discharge Fuel cell powered material handling equipment last more than twice as long (12-
14 hours) and also eliminate the need for battery storage and charging rooms leaving more space for
products In addition fueling time only takes two to three minutes by the operator compared to least 20
minutes or more for each battery replacement which saves the operator valuable time and increases
warehouse productivity
In addition fuel cell powered material handling equipment has significant cost advantages compared to
batteries such as
15 times lower maintenance cost
8 times lower refuelingrecharging labor cost
2 times lower net present value of total operations and management (OampM) system cost
76
Fleetcom ldquo2009-My Registrationrdquo httpwwwautomotive-
fleetcomStatisticsStatsVieweraspxfile=http3a2f2fwwwautomotive-fleetcom2ffc_resources2fstats2fAFFB10-16-
top10-statepdfampchannel 77 US General Services Administration ldquoGSA 2010 Fleet Reportsrdquo Table 4-2 httpwwwgsagovportalcontent230525 September
2011 78
NTD Date ldquoTS22 - Service Data and Operating Expenses Time-Series by Systemrdquo
httpwwwntdprogramgovntdprogramdatahtm December 2011 79 Fuel Cell Economic Development Plan Connecticut Department of Economic and Community Development and the
Connecticut Center for Advanced Technology Inc January 1 2008
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
22
MAINE
63 percent less emissions of GHG (Appendix X provides a comparison of PEM fuel cell and
battery-powered material handling equipment)
Fuel cell powered material handling equipment is already in use at dozens of warehouses distribution
centers and manufacturing plants in North America80
Large corporations that are currently using or
planning to use fuel cell powered material handling equipment include CVS Coca-Cola BMW Central
Grocers and Wal-Mart (Refer to Appendix IX for a partial list of companies in North America that using
fuel cell powered forklifts)81
There are approximately five distribution centerswarehouse sites that have
been identified in Maine that may benefit from the use of fuel cell powered material handling equipment
(Appendix I ndash Figure 13 Distribution CentersWarehouses amp Ports)
Ground Support Equipment
Ground support equipment (GSE) such as catering trucks deicers and airport tugs can be battery
operated or more commonly run on diesel or gasoline As an alternative hydrogen-powered tugs are
being developed for both military and commercial applications While their performance is similar to that
of other battery-powered equipment a fuel cell-powered GSE remains fully charged (provided there is
hydrogen fuel available) and do not experience performance lag at the end of a shift like battery-powered
GSEs82
Potential large end-users of GSE that serve Mainersquos largest airports include Air Canada Delta
Airlines Continental JetBlue United and US Airways83
(Appendix I ndash Figure 11 Commercial
Airports)
Ports
Maine has 3480 miles of coastline with six cargo ports and 13 cruise ship ports The ports of Portland
and Bath Maine which service large vessels such as container ships tankers bulk carriers and cruise
ships may be candidates for improved energy management Commercial marine vessels (cargo ships
entering and leaving Marine ports) contribute approximately 166 tons of volatile organic compounds
(VOC) 1134 tons of NOX 374 tons of CO 124 tons of sulfur dioxide SO2 and 91 tons of particulate
matter (PM10) per year84
In one year a single large container ship can emit pollutants equivalent to that of 50 million cars The
low grade bunker fuel used by the worlds 90000 cargo ships contains up to 2000 times the amount of
sulfur compared to diesel fuel used in automobiles85
Furthermore diesel emissions from cruise ships
while at port are a significant source of air pollution While docked vessels shut off their main engines
but use auxiliary diesel and steam engines to power refrigeration lights pumps and other functions a
process called ldquocold-ironing An estimated one-third of ship emissions occur while they are idling at
berth Replacing auxiliary engines with on-shore electric power could significantly reduce emissions
The applications of fuel cell technology at ports may also provide electric and thermal energy for
improving energy management for warehouses and equipment operated between terminals (Appendix I ndash
Figure 13 Distribution CentersWarehouses amp Ports)86
80 DOE EERE ldquoEarly Markets Fuel Cells for Material Handling Equipmentrdquo
www1eereenergygovhydrogenandfuelcellseducationpdfsearly_markets_forkliftspdf February 2011 81 Plug Power ldquoPlug Power Celebrates Successful year for Companyrsquos Manufacturing and Sales Activityrdquo
wwwplugpowercom January 4 2011 82 Battelle ldquoIdentification and Characterization of Near-Term Direct Hydrogen Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Marketsrdquo
April 2007 www1eereenergygovhydrogenandfuelcellspdfspemfc_econ_2006_report_final_0407pdf 83 PWM ldquoAirlinesrdquo httpwwwportlandjetportorgairlines August 24 2011 84
Maine Department of Environmental Protection ldquoAir Emission from Marine Vesselsrdquo
httpwwwmainegovdepblwqtopicvesselairemissionsreportpdf January 15 2005 85
ldquoBig polluters one massive container ship equals 50 million carsrdquo Paul Evans httpwwwgizmagcomshipping-
pollution11526 April 232009 86
Savemayportvillagenet ldquoCruise Ship Pollutionrdquo httpwwwsavemayportvillagenetid20html October 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
23
MAINE
Table 18 -Ports Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
42
(35)
2
(11)
2
(11)
06
(11)
4730
(11)
12741
(11)
908
(9)
CONCLUSION
Hydrogen and fuel cell technology offers significant opportunities for improved energy reliability energy
efficiency and emission reductions Large fuel cell units (gt300 kW) may be appropriate for applications
that serve large electric and thermal loads Smaller fuel cell units (lt 300 kW) may provide back-up power
for telecommunication sites restaurantsfast food outlets and smaller sized public facilities at this time
Table 19 ndashSummary of Potential Fuel Cell Applications
Category Total Sites Potential
Sites
Number of Fuel
Cells
lt 300 kW
Number of
Fuel Cells
gt300 kW
CB
EC
S D
ata
Education 964 6587
23 42
Food Sales 1800+ 4588
45
Food Services 2100+ 1589
15
Inpatient Healthcare 181 4290
42
Lodging 837 1891
18
Public Order amp Safety 216 1092
10
Energy Intensive Industries 156 693
6
Government Operated
Buildings 114 4
94
4
Wireless
Telecommunication
Towers
50995
5196
51
WWTPs 111 197
1
Landfills 25 198
1
Airports (w AASF) 103 5 (1)99
5
87 65 high schools andor college and universities located in communities serviced by natural gas 88 45 food sale facilities located in communities serviced by natural gas 89 Ten percent of the 97 food service facilities located in communities serviced by natural gas 90 Eight Hospitals located in communities serviced by natural gas and occupying 150+ or more beds onsite 91 15 hotel facilities with 100+ rooms onsite and three convalescent homes with 150+ bed onsite located in communities serviced
by natural gas 92 Correctional facilities andor other public order and safety facilities with 212 workers or more 93 Ten percent of the 64 energy intensive industry facilities located in communities serviced with natural gas 94 Four actively owned federal government operated building located in communities serviced by natural gas 95
The Federal Communications Commission regulates interstate and international communications by radio television wire
satellite and cable in all 50 states the District of Columbia and US territories 96 Ten percent of the 509 wireless telecommunication sites in Mainersquos targeted for back-up PEM fuel cell deployment 97 Ten percent of Maine WWTP with average flows of 30+ MGD 98 Ten percent of the landfills targeted based on LMOP data
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
24
MAINE
Military 1 1 1
Ports 42 2 2
Total 7159+ 266 74 192
As shown in Table 5 the analysis provided here estimates that there are approximately 266 potential
locations which may be favorable candidates for the application of a fuel cell to provide heat and power
Assuming the demand for electricity was uniform throughout the year approximately 150 to 192 fuel cell
units with a capacity of 300 ndash 400 kW could be deployed for a total fuel cell capacity of 58 to 77 MWs
If opportunities for fuel cell use in Maine identified in this report are met with 300 kW units a minimum
of 473040 MWh electric and 127 million MMBTUs (equivalent to 373404 MWh) of thermal energy
would be produced which could reduce CO2 emissions by at least 90824 tons per year 100
Maine can also benefit from the use of hydrogen and fuel cell technology for transportation such as
passenger fleets transit district fleets municipal fleets and state department fleets The application of
hydrogen and fuel cell technology for transportation would reduce the dependence on oil improve
environmental performance and provide greater efficiencies than conventional transportation
technologies
bull Replacement of a gasoline-fueled passenger vehicle with FCEVs could result in annual CO2
emission reductions (per vehicle) of approximately 10170 pounds annual energy savings of 230
gallons of gasoline and annual fuel cost savings of $885
bull Replacement of a gasoline-fueled light duty truck with FCEVs could result in annual CO2
emission reductions (per light duty truck) of approximately 15770 pounds annual energy savings
of 485 gallons of gasoline and annual fuel cost savings of $1866
bull Replacement of a diesel-fueled transit bus with a fuel cell powered bus could result in annual CO2
emission reductions (per bus) of approximately 182984 pounds annual energy savings of 4390
gallons of fuel and annual fuel cost savings of $17560
Hydrogen and fuel cell technology also provides significant opportunities for job creation andor
economic development Realizing over $2 million in revenue and investment in 2010 the hydrogen and
fuel cell industry in Maine is estimated to have contributed approximately $113000 in state and local tax
revenue and over $29 million in gross state product Currently there are at least 30 Maine companies
that are part of the growing hydrogen and fuel cell industry supply chain in the Northeast region If
neweremerging hydrogen and fuel cell technology were to gain momentum the number of companies
and employment for the industry could grow substantially
99 Airport facilities with 2500+ annual Enplanement Counts andor AASF 100
If opportunities for fuel cell use in Maine identified in this report are met with 400 kW units a minimum of 665760 MWh
electric and 312 million MMBTUs (equivalent to 915127 MWh) of thermal energy would be produced which could reduce CO2
emissions by at least 127826 tons per year
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
25
MAINE
APPENDICES
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
26
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 1 Education
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
27
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 2 Food Sales
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
28
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 3 Food Services
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
29
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 4 Inpatient Healthcare
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
30
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 5 Lodging
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
31
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 6 Public Order and Safety
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
32
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 7 Energy Intensive Industries
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
33
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 8 Federal Government Operated Buildings
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
34
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 9 Telecommunication Sites
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
35
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 10 Solid and Liquid Waste Sites
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
36
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 11 Commercial Airports
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
37
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 12 Alternative Fueling Stations
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
38
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 13 Distribution CentersWarehouses amp Ports
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
39
MAINE
Appendix II ndash Maine Estimated Electrical Consumption per Sector
Category Total Site
Electric Consumption per Building
(1000 kWh)101
kWh Consumed per Sector
New England
Education 925 161844 149705700
Food Sales 1800 319821 575677800
Food Services 2100 128 269199000
Inpatient Healthcare 181 603863 1092991125
Lodging 837 21312 178379766
Public Order amp Safety 262 77855 20398010
Total 6105 2286351401
Residential102
4503000000
Industrial 3702000000
Commercial 4503000000
Other Commercial 2286351401
101
EIA Electricity consumption and expenditure intensities for Non-Mall Building 2003 102
DOE EERE ldquoElectric Power and Renewable Energy in Mainerdquo httpapps1eereenergygovstateselectricitycfmstate=ME
August 25 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
40
MAINE
Appendix III ndash Key Stakeholders
Organization CityTown State Website Hydrogen Energy Center Portland ME wwwhydrogenenergycenterorg
University of Maine School of
Engineering Technology Orono ME httpwwwumaineeduset
University of Maine Advanced
Manufacturing Center Orono
ME wwwumaineeduamc
University of Maine Advanced
Structures and Composites Center Orono
ME httpwww2umaineeduaewc
Manufacturers Association of Maine Westbrook ME
wwwmainemfgcom
Maine Manufacturing Extension
Partnership Augusta
ME httpwwwmainemeporg
Mid-Coast Regional Redevelopment
Authority Brunswick
ME wwwmrraus
Manufacturing Applications Center Gorham ME
httpwwwusmmaineedu
Maine Center for Enterprise
Development University of Southern
Maine
Portland ME
wwwmcedbiz
Maine Small Business Development
Center Portland
ME httpwwwmainesbdcorg
Southern Maine Community College
Sustainability and Energy Alternatives
Center
South
Portland ME httpwwwsmccmeedubusiness-a-
communitycomunity-resourcessustainability-
centerhtml
Environment and Energy Technology
Council of Maine Portland
ME wwwE2Techorg
Maine Technology Institute Gardiner ME
wwwmainetechnologyorg
Maine Innovation Economy advisory
Board Maine DECD Augusta ME httpwwwmainegovdecd
Governorrsquos Office of Energy
Independence and Security Augusta ME httpmainegovoeis
Utility Companies
Unitil httpwwwunitilcomcustomer-configuration
Bangor Gas Co httpwwwbangorgascom
Central Maine Power Co httpwwwcmpcocom
Bangor Hydro-Electric Co httpwwwbhecom
Maine Public Service Co httpwwwmainepublicservicecom
Appendix IV ndash Maine State Incentives and Programs
Funding Source Maine Public Utilities Commission
Program Title Community-based Renewable Energy Pilot Program
Applicable EnergiesTechnologies Solar Thermal Electric Photovoltaic Landfill Gas Wind
Biomass Hydroelectric Geothermal Electric Fuel Cells Anaerobic Digestion Tidal Energy
Fuel Cells using Renewable Fuels
Summary The Maine Utilities Commission (PUC) finalized the rule in February 2010 Legislation
mandates that up 10 50 MW of generating capacity will be permitted uned this program and
individual participants may not exceed 10 MW Of the 50 MW cap 10 must be reserved
specifically for small program participants or for participants located in a service territory of a
cooperative transmission and distribution utility
Restrictions
The PUC may require investor-owned utilities to enter into long-term contracts for energy capacity
resources or renewable energy credits (RECs) produced by the community-based project The
contacts term may not exceed 20 year the PUC will conduct long-term contract solicitations for
ldquolarge generatorsrdquo
Timing The Maine Public Utilities Commission is seeking proposals from suppliers of energy
capacity or renewable energy credits (RECs) for the development of community-based renewable
energy projects over 1 MW The docket number for this RFP is 2011-150 All inquiries about this
RFP should be directed to christinercookmainegov
Maximum Size Choice of either 15 REC credit multiplier or up to 10 MW DC
Requirements
To be eligible for incentives a generating facility must be 51 percent locally owned use renewable
energy resources be no larger than 10 MW in generating capacity and be located in the State
httpwwwstatemeusmpucelectricitycommunity_pilotshtml
Rebate amount $010kWh or cost fo the project whichever is lower
For further information please visit
httpwwwstatemeusmpucelectricitycommunity_pilotshtml
Source
Maine Public Utilities Commission ldquoCommunity-based Renewable Energy Pilot Programrdquo August 10 2011
DSIRE ldquoCommunity-based Renewable Energy Production Incentive (Pilot Program)rdquo August 10 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
42
Funding Source Voluntary Renewable Resource Grants
Program Title Voluntary Renewable Resources Fund
Applicable EnergiesTechnologies Solar Thermal Electric Photovoltaics Wind Biomass
Hydroelectric Geothermal Electric Fuel Cells Municipal Solid Waste Tidal Energy Fuel
Cells using Renewable Fuels
Summary Supported by the state Voluntary Renewable resource Fund and administered by the
Efficient Maine provide funding for small-scale demonstration projects designed to educate
communities on the value oand cost effectiveness of renewable energy
Restrictions To Qualify for grant funding renewable-energy resources generally must qualify as a
small power production facility un Federal Energy Regulatory Commission rules or must not exceed
100 MW in capacity and use one of more of the applicable energiestechnologies
Timing Start Date of this program occurred 12151998 and no expiration date is given
Maximum Size $50000
Requirements
httpwwwmainegovmpucrecovery
Rebate amount
$50000 Maximu
For further information please visit
httpwwwmainegovmpucrecovery
Source
Maine PUC ldquoFederal Stimulus MPUC and the Federal Recovery Packagerdquo ndash August 10 2011
DSIRE ldquoMaine - Voluntary Renewable Resource Grantsrdquo August 10 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
43
Appendix V ndash Partial Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Supply Chain Companies in Maine103
Organization Name Product or Service Category
1 University of Maine School of
Engineering Technology Research amp Development
2 University of Maine Advanced
Structures and Composites Center Research amp Development
3 Precision Partners-Mid-State Machine
Products Manufacturing Services
4 Ocean Energy Institute EngineeringDesign Services
5 Newfab Inc Manufacturing Services
6 New England Castings Other
7 Mitchell Ledge Farm Components
8 McNabb Marketing Resources Other
9 Maine Oxy Inc Fuel
10 Maine Machine Products Co Manufacturing Services
11 MacTec Inc FCH2 System DistrInstallMaint Services
12 Kennebec Technologies Manufacturing Services
13 Hydrogen Energy Center Service Center Lab or Test ConsultingLegalFinancial
Services
14 Hydrogen Energy Center Other
15 Green Energy Maine Other
16 Fire Risk Management Inc EngineeringDesign Services
17 Fire Risk Management EngineeringDesign Services
18 Fairchild Semiconductor Research amp Development
19 EcoMain Research amp Development
20 Control Point Inc Lab or Test EquipmentServices
21 Colby Company Engineering EngineeringDesign Services
22 Chewonki Foundation Other
23 Burroughs Machine Tool Products Equipment
24 Bernstein Shur ConsultingLegalFinancial Services
25 Bath Iron Works (General Dynamics
Inc) Research amp Development
26 AMEC EngineeringDesign Services
27 Advantages Gases and Tools Fuel
28 Advanced Manufacturing Center-
University of ME Manufacturing Services
103
Northeast Electrochemical Energy Storage Cluster Supply Chain Database Search httpneescorgresourcestype=1 August 11 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
44
Appendix VI ndash Comparison of Fuel Cell Technologies104
Fuel Cell
Type
Common
Electrolyte
Operating
Temperature
Typical
Stack
Size
Efficiency Applications Advantages Disadvantages
Polymer
Electrolyte
Membrane
(PEM)
Perfluoro sulfonic
acid
50-100degC
122-212deg
typically
80degC
lt 1 kW ndash 1
MW105
gt
kW 60
transportation
35
stationary
bull Backup power
bull Portable power
bull Distributed
generation
bull Transportation
bull Specialty vehicle
bull Solid electrolyte reduces
corrosion amp electrolyte
management problems
bull Low temperature
bull Quick start-up
bull Expensive catalysts
bull Sensitive to fuel
impurities
bull Low temperature waste
heat
Alkaline
(AFC)
Aqueous solution
of potassium
hydroxide soaked
in a matrix
90-100degC
194-212degF
10 ndash 100
kW 60
bull Military
bull Space
bull Cathode reaction faster
in alkaline electrolyte
leads to high performance
bull Low cost components
bull Sensitive to CO2
in fuel and air
bull Electrolyte management
Phosphoric
Acid
(PAFC)
Phosphoric acid
soaked in a matrix
150-200degC
302-392degF
400 kW
100 kW
module
40 bull Distributed
generation
bull Higher temperature enables
CHP
bull Increased tolerance to fuel
impurities
bull Pt catalyst
bull Long start up time
bull Low current and power
Molten
Carbonate
(MCFC)
Solution of lithium
sodium andor
potassium
carbonates soaked
in a matrix
600-700degC
1112-1292degF
300
k W- 3 M
W
300 kW
module
45 ndash 50
bull Electric utility
bull Distributed
generation
bull High efficiency
bull Fuel flexibility
bull Can use a variety of catalysts
bull Suitable for CHP
bull High temperature
corrosion and breakdown
of cell components
bull Long start up time
bull Low power density
Solid Oxide
(SOFC)
Yttria stabilized
zirconia
700-1000degC
1202-1832degF
1 kW ndash 2
MW 60
bull Auxiliary power
bull Electric utility
bull Distributed
generation
bull High efficiency
bull Fuel flexibility
bull Can use a variety of catalysts
bull Solid electrolyte
bull Suitable f o r CHP amp CHHP
bull HybridGT cycle
bull High temperature
corrosion and breakdown
of cell components
bull High temperature
operation requires long
start up
time and limits
Polymer Electrolyte is no longer a single category row Data shown does not take into account High Temperature PEM which operates in the range of 160oC to 180
oC It solves
virtually all of the disadvantages listed under PEM It is not sensitive to impurities It has usable heat Stack efficiencies of 52 on the high side are realized HTPEM is not a
PAFC fuel cell and should not be confused with one
104 US Department of Energy Fuel Cells Technology Program httpwww1eereenergygovhydrogenandfuelcellsfuelcellspdfsfc_comparison_chartpdf August 5 2011 105
Ballard ldquoCLEARgen Multi-MY Systemsrdquo httpwwwballardcomfuel-cell-productscleargen-multi-mw-systemsaspx November 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
45
Appendix VII ndashAnalysis of Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities and Threats for Maine
Strengths
Stationary Power ndash Strong market drivers including high
electricity cost cold climate reliance on oil for space heating
strong CHP and district heating market strong environmental
and green energy awareness) capable core of fuel cell CHP
installers energy storage demand to serve MErsquos aggressive
wind-power industry strong ongoing expansion of natural gas
servicedistribution
Transportation Power - Strong market drivers including a
dispersed population highly reliant on truck and auto
transportation receptive and environmentally conscious
alternative fuelstransportation market relatively low income
population in need of relief from automobile fuel costs strong
Navy shipbuilding industry as potential user of H2FC auxiliary
power system strongly interested in fleet-based hydrogen
fueling station development (SunHydro model) strong interest
in municipal transit and fuel cell -powered rail
Economic Development Factors ndash Brunswick Renewable
Energy Park emphasis on skills development and technology
synergies aggressive state level policy to policy to develop
renewable wind and biomass energy technologies skilled and
well organized network of precision manufacturing firms tied
into aerospace and communications equipment industries
strong labor force at relatively low wages RampDbusiness
infrastructure for advanced biofuels and composite material
structures growing University of Maine commitment to fuel
cell and biomass RampD state funding source familiaritycomfort
with H2FC technology
Weaknesses
Stationary Power ndash No technologyindustrial momentum at the
OEM level geographically distant from OEMs for component-
supply opportunities
Transportation Power ndash No technologyindustrial base at the
OEM level lack of infrastructure funding relatively dispersed
population for transportation services
Economic Development Factors ndash limited state incentives
somewhat sluggish overall state economy relatively
undeveloped core of technology skillsknowledge base
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
46
Opportunities
Stationary Power ndash Opportunity as an ldquoearly adaptor marketrdquo
some supply chain buildup opportunities around SP deployment
Linkage between H2FC technologies and advanced biofuels
RampD Dispersed population amp economy needs distributed
solutions Major need for power storage in conjunction with
Maines planned offshore wind-power RampD and development
Transportation Power ndash Hydrogen refueling station plans Early-
stage potential for major roll-out in marine auxiliary power (US
Navy) Commuter rail expansion
Portable Power ndash Little currently-identified opportunity
Economic Development Factors ndash Brunswick ldquoRenewable Energy
Industrial Parkrdquo can be significant seed nucleus for both
deployment amp development Machine-tool industry pursuing
H2FC components supply-chain opportunities
Threats
Stationary Power ndash The regionrsquos favorable market
needsdemand could be met by other technologiessources ndash
Canadian hydro amp nuclear wind geothermal direct biomass
and power-storage alternatives ndash batteries solid state ammonia
etc
Transportation Power ndash The regionrsquos favorable market
characteristics and needs could be met by other electric
vehicles particularly in the absence of a hydrogen
infrastructure
Economic Development Factors ndash competition from more fully-
equipped statesregions wind and other renewables grab Maine
energy industry momentum lack of funding to sustain
University of MErsquos momentum in storage and fuel cell
technologies related to biomass and wind hesitation of state
government to support alternative energy incentives
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
47
Appendix VIII ndash Partial list of Fuel Cell Deployment in the Northeast region
Manufacturer Site Name Site Location Year Installed
Plug Power T-Mobile cell tower Storrs CT 2008
Plug Power Albany International Airport Albany NY 2004
FuelCell Energy Pepperidge Farms Plant Bloomfield CT 2005
FuelCell Energy Peabody Museum New Haven CT 2003
FuelCell Energy Sheraton New York Hotel amp Towers Manhattan NY 2004
FuelCell Energy Sheraton Hotel Edison NJ 2003
FuelCell Energy Sheraton Hotel Parsippany NJ 2003
UTC Power Cabelas Sporting Goods East Hartford CT 2008
UTC Power Whole Foods Market Glastonbury CT 2008
UTC Power Connecticut Science Center Hartford CT 2009
UTC Power St Francis Hospital Hartford CT 2003
UTC Power Middletown High School Middletown CT 2008
UTC Power Connecticut Juvenile Training School Middletown CT 2001
UTC Power 360 State Street Apartment Building New Haven CT 2010
UTC Power South Windsor High School South Windsor CT 2002
UTC Power Mohegan Sun Casino Hotel Uncasville CT 2002
UTC Power CTTransit Fuel Cell Bus Hartford CT 2007
UTC Power Whole Foods Market Dedham MA 2009
UTC Power Bronx Zoo Bronx NY 2008
UTC Power North Central Bronx Hospital Bronx NY 2000
UTC Power Hunts Point Water Pollution Control Plant Bronx NY 2005
UTC Power Price Chopper Supermarket Colonie NY 2010
UTC Power East Rochester High School East Rochester NY 2007
UTC Power Coca-Cola Refreshments Production Facility Elmsford NY 2010
UTC Power Verizon Call Center and Communications Building Garden City NY 2005
UTC Power State Office Building Hauppauge NY 2009
UTC Power Liverpool High School Liverpool NY 2000
UTC Power New York Hilton Hotel New York City NY 2007
UTC Power Central Park Police Station New York City NY 1999
UTC Power Rochester Institute of Technology Rochester NY 1993
UTC Power NYPA office building White Plains NY 2010
UTC Power Wastewater treatment plant Yonkers NY 1997
UTC Power The Octagon Roosevelt Island NY 2011
UTC Power Johnson amp Johnson World Headquarters New Brunswick NJ 2003
UTC Power CTTRANSIT (Fuel Cell Powered Buses) Hartford CT 2007 - Present
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
48
Appendix IX ndash Partial list of Fuel Cell-Powered Forklifts in North America106
Company CityTown State Site Year
Deployed
Fuel Cell
Manufacturer
of
forklifts
Coca-Cola San Leandro CA
Bottling and
distribution center 2011 Plug Power 37
Charlotte NC Bottling facility 2011 Plug Power 40
EARP
Distribution Kansas City KS Distribution center 2011
Oorja
Protonics 24
Golden State
Foods Lemont IL Distribution facility 2011
Oorja
Protonics 20
Kroger Co Compton CA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 161
Sysco
Riverside CA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 80
Boston MA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 160
Long Island NY Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 42
San Antonio TX Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 113
Front Royal VA Redistribution
facility 2011 Plug Power 100
Baldor
Specialty Foods Bronx NY Facility
Planned
in 2012
Oorja
Protonics 50
BMW
Manufacturing
Co
Spartanburg SC Manufacturing
plant 2010 Plug Power 86
Defense
Logistics
Agency US
Department of
Defense
San Joaquin CA Distribution facility 2011 Plug Power 20
Fort Lewis WA Distribution depot 2011 Plug Power 19
Warner
Robins GA Distribution depot 2010 Hydrogenics 20
Susquehanna PA Distribution depot 2010 Plug Power 15
2009 Nuvera 40
Martin-Brower Stockton CA Food distribution
center 2010
Oorja
Protonics 15
United Natural
Foods Inc
(UNFI)
Sarasota FL Distribution center 2010 Plug Power 65
Wal-Mart
Balzac Al
Canada
Refrigerated
distribution center 2010 Plug Power 80
Washington
Court House OH
Food distribution
center 2007 Plug Power 55
Wegmans Pottsville PA Warehouse 2010 Plug Power 136
Whole Foods
Market Landover MD Distribution center 2010 Plug Power 61
106
FuelCell2000 ldquoFuel Cell-Powered Forklifts in North Americardquo httpwwwfuelcellsorginfochartsforkliftspdf November
2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
49
Appendix X ndash Comparison of PEM Fuel Cell and Battery-Powered Material Handling
Equipment
3 kW PEM Fuel Cell-Powered
Pallet Trucks
3 kW Battery-powered
(2 batteries per truck)
Total Fuel Cycle Energy Use
(total energy consumedkWh
delivered to the wheels) -12000 BtukWh 14000 BtukWh
Fuel Cycle GHG Emissions
(in g CO2 equivalent 820 gkWh 1200 gkWh
Estimated Product Life 8-10 years 4-5 years No Emissions at Point of Use
Quiet Operation
Wide Ambient Operating
Temperature range
Constant Power Available
over Shift
Routine Maintenance Costs
($YR) $1250 - $1500year $2000year
Time for RefuelingChanging
Batteries 4 ndash 8 minday 45-60 minday (for battery change-outs)
8 hours (for battery recharging amp cooling) Cost of FuelElectricity $6000year $1300year Labor Cost of
refuelingRecharging $1100year $8750year
Net Present Value of Capital
Cost $12600
($18000 wo incentive) $14000
Net Present Value of OampM
costs (including fuel) $52000 $128000
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
50
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
9
MAINE
POTENTIAL STATIONARY TARGETS
In 2009 Maine consumed the equivalent of 12614 million megawatt-hours of energy from the
transportation residential industrial and commercial sectors16
Electricity consumption in Maine was
approximately 113 million MWh and is forecasted to grow at a rate of 09 percent annually over the next
decade1718
Figure 1 illustrates the percent of total energy consumed by each sector in Maine A more
detailed breakout of energy usage is provided in Appendix II
This demand represents approximately nine percent of the population in New England and nine percent of
the regionrsquos total electricity consumption The State relies on both in-state resources and imports of
power over the regionrsquos transmission system to serve electricity to customers Net electrical demand in
Maine industries was 1288 MW in 2009 and is projected to increase by approximately 50 MW by 2015
Further the statersquos overall electricity demand is forecasted to grow at a rate of 09 percent (15 percent
peak summer demand growth) annually over the next decade Demand for new electric capacity as well
as a replacement of older less efficient base-load generation facilities is expected With approximately
3400 MW in total capacity of generation plants Maine represents 11 percent of the total capacity in New
England As shown in Figure 2 natural gas was the primary energy source for electricity consumed in
Maine for 2009 19
16
US Energy Information Administration (EIA) ldquoState Energy Data Systemrdquo
ldquohttpwwweiagovstatesedshfjspincfile=sep_sumhtmlrank_usehtmlrdquo August 2011 17
EIA ldquoElectric Power Annual 2009 ndash State Data Tablesrdquo wwweiagovcneafelectricityepaepa_sprdshtshtml January 2011 18
ISO New England ldquoMaine 2011 State Profilerdquo wwwiso-necomnwsissgrid_mktskey_factsnh_01-2011_profilepdf
January 2011 19
EIA ldquo1990 - 2010 Retail Sales of Electricity by State by Sector by Provider (EIA-861)rdquo
httpwwweiagovcneafelectricityepaepa_sprdshtshtml January 4 2011
Residential
22
Commercial
17
Industrial
32
Transportation
29
Figure 2 ndash Electric Power Generation by
Primary Energy Source Figure 1 ndash Energy Consumption by
Sector
Coal
05
Petroleum
16
Natural Gas
492
Hydroelectric
224
Other
Renewables
244 Other
19
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
10
MAINE
Fuel cell systems have many advantages over conventional technologies including
High fuel-to-electricity efficiency (gt 40 percent) utilizing hydrocarbon fuels
Overall system efficiency of 85 to 93 percent
Reduction of noise pollution
Reduction of air pollution
Often do not require new transmission
Siting is not controversial and
If near point of use waste heat can be captured and used Combined heat and power (CHP)
systems are more efficient and can reduce facility energy costs over applications that use separate
heat and central station power systems20
Fuel cells can be deployed as a CHP technology that provides both power and thermal energy and can
increase energy efficiency at a customer site typically from 35 to 50 percent The value of CHP includes
reduced transmission and distribution costs reduced fuel use and associated emissions21
Based on the
targets identified within this plan there is the potential to develop at least 58 MWs of stationary fuel cell
generation capacity in Maine which would provide the following benefits annually
Production of approximately 473000 MWh of electricity
Production of approximately 127 million MMBTUs of thermal energy
Reduction of CO2 emissions of approximately 90000 tons (electric generation only)22
For the purpose of this plan applications have been explored with a focus on fuel cells in the 300 kW to
400 kW range However smaller fuel cells are potentially viable for specific applications Facilities that
have electrical and thermal requirements that closely match the output of the fuel cells provide the best
opportunity for the application of a fuel cell Facilities that may be good candidates for the application of
a fuel cell include commercial buildings with high electricity consumption selected government
buildings public works facilities and energy intensive industries
The Energy Information Agencys (EIA) Commercial Building Energy Consumption Survey (CBECS_
identifies the building types listed below as having high electricity consumption They are the best
candidates for on-site generation and CHP applications These selected building types making up the
CBECS subcategory within the commercial industry include
Education
Food Sales
Food Services
Inpatient Healthcare
Lodging
Public Order amp Safety23
As illustrated in Figure 3 these selected building types within the commercial sector is estimated to
account for approximately 15 percent of Mainersquos total electrical consumption Appendix II further
20 FuelCell2000 ldquoFuel Cell Basicsrdquo wwwfuelcellsorgbasicsappshtml July 2011 21 ldquoDistributed Generation Market Potential 2004 Update Connecticut and Southwest Connecticutrdquo ISE Joel M Rinebold
ECSU March 15 2004 22 Replacement of conventional fossil fuel generating capacity with methane fuel cells could reduce carbon dioxide (CO2)
emissions by between approximately 100 and 600 lbMWh US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) eGRID2010 Version
11 Year 2007 GHG Annual Output Emission Rates Annual non-baseload output emission rates (NPCC New England) FuelCell
Energy DFC 300 Product sheet httpwwwfuelcellenergycomfilesFCE2030020Product20Sheet-lo-rez20FINALpdf
UTC Power PureCell Model 400 System Performance Characteristics httpwwwutcpowercomproductspurecell400 23
As defined by CBECS Public Order amp Safety facilities are buildings used for the preservation of law and order or public
safety Although these sites are usually described as government facilities they are referred to as commercial buildings because
their similarities in energy usage with the other building sites making up the CBECS data
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
11
MAINE
defines Mainersquos estimated electrical consumption in each sector Graphical representation of these
opportunities analyzed is depicted in Appendix I
Figure 3 ndash Maine Electrical Consumption per Sector
Education
There are approximately 145 non-public schools and 780 public schools (134 of which are considered
high schools with 100 or more students enrolled) in Maine2425
High schools operate for a longer period
of time daily due to extracurricular after school activities such as clubs and athletics Furthermore two
of these schools have swimming pools which may make these sites especially attractive because it would
increase the utilization of and make more efficient the electrical and thermal output offered by a fuel cell
There are also 39 colleges and universities in Maine Colleges and universities have facilities for
students faculty administration and maintenance crews that typically include dormitories cafeterias
gyms libraries and athletic departments ndash some with swimming pools Of these 173 locations (134 high
schools and 39 colleges) 65 are located in communities serviced by natural gas (Appendix I ndash Figure 1
Education)
Educational establishments in other states such as Connecticut and New York have shown interest in fuel
cell technology Examples of existing or planned fuel cell applications include South Windsor High
School (CT) Liverpool High School (NY) Rochester Institute of Technology Yale University
University of Connecticut and the State University of New York College of Environmental Science and
Forestry
Table 2 - Education Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
964
(5)
65
(3)
42
(6)
126
(6)
99338
(6)
267551
(6)
19073
(4)
24 EIA Description of CBECS Building Types wwweiagovemeucbecsbuilding_typeshtml 25 Public schools are classified as magnets charters alternative schools and special facilities
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
12
MAINE
Food Sales
There are over 1800 businesses in Maine known to be engaged in the retail sale of food Food sales
establishments are good candidates for fuel cells based on their electrical demand and thermal
requirements for heating and refrigeration Approximately 80 of these sites are considered larger food
sales businesses with approximately 60 or more employees at their site 26
Of these 80 large food sales
businesses 45 are located in communities serviced by natural gas (Appendix I ndash Figure 2 Food Sales)27
The application of a large fuel cell (gt300 kW) at a small convenience store may not be economically
viable based on the electric demand and operational requirements however a smaller fuel cell may be
appropriate
Popular grocery chains such as Price Chopper Supervalu Wholefoods and Stop and Shop have shown
interest in powering their stores with fuel cells in Massachusetts Connecticut and New York28
In
addition grocery distribution centers like the one operated by Shaws (a Supervalu brand) in Wells
Maine are prime targets for the application of hydrogen and fuel cell technology for both stationary
power and material handling equipment
Table 3 - Food Sales Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
1800
(4)
45
(4)
45
(4)
135((
(4)
106434
(4)
286662
(4)
20435
(3)
Food Service
There are over 2100 businesses in Maine that can be classified as food service establishments used for
the preparation and sale of food and beverages for consumption29
15 of these sites are considered larger
restaurant businesses with 130 or more employees at their site and are located in Maine communities
serviced by natural gas (Appendix I ndash Figure 3 Food Services)30
The application of a large fuel cell
(gt300 kW) at smaller restaurants with less than 130 workers may not be economically viable based on the
electric demand and operational requirements however a smaller fuel cell ( 5 kW) may be appropriate
to meet hot water and space heating requirements A significant portion (18 percent) of the energy
consumed in a commercial food service operation can be attributed to the domestic hot water heating
load31
In other parts of the US popular chains such as McDonalds are beginning to show an interest in
the smaller sized fuel cell units for the provision of electricity and thermal energy including domestic
water heating at food service establishments32
26
On average food sale facilities consume 43000 kWh of electricity per worker on an annual basis When compared to current
fuel cell technology (gt300 kW) which satisfies annual electricity consumption loads between 2628000 ndash 3504000 kWh
calculations show food sales facilities employing more than 61 workers may represent favorable opportunities for the application
of a larger fuel cell 27 EIA Description of CBECS Building Types wwweiagovemeucbecsbuilding_typeshtml 28 Clean Energy States Alliance (CESA) ldquoFuel Cells for Supermarkets ndash Cleaner Energy with Fuel Cell Combined Heat and
Power Systemsrdquo Benny Smith wwwcleanenergystatesorgassetsUploadsBlakeFuelCellsSupermarketsFBpdf 29 EIA Description of CBECS Building Types wwweiagovemeucbecsbuilding_typeshtml 30
On average food service facilities consume 20300 kWh of electricity per worker on an annual basis Current fuel cell
technology (gt300 kW) can satisfy annual electricity consumption loads between 2628000 ndash 3504000 kWh Calculations show
food service facilities employing more than 130 workers may represent favorable opportunities for the application of a larger fuel
cell 31
ldquoCase Studies in Restaurant Water Heatingrdquo Fisher Donald httpeecucdaviseduACEEE2008datapapers9_243pdf 2008 32
Sustainable business Oregon ldquoClearEdge sustains brisk growthrdquo
httpwwwsustainablebusinessoregoncomarticles201001clearedge_sustains_brisk_growthhtml May 8 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
13
MAINE
Office
Equipment 4 Ventilation 4
Refrigeration
3
Lighting 11
Cooling 13
Space Heating
33
Water Heating
18
Cooking 5 Other 9
Table 4 - Food Services Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
2100
(3)
15
(4)
15
(4)
45
(4)
35478
(4)
95554
(4)
6812
(2)
Inpatient Healthcare
There are over 181 inpatient healthcare facilities in Maine 42 of which are classified as hospitals33
Of
these 42 hospitals eight are located in communities serviced by natural gas and contain 100 or more beds
onsite (Appendix I ndash Figure 4 Inpatient Healthcare) Hospitals represent an excellent opportunity for the
application of fuel cells because they require a high availability factor of electricity for lifesaving medical
devices and operate 247 with a relatively flat load curve Furthermore medical equipment patient
rooms sterilizedoperating rooms data centers and kitchen areas within these facilities are often required
to be in operational conditions at all times which maximizes the use of electricity and thermal energy
from a fuel cell Nationally hospital energy costs have increased 56 percent from $389 per square foot
in 2003 to $607 per square foot for 2010 partially due to the increased cost of energy34
Examples of healthcare facilities with planned or operational fuel cells include St Francis Stamford and
Waterbury Hospitals in Connecticut and North Central Bronx Hospital in New York
Table 5 - Inpatient Healthcare Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
181
(5)
42
(10)
42
(10)
126
(10)
99338
(10)
267551
(10)
19073
(8)
Lodging
There are over 730 establishments specializing in
travellodging accommodations that include hotels motels or
inns in Maine Approximately 33 of these establishments
have 150 or more rooms onsite and can be classified as
ldquolarger sizedrdquo lodging that may have additional attributes
such as heated pools exercise facilities andor restaurants 35
Of these 33 locations 15 employ more than 94 workers and
are located in communities serviced by natural gas 36
As
shown in Figure 4 more than 60 percent of total energy use at
a typical lodging facility is due to lighting space heating and
water heating 37
The application of a large fuel cell (gt300
33 EIA Description of CBECS Building Types wwweiagovemeucbecsbuilding_typeshtml 34
BetterBricks ldquohttpwwwbetterbrickscomgraphicsassetsdocumentsBB_Article_EthicalandBusinessCasepdfrdquo Page 1
August 2011 35 EPA ldquoCHP in the Hotel and Casino Market Sectorrdquo wwwepagovchpdocumentshotel_casino_analysispdf December 2005 36
On average lodging facilities consume 28000 kWh of electricity per worker on an annual basis Current fuel cell technology
(gt300 kW) can satisfy annual electricity consumption loads between 2628000 ndash 3504000 kWh Calculations show lodging
facilities employing more than 94 workers may represent favorable opportunities for the application of a larger fuel cell 37 National Grid ldquoManaging Energy Costs in Full-Service Hotelsrdquo
wwwnationalgriduscomnon_htmlshared_energyeff_hotelspdf 2004
Figure 4 - US Lodging Energy Consumption
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
14
MAINE
kW) at hotelresort facilities with less than 94 employees may not be economically viable based on the
electrical demand and operational requirement however a smaller fuel cell ( 5 kW) may be appropriate
Popular hotel chains such as the Hilton and Starwood Hotels have shown interest in powering their
establishments with fuel cells in New Jersey and New York
Maine also has 107 facilities identified as convalescent homes three of which have bed capacities greater
than or equal to 150 units38
All three sites are located in communities serviced by natural gas (Appendix
I ndash Figure 5 Lodging)
Table 6 - Lodging Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
837
(10)
18
(2)
18
(2)
54
(2)
42574
(2)
114665
(2)
8174
(2)
Public Order and Safety There are approximately 216 facilities in Maine that can be classified as public order and safety these
include 96 fire stations 102 police stations eight state police stations nine border patrols and nine
prisons 3940
Ten of these locations employ more than 210 workers and are located in communities
serviced by natural gas4142
These applications may represent favorable opportunities for the application
of a larger fuel cell (gt300 kW) which could provide heat and uninterrupted power 4344
The sites
identified (Appendix I ndash Figure 6 Public Order and Safety) will have special value to provide increased
reliability to mission critical facilities associated with public safety and emergency response during grid
outages The application of a large fuel cell (gt300 kW) at public order and safety facilities with less than
210 employees may not be economically viable based on the electrical demand and operational
requirement however a smaller fuel cell ( 5 kW) may be appropriate Central Park Police Station in
New York City New York is presently powered by a 200 kW fuel cell system
Table 7 - Public Order and Safety Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
216
(7)
10
(3)
10
(3)
30
(3)
23652
(3)
63703
(3)
4541
(3)
38 Assisted-Living-List ldquoList of 120 Nursing Homes in Maine (ME)rdquo httpassisted-living-listcomme--nursing-homes May 9
2011 39 EIA Description of CBECS Building Types wwweiagovemeucbecsbuilding_typeshtml 40 USACOPS ndash The Nations Law Enforcement Site wwwusacopscomme 41
CBECSldquoTable C14rdquo httpwwweiagovemeucbecscbecs2003detailed_tables_20032003set192003pdfalltablespdf
November 2011 42
On average public order and safety facilities consume 12400 kWh of electricity per worker on an annual basis Current fuel
cell technology (gt300 kW) can satisfy annual electricity consumption loads between 2628000 ndash 3504000 kWh Calculations
show public order and safety facilities employing more than 212 workers may represent favorable opportunities for the
application of a larger fuel cell 43
2628000 12400 = 21194 44
CBECSldquoTable C14rdquo httpwwweiagovemeucbecscbecs2003detailed_tables_20032003set192003pdfalltablespdf
November 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
15
MAINE
Energy Intensive Industries
As shown in Table 2 energy intensive industries with high electricity consumption (which on average is
48 percent of annual operating costs) have been identified as potential locations for the application of a
fuel cell45
In Maine there are approximately 156 of these industrial facilities that are involved in the
manufacture of aluminum chemicals forest products glass metal casting petroleum coal products or
steel and employ 25 or more employees46
Of these 156 locations 64 are located in communities serviced
by natural gas (Appendix I ndash Figure 7 Energy Intensive Industries)
Table 8 - 2002 Data for the Energy Intensive Industry by Sector47
NAICS Code Sector Energy Consumption per Dollar Value of Shipments (kWh)
325 Chemical manufacturing 249
322 Pulp and Paper 446
324110 Petroleum Refining 472
311 Food manufacturing 076
331111 Iron and steel 815
321 Wood Products 123
3313 Alumina and aluminum 358
327310 Cement 1641
33611 Motor vehicle manufacturing 021
3315 Metal casting 164
336811 Shipbuilding and ship repair 205
3363 Motor vehicle parts manufacturing 205
Companies such as Coca-Cola Johnson amp Johnson and Pepperidge Farms in Connecticut New Jersey
and New York have installed fuel cells to help supply energy to their facilities
Table 9 - Energy Intensive Industry Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
156
(3)
6
(1)
6
(1)
18
(1)
14191
(1)
38222
(1)
2725
(1)
Government Owned Buildings
Buildings operated by the federal government can be found at 114 locations in Maine four of these
properties are actively owned rather than leased by the federal government and are located in
communities serviced by natural gas (Appendix I ndash Figure 8 Federal Government Operated Buildings)
There are also a number of buildings owned and operated by the State of Maine The application of fuel
cell technology at government owned buildings would assist in balancing load requirements at these sites
and offer a unique value for active and passive public education associated with the high usage of these
public buildings
45 EIA ldquoElectricity Generation Capabilityrdquo 1999 CBECS wwweiadoegovemeucbecspba99comparegenerhtml 46 Proprietary market data 47 EPA ldquoEnergy Trends in Selected Manufacturing Sectorsrdquo wwwepagovsectorspdfenergych2pdf March 2007
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
16
MAINE
Table 10 - Government Owned Building Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
114
(9)
4
(4)
4
(4)
12
(4)
9461
(4)
25481
(4)
1816
(4)
Wireless Telecommunication Sites
Telecommunications companies rely on electricity to run call centers cell phone towers and other vital
equipment In Maine there are approximately 509 telecommunications andor wireless company tower
sites (Appendix I ndash Figure 9 Telecommunication Sites) Any loss of power at these locations may result
in a loss of service to customers thus having reliable power is critical Each individual site represents an
opportunity to provide back-up power for continuous operation through the application of on-site back-up
generation powered by hydrogen and fuel cell technology It is an industry standard to install units
capable of supplying 48-72 hours of backup power which this is typically accomplished with batteries or
conventional emergency generators48
The deployment of fuel cells at selected telecommunication sites
will have special value to provide increased reliability to critical sites associated with emergency
communications and homeland security An example of a telecommunication site that utilizes fuel cell
technology to provide back-up power is a T-Mobile facility located in Storrs Connecticut
Table 11 - Wireless Telecommunication Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
509
(13)
51
(13) NA NA NA NA NA
Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs) There are 111 WWTPs in Maine that have design flows ranging from 3000 gallons per day (GPD) to 16
million gallons per day (MGD) seven of these facilities average between 3 ndash 16 MGD WWTPs
typically operate 247 and may be able to utilize the thermal energy from the fuel cell to process fats oils
and grease49
WWTPs account for approximately three percent of the electric load in the United State50
Digester gas produced at WWTPrsquos which is usually 60 percent methane can serve as a fuel substitute for
natural gas to power fuel cells Anaerobic digesters generally require a wastewater flow greater than
three MGD for an economy of scale to collect and use the methane51
Most facilities currently represent a
lost opportunity to capture and use the digestion of methane emissions created from their operations
(Appendix I ndash Figure 10 Solid and Liquid Waste Sites) 5253
A 200 kW fuel cell power plant in Yonkers New York was the worldrsquos first commercial fuel cell to run
on a waste gas created at a wastewater treatment plant The fuel cell generates about 1600 MWh of
electricity a year and reduces methane emissions released to the environment54
A 200 kW fuel cell
48 ReliOn Hydrogen Fuel Cell Wireless Applicationsrdquo wwwrelion-inccompdfReliOn_AppsWireless_2010pdf May 4 2011 49
ldquoBeyond Zero Net Energy Case Studies of Wastewater Treatment for Energy and Resource Productionrdquo Toffey Bill
September 2010 httpwwwawra-pmasmemberlodgeorgResourcesDocumentsBeyond_NZE_WWT-Toffey-9-16-2010pdf 50
EPA Wastewater Management Fact Sheet ldquoIntroductionrdquo July 2006 51 EPA Wastewater Management Fact Sheet wwwp2paysorgenergyWastePlantpdf July 2006 52 ldquoGHG Emissions from Wastewater Treatment and Biosolids Managementrdquo Beecher Ned November 20 2009
wwwdesstatenhusorganizationdivisionswaterwmbriverswatershed_conferencedocuments2009_fri_climate_2pdf 53 EPA Wastewater Management Fact Sheet wwwp2paysorgenergyWastePlantpdf May 4 2011 54 NYPA ldquoWHAT WE DO ndash Fuel Cellsrdquo wwwnypagovservicesfuelcellshtm August 8 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
17
MAINE
power plant was and installed at the Water Pollution Control Authorityrsquos WWTP in New Haven
Connecticut and produces 10 ndash 15 percent of the facilityrsquos electricity reducing energy costs by almost
$13000 a year55
Table 12 - Wastewater Treatment Plants Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
111
(19)
1
(6)
1
(6)
03
(6)
2365
(6)
6370
(6)
454
(5)
Landfill Methane Outreach Program (LMOP)
There are 11 landfills in Maine identified by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) through their
LMOP program two of which are operational two are candidates and six are considered potential sites
for the production and recovery of methane gas 5657
The amount of methane emissions released by a
given site is dependent upon the amount of material in the landfill and the amount of time the material has
been in place Similar to WWTPs methane emissions from landfills could be captured and used as a fuel
to power a fuel cell system In 2009 municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills were responsible for
producing approximately 17 percent of human-related methane emissions in the nation These locations
could produce renewable energy and help manage the release of methane (Appendix I ndash Figure 10 Solid
and Liquid Waste Sites)
Table 13 - Landfill Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
25
(12)
1
(7)
1
(7)
03
(7)
2365
(7)
6370
(7)
454
(6)
Airports
During peak air travel times in the US there are approximately 50000 airplanes in the sky each day
Ensuring safe operations of commercial and private aircrafts are the responsibility of air traffic
controllers Modern software host computers voice communication systems and instituted full scale
glide path angle capabilities assist air traffic controllers in tracking and communicating with aircrafts
consequently reliable electricity is extremely important and present an opportunity for a fuel cell power
application 58
There are approximately 103 airports in Maine including 47 that are open to the public and have
scheduled services Of those 47 airports six (Table 3) have 2500 or more passengers enplaned each
year two of these six facilities are located in communities serviced by natural gas (See Appendix I ndash
55 Conntactcom ldquoCity to Install Fuel Cellrdquo
httpwwwconntactcomarchive_indexarchive_pages4472_Business_New_Havenhtml August 15 2003 56
Due to size individual sites may have more than one potential candidate or operational project 57 LMOP defines a candidate landfill as ldquoone that is accepting waste or has been closed for five years or less has at least one
million tons of waste and does not have an operational or under-construction projectrdquoEPA ldquoLandfill Methane Outreach
Programrdquo wwwepagovlmopbasic-infoindexhtml April 7 2011 58 Howstuffworkscom ldquoHow Air Traffic Control Worksrdquo Craig Freudenrich
httpsciencehowstuffworkscomtransportflightmodernair-traffic-control5htm May 4 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
18
MAINE
Figure 11 Commercial Airports) An example of an airport currently hosting a fuel cell power plant to
provide backup power is Albany International Airport located in Albany New York
Table 14 ndash Maine Top Airports Enplanement Count
Airport59
Total Enplanement in 2000
Portland International Jetport 668098
Bangor International 272833
Northern Maine Regional at Presque Isle 25174
Knox County Regional 17328
Hancock County Bar harbor 14399
Augusta State 7148
Bangor International Airport (BGR) is considered the only ldquoJoint-Userdquo airport in Maine Joint-Use
facilities are establishments where the military department authorizes use of the military runway for
public airport services Army Aviation Support Facilities (AASF) located at this site are used by the
Army to provide aircraft and equipment readiness train and utilize military personnel conduct flight
training and operations and perform field level maintenance Bangor International Airport represents a
favorable opportunity for the application of uninterruptible power for necessary services associated with
national defense and emergency response and is located in a community serviced by natural gas
(Appendix I ndash Figure 11 Commercial Airports)
Table 15 - Airport Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
103
(12)
5(1)
(1)
1
(1)
15
(1)
11826
(1)
31851
(1)
2271
(8)
Military The US Department of Defense (DOD) is the largest funding organization in terms of supporting fuel
cell activities for military applications in the world DOD organizations are using fuel cells for
Stationary units for power supply in bases
Fuel cell units in transport applications
Portable units for equipping individual soldiers or group of soldiers
In a collaborative partnership with the DOE the DOD plans to install and operate 18 fuel cell backup
power systems at eight of its military installations two of which are located within the Northeast region
(New York and New Jersey)60
In addition the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard (PSNY) in Kittery Maine
occupies more than 297 acres on base employs approximately 4500 civilian employees and 100 naval
officers in addition to enlisted personal assigned to the shipyard and is a potential application for
hydrogen and fuel cell technology (Appendix I ndash Figure 11 Commercial Airports) 61
59 Bureau of Transportation Statistics ldquoMaine Transportation Profilerdquo
wwwbtsgovpublicationsstate_transportation_statisticsmainepdfentirepdf March 30 2011 60 Fuel Cell Today ldquoUS DoD to Install Fuel cell Backup Power Systems at Eight Military Installationsrdquo
httpwwwfuelcelltodaycomonlinenewsarticles2011-07US-DOD-FC-Backup-Power-Systems July 20 2011 61
Portsmouth Naval Shipyard ldquoShipyard Factsrdquo httpwwwnavseanavymilshipyardsportsmouthPagesFactsaspx August
2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
19
MAINE
Table 16 - Military Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
1
(7)
1
(7)
1
(7)
03
(7)
2365
(7)
6370
(7)
454
(6)
POTENTIAL TRANSPORTATION TARGETS
Transportation is responsible for one-fourth of the total global GHG emissions and consumes 75 percent
of the worldrsquos oil production In 2010 the US used 21 million barrels of non-renewable petroleum each
day Roughly 29 percent of Mainersquos energy consumption is due to demands of the transportation sector
including gasoline and on-highway diesel petroleum for automobiles trucks and buses A small percent
of non-renewable petroleum is used for jet and ship fuel62
The current economy in the US is dependent on hydrocarbon energy sources and any disruption or
shortage of this energy supply will severely affect many energy related activities including
transportation As oil and other non-sustainable hydrocarbon energy resources become scarce energy
prices will increase and the reliability of supply will be reduced Government and industry are now
investigating the use of hydrogen and renewable energy as a replacement of hydrocarbon fuels
Hydrogen-fueled fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) have many advantages over conventional
technology including
Quiet operation
Near zero emissions of controlled pollutants such as nitrous oxide carbon monoxide
hydrocarbon gases or particulates
Substantial (30 to 50 percent) reduction in GHG emissions on a well-to-wheel basis compared to
conventional gasoline or gasoline-hybrid vehicles when the hydrogen is produced by
conventional methods such as natural gas and 100 percent when hydrogen is produced from a
clean energy source
Ability to fuel vehicles with indigenous energy sources which reduces dependence on imported
energy and adds to energy security and
Higher efficiency than conventional vehicles (See Table 4)6364
Table 17 - Average Energy Efficiency of Conventional and Fuel Cell Vehicles (mpge65
)
Passenger Car Light Truck Transit Bus
Hydrogen Gasoline Hybrid Gasoline Hydrogen Gasoline Hydrogen Fuel Cell Diesel
52 50 293 492 215 54 39
FCEVs can reduce price volatility dependence on oil improve environmental performance and provide
greater efficiencies than conventional transportation technologies as follows
62 ldquoUS Oil Consumption to BP Spillrdquo httpapplesfromorangescom201005us-oil-consumption-to-bp-spill May31 2010 63 ldquoChallenges for Sustainable Mobility and Development of Fuel Cell Vehiclesrdquo Masatami Takimoto Executive Vice President
Toyota Motor Corporation January 26 2006 Presentation at the 2nd International Hydrogen amp Fuel Cell Expo Technical
Conference Tokyo Japan 64 ldquoTwenty Hydrogen Mythsrdquo Amory B Lovins Rocky Mountain Institute June 20 2003 65 Miles per Gallon Equivalent
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
20
MAINE
Replacement of gasoline-fueled passenger vehicles and light duty trucks and diesel-fueled transit
buses with FCEVs could result in annual CO2 emission reductions (per vehicle) of approximately
10170 15770 and 182984 pounds per year respectively66
Replacement of gasoline-fueled passenger vehicles and light duty trucks and diesel-fueled transit
buses with FCEVs could result in annual energy savings (per vehicle) of approximately 230
gallons of gasoline (passenger vehicle) 485 gallons of gasoline (light duty truck) and 4390
gallons of diesel (bus)
Replacement of gasoline-fueled passenger vehicles light duty trucks and diesel-fueled transit
buses with FCEVs could result in annual fuel cost savings of approximately $885 per passenger
vehicle $1866 per light duty truck and $17560 per bus67
Automobile manufacturers such as Toyota General Motors Honda Daimler AG and Hyundai have
projected that models of their FCEVs will begin to roll out in larger numbers by 2015 Longer term the
US DOE has projected that between 151 million and 239 million light duty FCEVs may be sold each
year by 2050 and between 144 million and 347 million light duty FCEVs may be in use by 2050 with a
transition to a hydrogen economy These estimates could be accelerated if political economic energy
security or environmental polices prompt a rapid advancement in alternative fuels68
Mainersquos opportunities to support these new vehicles include alternative fueling stations Maine
Department of Transportation (MDOT) refueling stations bus transit operations government public and
privately owned fleets and material handling and airport ground support equipment (GSE) Graphical
representation of these opportunities analyzed are depicted in Appendix I
Alternative Fueling Stations
There are approximately 1400 retail fueling stations in Maine69
however only 10 public andor private
stations within the state provide alternative fuels such as biodiesel compressed natural gas propane
andor electricity for alternative-fueled vehicles70
There are also at least 17 refueling stations owned and
operated by MDOT that can be used by authorities operating federal and state safety vehicles state transit
vehicles and employees of universities that operate fleet vehicles on a regular basis 71
Development of
hydrogen fueling at alternative fuel stations and at selected locations owned and operated by MDOT
would help facilitate the deployment of FCEVs within the state (Appendix I ndash Figure 12 Alternative
Fueling Stations) Currently there are approximately 18 existing or planned transportation fueling
stations in the Northeast region where hydrogen is provided as an alternative fuel72737475
66 Fuel Cell Economic Development Plan Connecticut Department of Economic and Community Development and the
Connecticut Center for Advanced Technology Inc January 1 2008 Calculations based upon average annual mileage of 12500
miles for passenger car and 14000 miles for light trucks (US EPA) and 37000 average milesyear per bus (US DOT FTA
2007) 67 US EIA Weekly Retail Gasoline and Diesel Prices gasoline - $3847 and diesel ndash 400
wwweiagovdnavpetpet_pri_gnd_a_epm0r_pte_dpgal_whtm 68
Effects of a Transition to a Hydrogen Economy on Employment in the United States Report to Congress
httpwwwhydrogenenergygovcongress_reportshtml August 2011 69 ldquoPublic retail gasoline stations state yearrdquo wwwafdcenergygovafdcdatadocsgasoline_stations_statexls May 5 2011 70 Alternative Fuels Data Center wwwafdcenergygovafdclocatorstations 71 EPA ldquoGovernment UST Noncompliance Report-2007rdquo wwwepagovoustdocsME20Compliance20Reportpdf August
82007 72 Alternative Fuels Data Center httpwwwafdcenergygovafdclocatorstations 73 Hyride ldquoAbout the fueling stationrdquo httpwwwhyrideorghtml-about_hyrideAbout_Fuelinghtml 74 CTTransit ldquoHartford Bus Facility Site Work (Phase 1)rdquo
wwwcttransitcomProcurementsDisplayaspProcurementID=8752CA67-AB1F-4D88-BCEC-4B82AC8A2542 March 2011 75
Currently there are no publicly or privately accessible transportation fueling stations where hydrogen is provided as an
alternative fuel in Maine
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
21
MAINE
Fleets
There are over 7000 fleet vehicles (excluding state and federal vehicles) classified as non-leasing or
company owned vehicles in Maine 76
Fleet vehicles typically account for more than twice the amount of
mileage and therefore twice the fuel consumption and emissions compared to personal vehicles on a per
vehicle basis There are an additional 1781 passenger automobiles andor light duty trucks in Maine
owned by state and federal agencies (excluding state police) that traveled a combined 14965373 miles in
2010 while releasing 1031 metrics tons of CO2 77
Conversion of fleet vehicles from conventional fossil
fuels to FCEVs could significantly reduce petroleum consumption and GHG emissions Fleet vehicle
hubs are good candidates for hydrogen refueling and conversion to FCEVs because they mostly operate
on fixed routes or within fixed districts and are fueled from a centralized station
Bus Transit
There are approximately 61 directly operated buses that provide public transportation services in Maine78
As discussed above replacement of a conventional diesel transit bus with a fuel cell transit bus would
result in the reduction of CO2 emissions (estimated at approximately 183000 pounds per year) and
reduction of diesel fuel (estimated at approximately 4390 gallons per year)79
Although the efficiency of
conventional diesel buses has increased conventional diesel buses which typically achieve fuel economy
performance levels of 39 miles per gallon have the greatest potential for energy savings by using high
efficiency fuel cells In addition to Maine other states have also begun the transition of fueling transit
buses with alternative fuels to improve efficiency and environmental performance
Material Handling
Material handling equipment such as forklifts are used by a variety of industries including
manufacturing construction mining agriculture food retailers and wholesale trade to move goods
within a facility or to load goods for shipping to another site Material handling equipment is usually
battery propane or diesel powered Batteries that currently power material handling equipment are heavy
and take up significant storage space while only providing up to 6 hours of run time Fuel cells can
ensure constant power delivery and performance eliminating the reduction in voltage output that occurs
as batteries discharge Fuel cell powered material handling equipment last more than twice as long (12-
14 hours) and also eliminate the need for battery storage and charging rooms leaving more space for
products In addition fueling time only takes two to three minutes by the operator compared to least 20
minutes or more for each battery replacement which saves the operator valuable time and increases
warehouse productivity
In addition fuel cell powered material handling equipment has significant cost advantages compared to
batteries such as
15 times lower maintenance cost
8 times lower refuelingrecharging labor cost
2 times lower net present value of total operations and management (OampM) system cost
76
Fleetcom ldquo2009-My Registrationrdquo httpwwwautomotive-
fleetcomStatisticsStatsVieweraspxfile=http3a2f2fwwwautomotive-fleetcom2ffc_resources2fstats2fAFFB10-16-
top10-statepdfampchannel 77 US General Services Administration ldquoGSA 2010 Fleet Reportsrdquo Table 4-2 httpwwwgsagovportalcontent230525 September
2011 78
NTD Date ldquoTS22 - Service Data and Operating Expenses Time-Series by Systemrdquo
httpwwwntdprogramgovntdprogramdatahtm December 2011 79 Fuel Cell Economic Development Plan Connecticut Department of Economic and Community Development and the
Connecticut Center for Advanced Technology Inc January 1 2008
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
22
MAINE
63 percent less emissions of GHG (Appendix X provides a comparison of PEM fuel cell and
battery-powered material handling equipment)
Fuel cell powered material handling equipment is already in use at dozens of warehouses distribution
centers and manufacturing plants in North America80
Large corporations that are currently using or
planning to use fuel cell powered material handling equipment include CVS Coca-Cola BMW Central
Grocers and Wal-Mart (Refer to Appendix IX for a partial list of companies in North America that using
fuel cell powered forklifts)81
There are approximately five distribution centerswarehouse sites that have
been identified in Maine that may benefit from the use of fuel cell powered material handling equipment
(Appendix I ndash Figure 13 Distribution CentersWarehouses amp Ports)
Ground Support Equipment
Ground support equipment (GSE) such as catering trucks deicers and airport tugs can be battery
operated or more commonly run on diesel or gasoline As an alternative hydrogen-powered tugs are
being developed for both military and commercial applications While their performance is similar to that
of other battery-powered equipment a fuel cell-powered GSE remains fully charged (provided there is
hydrogen fuel available) and do not experience performance lag at the end of a shift like battery-powered
GSEs82
Potential large end-users of GSE that serve Mainersquos largest airports include Air Canada Delta
Airlines Continental JetBlue United and US Airways83
(Appendix I ndash Figure 11 Commercial
Airports)
Ports
Maine has 3480 miles of coastline with six cargo ports and 13 cruise ship ports The ports of Portland
and Bath Maine which service large vessels such as container ships tankers bulk carriers and cruise
ships may be candidates for improved energy management Commercial marine vessels (cargo ships
entering and leaving Marine ports) contribute approximately 166 tons of volatile organic compounds
(VOC) 1134 tons of NOX 374 tons of CO 124 tons of sulfur dioxide SO2 and 91 tons of particulate
matter (PM10) per year84
In one year a single large container ship can emit pollutants equivalent to that of 50 million cars The
low grade bunker fuel used by the worlds 90000 cargo ships contains up to 2000 times the amount of
sulfur compared to diesel fuel used in automobiles85
Furthermore diesel emissions from cruise ships
while at port are a significant source of air pollution While docked vessels shut off their main engines
but use auxiliary diesel and steam engines to power refrigeration lights pumps and other functions a
process called ldquocold-ironing An estimated one-third of ship emissions occur while they are idling at
berth Replacing auxiliary engines with on-shore electric power could significantly reduce emissions
The applications of fuel cell technology at ports may also provide electric and thermal energy for
improving energy management for warehouses and equipment operated between terminals (Appendix I ndash
Figure 13 Distribution CentersWarehouses amp Ports)86
80 DOE EERE ldquoEarly Markets Fuel Cells for Material Handling Equipmentrdquo
www1eereenergygovhydrogenandfuelcellseducationpdfsearly_markets_forkliftspdf February 2011 81 Plug Power ldquoPlug Power Celebrates Successful year for Companyrsquos Manufacturing and Sales Activityrdquo
wwwplugpowercom January 4 2011 82 Battelle ldquoIdentification and Characterization of Near-Term Direct Hydrogen Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Marketsrdquo
April 2007 www1eereenergygovhydrogenandfuelcellspdfspemfc_econ_2006_report_final_0407pdf 83 PWM ldquoAirlinesrdquo httpwwwportlandjetportorgairlines August 24 2011 84
Maine Department of Environmental Protection ldquoAir Emission from Marine Vesselsrdquo
httpwwwmainegovdepblwqtopicvesselairemissionsreportpdf January 15 2005 85
ldquoBig polluters one massive container ship equals 50 million carsrdquo Paul Evans httpwwwgizmagcomshipping-
pollution11526 April 232009 86
Savemayportvillagenet ldquoCruise Ship Pollutionrdquo httpwwwsavemayportvillagenetid20html October 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
23
MAINE
Table 18 -Ports Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
42
(35)
2
(11)
2
(11)
06
(11)
4730
(11)
12741
(11)
908
(9)
CONCLUSION
Hydrogen and fuel cell technology offers significant opportunities for improved energy reliability energy
efficiency and emission reductions Large fuel cell units (gt300 kW) may be appropriate for applications
that serve large electric and thermal loads Smaller fuel cell units (lt 300 kW) may provide back-up power
for telecommunication sites restaurantsfast food outlets and smaller sized public facilities at this time
Table 19 ndashSummary of Potential Fuel Cell Applications
Category Total Sites Potential
Sites
Number of Fuel
Cells
lt 300 kW
Number of
Fuel Cells
gt300 kW
CB
EC
S D
ata
Education 964 6587
23 42
Food Sales 1800+ 4588
45
Food Services 2100+ 1589
15
Inpatient Healthcare 181 4290
42
Lodging 837 1891
18
Public Order amp Safety 216 1092
10
Energy Intensive Industries 156 693
6
Government Operated
Buildings 114 4
94
4
Wireless
Telecommunication
Towers
50995
5196
51
WWTPs 111 197
1
Landfills 25 198
1
Airports (w AASF) 103 5 (1)99
5
87 65 high schools andor college and universities located in communities serviced by natural gas 88 45 food sale facilities located in communities serviced by natural gas 89 Ten percent of the 97 food service facilities located in communities serviced by natural gas 90 Eight Hospitals located in communities serviced by natural gas and occupying 150+ or more beds onsite 91 15 hotel facilities with 100+ rooms onsite and three convalescent homes with 150+ bed onsite located in communities serviced
by natural gas 92 Correctional facilities andor other public order and safety facilities with 212 workers or more 93 Ten percent of the 64 energy intensive industry facilities located in communities serviced with natural gas 94 Four actively owned federal government operated building located in communities serviced by natural gas 95
The Federal Communications Commission regulates interstate and international communications by radio television wire
satellite and cable in all 50 states the District of Columbia and US territories 96 Ten percent of the 509 wireless telecommunication sites in Mainersquos targeted for back-up PEM fuel cell deployment 97 Ten percent of Maine WWTP with average flows of 30+ MGD 98 Ten percent of the landfills targeted based on LMOP data
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
24
MAINE
Military 1 1 1
Ports 42 2 2
Total 7159+ 266 74 192
As shown in Table 5 the analysis provided here estimates that there are approximately 266 potential
locations which may be favorable candidates for the application of a fuel cell to provide heat and power
Assuming the demand for electricity was uniform throughout the year approximately 150 to 192 fuel cell
units with a capacity of 300 ndash 400 kW could be deployed for a total fuel cell capacity of 58 to 77 MWs
If opportunities for fuel cell use in Maine identified in this report are met with 300 kW units a minimum
of 473040 MWh electric and 127 million MMBTUs (equivalent to 373404 MWh) of thermal energy
would be produced which could reduce CO2 emissions by at least 90824 tons per year 100
Maine can also benefit from the use of hydrogen and fuel cell technology for transportation such as
passenger fleets transit district fleets municipal fleets and state department fleets The application of
hydrogen and fuel cell technology for transportation would reduce the dependence on oil improve
environmental performance and provide greater efficiencies than conventional transportation
technologies
bull Replacement of a gasoline-fueled passenger vehicle with FCEVs could result in annual CO2
emission reductions (per vehicle) of approximately 10170 pounds annual energy savings of 230
gallons of gasoline and annual fuel cost savings of $885
bull Replacement of a gasoline-fueled light duty truck with FCEVs could result in annual CO2
emission reductions (per light duty truck) of approximately 15770 pounds annual energy savings
of 485 gallons of gasoline and annual fuel cost savings of $1866
bull Replacement of a diesel-fueled transit bus with a fuel cell powered bus could result in annual CO2
emission reductions (per bus) of approximately 182984 pounds annual energy savings of 4390
gallons of fuel and annual fuel cost savings of $17560
Hydrogen and fuel cell technology also provides significant opportunities for job creation andor
economic development Realizing over $2 million in revenue and investment in 2010 the hydrogen and
fuel cell industry in Maine is estimated to have contributed approximately $113000 in state and local tax
revenue and over $29 million in gross state product Currently there are at least 30 Maine companies
that are part of the growing hydrogen and fuel cell industry supply chain in the Northeast region If
neweremerging hydrogen and fuel cell technology were to gain momentum the number of companies
and employment for the industry could grow substantially
99 Airport facilities with 2500+ annual Enplanement Counts andor AASF 100
If opportunities for fuel cell use in Maine identified in this report are met with 400 kW units a minimum of 665760 MWh
electric and 312 million MMBTUs (equivalent to 915127 MWh) of thermal energy would be produced which could reduce CO2
emissions by at least 127826 tons per year
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
25
MAINE
APPENDICES
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
26
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 1 Education
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
27
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 2 Food Sales
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
28
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 3 Food Services
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
29
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 4 Inpatient Healthcare
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
30
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 5 Lodging
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
31
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 6 Public Order and Safety
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
32
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 7 Energy Intensive Industries
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
33
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 8 Federal Government Operated Buildings
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
34
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 9 Telecommunication Sites
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
35
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 10 Solid and Liquid Waste Sites
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
36
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 11 Commercial Airports
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
37
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 12 Alternative Fueling Stations
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
38
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 13 Distribution CentersWarehouses amp Ports
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
39
MAINE
Appendix II ndash Maine Estimated Electrical Consumption per Sector
Category Total Site
Electric Consumption per Building
(1000 kWh)101
kWh Consumed per Sector
New England
Education 925 161844 149705700
Food Sales 1800 319821 575677800
Food Services 2100 128 269199000
Inpatient Healthcare 181 603863 1092991125
Lodging 837 21312 178379766
Public Order amp Safety 262 77855 20398010
Total 6105 2286351401
Residential102
4503000000
Industrial 3702000000
Commercial 4503000000
Other Commercial 2286351401
101
EIA Electricity consumption and expenditure intensities for Non-Mall Building 2003 102
DOE EERE ldquoElectric Power and Renewable Energy in Mainerdquo httpapps1eereenergygovstateselectricitycfmstate=ME
August 25 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
40
MAINE
Appendix III ndash Key Stakeholders
Organization CityTown State Website Hydrogen Energy Center Portland ME wwwhydrogenenergycenterorg
University of Maine School of
Engineering Technology Orono ME httpwwwumaineeduset
University of Maine Advanced
Manufacturing Center Orono
ME wwwumaineeduamc
University of Maine Advanced
Structures and Composites Center Orono
ME httpwww2umaineeduaewc
Manufacturers Association of Maine Westbrook ME
wwwmainemfgcom
Maine Manufacturing Extension
Partnership Augusta
ME httpwwwmainemeporg
Mid-Coast Regional Redevelopment
Authority Brunswick
ME wwwmrraus
Manufacturing Applications Center Gorham ME
httpwwwusmmaineedu
Maine Center for Enterprise
Development University of Southern
Maine
Portland ME
wwwmcedbiz
Maine Small Business Development
Center Portland
ME httpwwwmainesbdcorg
Southern Maine Community College
Sustainability and Energy Alternatives
Center
South
Portland ME httpwwwsmccmeedubusiness-a-
communitycomunity-resourcessustainability-
centerhtml
Environment and Energy Technology
Council of Maine Portland
ME wwwE2Techorg
Maine Technology Institute Gardiner ME
wwwmainetechnologyorg
Maine Innovation Economy advisory
Board Maine DECD Augusta ME httpwwwmainegovdecd
Governorrsquos Office of Energy
Independence and Security Augusta ME httpmainegovoeis
Utility Companies
Unitil httpwwwunitilcomcustomer-configuration
Bangor Gas Co httpwwwbangorgascom
Central Maine Power Co httpwwwcmpcocom
Bangor Hydro-Electric Co httpwwwbhecom
Maine Public Service Co httpwwwmainepublicservicecom
Appendix IV ndash Maine State Incentives and Programs
Funding Source Maine Public Utilities Commission
Program Title Community-based Renewable Energy Pilot Program
Applicable EnergiesTechnologies Solar Thermal Electric Photovoltaic Landfill Gas Wind
Biomass Hydroelectric Geothermal Electric Fuel Cells Anaerobic Digestion Tidal Energy
Fuel Cells using Renewable Fuels
Summary The Maine Utilities Commission (PUC) finalized the rule in February 2010 Legislation
mandates that up 10 50 MW of generating capacity will be permitted uned this program and
individual participants may not exceed 10 MW Of the 50 MW cap 10 must be reserved
specifically for small program participants or for participants located in a service territory of a
cooperative transmission and distribution utility
Restrictions
The PUC may require investor-owned utilities to enter into long-term contracts for energy capacity
resources or renewable energy credits (RECs) produced by the community-based project The
contacts term may not exceed 20 year the PUC will conduct long-term contract solicitations for
ldquolarge generatorsrdquo
Timing The Maine Public Utilities Commission is seeking proposals from suppliers of energy
capacity or renewable energy credits (RECs) for the development of community-based renewable
energy projects over 1 MW The docket number for this RFP is 2011-150 All inquiries about this
RFP should be directed to christinercookmainegov
Maximum Size Choice of either 15 REC credit multiplier or up to 10 MW DC
Requirements
To be eligible for incentives a generating facility must be 51 percent locally owned use renewable
energy resources be no larger than 10 MW in generating capacity and be located in the State
httpwwwstatemeusmpucelectricitycommunity_pilotshtml
Rebate amount $010kWh or cost fo the project whichever is lower
For further information please visit
httpwwwstatemeusmpucelectricitycommunity_pilotshtml
Source
Maine Public Utilities Commission ldquoCommunity-based Renewable Energy Pilot Programrdquo August 10 2011
DSIRE ldquoCommunity-based Renewable Energy Production Incentive (Pilot Program)rdquo August 10 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
42
Funding Source Voluntary Renewable Resource Grants
Program Title Voluntary Renewable Resources Fund
Applicable EnergiesTechnologies Solar Thermal Electric Photovoltaics Wind Biomass
Hydroelectric Geothermal Electric Fuel Cells Municipal Solid Waste Tidal Energy Fuel
Cells using Renewable Fuels
Summary Supported by the state Voluntary Renewable resource Fund and administered by the
Efficient Maine provide funding for small-scale demonstration projects designed to educate
communities on the value oand cost effectiveness of renewable energy
Restrictions To Qualify for grant funding renewable-energy resources generally must qualify as a
small power production facility un Federal Energy Regulatory Commission rules or must not exceed
100 MW in capacity and use one of more of the applicable energiestechnologies
Timing Start Date of this program occurred 12151998 and no expiration date is given
Maximum Size $50000
Requirements
httpwwwmainegovmpucrecovery
Rebate amount
$50000 Maximu
For further information please visit
httpwwwmainegovmpucrecovery
Source
Maine PUC ldquoFederal Stimulus MPUC and the Federal Recovery Packagerdquo ndash August 10 2011
DSIRE ldquoMaine - Voluntary Renewable Resource Grantsrdquo August 10 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
43
Appendix V ndash Partial Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Supply Chain Companies in Maine103
Organization Name Product or Service Category
1 University of Maine School of
Engineering Technology Research amp Development
2 University of Maine Advanced
Structures and Composites Center Research amp Development
3 Precision Partners-Mid-State Machine
Products Manufacturing Services
4 Ocean Energy Institute EngineeringDesign Services
5 Newfab Inc Manufacturing Services
6 New England Castings Other
7 Mitchell Ledge Farm Components
8 McNabb Marketing Resources Other
9 Maine Oxy Inc Fuel
10 Maine Machine Products Co Manufacturing Services
11 MacTec Inc FCH2 System DistrInstallMaint Services
12 Kennebec Technologies Manufacturing Services
13 Hydrogen Energy Center Service Center Lab or Test ConsultingLegalFinancial
Services
14 Hydrogen Energy Center Other
15 Green Energy Maine Other
16 Fire Risk Management Inc EngineeringDesign Services
17 Fire Risk Management EngineeringDesign Services
18 Fairchild Semiconductor Research amp Development
19 EcoMain Research amp Development
20 Control Point Inc Lab or Test EquipmentServices
21 Colby Company Engineering EngineeringDesign Services
22 Chewonki Foundation Other
23 Burroughs Machine Tool Products Equipment
24 Bernstein Shur ConsultingLegalFinancial Services
25 Bath Iron Works (General Dynamics
Inc) Research amp Development
26 AMEC EngineeringDesign Services
27 Advantages Gases and Tools Fuel
28 Advanced Manufacturing Center-
University of ME Manufacturing Services
103
Northeast Electrochemical Energy Storage Cluster Supply Chain Database Search httpneescorgresourcestype=1 August 11 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
44
Appendix VI ndash Comparison of Fuel Cell Technologies104
Fuel Cell
Type
Common
Electrolyte
Operating
Temperature
Typical
Stack
Size
Efficiency Applications Advantages Disadvantages
Polymer
Electrolyte
Membrane
(PEM)
Perfluoro sulfonic
acid
50-100degC
122-212deg
typically
80degC
lt 1 kW ndash 1
MW105
gt
kW 60
transportation
35
stationary
bull Backup power
bull Portable power
bull Distributed
generation
bull Transportation
bull Specialty vehicle
bull Solid electrolyte reduces
corrosion amp electrolyte
management problems
bull Low temperature
bull Quick start-up
bull Expensive catalysts
bull Sensitive to fuel
impurities
bull Low temperature waste
heat
Alkaline
(AFC)
Aqueous solution
of potassium
hydroxide soaked
in a matrix
90-100degC
194-212degF
10 ndash 100
kW 60
bull Military
bull Space
bull Cathode reaction faster
in alkaline electrolyte
leads to high performance
bull Low cost components
bull Sensitive to CO2
in fuel and air
bull Electrolyte management
Phosphoric
Acid
(PAFC)
Phosphoric acid
soaked in a matrix
150-200degC
302-392degF
400 kW
100 kW
module
40 bull Distributed
generation
bull Higher temperature enables
CHP
bull Increased tolerance to fuel
impurities
bull Pt catalyst
bull Long start up time
bull Low current and power
Molten
Carbonate
(MCFC)
Solution of lithium
sodium andor
potassium
carbonates soaked
in a matrix
600-700degC
1112-1292degF
300
k W- 3 M
W
300 kW
module
45 ndash 50
bull Electric utility
bull Distributed
generation
bull High efficiency
bull Fuel flexibility
bull Can use a variety of catalysts
bull Suitable for CHP
bull High temperature
corrosion and breakdown
of cell components
bull Long start up time
bull Low power density
Solid Oxide
(SOFC)
Yttria stabilized
zirconia
700-1000degC
1202-1832degF
1 kW ndash 2
MW 60
bull Auxiliary power
bull Electric utility
bull Distributed
generation
bull High efficiency
bull Fuel flexibility
bull Can use a variety of catalysts
bull Solid electrolyte
bull Suitable f o r CHP amp CHHP
bull HybridGT cycle
bull High temperature
corrosion and breakdown
of cell components
bull High temperature
operation requires long
start up
time and limits
Polymer Electrolyte is no longer a single category row Data shown does not take into account High Temperature PEM which operates in the range of 160oC to 180
oC It solves
virtually all of the disadvantages listed under PEM It is not sensitive to impurities It has usable heat Stack efficiencies of 52 on the high side are realized HTPEM is not a
PAFC fuel cell and should not be confused with one
104 US Department of Energy Fuel Cells Technology Program httpwww1eereenergygovhydrogenandfuelcellsfuelcellspdfsfc_comparison_chartpdf August 5 2011 105
Ballard ldquoCLEARgen Multi-MY Systemsrdquo httpwwwballardcomfuel-cell-productscleargen-multi-mw-systemsaspx November 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
45
Appendix VII ndashAnalysis of Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities and Threats for Maine
Strengths
Stationary Power ndash Strong market drivers including high
electricity cost cold climate reliance on oil for space heating
strong CHP and district heating market strong environmental
and green energy awareness) capable core of fuel cell CHP
installers energy storage demand to serve MErsquos aggressive
wind-power industry strong ongoing expansion of natural gas
servicedistribution
Transportation Power - Strong market drivers including a
dispersed population highly reliant on truck and auto
transportation receptive and environmentally conscious
alternative fuelstransportation market relatively low income
population in need of relief from automobile fuel costs strong
Navy shipbuilding industry as potential user of H2FC auxiliary
power system strongly interested in fleet-based hydrogen
fueling station development (SunHydro model) strong interest
in municipal transit and fuel cell -powered rail
Economic Development Factors ndash Brunswick Renewable
Energy Park emphasis on skills development and technology
synergies aggressive state level policy to policy to develop
renewable wind and biomass energy technologies skilled and
well organized network of precision manufacturing firms tied
into aerospace and communications equipment industries
strong labor force at relatively low wages RampDbusiness
infrastructure for advanced biofuels and composite material
structures growing University of Maine commitment to fuel
cell and biomass RampD state funding source familiaritycomfort
with H2FC technology
Weaknesses
Stationary Power ndash No technologyindustrial momentum at the
OEM level geographically distant from OEMs for component-
supply opportunities
Transportation Power ndash No technologyindustrial base at the
OEM level lack of infrastructure funding relatively dispersed
population for transportation services
Economic Development Factors ndash limited state incentives
somewhat sluggish overall state economy relatively
undeveloped core of technology skillsknowledge base
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
46
Opportunities
Stationary Power ndash Opportunity as an ldquoearly adaptor marketrdquo
some supply chain buildup opportunities around SP deployment
Linkage between H2FC technologies and advanced biofuels
RampD Dispersed population amp economy needs distributed
solutions Major need for power storage in conjunction with
Maines planned offshore wind-power RampD and development
Transportation Power ndash Hydrogen refueling station plans Early-
stage potential for major roll-out in marine auxiliary power (US
Navy) Commuter rail expansion
Portable Power ndash Little currently-identified opportunity
Economic Development Factors ndash Brunswick ldquoRenewable Energy
Industrial Parkrdquo can be significant seed nucleus for both
deployment amp development Machine-tool industry pursuing
H2FC components supply-chain opportunities
Threats
Stationary Power ndash The regionrsquos favorable market
needsdemand could be met by other technologiessources ndash
Canadian hydro amp nuclear wind geothermal direct biomass
and power-storage alternatives ndash batteries solid state ammonia
etc
Transportation Power ndash The regionrsquos favorable market
characteristics and needs could be met by other electric
vehicles particularly in the absence of a hydrogen
infrastructure
Economic Development Factors ndash competition from more fully-
equipped statesregions wind and other renewables grab Maine
energy industry momentum lack of funding to sustain
University of MErsquos momentum in storage and fuel cell
technologies related to biomass and wind hesitation of state
government to support alternative energy incentives
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
47
Appendix VIII ndash Partial list of Fuel Cell Deployment in the Northeast region
Manufacturer Site Name Site Location Year Installed
Plug Power T-Mobile cell tower Storrs CT 2008
Plug Power Albany International Airport Albany NY 2004
FuelCell Energy Pepperidge Farms Plant Bloomfield CT 2005
FuelCell Energy Peabody Museum New Haven CT 2003
FuelCell Energy Sheraton New York Hotel amp Towers Manhattan NY 2004
FuelCell Energy Sheraton Hotel Edison NJ 2003
FuelCell Energy Sheraton Hotel Parsippany NJ 2003
UTC Power Cabelas Sporting Goods East Hartford CT 2008
UTC Power Whole Foods Market Glastonbury CT 2008
UTC Power Connecticut Science Center Hartford CT 2009
UTC Power St Francis Hospital Hartford CT 2003
UTC Power Middletown High School Middletown CT 2008
UTC Power Connecticut Juvenile Training School Middletown CT 2001
UTC Power 360 State Street Apartment Building New Haven CT 2010
UTC Power South Windsor High School South Windsor CT 2002
UTC Power Mohegan Sun Casino Hotel Uncasville CT 2002
UTC Power CTTransit Fuel Cell Bus Hartford CT 2007
UTC Power Whole Foods Market Dedham MA 2009
UTC Power Bronx Zoo Bronx NY 2008
UTC Power North Central Bronx Hospital Bronx NY 2000
UTC Power Hunts Point Water Pollution Control Plant Bronx NY 2005
UTC Power Price Chopper Supermarket Colonie NY 2010
UTC Power East Rochester High School East Rochester NY 2007
UTC Power Coca-Cola Refreshments Production Facility Elmsford NY 2010
UTC Power Verizon Call Center and Communications Building Garden City NY 2005
UTC Power State Office Building Hauppauge NY 2009
UTC Power Liverpool High School Liverpool NY 2000
UTC Power New York Hilton Hotel New York City NY 2007
UTC Power Central Park Police Station New York City NY 1999
UTC Power Rochester Institute of Technology Rochester NY 1993
UTC Power NYPA office building White Plains NY 2010
UTC Power Wastewater treatment plant Yonkers NY 1997
UTC Power The Octagon Roosevelt Island NY 2011
UTC Power Johnson amp Johnson World Headquarters New Brunswick NJ 2003
UTC Power CTTRANSIT (Fuel Cell Powered Buses) Hartford CT 2007 - Present
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
48
Appendix IX ndash Partial list of Fuel Cell-Powered Forklifts in North America106
Company CityTown State Site Year
Deployed
Fuel Cell
Manufacturer
of
forklifts
Coca-Cola San Leandro CA
Bottling and
distribution center 2011 Plug Power 37
Charlotte NC Bottling facility 2011 Plug Power 40
EARP
Distribution Kansas City KS Distribution center 2011
Oorja
Protonics 24
Golden State
Foods Lemont IL Distribution facility 2011
Oorja
Protonics 20
Kroger Co Compton CA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 161
Sysco
Riverside CA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 80
Boston MA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 160
Long Island NY Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 42
San Antonio TX Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 113
Front Royal VA Redistribution
facility 2011 Plug Power 100
Baldor
Specialty Foods Bronx NY Facility
Planned
in 2012
Oorja
Protonics 50
BMW
Manufacturing
Co
Spartanburg SC Manufacturing
plant 2010 Plug Power 86
Defense
Logistics
Agency US
Department of
Defense
San Joaquin CA Distribution facility 2011 Plug Power 20
Fort Lewis WA Distribution depot 2011 Plug Power 19
Warner
Robins GA Distribution depot 2010 Hydrogenics 20
Susquehanna PA Distribution depot 2010 Plug Power 15
2009 Nuvera 40
Martin-Brower Stockton CA Food distribution
center 2010
Oorja
Protonics 15
United Natural
Foods Inc
(UNFI)
Sarasota FL Distribution center 2010 Plug Power 65
Wal-Mart
Balzac Al
Canada
Refrigerated
distribution center 2010 Plug Power 80
Washington
Court House OH
Food distribution
center 2007 Plug Power 55
Wegmans Pottsville PA Warehouse 2010 Plug Power 136
Whole Foods
Market Landover MD Distribution center 2010 Plug Power 61
106
FuelCell2000 ldquoFuel Cell-Powered Forklifts in North Americardquo httpwwwfuelcellsorginfochartsforkliftspdf November
2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
49
Appendix X ndash Comparison of PEM Fuel Cell and Battery-Powered Material Handling
Equipment
3 kW PEM Fuel Cell-Powered
Pallet Trucks
3 kW Battery-powered
(2 batteries per truck)
Total Fuel Cycle Energy Use
(total energy consumedkWh
delivered to the wheels) -12000 BtukWh 14000 BtukWh
Fuel Cycle GHG Emissions
(in g CO2 equivalent 820 gkWh 1200 gkWh
Estimated Product Life 8-10 years 4-5 years No Emissions at Point of Use
Quiet Operation
Wide Ambient Operating
Temperature range
Constant Power Available
over Shift
Routine Maintenance Costs
($YR) $1250 - $1500year $2000year
Time for RefuelingChanging
Batteries 4 ndash 8 minday 45-60 minday (for battery change-outs)
8 hours (for battery recharging amp cooling) Cost of FuelElectricity $6000year $1300year Labor Cost of
refuelingRecharging $1100year $8750year
Net Present Value of Capital
Cost $12600
($18000 wo incentive) $14000
Net Present Value of OampM
costs (including fuel) $52000 $128000
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
50
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
10
MAINE
Fuel cell systems have many advantages over conventional technologies including
High fuel-to-electricity efficiency (gt 40 percent) utilizing hydrocarbon fuels
Overall system efficiency of 85 to 93 percent
Reduction of noise pollution
Reduction of air pollution
Often do not require new transmission
Siting is not controversial and
If near point of use waste heat can be captured and used Combined heat and power (CHP)
systems are more efficient and can reduce facility energy costs over applications that use separate
heat and central station power systems20
Fuel cells can be deployed as a CHP technology that provides both power and thermal energy and can
increase energy efficiency at a customer site typically from 35 to 50 percent The value of CHP includes
reduced transmission and distribution costs reduced fuel use and associated emissions21
Based on the
targets identified within this plan there is the potential to develop at least 58 MWs of stationary fuel cell
generation capacity in Maine which would provide the following benefits annually
Production of approximately 473000 MWh of electricity
Production of approximately 127 million MMBTUs of thermal energy
Reduction of CO2 emissions of approximately 90000 tons (electric generation only)22
For the purpose of this plan applications have been explored with a focus on fuel cells in the 300 kW to
400 kW range However smaller fuel cells are potentially viable for specific applications Facilities that
have electrical and thermal requirements that closely match the output of the fuel cells provide the best
opportunity for the application of a fuel cell Facilities that may be good candidates for the application of
a fuel cell include commercial buildings with high electricity consumption selected government
buildings public works facilities and energy intensive industries
The Energy Information Agencys (EIA) Commercial Building Energy Consumption Survey (CBECS_
identifies the building types listed below as having high electricity consumption They are the best
candidates for on-site generation and CHP applications These selected building types making up the
CBECS subcategory within the commercial industry include
Education
Food Sales
Food Services
Inpatient Healthcare
Lodging
Public Order amp Safety23
As illustrated in Figure 3 these selected building types within the commercial sector is estimated to
account for approximately 15 percent of Mainersquos total electrical consumption Appendix II further
20 FuelCell2000 ldquoFuel Cell Basicsrdquo wwwfuelcellsorgbasicsappshtml July 2011 21 ldquoDistributed Generation Market Potential 2004 Update Connecticut and Southwest Connecticutrdquo ISE Joel M Rinebold
ECSU March 15 2004 22 Replacement of conventional fossil fuel generating capacity with methane fuel cells could reduce carbon dioxide (CO2)
emissions by between approximately 100 and 600 lbMWh US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) eGRID2010 Version
11 Year 2007 GHG Annual Output Emission Rates Annual non-baseload output emission rates (NPCC New England) FuelCell
Energy DFC 300 Product sheet httpwwwfuelcellenergycomfilesFCE2030020Product20Sheet-lo-rez20FINALpdf
UTC Power PureCell Model 400 System Performance Characteristics httpwwwutcpowercomproductspurecell400 23
As defined by CBECS Public Order amp Safety facilities are buildings used for the preservation of law and order or public
safety Although these sites are usually described as government facilities they are referred to as commercial buildings because
their similarities in energy usage with the other building sites making up the CBECS data
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
11
MAINE
defines Mainersquos estimated electrical consumption in each sector Graphical representation of these
opportunities analyzed is depicted in Appendix I
Figure 3 ndash Maine Electrical Consumption per Sector
Education
There are approximately 145 non-public schools and 780 public schools (134 of which are considered
high schools with 100 or more students enrolled) in Maine2425
High schools operate for a longer period
of time daily due to extracurricular after school activities such as clubs and athletics Furthermore two
of these schools have swimming pools which may make these sites especially attractive because it would
increase the utilization of and make more efficient the electrical and thermal output offered by a fuel cell
There are also 39 colleges and universities in Maine Colleges and universities have facilities for
students faculty administration and maintenance crews that typically include dormitories cafeterias
gyms libraries and athletic departments ndash some with swimming pools Of these 173 locations (134 high
schools and 39 colleges) 65 are located in communities serviced by natural gas (Appendix I ndash Figure 1
Education)
Educational establishments in other states such as Connecticut and New York have shown interest in fuel
cell technology Examples of existing or planned fuel cell applications include South Windsor High
School (CT) Liverpool High School (NY) Rochester Institute of Technology Yale University
University of Connecticut and the State University of New York College of Environmental Science and
Forestry
Table 2 - Education Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
964
(5)
65
(3)
42
(6)
126
(6)
99338
(6)
267551
(6)
19073
(4)
24 EIA Description of CBECS Building Types wwweiagovemeucbecsbuilding_typeshtml 25 Public schools are classified as magnets charters alternative schools and special facilities
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
12
MAINE
Food Sales
There are over 1800 businesses in Maine known to be engaged in the retail sale of food Food sales
establishments are good candidates for fuel cells based on their electrical demand and thermal
requirements for heating and refrigeration Approximately 80 of these sites are considered larger food
sales businesses with approximately 60 or more employees at their site 26
Of these 80 large food sales
businesses 45 are located in communities serviced by natural gas (Appendix I ndash Figure 2 Food Sales)27
The application of a large fuel cell (gt300 kW) at a small convenience store may not be economically
viable based on the electric demand and operational requirements however a smaller fuel cell may be
appropriate
Popular grocery chains such as Price Chopper Supervalu Wholefoods and Stop and Shop have shown
interest in powering their stores with fuel cells in Massachusetts Connecticut and New York28
In
addition grocery distribution centers like the one operated by Shaws (a Supervalu brand) in Wells
Maine are prime targets for the application of hydrogen and fuel cell technology for both stationary
power and material handling equipment
Table 3 - Food Sales Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
1800
(4)
45
(4)
45
(4)
135((
(4)
106434
(4)
286662
(4)
20435
(3)
Food Service
There are over 2100 businesses in Maine that can be classified as food service establishments used for
the preparation and sale of food and beverages for consumption29
15 of these sites are considered larger
restaurant businesses with 130 or more employees at their site and are located in Maine communities
serviced by natural gas (Appendix I ndash Figure 3 Food Services)30
The application of a large fuel cell
(gt300 kW) at smaller restaurants with less than 130 workers may not be economically viable based on the
electric demand and operational requirements however a smaller fuel cell ( 5 kW) may be appropriate
to meet hot water and space heating requirements A significant portion (18 percent) of the energy
consumed in a commercial food service operation can be attributed to the domestic hot water heating
load31
In other parts of the US popular chains such as McDonalds are beginning to show an interest in
the smaller sized fuel cell units for the provision of electricity and thermal energy including domestic
water heating at food service establishments32
26
On average food sale facilities consume 43000 kWh of electricity per worker on an annual basis When compared to current
fuel cell technology (gt300 kW) which satisfies annual electricity consumption loads between 2628000 ndash 3504000 kWh
calculations show food sales facilities employing more than 61 workers may represent favorable opportunities for the application
of a larger fuel cell 27 EIA Description of CBECS Building Types wwweiagovemeucbecsbuilding_typeshtml 28 Clean Energy States Alliance (CESA) ldquoFuel Cells for Supermarkets ndash Cleaner Energy with Fuel Cell Combined Heat and
Power Systemsrdquo Benny Smith wwwcleanenergystatesorgassetsUploadsBlakeFuelCellsSupermarketsFBpdf 29 EIA Description of CBECS Building Types wwweiagovemeucbecsbuilding_typeshtml 30
On average food service facilities consume 20300 kWh of electricity per worker on an annual basis Current fuel cell
technology (gt300 kW) can satisfy annual electricity consumption loads between 2628000 ndash 3504000 kWh Calculations show
food service facilities employing more than 130 workers may represent favorable opportunities for the application of a larger fuel
cell 31
ldquoCase Studies in Restaurant Water Heatingrdquo Fisher Donald httpeecucdaviseduACEEE2008datapapers9_243pdf 2008 32
Sustainable business Oregon ldquoClearEdge sustains brisk growthrdquo
httpwwwsustainablebusinessoregoncomarticles201001clearedge_sustains_brisk_growthhtml May 8 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
13
MAINE
Office
Equipment 4 Ventilation 4
Refrigeration
3
Lighting 11
Cooling 13
Space Heating
33
Water Heating
18
Cooking 5 Other 9
Table 4 - Food Services Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
2100
(3)
15
(4)
15
(4)
45
(4)
35478
(4)
95554
(4)
6812
(2)
Inpatient Healthcare
There are over 181 inpatient healthcare facilities in Maine 42 of which are classified as hospitals33
Of
these 42 hospitals eight are located in communities serviced by natural gas and contain 100 or more beds
onsite (Appendix I ndash Figure 4 Inpatient Healthcare) Hospitals represent an excellent opportunity for the
application of fuel cells because they require a high availability factor of electricity for lifesaving medical
devices and operate 247 with a relatively flat load curve Furthermore medical equipment patient
rooms sterilizedoperating rooms data centers and kitchen areas within these facilities are often required
to be in operational conditions at all times which maximizes the use of electricity and thermal energy
from a fuel cell Nationally hospital energy costs have increased 56 percent from $389 per square foot
in 2003 to $607 per square foot for 2010 partially due to the increased cost of energy34
Examples of healthcare facilities with planned or operational fuel cells include St Francis Stamford and
Waterbury Hospitals in Connecticut and North Central Bronx Hospital in New York
Table 5 - Inpatient Healthcare Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
181
(5)
42
(10)
42
(10)
126
(10)
99338
(10)
267551
(10)
19073
(8)
Lodging
There are over 730 establishments specializing in
travellodging accommodations that include hotels motels or
inns in Maine Approximately 33 of these establishments
have 150 or more rooms onsite and can be classified as
ldquolarger sizedrdquo lodging that may have additional attributes
such as heated pools exercise facilities andor restaurants 35
Of these 33 locations 15 employ more than 94 workers and
are located in communities serviced by natural gas 36
As
shown in Figure 4 more than 60 percent of total energy use at
a typical lodging facility is due to lighting space heating and
water heating 37
The application of a large fuel cell (gt300
33 EIA Description of CBECS Building Types wwweiagovemeucbecsbuilding_typeshtml 34
BetterBricks ldquohttpwwwbetterbrickscomgraphicsassetsdocumentsBB_Article_EthicalandBusinessCasepdfrdquo Page 1
August 2011 35 EPA ldquoCHP in the Hotel and Casino Market Sectorrdquo wwwepagovchpdocumentshotel_casino_analysispdf December 2005 36
On average lodging facilities consume 28000 kWh of electricity per worker on an annual basis Current fuel cell technology
(gt300 kW) can satisfy annual electricity consumption loads between 2628000 ndash 3504000 kWh Calculations show lodging
facilities employing more than 94 workers may represent favorable opportunities for the application of a larger fuel cell 37 National Grid ldquoManaging Energy Costs in Full-Service Hotelsrdquo
wwwnationalgriduscomnon_htmlshared_energyeff_hotelspdf 2004
Figure 4 - US Lodging Energy Consumption
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
14
MAINE
kW) at hotelresort facilities with less than 94 employees may not be economically viable based on the
electrical demand and operational requirement however a smaller fuel cell ( 5 kW) may be appropriate
Popular hotel chains such as the Hilton and Starwood Hotels have shown interest in powering their
establishments with fuel cells in New Jersey and New York
Maine also has 107 facilities identified as convalescent homes three of which have bed capacities greater
than or equal to 150 units38
All three sites are located in communities serviced by natural gas (Appendix
I ndash Figure 5 Lodging)
Table 6 - Lodging Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
837
(10)
18
(2)
18
(2)
54
(2)
42574
(2)
114665
(2)
8174
(2)
Public Order and Safety There are approximately 216 facilities in Maine that can be classified as public order and safety these
include 96 fire stations 102 police stations eight state police stations nine border patrols and nine
prisons 3940
Ten of these locations employ more than 210 workers and are located in communities
serviced by natural gas4142
These applications may represent favorable opportunities for the application
of a larger fuel cell (gt300 kW) which could provide heat and uninterrupted power 4344
The sites
identified (Appendix I ndash Figure 6 Public Order and Safety) will have special value to provide increased
reliability to mission critical facilities associated with public safety and emergency response during grid
outages The application of a large fuel cell (gt300 kW) at public order and safety facilities with less than
210 employees may not be economically viable based on the electrical demand and operational
requirement however a smaller fuel cell ( 5 kW) may be appropriate Central Park Police Station in
New York City New York is presently powered by a 200 kW fuel cell system
Table 7 - Public Order and Safety Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
216
(7)
10
(3)
10
(3)
30
(3)
23652
(3)
63703
(3)
4541
(3)
38 Assisted-Living-List ldquoList of 120 Nursing Homes in Maine (ME)rdquo httpassisted-living-listcomme--nursing-homes May 9
2011 39 EIA Description of CBECS Building Types wwweiagovemeucbecsbuilding_typeshtml 40 USACOPS ndash The Nations Law Enforcement Site wwwusacopscomme 41
CBECSldquoTable C14rdquo httpwwweiagovemeucbecscbecs2003detailed_tables_20032003set192003pdfalltablespdf
November 2011 42
On average public order and safety facilities consume 12400 kWh of electricity per worker on an annual basis Current fuel
cell technology (gt300 kW) can satisfy annual electricity consumption loads between 2628000 ndash 3504000 kWh Calculations
show public order and safety facilities employing more than 212 workers may represent favorable opportunities for the
application of a larger fuel cell 43
2628000 12400 = 21194 44
CBECSldquoTable C14rdquo httpwwweiagovemeucbecscbecs2003detailed_tables_20032003set192003pdfalltablespdf
November 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
15
MAINE
Energy Intensive Industries
As shown in Table 2 energy intensive industries with high electricity consumption (which on average is
48 percent of annual operating costs) have been identified as potential locations for the application of a
fuel cell45
In Maine there are approximately 156 of these industrial facilities that are involved in the
manufacture of aluminum chemicals forest products glass metal casting petroleum coal products or
steel and employ 25 or more employees46
Of these 156 locations 64 are located in communities serviced
by natural gas (Appendix I ndash Figure 7 Energy Intensive Industries)
Table 8 - 2002 Data for the Energy Intensive Industry by Sector47
NAICS Code Sector Energy Consumption per Dollar Value of Shipments (kWh)
325 Chemical manufacturing 249
322 Pulp and Paper 446
324110 Petroleum Refining 472
311 Food manufacturing 076
331111 Iron and steel 815
321 Wood Products 123
3313 Alumina and aluminum 358
327310 Cement 1641
33611 Motor vehicle manufacturing 021
3315 Metal casting 164
336811 Shipbuilding and ship repair 205
3363 Motor vehicle parts manufacturing 205
Companies such as Coca-Cola Johnson amp Johnson and Pepperidge Farms in Connecticut New Jersey
and New York have installed fuel cells to help supply energy to their facilities
Table 9 - Energy Intensive Industry Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
156
(3)
6
(1)
6
(1)
18
(1)
14191
(1)
38222
(1)
2725
(1)
Government Owned Buildings
Buildings operated by the federal government can be found at 114 locations in Maine four of these
properties are actively owned rather than leased by the federal government and are located in
communities serviced by natural gas (Appendix I ndash Figure 8 Federal Government Operated Buildings)
There are also a number of buildings owned and operated by the State of Maine The application of fuel
cell technology at government owned buildings would assist in balancing load requirements at these sites
and offer a unique value for active and passive public education associated with the high usage of these
public buildings
45 EIA ldquoElectricity Generation Capabilityrdquo 1999 CBECS wwweiadoegovemeucbecspba99comparegenerhtml 46 Proprietary market data 47 EPA ldquoEnergy Trends in Selected Manufacturing Sectorsrdquo wwwepagovsectorspdfenergych2pdf March 2007
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
16
MAINE
Table 10 - Government Owned Building Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
114
(9)
4
(4)
4
(4)
12
(4)
9461
(4)
25481
(4)
1816
(4)
Wireless Telecommunication Sites
Telecommunications companies rely on electricity to run call centers cell phone towers and other vital
equipment In Maine there are approximately 509 telecommunications andor wireless company tower
sites (Appendix I ndash Figure 9 Telecommunication Sites) Any loss of power at these locations may result
in a loss of service to customers thus having reliable power is critical Each individual site represents an
opportunity to provide back-up power for continuous operation through the application of on-site back-up
generation powered by hydrogen and fuel cell technology It is an industry standard to install units
capable of supplying 48-72 hours of backup power which this is typically accomplished with batteries or
conventional emergency generators48
The deployment of fuel cells at selected telecommunication sites
will have special value to provide increased reliability to critical sites associated with emergency
communications and homeland security An example of a telecommunication site that utilizes fuel cell
technology to provide back-up power is a T-Mobile facility located in Storrs Connecticut
Table 11 - Wireless Telecommunication Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
509
(13)
51
(13) NA NA NA NA NA
Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs) There are 111 WWTPs in Maine that have design flows ranging from 3000 gallons per day (GPD) to 16
million gallons per day (MGD) seven of these facilities average between 3 ndash 16 MGD WWTPs
typically operate 247 and may be able to utilize the thermal energy from the fuel cell to process fats oils
and grease49
WWTPs account for approximately three percent of the electric load in the United State50
Digester gas produced at WWTPrsquos which is usually 60 percent methane can serve as a fuel substitute for
natural gas to power fuel cells Anaerobic digesters generally require a wastewater flow greater than
three MGD for an economy of scale to collect and use the methane51
Most facilities currently represent a
lost opportunity to capture and use the digestion of methane emissions created from their operations
(Appendix I ndash Figure 10 Solid and Liquid Waste Sites) 5253
A 200 kW fuel cell power plant in Yonkers New York was the worldrsquos first commercial fuel cell to run
on a waste gas created at a wastewater treatment plant The fuel cell generates about 1600 MWh of
electricity a year and reduces methane emissions released to the environment54
A 200 kW fuel cell
48 ReliOn Hydrogen Fuel Cell Wireless Applicationsrdquo wwwrelion-inccompdfReliOn_AppsWireless_2010pdf May 4 2011 49
ldquoBeyond Zero Net Energy Case Studies of Wastewater Treatment for Energy and Resource Productionrdquo Toffey Bill
September 2010 httpwwwawra-pmasmemberlodgeorgResourcesDocumentsBeyond_NZE_WWT-Toffey-9-16-2010pdf 50
EPA Wastewater Management Fact Sheet ldquoIntroductionrdquo July 2006 51 EPA Wastewater Management Fact Sheet wwwp2paysorgenergyWastePlantpdf July 2006 52 ldquoGHG Emissions from Wastewater Treatment and Biosolids Managementrdquo Beecher Ned November 20 2009
wwwdesstatenhusorganizationdivisionswaterwmbriverswatershed_conferencedocuments2009_fri_climate_2pdf 53 EPA Wastewater Management Fact Sheet wwwp2paysorgenergyWastePlantpdf May 4 2011 54 NYPA ldquoWHAT WE DO ndash Fuel Cellsrdquo wwwnypagovservicesfuelcellshtm August 8 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
17
MAINE
power plant was and installed at the Water Pollution Control Authorityrsquos WWTP in New Haven
Connecticut and produces 10 ndash 15 percent of the facilityrsquos electricity reducing energy costs by almost
$13000 a year55
Table 12 - Wastewater Treatment Plants Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
111
(19)
1
(6)
1
(6)
03
(6)
2365
(6)
6370
(6)
454
(5)
Landfill Methane Outreach Program (LMOP)
There are 11 landfills in Maine identified by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) through their
LMOP program two of which are operational two are candidates and six are considered potential sites
for the production and recovery of methane gas 5657
The amount of methane emissions released by a
given site is dependent upon the amount of material in the landfill and the amount of time the material has
been in place Similar to WWTPs methane emissions from landfills could be captured and used as a fuel
to power a fuel cell system In 2009 municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills were responsible for
producing approximately 17 percent of human-related methane emissions in the nation These locations
could produce renewable energy and help manage the release of methane (Appendix I ndash Figure 10 Solid
and Liquid Waste Sites)
Table 13 - Landfill Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
25
(12)
1
(7)
1
(7)
03
(7)
2365
(7)
6370
(7)
454
(6)
Airports
During peak air travel times in the US there are approximately 50000 airplanes in the sky each day
Ensuring safe operations of commercial and private aircrafts are the responsibility of air traffic
controllers Modern software host computers voice communication systems and instituted full scale
glide path angle capabilities assist air traffic controllers in tracking and communicating with aircrafts
consequently reliable electricity is extremely important and present an opportunity for a fuel cell power
application 58
There are approximately 103 airports in Maine including 47 that are open to the public and have
scheduled services Of those 47 airports six (Table 3) have 2500 or more passengers enplaned each
year two of these six facilities are located in communities serviced by natural gas (See Appendix I ndash
55 Conntactcom ldquoCity to Install Fuel Cellrdquo
httpwwwconntactcomarchive_indexarchive_pages4472_Business_New_Havenhtml August 15 2003 56
Due to size individual sites may have more than one potential candidate or operational project 57 LMOP defines a candidate landfill as ldquoone that is accepting waste or has been closed for five years or less has at least one
million tons of waste and does not have an operational or under-construction projectrdquoEPA ldquoLandfill Methane Outreach
Programrdquo wwwepagovlmopbasic-infoindexhtml April 7 2011 58 Howstuffworkscom ldquoHow Air Traffic Control Worksrdquo Craig Freudenrich
httpsciencehowstuffworkscomtransportflightmodernair-traffic-control5htm May 4 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
18
MAINE
Figure 11 Commercial Airports) An example of an airport currently hosting a fuel cell power plant to
provide backup power is Albany International Airport located in Albany New York
Table 14 ndash Maine Top Airports Enplanement Count
Airport59
Total Enplanement in 2000
Portland International Jetport 668098
Bangor International 272833
Northern Maine Regional at Presque Isle 25174
Knox County Regional 17328
Hancock County Bar harbor 14399
Augusta State 7148
Bangor International Airport (BGR) is considered the only ldquoJoint-Userdquo airport in Maine Joint-Use
facilities are establishments where the military department authorizes use of the military runway for
public airport services Army Aviation Support Facilities (AASF) located at this site are used by the
Army to provide aircraft and equipment readiness train and utilize military personnel conduct flight
training and operations and perform field level maintenance Bangor International Airport represents a
favorable opportunity for the application of uninterruptible power for necessary services associated with
national defense and emergency response and is located in a community serviced by natural gas
(Appendix I ndash Figure 11 Commercial Airports)
Table 15 - Airport Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
103
(12)
5(1)
(1)
1
(1)
15
(1)
11826
(1)
31851
(1)
2271
(8)
Military The US Department of Defense (DOD) is the largest funding organization in terms of supporting fuel
cell activities for military applications in the world DOD organizations are using fuel cells for
Stationary units for power supply in bases
Fuel cell units in transport applications
Portable units for equipping individual soldiers or group of soldiers
In a collaborative partnership with the DOE the DOD plans to install and operate 18 fuel cell backup
power systems at eight of its military installations two of which are located within the Northeast region
(New York and New Jersey)60
In addition the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard (PSNY) in Kittery Maine
occupies more than 297 acres on base employs approximately 4500 civilian employees and 100 naval
officers in addition to enlisted personal assigned to the shipyard and is a potential application for
hydrogen and fuel cell technology (Appendix I ndash Figure 11 Commercial Airports) 61
59 Bureau of Transportation Statistics ldquoMaine Transportation Profilerdquo
wwwbtsgovpublicationsstate_transportation_statisticsmainepdfentirepdf March 30 2011 60 Fuel Cell Today ldquoUS DoD to Install Fuel cell Backup Power Systems at Eight Military Installationsrdquo
httpwwwfuelcelltodaycomonlinenewsarticles2011-07US-DOD-FC-Backup-Power-Systems July 20 2011 61
Portsmouth Naval Shipyard ldquoShipyard Factsrdquo httpwwwnavseanavymilshipyardsportsmouthPagesFactsaspx August
2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
19
MAINE
Table 16 - Military Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
1
(7)
1
(7)
1
(7)
03
(7)
2365
(7)
6370
(7)
454
(6)
POTENTIAL TRANSPORTATION TARGETS
Transportation is responsible for one-fourth of the total global GHG emissions and consumes 75 percent
of the worldrsquos oil production In 2010 the US used 21 million barrels of non-renewable petroleum each
day Roughly 29 percent of Mainersquos energy consumption is due to demands of the transportation sector
including gasoline and on-highway diesel petroleum for automobiles trucks and buses A small percent
of non-renewable petroleum is used for jet and ship fuel62
The current economy in the US is dependent on hydrocarbon energy sources and any disruption or
shortage of this energy supply will severely affect many energy related activities including
transportation As oil and other non-sustainable hydrocarbon energy resources become scarce energy
prices will increase and the reliability of supply will be reduced Government and industry are now
investigating the use of hydrogen and renewable energy as a replacement of hydrocarbon fuels
Hydrogen-fueled fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) have many advantages over conventional
technology including
Quiet operation
Near zero emissions of controlled pollutants such as nitrous oxide carbon monoxide
hydrocarbon gases or particulates
Substantial (30 to 50 percent) reduction in GHG emissions on a well-to-wheel basis compared to
conventional gasoline or gasoline-hybrid vehicles when the hydrogen is produced by
conventional methods such as natural gas and 100 percent when hydrogen is produced from a
clean energy source
Ability to fuel vehicles with indigenous energy sources which reduces dependence on imported
energy and adds to energy security and
Higher efficiency than conventional vehicles (See Table 4)6364
Table 17 - Average Energy Efficiency of Conventional and Fuel Cell Vehicles (mpge65
)
Passenger Car Light Truck Transit Bus
Hydrogen Gasoline Hybrid Gasoline Hydrogen Gasoline Hydrogen Fuel Cell Diesel
52 50 293 492 215 54 39
FCEVs can reduce price volatility dependence on oil improve environmental performance and provide
greater efficiencies than conventional transportation technologies as follows
62 ldquoUS Oil Consumption to BP Spillrdquo httpapplesfromorangescom201005us-oil-consumption-to-bp-spill May31 2010 63 ldquoChallenges for Sustainable Mobility and Development of Fuel Cell Vehiclesrdquo Masatami Takimoto Executive Vice President
Toyota Motor Corporation January 26 2006 Presentation at the 2nd International Hydrogen amp Fuel Cell Expo Technical
Conference Tokyo Japan 64 ldquoTwenty Hydrogen Mythsrdquo Amory B Lovins Rocky Mountain Institute June 20 2003 65 Miles per Gallon Equivalent
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
20
MAINE
Replacement of gasoline-fueled passenger vehicles and light duty trucks and diesel-fueled transit
buses with FCEVs could result in annual CO2 emission reductions (per vehicle) of approximately
10170 15770 and 182984 pounds per year respectively66
Replacement of gasoline-fueled passenger vehicles and light duty trucks and diesel-fueled transit
buses with FCEVs could result in annual energy savings (per vehicle) of approximately 230
gallons of gasoline (passenger vehicle) 485 gallons of gasoline (light duty truck) and 4390
gallons of diesel (bus)
Replacement of gasoline-fueled passenger vehicles light duty trucks and diesel-fueled transit
buses with FCEVs could result in annual fuel cost savings of approximately $885 per passenger
vehicle $1866 per light duty truck and $17560 per bus67
Automobile manufacturers such as Toyota General Motors Honda Daimler AG and Hyundai have
projected that models of their FCEVs will begin to roll out in larger numbers by 2015 Longer term the
US DOE has projected that between 151 million and 239 million light duty FCEVs may be sold each
year by 2050 and between 144 million and 347 million light duty FCEVs may be in use by 2050 with a
transition to a hydrogen economy These estimates could be accelerated if political economic energy
security or environmental polices prompt a rapid advancement in alternative fuels68
Mainersquos opportunities to support these new vehicles include alternative fueling stations Maine
Department of Transportation (MDOT) refueling stations bus transit operations government public and
privately owned fleets and material handling and airport ground support equipment (GSE) Graphical
representation of these opportunities analyzed are depicted in Appendix I
Alternative Fueling Stations
There are approximately 1400 retail fueling stations in Maine69
however only 10 public andor private
stations within the state provide alternative fuels such as biodiesel compressed natural gas propane
andor electricity for alternative-fueled vehicles70
There are also at least 17 refueling stations owned and
operated by MDOT that can be used by authorities operating federal and state safety vehicles state transit
vehicles and employees of universities that operate fleet vehicles on a regular basis 71
Development of
hydrogen fueling at alternative fuel stations and at selected locations owned and operated by MDOT
would help facilitate the deployment of FCEVs within the state (Appendix I ndash Figure 12 Alternative
Fueling Stations) Currently there are approximately 18 existing or planned transportation fueling
stations in the Northeast region where hydrogen is provided as an alternative fuel72737475
66 Fuel Cell Economic Development Plan Connecticut Department of Economic and Community Development and the
Connecticut Center for Advanced Technology Inc January 1 2008 Calculations based upon average annual mileage of 12500
miles for passenger car and 14000 miles for light trucks (US EPA) and 37000 average milesyear per bus (US DOT FTA
2007) 67 US EIA Weekly Retail Gasoline and Diesel Prices gasoline - $3847 and diesel ndash 400
wwweiagovdnavpetpet_pri_gnd_a_epm0r_pte_dpgal_whtm 68
Effects of a Transition to a Hydrogen Economy on Employment in the United States Report to Congress
httpwwwhydrogenenergygovcongress_reportshtml August 2011 69 ldquoPublic retail gasoline stations state yearrdquo wwwafdcenergygovafdcdatadocsgasoline_stations_statexls May 5 2011 70 Alternative Fuels Data Center wwwafdcenergygovafdclocatorstations 71 EPA ldquoGovernment UST Noncompliance Report-2007rdquo wwwepagovoustdocsME20Compliance20Reportpdf August
82007 72 Alternative Fuels Data Center httpwwwafdcenergygovafdclocatorstations 73 Hyride ldquoAbout the fueling stationrdquo httpwwwhyrideorghtml-about_hyrideAbout_Fuelinghtml 74 CTTransit ldquoHartford Bus Facility Site Work (Phase 1)rdquo
wwwcttransitcomProcurementsDisplayaspProcurementID=8752CA67-AB1F-4D88-BCEC-4B82AC8A2542 March 2011 75
Currently there are no publicly or privately accessible transportation fueling stations where hydrogen is provided as an
alternative fuel in Maine
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
21
MAINE
Fleets
There are over 7000 fleet vehicles (excluding state and federal vehicles) classified as non-leasing or
company owned vehicles in Maine 76
Fleet vehicles typically account for more than twice the amount of
mileage and therefore twice the fuel consumption and emissions compared to personal vehicles on a per
vehicle basis There are an additional 1781 passenger automobiles andor light duty trucks in Maine
owned by state and federal agencies (excluding state police) that traveled a combined 14965373 miles in
2010 while releasing 1031 metrics tons of CO2 77
Conversion of fleet vehicles from conventional fossil
fuels to FCEVs could significantly reduce petroleum consumption and GHG emissions Fleet vehicle
hubs are good candidates for hydrogen refueling and conversion to FCEVs because they mostly operate
on fixed routes or within fixed districts and are fueled from a centralized station
Bus Transit
There are approximately 61 directly operated buses that provide public transportation services in Maine78
As discussed above replacement of a conventional diesel transit bus with a fuel cell transit bus would
result in the reduction of CO2 emissions (estimated at approximately 183000 pounds per year) and
reduction of diesel fuel (estimated at approximately 4390 gallons per year)79
Although the efficiency of
conventional diesel buses has increased conventional diesel buses which typically achieve fuel economy
performance levels of 39 miles per gallon have the greatest potential for energy savings by using high
efficiency fuel cells In addition to Maine other states have also begun the transition of fueling transit
buses with alternative fuels to improve efficiency and environmental performance
Material Handling
Material handling equipment such as forklifts are used by a variety of industries including
manufacturing construction mining agriculture food retailers and wholesale trade to move goods
within a facility or to load goods for shipping to another site Material handling equipment is usually
battery propane or diesel powered Batteries that currently power material handling equipment are heavy
and take up significant storage space while only providing up to 6 hours of run time Fuel cells can
ensure constant power delivery and performance eliminating the reduction in voltage output that occurs
as batteries discharge Fuel cell powered material handling equipment last more than twice as long (12-
14 hours) and also eliminate the need for battery storage and charging rooms leaving more space for
products In addition fueling time only takes two to three minutes by the operator compared to least 20
minutes or more for each battery replacement which saves the operator valuable time and increases
warehouse productivity
In addition fuel cell powered material handling equipment has significant cost advantages compared to
batteries such as
15 times lower maintenance cost
8 times lower refuelingrecharging labor cost
2 times lower net present value of total operations and management (OampM) system cost
76
Fleetcom ldquo2009-My Registrationrdquo httpwwwautomotive-
fleetcomStatisticsStatsVieweraspxfile=http3a2f2fwwwautomotive-fleetcom2ffc_resources2fstats2fAFFB10-16-
top10-statepdfampchannel 77 US General Services Administration ldquoGSA 2010 Fleet Reportsrdquo Table 4-2 httpwwwgsagovportalcontent230525 September
2011 78
NTD Date ldquoTS22 - Service Data and Operating Expenses Time-Series by Systemrdquo
httpwwwntdprogramgovntdprogramdatahtm December 2011 79 Fuel Cell Economic Development Plan Connecticut Department of Economic and Community Development and the
Connecticut Center for Advanced Technology Inc January 1 2008
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
22
MAINE
63 percent less emissions of GHG (Appendix X provides a comparison of PEM fuel cell and
battery-powered material handling equipment)
Fuel cell powered material handling equipment is already in use at dozens of warehouses distribution
centers and manufacturing plants in North America80
Large corporations that are currently using or
planning to use fuel cell powered material handling equipment include CVS Coca-Cola BMW Central
Grocers and Wal-Mart (Refer to Appendix IX for a partial list of companies in North America that using
fuel cell powered forklifts)81
There are approximately five distribution centerswarehouse sites that have
been identified in Maine that may benefit from the use of fuel cell powered material handling equipment
(Appendix I ndash Figure 13 Distribution CentersWarehouses amp Ports)
Ground Support Equipment
Ground support equipment (GSE) such as catering trucks deicers and airport tugs can be battery
operated or more commonly run on diesel or gasoline As an alternative hydrogen-powered tugs are
being developed for both military and commercial applications While their performance is similar to that
of other battery-powered equipment a fuel cell-powered GSE remains fully charged (provided there is
hydrogen fuel available) and do not experience performance lag at the end of a shift like battery-powered
GSEs82
Potential large end-users of GSE that serve Mainersquos largest airports include Air Canada Delta
Airlines Continental JetBlue United and US Airways83
(Appendix I ndash Figure 11 Commercial
Airports)
Ports
Maine has 3480 miles of coastline with six cargo ports and 13 cruise ship ports The ports of Portland
and Bath Maine which service large vessels such as container ships tankers bulk carriers and cruise
ships may be candidates for improved energy management Commercial marine vessels (cargo ships
entering and leaving Marine ports) contribute approximately 166 tons of volatile organic compounds
(VOC) 1134 tons of NOX 374 tons of CO 124 tons of sulfur dioxide SO2 and 91 tons of particulate
matter (PM10) per year84
In one year a single large container ship can emit pollutants equivalent to that of 50 million cars The
low grade bunker fuel used by the worlds 90000 cargo ships contains up to 2000 times the amount of
sulfur compared to diesel fuel used in automobiles85
Furthermore diesel emissions from cruise ships
while at port are a significant source of air pollution While docked vessels shut off their main engines
but use auxiliary diesel and steam engines to power refrigeration lights pumps and other functions a
process called ldquocold-ironing An estimated one-third of ship emissions occur while they are idling at
berth Replacing auxiliary engines with on-shore electric power could significantly reduce emissions
The applications of fuel cell technology at ports may also provide electric and thermal energy for
improving energy management for warehouses and equipment operated between terminals (Appendix I ndash
Figure 13 Distribution CentersWarehouses amp Ports)86
80 DOE EERE ldquoEarly Markets Fuel Cells for Material Handling Equipmentrdquo
www1eereenergygovhydrogenandfuelcellseducationpdfsearly_markets_forkliftspdf February 2011 81 Plug Power ldquoPlug Power Celebrates Successful year for Companyrsquos Manufacturing and Sales Activityrdquo
wwwplugpowercom January 4 2011 82 Battelle ldquoIdentification and Characterization of Near-Term Direct Hydrogen Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Marketsrdquo
April 2007 www1eereenergygovhydrogenandfuelcellspdfspemfc_econ_2006_report_final_0407pdf 83 PWM ldquoAirlinesrdquo httpwwwportlandjetportorgairlines August 24 2011 84
Maine Department of Environmental Protection ldquoAir Emission from Marine Vesselsrdquo
httpwwwmainegovdepblwqtopicvesselairemissionsreportpdf January 15 2005 85
ldquoBig polluters one massive container ship equals 50 million carsrdquo Paul Evans httpwwwgizmagcomshipping-
pollution11526 April 232009 86
Savemayportvillagenet ldquoCruise Ship Pollutionrdquo httpwwwsavemayportvillagenetid20html October 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
23
MAINE
Table 18 -Ports Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
42
(35)
2
(11)
2
(11)
06
(11)
4730
(11)
12741
(11)
908
(9)
CONCLUSION
Hydrogen and fuel cell technology offers significant opportunities for improved energy reliability energy
efficiency and emission reductions Large fuel cell units (gt300 kW) may be appropriate for applications
that serve large electric and thermal loads Smaller fuel cell units (lt 300 kW) may provide back-up power
for telecommunication sites restaurantsfast food outlets and smaller sized public facilities at this time
Table 19 ndashSummary of Potential Fuel Cell Applications
Category Total Sites Potential
Sites
Number of Fuel
Cells
lt 300 kW
Number of
Fuel Cells
gt300 kW
CB
EC
S D
ata
Education 964 6587
23 42
Food Sales 1800+ 4588
45
Food Services 2100+ 1589
15
Inpatient Healthcare 181 4290
42
Lodging 837 1891
18
Public Order amp Safety 216 1092
10
Energy Intensive Industries 156 693
6
Government Operated
Buildings 114 4
94
4
Wireless
Telecommunication
Towers
50995
5196
51
WWTPs 111 197
1
Landfills 25 198
1
Airports (w AASF) 103 5 (1)99
5
87 65 high schools andor college and universities located in communities serviced by natural gas 88 45 food sale facilities located in communities serviced by natural gas 89 Ten percent of the 97 food service facilities located in communities serviced by natural gas 90 Eight Hospitals located in communities serviced by natural gas and occupying 150+ or more beds onsite 91 15 hotel facilities with 100+ rooms onsite and three convalescent homes with 150+ bed onsite located in communities serviced
by natural gas 92 Correctional facilities andor other public order and safety facilities with 212 workers or more 93 Ten percent of the 64 energy intensive industry facilities located in communities serviced with natural gas 94 Four actively owned federal government operated building located in communities serviced by natural gas 95
The Federal Communications Commission regulates interstate and international communications by radio television wire
satellite and cable in all 50 states the District of Columbia and US territories 96 Ten percent of the 509 wireless telecommunication sites in Mainersquos targeted for back-up PEM fuel cell deployment 97 Ten percent of Maine WWTP with average flows of 30+ MGD 98 Ten percent of the landfills targeted based on LMOP data
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
24
MAINE
Military 1 1 1
Ports 42 2 2
Total 7159+ 266 74 192
As shown in Table 5 the analysis provided here estimates that there are approximately 266 potential
locations which may be favorable candidates for the application of a fuel cell to provide heat and power
Assuming the demand for electricity was uniform throughout the year approximately 150 to 192 fuel cell
units with a capacity of 300 ndash 400 kW could be deployed for a total fuel cell capacity of 58 to 77 MWs
If opportunities for fuel cell use in Maine identified in this report are met with 300 kW units a minimum
of 473040 MWh electric and 127 million MMBTUs (equivalent to 373404 MWh) of thermal energy
would be produced which could reduce CO2 emissions by at least 90824 tons per year 100
Maine can also benefit from the use of hydrogen and fuel cell technology for transportation such as
passenger fleets transit district fleets municipal fleets and state department fleets The application of
hydrogen and fuel cell technology for transportation would reduce the dependence on oil improve
environmental performance and provide greater efficiencies than conventional transportation
technologies
bull Replacement of a gasoline-fueled passenger vehicle with FCEVs could result in annual CO2
emission reductions (per vehicle) of approximately 10170 pounds annual energy savings of 230
gallons of gasoline and annual fuel cost savings of $885
bull Replacement of a gasoline-fueled light duty truck with FCEVs could result in annual CO2
emission reductions (per light duty truck) of approximately 15770 pounds annual energy savings
of 485 gallons of gasoline and annual fuel cost savings of $1866
bull Replacement of a diesel-fueled transit bus with a fuel cell powered bus could result in annual CO2
emission reductions (per bus) of approximately 182984 pounds annual energy savings of 4390
gallons of fuel and annual fuel cost savings of $17560
Hydrogen and fuel cell technology also provides significant opportunities for job creation andor
economic development Realizing over $2 million in revenue and investment in 2010 the hydrogen and
fuel cell industry in Maine is estimated to have contributed approximately $113000 in state and local tax
revenue and over $29 million in gross state product Currently there are at least 30 Maine companies
that are part of the growing hydrogen and fuel cell industry supply chain in the Northeast region If
neweremerging hydrogen and fuel cell technology were to gain momentum the number of companies
and employment for the industry could grow substantially
99 Airport facilities with 2500+ annual Enplanement Counts andor AASF 100
If opportunities for fuel cell use in Maine identified in this report are met with 400 kW units a minimum of 665760 MWh
electric and 312 million MMBTUs (equivalent to 915127 MWh) of thermal energy would be produced which could reduce CO2
emissions by at least 127826 tons per year
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
25
MAINE
APPENDICES
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
26
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 1 Education
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
27
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 2 Food Sales
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
28
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 3 Food Services
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
29
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 4 Inpatient Healthcare
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
30
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 5 Lodging
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
31
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 6 Public Order and Safety
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
32
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 7 Energy Intensive Industries
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
33
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 8 Federal Government Operated Buildings
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
34
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 9 Telecommunication Sites
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
35
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 10 Solid and Liquid Waste Sites
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
36
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 11 Commercial Airports
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
37
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 12 Alternative Fueling Stations
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
38
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 13 Distribution CentersWarehouses amp Ports
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
39
MAINE
Appendix II ndash Maine Estimated Electrical Consumption per Sector
Category Total Site
Electric Consumption per Building
(1000 kWh)101
kWh Consumed per Sector
New England
Education 925 161844 149705700
Food Sales 1800 319821 575677800
Food Services 2100 128 269199000
Inpatient Healthcare 181 603863 1092991125
Lodging 837 21312 178379766
Public Order amp Safety 262 77855 20398010
Total 6105 2286351401
Residential102
4503000000
Industrial 3702000000
Commercial 4503000000
Other Commercial 2286351401
101
EIA Electricity consumption and expenditure intensities for Non-Mall Building 2003 102
DOE EERE ldquoElectric Power and Renewable Energy in Mainerdquo httpapps1eereenergygovstateselectricitycfmstate=ME
August 25 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
40
MAINE
Appendix III ndash Key Stakeholders
Organization CityTown State Website Hydrogen Energy Center Portland ME wwwhydrogenenergycenterorg
University of Maine School of
Engineering Technology Orono ME httpwwwumaineeduset
University of Maine Advanced
Manufacturing Center Orono
ME wwwumaineeduamc
University of Maine Advanced
Structures and Composites Center Orono
ME httpwww2umaineeduaewc
Manufacturers Association of Maine Westbrook ME
wwwmainemfgcom
Maine Manufacturing Extension
Partnership Augusta
ME httpwwwmainemeporg
Mid-Coast Regional Redevelopment
Authority Brunswick
ME wwwmrraus
Manufacturing Applications Center Gorham ME
httpwwwusmmaineedu
Maine Center for Enterprise
Development University of Southern
Maine
Portland ME
wwwmcedbiz
Maine Small Business Development
Center Portland
ME httpwwwmainesbdcorg
Southern Maine Community College
Sustainability and Energy Alternatives
Center
South
Portland ME httpwwwsmccmeedubusiness-a-
communitycomunity-resourcessustainability-
centerhtml
Environment and Energy Technology
Council of Maine Portland
ME wwwE2Techorg
Maine Technology Institute Gardiner ME
wwwmainetechnologyorg
Maine Innovation Economy advisory
Board Maine DECD Augusta ME httpwwwmainegovdecd
Governorrsquos Office of Energy
Independence and Security Augusta ME httpmainegovoeis
Utility Companies
Unitil httpwwwunitilcomcustomer-configuration
Bangor Gas Co httpwwwbangorgascom
Central Maine Power Co httpwwwcmpcocom
Bangor Hydro-Electric Co httpwwwbhecom
Maine Public Service Co httpwwwmainepublicservicecom
Appendix IV ndash Maine State Incentives and Programs
Funding Source Maine Public Utilities Commission
Program Title Community-based Renewable Energy Pilot Program
Applicable EnergiesTechnologies Solar Thermal Electric Photovoltaic Landfill Gas Wind
Biomass Hydroelectric Geothermal Electric Fuel Cells Anaerobic Digestion Tidal Energy
Fuel Cells using Renewable Fuels
Summary The Maine Utilities Commission (PUC) finalized the rule in February 2010 Legislation
mandates that up 10 50 MW of generating capacity will be permitted uned this program and
individual participants may not exceed 10 MW Of the 50 MW cap 10 must be reserved
specifically for small program participants or for participants located in a service territory of a
cooperative transmission and distribution utility
Restrictions
The PUC may require investor-owned utilities to enter into long-term contracts for energy capacity
resources or renewable energy credits (RECs) produced by the community-based project The
contacts term may not exceed 20 year the PUC will conduct long-term contract solicitations for
ldquolarge generatorsrdquo
Timing The Maine Public Utilities Commission is seeking proposals from suppliers of energy
capacity or renewable energy credits (RECs) for the development of community-based renewable
energy projects over 1 MW The docket number for this RFP is 2011-150 All inquiries about this
RFP should be directed to christinercookmainegov
Maximum Size Choice of either 15 REC credit multiplier or up to 10 MW DC
Requirements
To be eligible for incentives a generating facility must be 51 percent locally owned use renewable
energy resources be no larger than 10 MW in generating capacity and be located in the State
httpwwwstatemeusmpucelectricitycommunity_pilotshtml
Rebate amount $010kWh or cost fo the project whichever is lower
For further information please visit
httpwwwstatemeusmpucelectricitycommunity_pilotshtml
Source
Maine Public Utilities Commission ldquoCommunity-based Renewable Energy Pilot Programrdquo August 10 2011
DSIRE ldquoCommunity-based Renewable Energy Production Incentive (Pilot Program)rdquo August 10 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
42
Funding Source Voluntary Renewable Resource Grants
Program Title Voluntary Renewable Resources Fund
Applicable EnergiesTechnologies Solar Thermal Electric Photovoltaics Wind Biomass
Hydroelectric Geothermal Electric Fuel Cells Municipal Solid Waste Tidal Energy Fuel
Cells using Renewable Fuels
Summary Supported by the state Voluntary Renewable resource Fund and administered by the
Efficient Maine provide funding for small-scale demonstration projects designed to educate
communities on the value oand cost effectiveness of renewable energy
Restrictions To Qualify for grant funding renewable-energy resources generally must qualify as a
small power production facility un Federal Energy Regulatory Commission rules or must not exceed
100 MW in capacity and use one of more of the applicable energiestechnologies
Timing Start Date of this program occurred 12151998 and no expiration date is given
Maximum Size $50000
Requirements
httpwwwmainegovmpucrecovery
Rebate amount
$50000 Maximu
For further information please visit
httpwwwmainegovmpucrecovery
Source
Maine PUC ldquoFederal Stimulus MPUC and the Federal Recovery Packagerdquo ndash August 10 2011
DSIRE ldquoMaine - Voluntary Renewable Resource Grantsrdquo August 10 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
43
Appendix V ndash Partial Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Supply Chain Companies in Maine103
Organization Name Product or Service Category
1 University of Maine School of
Engineering Technology Research amp Development
2 University of Maine Advanced
Structures and Composites Center Research amp Development
3 Precision Partners-Mid-State Machine
Products Manufacturing Services
4 Ocean Energy Institute EngineeringDesign Services
5 Newfab Inc Manufacturing Services
6 New England Castings Other
7 Mitchell Ledge Farm Components
8 McNabb Marketing Resources Other
9 Maine Oxy Inc Fuel
10 Maine Machine Products Co Manufacturing Services
11 MacTec Inc FCH2 System DistrInstallMaint Services
12 Kennebec Technologies Manufacturing Services
13 Hydrogen Energy Center Service Center Lab or Test ConsultingLegalFinancial
Services
14 Hydrogen Energy Center Other
15 Green Energy Maine Other
16 Fire Risk Management Inc EngineeringDesign Services
17 Fire Risk Management EngineeringDesign Services
18 Fairchild Semiconductor Research amp Development
19 EcoMain Research amp Development
20 Control Point Inc Lab or Test EquipmentServices
21 Colby Company Engineering EngineeringDesign Services
22 Chewonki Foundation Other
23 Burroughs Machine Tool Products Equipment
24 Bernstein Shur ConsultingLegalFinancial Services
25 Bath Iron Works (General Dynamics
Inc) Research amp Development
26 AMEC EngineeringDesign Services
27 Advantages Gases and Tools Fuel
28 Advanced Manufacturing Center-
University of ME Manufacturing Services
103
Northeast Electrochemical Energy Storage Cluster Supply Chain Database Search httpneescorgresourcestype=1 August 11 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
44
Appendix VI ndash Comparison of Fuel Cell Technologies104
Fuel Cell
Type
Common
Electrolyte
Operating
Temperature
Typical
Stack
Size
Efficiency Applications Advantages Disadvantages
Polymer
Electrolyte
Membrane
(PEM)
Perfluoro sulfonic
acid
50-100degC
122-212deg
typically
80degC
lt 1 kW ndash 1
MW105
gt
kW 60
transportation
35
stationary
bull Backup power
bull Portable power
bull Distributed
generation
bull Transportation
bull Specialty vehicle
bull Solid electrolyte reduces
corrosion amp electrolyte
management problems
bull Low temperature
bull Quick start-up
bull Expensive catalysts
bull Sensitive to fuel
impurities
bull Low temperature waste
heat
Alkaline
(AFC)
Aqueous solution
of potassium
hydroxide soaked
in a matrix
90-100degC
194-212degF
10 ndash 100
kW 60
bull Military
bull Space
bull Cathode reaction faster
in alkaline electrolyte
leads to high performance
bull Low cost components
bull Sensitive to CO2
in fuel and air
bull Electrolyte management
Phosphoric
Acid
(PAFC)
Phosphoric acid
soaked in a matrix
150-200degC
302-392degF
400 kW
100 kW
module
40 bull Distributed
generation
bull Higher temperature enables
CHP
bull Increased tolerance to fuel
impurities
bull Pt catalyst
bull Long start up time
bull Low current and power
Molten
Carbonate
(MCFC)
Solution of lithium
sodium andor
potassium
carbonates soaked
in a matrix
600-700degC
1112-1292degF
300
k W- 3 M
W
300 kW
module
45 ndash 50
bull Electric utility
bull Distributed
generation
bull High efficiency
bull Fuel flexibility
bull Can use a variety of catalysts
bull Suitable for CHP
bull High temperature
corrosion and breakdown
of cell components
bull Long start up time
bull Low power density
Solid Oxide
(SOFC)
Yttria stabilized
zirconia
700-1000degC
1202-1832degF
1 kW ndash 2
MW 60
bull Auxiliary power
bull Electric utility
bull Distributed
generation
bull High efficiency
bull Fuel flexibility
bull Can use a variety of catalysts
bull Solid electrolyte
bull Suitable f o r CHP amp CHHP
bull HybridGT cycle
bull High temperature
corrosion and breakdown
of cell components
bull High temperature
operation requires long
start up
time and limits
Polymer Electrolyte is no longer a single category row Data shown does not take into account High Temperature PEM which operates in the range of 160oC to 180
oC It solves
virtually all of the disadvantages listed under PEM It is not sensitive to impurities It has usable heat Stack efficiencies of 52 on the high side are realized HTPEM is not a
PAFC fuel cell and should not be confused with one
104 US Department of Energy Fuel Cells Technology Program httpwww1eereenergygovhydrogenandfuelcellsfuelcellspdfsfc_comparison_chartpdf August 5 2011 105
Ballard ldquoCLEARgen Multi-MY Systemsrdquo httpwwwballardcomfuel-cell-productscleargen-multi-mw-systemsaspx November 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
45
Appendix VII ndashAnalysis of Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities and Threats for Maine
Strengths
Stationary Power ndash Strong market drivers including high
electricity cost cold climate reliance on oil for space heating
strong CHP and district heating market strong environmental
and green energy awareness) capable core of fuel cell CHP
installers energy storage demand to serve MErsquos aggressive
wind-power industry strong ongoing expansion of natural gas
servicedistribution
Transportation Power - Strong market drivers including a
dispersed population highly reliant on truck and auto
transportation receptive and environmentally conscious
alternative fuelstransportation market relatively low income
population in need of relief from automobile fuel costs strong
Navy shipbuilding industry as potential user of H2FC auxiliary
power system strongly interested in fleet-based hydrogen
fueling station development (SunHydro model) strong interest
in municipal transit and fuel cell -powered rail
Economic Development Factors ndash Brunswick Renewable
Energy Park emphasis on skills development and technology
synergies aggressive state level policy to policy to develop
renewable wind and biomass energy technologies skilled and
well organized network of precision manufacturing firms tied
into aerospace and communications equipment industries
strong labor force at relatively low wages RampDbusiness
infrastructure for advanced biofuels and composite material
structures growing University of Maine commitment to fuel
cell and biomass RampD state funding source familiaritycomfort
with H2FC technology
Weaknesses
Stationary Power ndash No technologyindustrial momentum at the
OEM level geographically distant from OEMs for component-
supply opportunities
Transportation Power ndash No technologyindustrial base at the
OEM level lack of infrastructure funding relatively dispersed
population for transportation services
Economic Development Factors ndash limited state incentives
somewhat sluggish overall state economy relatively
undeveloped core of technology skillsknowledge base
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
46
Opportunities
Stationary Power ndash Opportunity as an ldquoearly adaptor marketrdquo
some supply chain buildup opportunities around SP deployment
Linkage between H2FC technologies and advanced biofuels
RampD Dispersed population amp economy needs distributed
solutions Major need for power storage in conjunction with
Maines planned offshore wind-power RampD and development
Transportation Power ndash Hydrogen refueling station plans Early-
stage potential for major roll-out in marine auxiliary power (US
Navy) Commuter rail expansion
Portable Power ndash Little currently-identified opportunity
Economic Development Factors ndash Brunswick ldquoRenewable Energy
Industrial Parkrdquo can be significant seed nucleus for both
deployment amp development Machine-tool industry pursuing
H2FC components supply-chain opportunities
Threats
Stationary Power ndash The regionrsquos favorable market
needsdemand could be met by other technologiessources ndash
Canadian hydro amp nuclear wind geothermal direct biomass
and power-storage alternatives ndash batteries solid state ammonia
etc
Transportation Power ndash The regionrsquos favorable market
characteristics and needs could be met by other electric
vehicles particularly in the absence of a hydrogen
infrastructure
Economic Development Factors ndash competition from more fully-
equipped statesregions wind and other renewables grab Maine
energy industry momentum lack of funding to sustain
University of MErsquos momentum in storage and fuel cell
technologies related to biomass and wind hesitation of state
government to support alternative energy incentives
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
47
Appendix VIII ndash Partial list of Fuel Cell Deployment in the Northeast region
Manufacturer Site Name Site Location Year Installed
Plug Power T-Mobile cell tower Storrs CT 2008
Plug Power Albany International Airport Albany NY 2004
FuelCell Energy Pepperidge Farms Plant Bloomfield CT 2005
FuelCell Energy Peabody Museum New Haven CT 2003
FuelCell Energy Sheraton New York Hotel amp Towers Manhattan NY 2004
FuelCell Energy Sheraton Hotel Edison NJ 2003
FuelCell Energy Sheraton Hotel Parsippany NJ 2003
UTC Power Cabelas Sporting Goods East Hartford CT 2008
UTC Power Whole Foods Market Glastonbury CT 2008
UTC Power Connecticut Science Center Hartford CT 2009
UTC Power St Francis Hospital Hartford CT 2003
UTC Power Middletown High School Middletown CT 2008
UTC Power Connecticut Juvenile Training School Middletown CT 2001
UTC Power 360 State Street Apartment Building New Haven CT 2010
UTC Power South Windsor High School South Windsor CT 2002
UTC Power Mohegan Sun Casino Hotel Uncasville CT 2002
UTC Power CTTransit Fuel Cell Bus Hartford CT 2007
UTC Power Whole Foods Market Dedham MA 2009
UTC Power Bronx Zoo Bronx NY 2008
UTC Power North Central Bronx Hospital Bronx NY 2000
UTC Power Hunts Point Water Pollution Control Plant Bronx NY 2005
UTC Power Price Chopper Supermarket Colonie NY 2010
UTC Power East Rochester High School East Rochester NY 2007
UTC Power Coca-Cola Refreshments Production Facility Elmsford NY 2010
UTC Power Verizon Call Center and Communications Building Garden City NY 2005
UTC Power State Office Building Hauppauge NY 2009
UTC Power Liverpool High School Liverpool NY 2000
UTC Power New York Hilton Hotel New York City NY 2007
UTC Power Central Park Police Station New York City NY 1999
UTC Power Rochester Institute of Technology Rochester NY 1993
UTC Power NYPA office building White Plains NY 2010
UTC Power Wastewater treatment plant Yonkers NY 1997
UTC Power The Octagon Roosevelt Island NY 2011
UTC Power Johnson amp Johnson World Headquarters New Brunswick NJ 2003
UTC Power CTTRANSIT (Fuel Cell Powered Buses) Hartford CT 2007 - Present
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
48
Appendix IX ndash Partial list of Fuel Cell-Powered Forklifts in North America106
Company CityTown State Site Year
Deployed
Fuel Cell
Manufacturer
of
forklifts
Coca-Cola San Leandro CA
Bottling and
distribution center 2011 Plug Power 37
Charlotte NC Bottling facility 2011 Plug Power 40
EARP
Distribution Kansas City KS Distribution center 2011
Oorja
Protonics 24
Golden State
Foods Lemont IL Distribution facility 2011
Oorja
Protonics 20
Kroger Co Compton CA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 161
Sysco
Riverside CA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 80
Boston MA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 160
Long Island NY Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 42
San Antonio TX Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 113
Front Royal VA Redistribution
facility 2011 Plug Power 100
Baldor
Specialty Foods Bronx NY Facility
Planned
in 2012
Oorja
Protonics 50
BMW
Manufacturing
Co
Spartanburg SC Manufacturing
plant 2010 Plug Power 86
Defense
Logistics
Agency US
Department of
Defense
San Joaquin CA Distribution facility 2011 Plug Power 20
Fort Lewis WA Distribution depot 2011 Plug Power 19
Warner
Robins GA Distribution depot 2010 Hydrogenics 20
Susquehanna PA Distribution depot 2010 Plug Power 15
2009 Nuvera 40
Martin-Brower Stockton CA Food distribution
center 2010
Oorja
Protonics 15
United Natural
Foods Inc
(UNFI)
Sarasota FL Distribution center 2010 Plug Power 65
Wal-Mart
Balzac Al
Canada
Refrigerated
distribution center 2010 Plug Power 80
Washington
Court House OH
Food distribution
center 2007 Plug Power 55
Wegmans Pottsville PA Warehouse 2010 Plug Power 136
Whole Foods
Market Landover MD Distribution center 2010 Plug Power 61
106
FuelCell2000 ldquoFuel Cell-Powered Forklifts in North Americardquo httpwwwfuelcellsorginfochartsforkliftspdf November
2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
49
Appendix X ndash Comparison of PEM Fuel Cell and Battery-Powered Material Handling
Equipment
3 kW PEM Fuel Cell-Powered
Pallet Trucks
3 kW Battery-powered
(2 batteries per truck)
Total Fuel Cycle Energy Use
(total energy consumedkWh
delivered to the wheels) -12000 BtukWh 14000 BtukWh
Fuel Cycle GHG Emissions
(in g CO2 equivalent 820 gkWh 1200 gkWh
Estimated Product Life 8-10 years 4-5 years No Emissions at Point of Use
Quiet Operation
Wide Ambient Operating
Temperature range
Constant Power Available
over Shift
Routine Maintenance Costs
($YR) $1250 - $1500year $2000year
Time for RefuelingChanging
Batteries 4 ndash 8 minday 45-60 minday (for battery change-outs)
8 hours (for battery recharging amp cooling) Cost of FuelElectricity $6000year $1300year Labor Cost of
refuelingRecharging $1100year $8750year
Net Present Value of Capital
Cost $12600
($18000 wo incentive) $14000
Net Present Value of OampM
costs (including fuel) $52000 $128000
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
50
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
11
MAINE
defines Mainersquos estimated electrical consumption in each sector Graphical representation of these
opportunities analyzed is depicted in Appendix I
Figure 3 ndash Maine Electrical Consumption per Sector
Education
There are approximately 145 non-public schools and 780 public schools (134 of which are considered
high schools with 100 or more students enrolled) in Maine2425
High schools operate for a longer period
of time daily due to extracurricular after school activities such as clubs and athletics Furthermore two
of these schools have swimming pools which may make these sites especially attractive because it would
increase the utilization of and make more efficient the electrical and thermal output offered by a fuel cell
There are also 39 colleges and universities in Maine Colleges and universities have facilities for
students faculty administration and maintenance crews that typically include dormitories cafeterias
gyms libraries and athletic departments ndash some with swimming pools Of these 173 locations (134 high
schools and 39 colleges) 65 are located in communities serviced by natural gas (Appendix I ndash Figure 1
Education)
Educational establishments in other states such as Connecticut and New York have shown interest in fuel
cell technology Examples of existing or planned fuel cell applications include South Windsor High
School (CT) Liverpool High School (NY) Rochester Institute of Technology Yale University
University of Connecticut and the State University of New York College of Environmental Science and
Forestry
Table 2 - Education Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
964
(5)
65
(3)
42
(6)
126
(6)
99338
(6)
267551
(6)
19073
(4)
24 EIA Description of CBECS Building Types wwweiagovemeucbecsbuilding_typeshtml 25 Public schools are classified as magnets charters alternative schools and special facilities
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
12
MAINE
Food Sales
There are over 1800 businesses in Maine known to be engaged in the retail sale of food Food sales
establishments are good candidates for fuel cells based on their electrical demand and thermal
requirements for heating and refrigeration Approximately 80 of these sites are considered larger food
sales businesses with approximately 60 or more employees at their site 26
Of these 80 large food sales
businesses 45 are located in communities serviced by natural gas (Appendix I ndash Figure 2 Food Sales)27
The application of a large fuel cell (gt300 kW) at a small convenience store may not be economically
viable based on the electric demand and operational requirements however a smaller fuel cell may be
appropriate
Popular grocery chains such as Price Chopper Supervalu Wholefoods and Stop and Shop have shown
interest in powering their stores with fuel cells in Massachusetts Connecticut and New York28
In
addition grocery distribution centers like the one operated by Shaws (a Supervalu brand) in Wells
Maine are prime targets for the application of hydrogen and fuel cell technology for both stationary
power and material handling equipment
Table 3 - Food Sales Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
1800
(4)
45
(4)
45
(4)
135((
(4)
106434
(4)
286662
(4)
20435
(3)
Food Service
There are over 2100 businesses in Maine that can be classified as food service establishments used for
the preparation and sale of food and beverages for consumption29
15 of these sites are considered larger
restaurant businesses with 130 or more employees at their site and are located in Maine communities
serviced by natural gas (Appendix I ndash Figure 3 Food Services)30
The application of a large fuel cell
(gt300 kW) at smaller restaurants with less than 130 workers may not be economically viable based on the
electric demand and operational requirements however a smaller fuel cell ( 5 kW) may be appropriate
to meet hot water and space heating requirements A significant portion (18 percent) of the energy
consumed in a commercial food service operation can be attributed to the domestic hot water heating
load31
In other parts of the US popular chains such as McDonalds are beginning to show an interest in
the smaller sized fuel cell units for the provision of electricity and thermal energy including domestic
water heating at food service establishments32
26
On average food sale facilities consume 43000 kWh of electricity per worker on an annual basis When compared to current
fuel cell technology (gt300 kW) which satisfies annual electricity consumption loads between 2628000 ndash 3504000 kWh
calculations show food sales facilities employing more than 61 workers may represent favorable opportunities for the application
of a larger fuel cell 27 EIA Description of CBECS Building Types wwweiagovemeucbecsbuilding_typeshtml 28 Clean Energy States Alliance (CESA) ldquoFuel Cells for Supermarkets ndash Cleaner Energy with Fuel Cell Combined Heat and
Power Systemsrdquo Benny Smith wwwcleanenergystatesorgassetsUploadsBlakeFuelCellsSupermarketsFBpdf 29 EIA Description of CBECS Building Types wwweiagovemeucbecsbuilding_typeshtml 30
On average food service facilities consume 20300 kWh of electricity per worker on an annual basis Current fuel cell
technology (gt300 kW) can satisfy annual electricity consumption loads between 2628000 ndash 3504000 kWh Calculations show
food service facilities employing more than 130 workers may represent favorable opportunities for the application of a larger fuel
cell 31
ldquoCase Studies in Restaurant Water Heatingrdquo Fisher Donald httpeecucdaviseduACEEE2008datapapers9_243pdf 2008 32
Sustainable business Oregon ldquoClearEdge sustains brisk growthrdquo
httpwwwsustainablebusinessoregoncomarticles201001clearedge_sustains_brisk_growthhtml May 8 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
13
MAINE
Office
Equipment 4 Ventilation 4
Refrigeration
3
Lighting 11
Cooling 13
Space Heating
33
Water Heating
18
Cooking 5 Other 9
Table 4 - Food Services Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
2100
(3)
15
(4)
15
(4)
45
(4)
35478
(4)
95554
(4)
6812
(2)
Inpatient Healthcare
There are over 181 inpatient healthcare facilities in Maine 42 of which are classified as hospitals33
Of
these 42 hospitals eight are located in communities serviced by natural gas and contain 100 or more beds
onsite (Appendix I ndash Figure 4 Inpatient Healthcare) Hospitals represent an excellent opportunity for the
application of fuel cells because they require a high availability factor of electricity for lifesaving medical
devices and operate 247 with a relatively flat load curve Furthermore medical equipment patient
rooms sterilizedoperating rooms data centers and kitchen areas within these facilities are often required
to be in operational conditions at all times which maximizes the use of electricity and thermal energy
from a fuel cell Nationally hospital energy costs have increased 56 percent from $389 per square foot
in 2003 to $607 per square foot for 2010 partially due to the increased cost of energy34
Examples of healthcare facilities with planned or operational fuel cells include St Francis Stamford and
Waterbury Hospitals in Connecticut and North Central Bronx Hospital in New York
Table 5 - Inpatient Healthcare Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
181
(5)
42
(10)
42
(10)
126
(10)
99338
(10)
267551
(10)
19073
(8)
Lodging
There are over 730 establishments specializing in
travellodging accommodations that include hotels motels or
inns in Maine Approximately 33 of these establishments
have 150 or more rooms onsite and can be classified as
ldquolarger sizedrdquo lodging that may have additional attributes
such as heated pools exercise facilities andor restaurants 35
Of these 33 locations 15 employ more than 94 workers and
are located in communities serviced by natural gas 36
As
shown in Figure 4 more than 60 percent of total energy use at
a typical lodging facility is due to lighting space heating and
water heating 37
The application of a large fuel cell (gt300
33 EIA Description of CBECS Building Types wwweiagovemeucbecsbuilding_typeshtml 34
BetterBricks ldquohttpwwwbetterbrickscomgraphicsassetsdocumentsBB_Article_EthicalandBusinessCasepdfrdquo Page 1
August 2011 35 EPA ldquoCHP in the Hotel and Casino Market Sectorrdquo wwwepagovchpdocumentshotel_casino_analysispdf December 2005 36
On average lodging facilities consume 28000 kWh of electricity per worker on an annual basis Current fuel cell technology
(gt300 kW) can satisfy annual electricity consumption loads between 2628000 ndash 3504000 kWh Calculations show lodging
facilities employing more than 94 workers may represent favorable opportunities for the application of a larger fuel cell 37 National Grid ldquoManaging Energy Costs in Full-Service Hotelsrdquo
wwwnationalgriduscomnon_htmlshared_energyeff_hotelspdf 2004
Figure 4 - US Lodging Energy Consumption
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
14
MAINE
kW) at hotelresort facilities with less than 94 employees may not be economically viable based on the
electrical demand and operational requirement however a smaller fuel cell ( 5 kW) may be appropriate
Popular hotel chains such as the Hilton and Starwood Hotels have shown interest in powering their
establishments with fuel cells in New Jersey and New York
Maine also has 107 facilities identified as convalescent homes three of which have bed capacities greater
than or equal to 150 units38
All three sites are located in communities serviced by natural gas (Appendix
I ndash Figure 5 Lodging)
Table 6 - Lodging Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
837
(10)
18
(2)
18
(2)
54
(2)
42574
(2)
114665
(2)
8174
(2)
Public Order and Safety There are approximately 216 facilities in Maine that can be classified as public order and safety these
include 96 fire stations 102 police stations eight state police stations nine border patrols and nine
prisons 3940
Ten of these locations employ more than 210 workers and are located in communities
serviced by natural gas4142
These applications may represent favorable opportunities for the application
of a larger fuel cell (gt300 kW) which could provide heat and uninterrupted power 4344
The sites
identified (Appendix I ndash Figure 6 Public Order and Safety) will have special value to provide increased
reliability to mission critical facilities associated with public safety and emergency response during grid
outages The application of a large fuel cell (gt300 kW) at public order and safety facilities with less than
210 employees may not be economically viable based on the electrical demand and operational
requirement however a smaller fuel cell ( 5 kW) may be appropriate Central Park Police Station in
New York City New York is presently powered by a 200 kW fuel cell system
Table 7 - Public Order and Safety Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
216
(7)
10
(3)
10
(3)
30
(3)
23652
(3)
63703
(3)
4541
(3)
38 Assisted-Living-List ldquoList of 120 Nursing Homes in Maine (ME)rdquo httpassisted-living-listcomme--nursing-homes May 9
2011 39 EIA Description of CBECS Building Types wwweiagovemeucbecsbuilding_typeshtml 40 USACOPS ndash The Nations Law Enforcement Site wwwusacopscomme 41
CBECSldquoTable C14rdquo httpwwweiagovemeucbecscbecs2003detailed_tables_20032003set192003pdfalltablespdf
November 2011 42
On average public order and safety facilities consume 12400 kWh of electricity per worker on an annual basis Current fuel
cell technology (gt300 kW) can satisfy annual electricity consumption loads between 2628000 ndash 3504000 kWh Calculations
show public order and safety facilities employing more than 212 workers may represent favorable opportunities for the
application of a larger fuel cell 43
2628000 12400 = 21194 44
CBECSldquoTable C14rdquo httpwwweiagovemeucbecscbecs2003detailed_tables_20032003set192003pdfalltablespdf
November 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
15
MAINE
Energy Intensive Industries
As shown in Table 2 energy intensive industries with high electricity consumption (which on average is
48 percent of annual operating costs) have been identified as potential locations for the application of a
fuel cell45
In Maine there are approximately 156 of these industrial facilities that are involved in the
manufacture of aluminum chemicals forest products glass metal casting petroleum coal products or
steel and employ 25 or more employees46
Of these 156 locations 64 are located in communities serviced
by natural gas (Appendix I ndash Figure 7 Energy Intensive Industries)
Table 8 - 2002 Data for the Energy Intensive Industry by Sector47
NAICS Code Sector Energy Consumption per Dollar Value of Shipments (kWh)
325 Chemical manufacturing 249
322 Pulp and Paper 446
324110 Petroleum Refining 472
311 Food manufacturing 076
331111 Iron and steel 815
321 Wood Products 123
3313 Alumina and aluminum 358
327310 Cement 1641
33611 Motor vehicle manufacturing 021
3315 Metal casting 164
336811 Shipbuilding and ship repair 205
3363 Motor vehicle parts manufacturing 205
Companies such as Coca-Cola Johnson amp Johnson and Pepperidge Farms in Connecticut New Jersey
and New York have installed fuel cells to help supply energy to their facilities
Table 9 - Energy Intensive Industry Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
156
(3)
6
(1)
6
(1)
18
(1)
14191
(1)
38222
(1)
2725
(1)
Government Owned Buildings
Buildings operated by the federal government can be found at 114 locations in Maine four of these
properties are actively owned rather than leased by the federal government and are located in
communities serviced by natural gas (Appendix I ndash Figure 8 Federal Government Operated Buildings)
There are also a number of buildings owned and operated by the State of Maine The application of fuel
cell technology at government owned buildings would assist in balancing load requirements at these sites
and offer a unique value for active and passive public education associated with the high usage of these
public buildings
45 EIA ldquoElectricity Generation Capabilityrdquo 1999 CBECS wwweiadoegovemeucbecspba99comparegenerhtml 46 Proprietary market data 47 EPA ldquoEnergy Trends in Selected Manufacturing Sectorsrdquo wwwepagovsectorspdfenergych2pdf March 2007
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
16
MAINE
Table 10 - Government Owned Building Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
114
(9)
4
(4)
4
(4)
12
(4)
9461
(4)
25481
(4)
1816
(4)
Wireless Telecommunication Sites
Telecommunications companies rely on electricity to run call centers cell phone towers and other vital
equipment In Maine there are approximately 509 telecommunications andor wireless company tower
sites (Appendix I ndash Figure 9 Telecommunication Sites) Any loss of power at these locations may result
in a loss of service to customers thus having reliable power is critical Each individual site represents an
opportunity to provide back-up power for continuous operation through the application of on-site back-up
generation powered by hydrogen and fuel cell technology It is an industry standard to install units
capable of supplying 48-72 hours of backup power which this is typically accomplished with batteries or
conventional emergency generators48
The deployment of fuel cells at selected telecommunication sites
will have special value to provide increased reliability to critical sites associated with emergency
communications and homeland security An example of a telecommunication site that utilizes fuel cell
technology to provide back-up power is a T-Mobile facility located in Storrs Connecticut
Table 11 - Wireless Telecommunication Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
509
(13)
51
(13) NA NA NA NA NA
Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs) There are 111 WWTPs in Maine that have design flows ranging from 3000 gallons per day (GPD) to 16
million gallons per day (MGD) seven of these facilities average between 3 ndash 16 MGD WWTPs
typically operate 247 and may be able to utilize the thermal energy from the fuel cell to process fats oils
and grease49
WWTPs account for approximately three percent of the electric load in the United State50
Digester gas produced at WWTPrsquos which is usually 60 percent methane can serve as a fuel substitute for
natural gas to power fuel cells Anaerobic digesters generally require a wastewater flow greater than
three MGD for an economy of scale to collect and use the methane51
Most facilities currently represent a
lost opportunity to capture and use the digestion of methane emissions created from their operations
(Appendix I ndash Figure 10 Solid and Liquid Waste Sites) 5253
A 200 kW fuel cell power plant in Yonkers New York was the worldrsquos first commercial fuel cell to run
on a waste gas created at a wastewater treatment plant The fuel cell generates about 1600 MWh of
electricity a year and reduces methane emissions released to the environment54
A 200 kW fuel cell
48 ReliOn Hydrogen Fuel Cell Wireless Applicationsrdquo wwwrelion-inccompdfReliOn_AppsWireless_2010pdf May 4 2011 49
ldquoBeyond Zero Net Energy Case Studies of Wastewater Treatment for Energy and Resource Productionrdquo Toffey Bill
September 2010 httpwwwawra-pmasmemberlodgeorgResourcesDocumentsBeyond_NZE_WWT-Toffey-9-16-2010pdf 50
EPA Wastewater Management Fact Sheet ldquoIntroductionrdquo July 2006 51 EPA Wastewater Management Fact Sheet wwwp2paysorgenergyWastePlantpdf July 2006 52 ldquoGHG Emissions from Wastewater Treatment and Biosolids Managementrdquo Beecher Ned November 20 2009
wwwdesstatenhusorganizationdivisionswaterwmbriverswatershed_conferencedocuments2009_fri_climate_2pdf 53 EPA Wastewater Management Fact Sheet wwwp2paysorgenergyWastePlantpdf May 4 2011 54 NYPA ldquoWHAT WE DO ndash Fuel Cellsrdquo wwwnypagovservicesfuelcellshtm August 8 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
17
MAINE
power plant was and installed at the Water Pollution Control Authorityrsquos WWTP in New Haven
Connecticut and produces 10 ndash 15 percent of the facilityrsquos electricity reducing energy costs by almost
$13000 a year55
Table 12 - Wastewater Treatment Plants Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
111
(19)
1
(6)
1
(6)
03
(6)
2365
(6)
6370
(6)
454
(5)
Landfill Methane Outreach Program (LMOP)
There are 11 landfills in Maine identified by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) through their
LMOP program two of which are operational two are candidates and six are considered potential sites
for the production and recovery of methane gas 5657
The amount of methane emissions released by a
given site is dependent upon the amount of material in the landfill and the amount of time the material has
been in place Similar to WWTPs methane emissions from landfills could be captured and used as a fuel
to power a fuel cell system In 2009 municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills were responsible for
producing approximately 17 percent of human-related methane emissions in the nation These locations
could produce renewable energy and help manage the release of methane (Appendix I ndash Figure 10 Solid
and Liquid Waste Sites)
Table 13 - Landfill Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
25
(12)
1
(7)
1
(7)
03
(7)
2365
(7)
6370
(7)
454
(6)
Airports
During peak air travel times in the US there are approximately 50000 airplanes in the sky each day
Ensuring safe operations of commercial and private aircrafts are the responsibility of air traffic
controllers Modern software host computers voice communication systems and instituted full scale
glide path angle capabilities assist air traffic controllers in tracking and communicating with aircrafts
consequently reliable electricity is extremely important and present an opportunity for a fuel cell power
application 58
There are approximately 103 airports in Maine including 47 that are open to the public and have
scheduled services Of those 47 airports six (Table 3) have 2500 or more passengers enplaned each
year two of these six facilities are located in communities serviced by natural gas (See Appendix I ndash
55 Conntactcom ldquoCity to Install Fuel Cellrdquo
httpwwwconntactcomarchive_indexarchive_pages4472_Business_New_Havenhtml August 15 2003 56
Due to size individual sites may have more than one potential candidate or operational project 57 LMOP defines a candidate landfill as ldquoone that is accepting waste or has been closed for five years or less has at least one
million tons of waste and does not have an operational or under-construction projectrdquoEPA ldquoLandfill Methane Outreach
Programrdquo wwwepagovlmopbasic-infoindexhtml April 7 2011 58 Howstuffworkscom ldquoHow Air Traffic Control Worksrdquo Craig Freudenrich
httpsciencehowstuffworkscomtransportflightmodernair-traffic-control5htm May 4 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
18
MAINE
Figure 11 Commercial Airports) An example of an airport currently hosting a fuel cell power plant to
provide backup power is Albany International Airport located in Albany New York
Table 14 ndash Maine Top Airports Enplanement Count
Airport59
Total Enplanement in 2000
Portland International Jetport 668098
Bangor International 272833
Northern Maine Regional at Presque Isle 25174
Knox County Regional 17328
Hancock County Bar harbor 14399
Augusta State 7148
Bangor International Airport (BGR) is considered the only ldquoJoint-Userdquo airport in Maine Joint-Use
facilities are establishments where the military department authorizes use of the military runway for
public airport services Army Aviation Support Facilities (AASF) located at this site are used by the
Army to provide aircraft and equipment readiness train and utilize military personnel conduct flight
training and operations and perform field level maintenance Bangor International Airport represents a
favorable opportunity for the application of uninterruptible power for necessary services associated with
national defense and emergency response and is located in a community serviced by natural gas
(Appendix I ndash Figure 11 Commercial Airports)
Table 15 - Airport Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
103
(12)
5(1)
(1)
1
(1)
15
(1)
11826
(1)
31851
(1)
2271
(8)
Military The US Department of Defense (DOD) is the largest funding organization in terms of supporting fuel
cell activities for military applications in the world DOD organizations are using fuel cells for
Stationary units for power supply in bases
Fuel cell units in transport applications
Portable units for equipping individual soldiers or group of soldiers
In a collaborative partnership with the DOE the DOD plans to install and operate 18 fuel cell backup
power systems at eight of its military installations two of which are located within the Northeast region
(New York and New Jersey)60
In addition the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard (PSNY) in Kittery Maine
occupies more than 297 acres on base employs approximately 4500 civilian employees and 100 naval
officers in addition to enlisted personal assigned to the shipyard and is a potential application for
hydrogen and fuel cell technology (Appendix I ndash Figure 11 Commercial Airports) 61
59 Bureau of Transportation Statistics ldquoMaine Transportation Profilerdquo
wwwbtsgovpublicationsstate_transportation_statisticsmainepdfentirepdf March 30 2011 60 Fuel Cell Today ldquoUS DoD to Install Fuel cell Backup Power Systems at Eight Military Installationsrdquo
httpwwwfuelcelltodaycomonlinenewsarticles2011-07US-DOD-FC-Backup-Power-Systems July 20 2011 61
Portsmouth Naval Shipyard ldquoShipyard Factsrdquo httpwwwnavseanavymilshipyardsportsmouthPagesFactsaspx August
2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
19
MAINE
Table 16 - Military Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
1
(7)
1
(7)
1
(7)
03
(7)
2365
(7)
6370
(7)
454
(6)
POTENTIAL TRANSPORTATION TARGETS
Transportation is responsible for one-fourth of the total global GHG emissions and consumes 75 percent
of the worldrsquos oil production In 2010 the US used 21 million barrels of non-renewable petroleum each
day Roughly 29 percent of Mainersquos energy consumption is due to demands of the transportation sector
including gasoline and on-highway diesel petroleum for automobiles trucks and buses A small percent
of non-renewable petroleum is used for jet and ship fuel62
The current economy in the US is dependent on hydrocarbon energy sources and any disruption or
shortage of this energy supply will severely affect many energy related activities including
transportation As oil and other non-sustainable hydrocarbon energy resources become scarce energy
prices will increase and the reliability of supply will be reduced Government and industry are now
investigating the use of hydrogen and renewable energy as a replacement of hydrocarbon fuels
Hydrogen-fueled fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) have many advantages over conventional
technology including
Quiet operation
Near zero emissions of controlled pollutants such as nitrous oxide carbon monoxide
hydrocarbon gases or particulates
Substantial (30 to 50 percent) reduction in GHG emissions on a well-to-wheel basis compared to
conventional gasoline or gasoline-hybrid vehicles when the hydrogen is produced by
conventional methods such as natural gas and 100 percent when hydrogen is produced from a
clean energy source
Ability to fuel vehicles with indigenous energy sources which reduces dependence on imported
energy and adds to energy security and
Higher efficiency than conventional vehicles (See Table 4)6364
Table 17 - Average Energy Efficiency of Conventional and Fuel Cell Vehicles (mpge65
)
Passenger Car Light Truck Transit Bus
Hydrogen Gasoline Hybrid Gasoline Hydrogen Gasoline Hydrogen Fuel Cell Diesel
52 50 293 492 215 54 39
FCEVs can reduce price volatility dependence on oil improve environmental performance and provide
greater efficiencies than conventional transportation technologies as follows
62 ldquoUS Oil Consumption to BP Spillrdquo httpapplesfromorangescom201005us-oil-consumption-to-bp-spill May31 2010 63 ldquoChallenges for Sustainable Mobility and Development of Fuel Cell Vehiclesrdquo Masatami Takimoto Executive Vice President
Toyota Motor Corporation January 26 2006 Presentation at the 2nd International Hydrogen amp Fuel Cell Expo Technical
Conference Tokyo Japan 64 ldquoTwenty Hydrogen Mythsrdquo Amory B Lovins Rocky Mountain Institute June 20 2003 65 Miles per Gallon Equivalent
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
20
MAINE
Replacement of gasoline-fueled passenger vehicles and light duty trucks and diesel-fueled transit
buses with FCEVs could result in annual CO2 emission reductions (per vehicle) of approximately
10170 15770 and 182984 pounds per year respectively66
Replacement of gasoline-fueled passenger vehicles and light duty trucks and diesel-fueled transit
buses with FCEVs could result in annual energy savings (per vehicle) of approximately 230
gallons of gasoline (passenger vehicle) 485 gallons of gasoline (light duty truck) and 4390
gallons of diesel (bus)
Replacement of gasoline-fueled passenger vehicles light duty trucks and diesel-fueled transit
buses with FCEVs could result in annual fuel cost savings of approximately $885 per passenger
vehicle $1866 per light duty truck and $17560 per bus67
Automobile manufacturers such as Toyota General Motors Honda Daimler AG and Hyundai have
projected that models of their FCEVs will begin to roll out in larger numbers by 2015 Longer term the
US DOE has projected that between 151 million and 239 million light duty FCEVs may be sold each
year by 2050 and between 144 million and 347 million light duty FCEVs may be in use by 2050 with a
transition to a hydrogen economy These estimates could be accelerated if political economic energy
security or environmental polices prompt a rapid advancement in alternative fuels68
Mainersquos opportunities to support these new vehicles include alternative fueling stations Maine
Department of Transportation (MDOT) refueling stations bus transit operations government public and
privately owned fleets and material handling and airport ground support equipment (GSE) Graphical
representation of these opportunities analyzed are depicted in Appendix I
Alternative Fueling Stations
There are approximately 1400 retail fueling stations in Maine69
however only 10 public andor private
stations within the state provide alternative fuels such as biodiesel compressed natural gas propane
andor electricity for alternative-fueled vehicles70
There are also at least 17 refueling stations owned and
operated by MDOT that can be used by authorities operating federal and state safety vehicles state transit
vehicles and employees of universities that operate fleet vehicles on a regular basis 71
Development of
hydrogen fueling at alternative fuel stations and at selected locations owned and operated by MDOT
would help facilitate the deployment of FCEVs within the state (Appendix I ndash Figure 12 Alternative
Fueling Stations) Currently there are approximately 18 existing or planned transportation fueling
stations in the Northeast region where hydrogen is provided as an alternative fuel72737475
66 Fuel Cell Economic Development Plan Connecticut Department of Economic and Community Development and the
Connecticut Center for Advanced Technology Inc January 1 2008 Calculations based upon average annual mileage of 12500
miles for passenger car and 14000 miles for light trucks (US EPA) and 37000 average milesyear per bus (US DOT FTA
2007) 67 US EIA Weekly Retail Gasoline and Diesel Prices gasoline - $3847 and diesel ndash 400
wwweiagovdnavpetpet_pri_gnd_a_epm0r_pte_dpgal_whtm 68
Effects of a Transition to a Hydrogen Economy on Employment in the United States Report to Congress
httpwwwhydrogenenergygovcongress_reportshtml August 2011 69 ldquoPublic retail gasoline stations state yearrdquo wwwafdcenergygovafdcdatadocsgasoline_stations_statexls May 5 2011 70 Alternative Fuels Data Center wwwafdcenergygovafdclocatorstations 71 EPA ldquoGovernment UST Noncompliance Report-2007rdquo wwwepagovoustdocsME20Compliance20Reportpdf August
82007 72 Alternative Fuels Data Center httpwwwafdcenergygovafdclocatorstations 73 Hyride ldquoAbout the fueling stationrdquo httpwwwhyrideorghtml-about_hyrideAbout_Fuelinghtml 74 CTTransit ldquoHartford Bus Facility Site Work (Phase 1)rdquo
wwwcttransitcomProcurementsDisplayaspProcurementID=8752CA67-AB1F-4D88-BCEC-4B82AC8A2542 March 2011 75
Currently there are no publicly or privately accessible transportation fueling stations where hydrogen is provided as an
alternative fuel in Maine
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
21
MAINE
Fleets
There are over 7000 fleet vehicles (excluding state and federal vehicles) classified as non-leasing or
company owned vehicles in Maine 76
Fleet vehicles typically account for more than twice the amount of
mileage and therefore twice the fuel consumption and emissions compared to personal vehicles on a per
vehicle basis There are an additional 1781 passenger automobiles andor light duty trucks in Maine
owned by state and federal agencies (excluding state police) that traveled a combined 14965373 miles in
2010 while releasing 1031 metrics tons of CO2 77
Conversion of fleet vehicles from conventional fossil
fuels to FCEVs could significantly reduce petroleum consumption and GHG emissions Fleet vehicle
hubs are good candidates for hydrogen refueling and conversion to FCEVs because they mostly operate
on fixed routes or within fixed districts and are fueled from a centralized station
Bus Transit
There are approximately 61 directly operated buses that provide public transportation services in Maine78
As discussed above replacement of a conventional diesel transit bus with a fuel cell transit bus would
result in the reduction of CO2 emissions (estimated at approximately 183000 pounds per year) and
reduction of diesel fuel (estimated at approximately 4390 gallons per year)79
Although the efficiency of
conventional diesel buses has increased conventional diesel buses which typically achieve fuel economy
performance levels of 39 miles per gallon have the greatest potential for energy savings by using high
efficiency fuel cells In addition to Maine other states have also begun the transition of fueling transit
buses with alternative fuels to improve efficiency and environmental performance
Material Handling
Material handling equipment such as forklifts are used by a variety of industries including
manufacturing construction mining agriculture food retailers and wholesale trade to move goods
within a facility or to load goods for shipping to another site Material handling equipment is usually
battery propane or diesel powered Batteries that currently power material handling equipment are heavy
and take up significant storage space while only providing up to 6 hours of run time Fuel cells can
ensure constant power delivery and performance eliminating the reduction in voltage output that occurs
as batteries discharge Fuel cell powered material handling equipment last more than twice as long (12-
14 hours) and also eliminate the need for battery storage and charging rooms leaving more space for
products In addition fueling time only takes two to three minutes by the operator compared to least 20
minutes or more for each battery replacement which saves the operator valuable time and increases
warehouse productivity
In addition fuel cell powered material handling equipment has significant cost advantages compared to
batteries such as
15 times lower maintenance cost
8 times lower refuelingrecharging labor cost
2 times lower net present value of total operations and management (OampM) system cost
76
Fleetcom ldquo2009-My Registrationrdquo httpwwwautomotive-
fleetcomStatisticsStatsVieweraspxfile=http3a2f2fwwwautomotive-fleetcom2ffc_resources2fstats2fAFFB10-16-
top10-statepdfampchannel 77 US General Services Administration ldquoGSA 2010 Fleet Reportsrdquo Table 4-2 httpwwwgsagovportalcontent230525 September
2011 78
NTD Date ldquoTS22 - Service Data and Operating Expenses Time-Series by Systemrdquo
httpwwwntdprogramgovntdprogramdatahtm December 2011 79 Fuel Cell Economic Development Plan Connecticut Department of Economic and Community Development and the
Connecticut Center for Advanced Technology Inc January 1 2008
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
22
MAINE
63 percent less emissions of GHG (Appendix X provides a comparison of PEM fuel cell and
battery-powered material handling equipment)
Fuel cell powered material handling equipment is already in use at dozens of warehouses distribution
centers and manufacturing plants in North America80
Large corporations that are currently using or
planning to use fuel cell powered material handling equipment include CVS Coca-Cola BMW Central
Grocers and Wal-Mart (Refer to Appendix IX for a partial list of companies in North America that using
fuel cell powered forklifts)81
There are approximately five distribution centerswarehouse sites that have
been identified in Maine that may benefit from the use of fuel cell powered material handling equipment
(Appendix I ndash Figure 13 Distribution CentersWarehouses amp Ports)
Ground Support Equipment
Ground support equipment (GSE) such as catering trucks deicers and airport tugs can be battery
operated or more commonly run on diesel or gasoline As an alternative hydrogen-powered tugs are
being developed for both military and commercial applications While their performance is similar to that
of other battery-powered equipment a fuel cell-powered GSE remains fully charged (provided there is
hydrogen fuel available) and do not experience performance lag at the end of a shift like battery-powered
GSEs82
Potential large end-users of GSE that serve Mainersquos largest airports include Air Canada Delta
Airlines Continental JetBlue United and US Airways83
(Appendix I ndash Figure 11 Commercial
Airports)
Ports
Maine has 3480 miles of coastline with six cargo ports and 13 cruise ship ports The ports of Portland
and Bath Maine which service large vessels such as container ships tankers bulk carriers and cruise
ships may be candidates for improved energy management Commercial marine vessels (cargo ships
entering and leaving Marine ports) contribute approximately 166 tons of volatile organic compounds
(VOC) 1134 tons of NOX 374 tons of CO 124 tons of sulfur dioxide SO2 and 91 tons of particulate
matter (PM10) per year84
In one year a single large container ship can emit pollutants equivalent to that of 50 million cars The
low grade bunker fuel used by the worlds 90000 cargo ships contains up to 2000 times the amount of
sulfur compared to diesel fuel used in automobiles85
Furthermore diesel emissions from cruise ships
while at port are a significant source of air pollution While docked vessels shut off their main engines
but use auxiliary diesel and steam engines to power refrigeration lights pumps and other functions a
process called ldquocold-ironing An estimated one-third of ship emissions occur while they are idling at
berth Replacing auxiliary engines with on-shore electric power could significantly reduce emissions
The applications of fuel cell technology at ports may also provide electric and thermal energy for
improving energy management for warehouses and equipment operated between terminals (Appendix I ndash
Figure 13 Distribution CentersWarehouses amp Ports)86
80 DOE EERE ldquoEarly Markets Fuel Cells for Material Handling Equipmentrdquo
www1eereenergygovhydrogenandfuelcellseducationpdfsearly_markets_forkliftspdf February 2011 81 Plug Power ldquoPlug Power Celebrates Successful year for Companyrsquos Manufacturing and Sales Activityrdquo
wwwplugpowercom January 4 2011 82 Battelle ldquoIdentification and Characterization of Near-Term Direct Hydrogen Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Marketsrdquo
April 2007 www1eereenergygovhydrogenandfuelcellspdfspemfc_econ_2006_report_final_0407pdf 83 PWM ldquoAirlinesrdquo httpwwwportlandjetportorgairlines August 24 2011 84
Maine Department of Environmental Protection ldquoAir Emission from Marine Vesselsrdquo
httpwwwmainegovdepblwqtopicvesselairemissionsreportpdf January 15 2005 85
ldquoBig polluters one massive container ship equals 50 million carsrdquo Paul Evans httpwwwgizmagcomshipping-
pollution11526 April 232009 86
Savemayportvillagenet ldquoCruise Ship Pollutionrdquo httpwwwsavemayportvillagenetid20html October 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
23
MAINE
Table 18 -Ports Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
42
(35)
2
(11)
2
(11)
06
(11)
4730
(11)
12741
(11)
908
(9)
CONCLUSION
Hydrogen and fuel cell technology offers significant opportunities for improved energy reliability energy
efficiency and emission reductions Large fuel cell units (gt300 kW) may be appropriate for applications
that serve large electric and thermal loads Smaller fuel cell units (lt 300 kW) may provide back-up power
for telecommunication sites restaurantsfast food outlets and smaller sized public facilities at this time
Table 19 ndashSummary of Potential Fuel Cell Applications
Category Total Sites Potential
Sites
Number of Fuel
Cells
lt 300 kW
Number of
Fuel Cells
gt300 kW
CB
EC
S D
ata
Education 964 6587
23 42
Food Sales 1800+ 4588
45
Food Services 2100+ 1589
15
Inpatient Healthcare 181 4290
42
Lodging 837 1891
18
Public Order amp Safety 216 1092
10
Energy Intensive Industries 156 693
6
Government Operated
Buildings 114 4
94
4
Wireless
Telecommunication
Towers
50995
5196
51
WWTPs 111 197
1
Landfills 25 198
1
Airports (w AASF) 103 5 (1)99
5
87 65 high schools andor college and universities located in communities serviced by natural gas 88 45 food sale facilities located in communities serviced by natural gas 89 Ten percent of the 97 food service facilities located in communities serviced by natural gas 90 Eight Hospitals located in communities serviced by natural gas and occupying 150+ or more beds onsite 91 15 hotel facilities with 100+ rooms onsite and three convalescent homes with 150+ bed onsite located in communities serviced
by natural gas 92 Correctional facilities andor other public order and safety facilities with 212 workers or more 93 Ten percent of the 64 energy intensive industry facilities located in communities serviced with natural gas 94 Four actively owned federal government operated building located in communities serviced by natural gas 95
The Federal Communications Commission regulates interstate and international communications by radio television wire
satellite and cable in all 50 states the District of Columbia and US territories 96 Ten percent of the 509 wireless telecommunication sites in Mainersquos targeted for back-up PEM fuel cell deployment 97 Ten percent of Maine WWTP with average flows of 30+ MGD 98 Ten percent of the landfills targeted based on LMOP data
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
24
MAINE
Military 1 1 1
Ports 42 2 2
Total 7159+ 266 74 192
As shown in Table 5 the analysis provided here estimates that there are approximately 266 potential
locations which may be favorable candidates for the application of a fuel cell to provide heat and power
Assuming the demand for electricity was uniform throughout the year approximately 150 to 192 fuel cell
units with a capacity of 300 ndash 400 kW could be deployed for a total fuel cell capacity of 58 to 77 MWs
If opportunities for fuel cell use in Maine identified in this report are met with 300 kW units a minimum
of 473040 MWh electric and 127 million MMBTUs (equivalent to 373404 MWh) of thermal energy
would be produced which could reduce CO2 emissions by at least 90824 tons per year 100
Maine can also benefit from the use of hydrogen and fuel cell technology for transportation such as
passenger fleets transit district fleets municipal fleets and state department fleets The application of
hydrogen and fuel cell technology for transportation would reduce the dependence on oil improve
environmental performance and provide greater efficiencies than conventional transportation
technologies
bull Replacement of a gasoline-fueled passenger vehicle with FCEVs could result in annual CO2
emission reductions (per vehicle) of approximately 10170 pounds annual energy savings of 230
gallons of gasoline and annual fuel cost savings of $885
bull Replacement of a gasoline-fueled light duty truck with FCEVs could result in annual CO2
emission reductions (per light duty truck) of approximately 15770 pounds annual energy savings
of 485 gallons of gasoline and annual fuel cost savings of $1866
bull Replacement of a diesel-fueled transit bus with a fuel cell powered bus could result in annual CO2
emission reductions (per bus) of approximately 182984 pounds annual energy savings of 4390
gallons of fuel and annual fuel cost savings of $17560
Hydrogen and fuel cell technology also provides significant opportunities for job creation andor
economic development Realizing over $2 million in revenue and investment in 2010 the hydrogen and
fuel cell industry in Maine is estimated to have contributed approximately $113000 in state and local tax
revenue and over $29 million in gross state product Currently there are at least 30 Maine companies
that are part of the growing hydrogen and fuel cell industry supply chain in the Northeast region If
neweremerging hydrogen and fuel cell technology were to gain momentum the number of companies
and employment for the industry could grow substantially
99 Airport facilities with 2500+ annual Enplanement Counts andor AASF 100
If opportunities for fuel cell use in Maine identified in this report are met with 400 kW units a minimum of 665760 MWh
electric and 312 million MMBTUs (equivalent to 915127 MWh) of thermal energy would be produced which could reduce CO2
emissions by at least 127826 tons per year
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
25
MAINE
APPENDICES
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
26
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 1 Education
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
27
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 2 Food Sales
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
28
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 3 Food Services
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
29
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 4 Inpatient Healthcare
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
30
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 5 Lodging
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
31
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 6 Public Order and Safety
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
32
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 7 Energy Intensive Industries
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
33
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 8 Federal Government Operated Buildings
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
34
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 9 Telecommunication Sites
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
35
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 10 Solid and Liquid Waste Sites
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
36
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 11 Commercial Airports
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
37
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 12 Alternative Fueling Stations
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
38
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 13 Distribution CentersWarehouses amp Ports
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
39
MAINE
Appendix II ndash Maine Estimated Electrical Consumption per Sector
Category Total Site
Electric Consumption per Building
(1000 kWh)101
kWh Consumed per Sector
New England
Education 925 161844 149705700
Food Sales 1800 319821 575677800
Food Services 2100 128 269199000
Inpatient Healthcare 181 603863 1092991125
Lodging 837 21312 178379766
Public Order amp Safety 262 77855 20398010
Total 6105 2286351401
Residential102
4503000000
Industrial 3702000000
Commercial 4503000000
Other Commercial 2286351401
101
EIA Electricity consumption and expenditure intensities for Non-Mall Building 2003 102
DOE EERE ldquoElectric Power and Renewable Energy in Mainerdquo httpapps1eereenergygovstateselectricitycfmstate=ME
August 25 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
40
MAINE
Appendix III ndash Key Stakeholders
Organization CityTown State Website Hydrogen Energy Center Portland ME wwwhydrogenenergycenterorg
University of Maine School of
Engineering Technology Orono ME httpwwwumaineeduset
University of Maine Advanced
Manufacturing Center Orono
ME wwwumaineeduamc
University of Maine Advanced
Structures and Composites Center Orono
ME httpwww2umaineeduaewc
Manufacturers Association of Maine Westbrook ME
wwwmainemfgcom
Maine Manufacturing Extension
Partnership Augusta
ME httpwwwmainemeporg
Mid-Coast Regional Redevelopment
Authority Brunswick
ME wwwmrraus
Manufacturing Applications Center Gorham ME
httpwwwusmmaineedu
Maine Center for Enterprise
Development University of Southern
Maine
Portland ME
wwwmcedbiz
Maine Small Business Development
Center Portland
ME httpwwwmainesbdcorg
Southern Maine Community College
Sustainability and Energy Alternatives
Center
South
Portland ME httpwwwsmccmeedubusiness-a-
communitycomunity-resourcessustainability-
centerhtml
Environment and Energy Technology
Council of Maine Portland
ME wwwE2Techorg
Maine Technology Institute Gardiner ME
wwwmainetechnologyorg
Maine Innovation Economy advisory
Board Maine DECD Augusta ME httpwwwmainegovdecd
Governorrsquos Office of Energy
Independence and Security Augusta ME httpmainegovoeis
Utility Companies
Unitil httpwwwunitilcomcustomer-configuration
Bangor Gas Co httpwwwbangorgascom
Central Maine Power Co httpwwwcmpcocom
Bangor Hydro-Electric Co httpwwwbhecom
Maine Public Service Co httpwwwmainepublicservicecom
Appendix IV ndash Maine State Incentives and Programs
Funding Source Maine Public Utilities Commission
Program Title Community-based Renewable Energy Pilot Program
Applicable EnergiesTechnologies Solar Thermal Electric Photovoltaic Landfill Gas Wind
Biomass Hydroelectric Geothermal Electric Fuel Cells Anaerobic Digestion Tidal Energy
Fuel Cells using Renewable Fuels
Summary The Maine Utilities Commission (PUC) finalized the rule in February 2010 Legislation
mandates that up 10 50 MW of generating capacity will be permitted uned this program and
individual participants may not exceed 10 MW Of the 50 MW cap 10 must be reserved
specifically for small program participants or for participants located in a service territory of a
cooperative transmission and distribution utility
Restrictions
The PUC may require investor-owned utilities to enter into long-term contracts for energy capacity
resources or renewable energy credits (RECs) produced by the community-based project The
contacts term may not exceed 20 year the PUC will conduct long-term contract solicitations for
ldquolarge generatorsrdquo
Timing The Maine Public Utilities Commission is seeking proposals from suppliers of energy
capacity or renewable energy credits (RECs) for the development of community-based renewable
energy projects over 1 MW The docket number for this RFP is 2011-150 All inquiries about this
RFP should be directed to christinercookmainegov
Maximum Size Choice of either 15 REC credit multiplier or up to 10 MW DC
Requirements
To be eligible for incentives a generating facility must be 51 percent locally owned use renewable
energy resources be no larger than 10 MW in generating capacity and be located in the State
httpwwwstatemeusmpucelectricitycommunity_pilotshtml
Rebate amount $010kWh or cost fo the project whichever is lower
For further information please visit
httpwwwstatemeusmpucelectricitycommunity_pilotshtml
Source
Maine Public Utilities Commission ldquoCommunity-based Renewable Energy Pilot Programrdquo August 10 2011
DSIRE ldquoCommunity-based Renewable Energy Production Incentive (Pilot Program)rdquo August 10 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
42
Funding Source Voluntary Renewable Resource Grants
Program Title Voluntary Renewable Resources Fund
Applicable EnergiesTechnologies Solar Thermal Electric Photovoltaics Wind Biomass
Hydroelectric Geothermal Electric Fuel Cells Municipal Solid Waste Tidal Energy Fuel
Cells using Renewable Fuels
Summary Supported by the state Voluntary Renewable resource Fund and administered by the
Efficient Maine provide funding for small-scale demonstration projects designed to educate
communities on the value oand cost effectiveness of renewable energy
Restrictions To Qualify for grant funding renewable-energy resources generally must qualify as a
small power production facility un Federal Energy Regulatory Commission rules or must not exceed
100 MW in capacity and use one of more of the applicable energiestechnologies
Timing Start Date of this program occurred 12151998 and no expiration date is given
Maximum Size $50000
Requirements
httpwwwmainegovmpucrecovery
Rebate amount
$50000 Maximu
For further information please visit
httpwwwmainegovmpucrecovery
Source
Maine PUC ldquoFederal Stimulus MPUC and the Federal Recovery Packagerdquo ndash August 10 2011
DSIRE ldquoMaine - Voluntary Renewable Resource Grantsrdquo August 10 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
43
Appendix V ndash Partial Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Supply Chain Companies in Maine103
Organization Name Product or Service Category
1 University of Maine School of
Engineering Technology Research amp Development
2 University of Maine Advanced
Structures and Composites Center Research amp Development
3 Precision Partners-Mid-State Machine
Products Manufacturing Services
4 Ocean Energy Institute EngineeringDesign Services
5 Newfab Inc Manufacturing Services
6 New England Castings Other
7 Mitchell Ledge Farm Components
8 McNabb Marketing Resources Other
9 Maine Oxy Inc Fuel
10 Maine Machine Products Co Manufacturing Services
11 MacTec Inc FCH2 System DistrInstallMaint Services
12 Kennebec Technologies Manufacturing Services
13 Hydrogen Energy Center Service Center Lab or Test ConsultingLegalFinancial
Services
14 Hydrogen Energy Center Other
15 Green Energy Maine Other
16 Fire Risk Management Inc EngineeringDesign Services
17 Fire Risk Management EngineeringDesign Services
18 Fairchild Semiconductor Research amp Development
19 EcoMain Research amp Development
20 Control Point Inc Lab or Test EquipmentServices
21 Colby Company Engineering EngineeringDesign Services
22 Chewonki Foundation Other
23 Burroughs Machine Tool Products Equipment
24 Bernstein Shur ConsultingLegalFinancial Services
25 Bath Iron Works (General Dynamics
Inc) Research amp Development
26 AMEC EngineeringDesign Services
27 Advantages Gases and Tools Fuel
28 Advanced Manufacturing Center-
University of ME Manufacturing Services
103
Northeast Electrochemical Energy Storage Cluster Supply Chain Database Search httpneescorgresourcestype=1 August 11 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
44
Appendix VI ndash Comparison of Fuel Cell Technologies104
Fuel Cell
Type
Common
Electrolyte
Operating
Temperature
Typical
Stack
Size
Efficiency Applications Advantages Disadvantages
Polymer
Electrolyte
Membrane
(PEM)
Perfluoro sulfonic
acid
50-100degC
122-212deg
typically
80degC
lt 1 kW ndash 1
MW105
gt
kW 60
transportation
35
stationary
bull Backup power
bull Portable power
bull Distributed
generation
bull Transportation
bull Specialty vehicle
bull Solid electrolyte reduces
corrosion amp electrolyte
management problems
bull Low temperature
bull Quick start-up
bull Expensive catalysts
bull Sensitive to fuel
impurities
bull Low temperature waste
heat
Alkaline
(AFC)
Aqueous solution
of potassium
hydroxide soaked
in a matrix
90-100degC
194-212degF
10 ndash 100
kW 60
bull Military
bull Space
bull Cathode reaction faster
in alkaline electrolyte
leads to high performance
bull Low cost components
bull Sensitive to CO2
in fuel and air
bull Electrolyte management
Phosphoric
Acid
(PAFC)
Phosphoric acid
soaked in a matrix
150-200degC
302-392degF
400 kW
100 kW
module
40 bull Distributed
generation
bull Higher temperature enables
CHP
bull Increased tolerance to fuel
impurities
bull Pt catalyst
bull Long start up time
bull Low current and power
Molten
Carbonate
(MCFC)
Solution of lithium
sodium andor
potassium
carbonates soaked
in a matrix
600-700degC
1112-1292degF
300
k W- 3 M
W
300 kW
module
45 ndash 50
bull Electric utility
bull Distributed
generation
bull High efficiency
bull Fuel flexibility
bull Can use a variety of catalysts
bull Suitable for CHP
bull High temperature
corrosion and breakdown
of cell components
bull Long start up time
bull Low power density
Solid Oxide
(SOFC)
Yttria stabilized
zirconia
700-1000degC
1202-1832degF
1 kW ndash 2
MW 60
bull Auxiliary power
bull Electric utility
bull Distributed
generation
bull High efficiency
bull Fuel flexibility
bull Can use a variety of catalysts
bull Solid electrolyte
bull Suitable f o r CHP amp CHHP
bull HybridGT cycle
bull High temperature
corrosion and breakdown
of cell components
bull High temperature
operation requires long
start up
time and limits
Polymer Electrolyte is no longer a single category row Data shown does not take into account High Temperature PEM which operates in the range of 160oC to 180
oC It solves
virtually all of the disadvantages listed under PEM It is not sensitive to impurities It has usable heat Stack efficiencies of 52 on the high side are realized HTPEM is not a
PAFC fuel cell and should not be confused with one
104 US Department of Energy Fuel Cells Technology Program httpwww1eereenergygovhydrogenandfuelcellsfuelcellspdfsfc_comparison_chartpdf August 5 2011 105
Ballard ldquoCLEARgen Multi-MY Systemsrdquo httpwwwballardcomfuel-cell-productscleargen-multi-mw-systemsaspx November 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
45
Appendix VII ndashAnalysis of Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities and Threats for Maine
Strengths
Stationary Power ndash Strong market drivers including high
electricity cost cold climate reliance on oil for space heating
strong CHP and district heating market strong environmental
and green energy awareness) capable core of fuel cell CHP
installers energy storage demand to serve MErsquos aggressive
wind-power industry strong ongoing expansion of natural gas
servicedistribution
Transportation Power - Strong market drivers including a
dispersed population highly reliant on truck and auto
transportation receptive and environmentally conscious
alternative fuelstransportation market relatively low income
population in need of relief from automobile fuel costs strong
Navy shipbuilding industry as potential user of H2FC auxiliary
power system strongly interested in fleet-based hydrogen
fueling station development (SunHydro model) strong interest
in municipal transit and fuel cell -powered rail
Economic Development Factors ndash Brunswick Renewable
Energy Park emphasis on skills development and technology
synergies aggressive state level policy to policy to develop
renewable wind and biomass energy technologies skilled and
well organized network of precision manufacturing firms tied
into aerospace and communications equipment industries
strong labor force at relatively low wages RampDbusiness
infrastructure for advanced biofuels and composite material
structures growing University of Maine commitment to fuel
cell and biomass RampD state funding source familiaritycomfort
with H2FC technology
Weaknesses
Stationary Power ndash No technologyindustrial momentum at the
OEM level geographically distant from OEMs for component-
supply opportunities
Transportation Power ndash No technologyindustrial base at the
OEM level lack of infrastructure funding relatively dispersed
population for transportation services
Economic Development Factors ndash limited state incentives
somewhat sluggish overall state economy relatively
undeveloped core of technology skillsknowledge base
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
46
Opportunities
Stationary Power ndash Opportunity as an ldquoearly adaptor marketrdquo
some supply chain buildup opportunities around SP deployment
Linkage between H2FC technologies and advanced biofuels
RampD Dispersed population amp economy needs distributed
solutions Major need for power storage in conjunction with
Maines planned offshore wind-power RampD and development
Transportation Power ndash Hydrogen refueling station plans Early-
stage potential for major roll-out in marine auxiliary power (US
Navy) Commuter rail expansion
Portable Power ndash Little currently-identified opportunity
Economic Development Factors ndash Brunswick ldquoRenewable Energy
Industrial Parkrdquo can be significant seed nucleus for both
deployment amp development Machine-tool industry pursuing
H2FC components supply-chain opportunities
Threats
Stationary Power ndash The regionrsquos favorable market
needsdemand could be met by other technologiessources ndash
Canadian hydro amp nuclear wind geothermal direct biomass
and power-storage alternatives ndash batteries solid state ammonia
etc
Transportation Power ndash The regionrsquos favorable market
characteristics and needs could be met by other electric
vehicles particularly in the absence of a hydrogen
infrastructure
Economic Development Factors ndash competition from more fully-
equipped statesregions wind and other renewables grab Maine
energy industry momentum lack of funding to sustain
University of MErsquos momentum in storage and fuel cell
technologies related to biomass and wind hesitation of state
government to support alternative energy incentives
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
47
Appendix VIII ndash Partial list of Fuel Cell Deployment in the Northeast region
Manufacturer Site Name Site Location Year Installed
Plug Power T-Mobile cell tower Storrs CT 2008
Plug Power Albany International Airport Albany NY 2004
FuelCell Energy Pepperidge Farms Plant Bloomfield CT 2005
FuelCell Energy Peabody Museum New Haven CT 2003
FuelCell Energy Sheraton New York Hotel amp Towers Manhattan NY 2004
FuelCell Energy Sheraton Hotel Edison NJ 2003
FuelCell Energy Sheraton Hotel Parsippany NJ 2003
UTC Power Cabelas Sporting Goods East Hartford CT 2008
UTC Power Whole Foods Market Glastonbury CT 2008
UTC Power Connecticut Science Center Hartford CT 2009
UTC Power St Francis Hospital Hartford CT 2003
UTC Power Middletown High School Middletown CT 2008
UTC Power Connecticut Juvenile Training School Middletown CT 2001
UTC Power 360 State Street Apartment Building New Haven CT 2010
UTC Power South Windsor High School South Windsor CT 2002
UTC Power Mohegan Sun Casino Hotel Uncasville CT 2002
UTC Power CTTransit Fuel Cell Bus Hartford CT 2007
UTC Power Whole Foods Market Dedham MA 2009
UTC Power Bronx Zoo Bronx NY 2008
UTC Power North Central Bronx Hospital Bronx NY 2000
UTC Power Hunts Point Water Pollution Control Plant Bronx NY 2005
UTC Power Price Chopper Supermarket Colonie NY 2010
UTC Power East Rochester High School East Rochester NY 2007
UTC Power Coca-Cola Refreshments Production Facility Elmsford NY 2010
UTC Power Verizon Call Center and Communications Building Garden City NY 2005
UTC Power State Office Building Hauppauge NY 2009
UTC Power Liverpool High School Liverpool NY 2000
UTC Power New York Hilton Hotel New York City NY 2007
UTC Power Central Park Police Station New York City NY 1999
UTC Power Rochester Institute of Technology Rochester NY 1993
UTC Power NYPA office building White Plains NY 2010
UTC Power Wastewater treatment plant Yonkers NY 1997
UTC Power The Octagon Roosevelt Island NY 2011
UTC Power Johnson amp Johnson World Headquarters New Brunswick NJ 2003
UTC Power CTTRANSIT (Fuel Cell Powered Buses) Hartford CT 2007 - Present
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
48
Appendix IX ndash Partial list of Fuel Cell-Powered Forklifts in North America106
Company CityTown State Site Year
Deployed
Fuel Cell
Manufacturer
of
forklifts
Coca-Cola San Leandro CA
Bottling and
distribution center 2011 Plug Power 37
Charlotte NC Bottling facility 2011 Plug Power 40
EARP
Distribution Kansas City KS Distribution center 2011
Oorja
Protonics 24
Golden State
Foods Lemont IL Distribution facility 2011
Oorja
Protonics 20
Kroger Co Compton CA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 161
Sysco
Riverside CA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 80
Boston MA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 160
Long Island NY Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 42
San Antonio TX Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 113
Front Royal VA Redistribution
facility 2011 Plug Power 100
Baldor
Specialty Foods Bronx NY Facility
Planned
in 2012
Oorja
Protonics 50
BMW
Manufacturing
Co
Spartanburg SC Manufacturing
plant 2010 Plug Power 86
Defense
Logistics
Agency US
Department of
Defense
San Joaquin CA Distribution facility 2011 Plug Power 20
Fort Lewis WA Distribution depot 2011 Plug Power 19
Warner
Robins GA Distribution depot 2010 Hydrogenics 20
Susquehanna PA Distribution depot 2010 Plug Power 15
2009 Nuvera 40
Martin-Brower Stockton CA Food distribution
center 2010
Oorja
Protonics 15
United Natural
Foods Inc
(UNFI)
Sarasota FL Distribution center 2010 Plug Power 65
Wal-Mart
Balzac Al
Canada
Refrigerated
distribution center 2010 Plug Power 80
Washington
Court House OH
Food distribution
center 2007 Plug Power 55
Wegmans Pottsville PA Warehouse 2010 Plug Power 136
Whole Foods
Market Landover MD Distribution center 2010 Plug Power 61
106
FuelCell2000 ldquoFuel Cell-Powered Forklifts in North Americardquo httpwwwfuelcellsorginfochartsforkliftspdf November
2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
49
Appendix X ndash Comparison of PEM Fuel Cell and Battery-Powered Material Handling
Equipment
3 kW PEM Fuel Cell-Powered
Pallet Trucks
3 kW Battery-powered
(2 batteries per truck)
Total Fuel Cycle Energy Use
(total energy consumedkWh
delivered to the wheels) -12000 BtukWh 14000 BtukWh
Fuel Cycle GHG Emissions
(in g CO2 equivalent 820 gkWh 1200 gkWh
Estimated Product Life 8-10 years 4-5 years No Emissions at Point of Use
Quiet Operation
Wide Ambient Operating
Temperature range
Constant Power Available
over Shift
Routine Maintenance Costs
($YR) $1250 - $1500year $2000year
Time for RefuelingChanging
Batteries 4 ndash 8 minday 45-60 minday (for battery change-outs)
8 hours (for battery recharging amp cooling) Cost of FuelElectricity $6000year $1300year Labor Cost of
refuelingRecharging $1100year $8750year
Net Present Value of Capital
Cost $12600
($18000 wo incentive) $14000
Net Present Value of OampM
costs (including fuel) $52000 $128000
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
50
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
12
MAINE
Food Sales
There are over 1800 businesses in Maine known to be engaged in the retail sale of food Food sales
establishments are good candidates for fuel cells based on their electrical demand and thermal
requirements for heating and refrigeration Approximately 80 of these sites are considered larger food
sales businesses with approximately 60 or more employees at their site 26
Of these 80 large food sales
businesses 45 are located in communities serviced by natural gas (Appendix I ndash Figure 2 Food Sales)27
The application of a large fuel cell (gt300 kW) at a small convenience store may not be economically
viable based on the electric demand and operational requirements however a smaller fuel cell may be
appropriate
Popular grocery chains such as Price Chopper Supervalu Wholefoods and Stop and Shop have shown
interest in powering their stores with fuel cells in Massachusetts Connecticut and New York28
In
addition grocery distribution centers like the one operated by Shaws (a Supervalu brand) in Wells
Maine are prime targets for the application of hydrogen and fuel cell technology for both stationary
power and material handling equipment
Table 3 - Food Sales Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
1800
(4)
45
(4)
45
(4)
135((
(4)
106434
(4)
286662
(4)
20435
(3)
Food Service
There are over 2100 businesses in Maine that can be classified as food service establishments used for
the preparation and sale of food and beverages for consumption29
15 of these sites are considered larger
restaurant businesses with 130 or more employees at their site and are located in Maine communities
serviced by natural gas (Appendix I ndash Figure 3 Food Services)30
The application of a large fuel cell
(gt300 kW) at smaller restaurants with less than 130 workers may not be economically viable based on the
electric demand and operational requirements however a smaller fuel cell ( 5 kW) may be appropriate
to meet hot water and space heating requirements A significant portion (18 percent) of the energy
consumed in a commercial food service operation can be attributed to the domestic hot water heating
load31
In other parts of the US popular chains such as McDonalds are beginning to show an interest in
the smaller sized fuel cell units for the provision of electricity and thermal energy including domestic
water heating at food service establishments32
26
On average food sale facilities consume 43000 kWh of electricity per worker on an annual basis When compared to current
fuel cell technology (gt300 kW) which satisfies annual electricity consumption loads between 2628000 ndash 3504000 kWh
calculations show food sales facilities employing more than 61 workers may represent favorable opportunities for the application
of a larger fuel cell 27 EIA Description of CBECS Building Types wwweiagovemeucbecsbuilding_typeshtml 28 Clean Energy States Alliance (CESA) ldquoFuel Cells for Supermarkets ndash Cleaner Energy with Fuel Cell Combined Heat and
Power Systemsrdquo Benny Smith wwwcleanenergystatesorgassetsUploadsBlakeFuelCellsSupermarketsFBpdf 29 EIA Description of CBECS Building Types wwweiagovemeucbecsbuilding_typeshtml 30
On average food service facilities consume 20300 kWh of electricity per worker on an annual basis Current fuel cell
technology (gt300 kW) can satisfy annual electricity consumption loads between 2628000 ndash 3504000 kWh Calculations show
food service facilities employing more than 130 workers may represent favorable opportunities for the application of a larger fuel
cell 31
ldquoCase Studies in Restaurant Water Heatingrdquo Fisher Donald httpeecucdaviseduACEEE2008datapapers9_243pdf 2008 32
Sustainable business Oregon ldquoClearEdge sustains brisk growthrdquo
httpwwwsustainablebusinessoregoncomarticles201001clearedge_sustains_brisk_growthhtml May 8 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
13
MAINE
Office
Equipment 4 Ventilation 4
Refrigeration
3
Lighting 11
Cooling 13
Space Heating
33
Water Heating
18
Cooking 5 Other 9
Table 4 - Food Services Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
2100
(3)
15
(4)
15
(4)
45
(4)
35478
(4)
95554
(4)
6812
(2)
Inpatient Healthcare
There are over 181 inpatient healthcare facilities in Maine 42 of which are classified as hospitals33
Of
these 42 hospitals eight are located in communities serviced by natural gas and contain 100 or more beds
onsite (Appendix I ndash Figure 4 Inpatient Healthcare) Hospitals represent an excellent opportunity for the
application of fuel cells because they require a high availability factor of electricity for lifesaving medical
devices and operate 247 with a relatively flat load curve Furthermore medical equipment patient
rooms sterilizedoperating rooms data centers and kitchen areas within these facilities are often required
to be in operational conditions at all times which maximizes the use of electricity and thermal energy
from a fuel cell Nationally hospital energy costs have increased 56 percent from $389 per square foot
in 2003 to $607 per square foot for 2010 partially due to the increased cost of energy34
Examples of healthcare facilities with planned or operational fuel cells include St Francis Stamford and
Waterbury Hospitals in Connecticut and North Central Bronx Hospital in New York
Table 5 - Inpatient Healthcare Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
181
(5)
42
(10)
42
(10)
126
(10)
99338
(10)
267551
(10)
19073
(8)
Lodging
There are over 730 establishments specializing in
travellodging accommodations that include hotels motels or
inns in Maine Approximately 33 of these establishments
have 150 or more rooms onsite and can be classified as
ldquolarger sizedrdquo lodging that may have additional attributes
such as heated pools exercise facilities andor restaurants 35
Of these 33 locations 15 employ more than 94 workers and
are located in communities serviced by natural gas 36
As
shown in Figure 4 more than 60 percent of total energy use at
a typical lodging facility is due to lighting space heating and
water heating 37
The application of a large fuel cell (gt300
33 EIA Description of CBECS Building Types wwweiagovemeucbecsbuilding_typeshtml 34
BetterBricks ldquohttpwwwbetterbrickscomgraphicsassetsdocumentsBB_Article_EthicalandBusinessCasepdfrdquo Page 1
August 2011 35 EPA ldquoCHP in the Hotel and Casino Market Sectorrdquo wwwepagovchpdocumentshotel_casino_analysispdf December 2005 36
On average lodging facilities consume 28000 kWh of electricity per worker on an annual basis Current fuel cell technology
(gt300 kW) can satisfy annual electricity consumption loads between 2628000 ndash 3504000 kWh Calculations show lodging
facilities employing more than 94 workers may represent favorable opportunities for the application of a larger fuel cell 37 National Grid ldquoManaging Energy Costs in Full-Service Hotelsrdquo
wwwnationalgriduscomnon_htmlshared_energyeff_hotelspdf 2004
Figure 4 - US Lodging Energy Consumption
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
14
MAINE
kW) at hotelresort facilities with less than 94 employees may not be economically viable based on the
electrical demand and operational requirement however a smaller fuel cell ( 5 kW) may be appropriate
Popular hotel chains such as the Hilton and Starwood Hotels have shown interest in powering their
establishments with fuel cells in New Jersey and New York
Maine also has 107 facilities identified as convalescent homes three of which have bed capacities greater
than or equal to 150 units38
All three sites are located in communities serviced by natural gas (Appendix
I ndash Figure 5 Lodging)
Table 6 - Lodging Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
837
(10)
18
(2)
18
(2)
54
(2)
42574
(2)
114665
(2)
8174
(2)
Public Order and Safety There are approximately 216 facilities in Maine that can be classified as public order and safety these
include 96 fire stations 102 police stations eight state police stations nine border patrols and nine
prisons 3940
Ten of these locations employ more than 210 workers and are located in communities
serviced by natural gas4142
These applications may represent favorable opportunities for the application
of a larger fuel cell (gt300 kW) which could provide heat and uninterrupted power 4344
The sites
identified (Appendix I ndash Figure 6 Public Order and Safety) will have special value to provide increased
reliability to mission critical facilities associated with public safety and emergency response during grid
outages The application of a large fuel cell (gt300 kW) at public order and safety facilities with less than
210 employees may not be economically viable based on the electrical demand and operational
requirement however a smaller fuel cell ( 5 kW) may be appropriate Central Park Police Station in
New York City New York is presently powered by a 200 kW fuel cell system
Table 7 - Public Order and Safety Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
216
(7)
10
(3)
10
(3)
30
(3)
23652
(3)
63703
(3)
4541
(3)
38 Assisted-Living-List ldquoList of 120 Nursing Homes in Maine (ME)rdquo httpassisted-living-listcomme--nursing-homes May 9
2011 39 EIA Description of CBECS Building Types wwweiagovemeucbecsbuilding_typeshtml 40 USACOPS ndash The Nations Law Enforcement Site wwwusacopscomme 41
CBECSldquoTable C14rdquo httpwwweiagovemeucbecscbecs2003detailed_tables_20032003set192003pdfalltablespdf
November 2011 42
On average public order and safety facilities consume 12400 kWh of electricity per worker on an annual basis Current fuel
cell technology (gt300 kW) can satisfy annual electricity consumption loads between 2628000 ndash 3504000 kWh Calculations
show public order and safety facilities employing more than 212 workers may represent favorable opportunities for the
application of a larger fuel cell 43
2628000 12400 = 21194 44
CBECSldquoTable C14rdquo httpwwweiagovemeucbecscbecs2003detailed_tables_20032003set192003pdfalltablespdf
November 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
15
MAINE
Energy Intensive Industries
As shown in Table 2 energy intensive industries with high electricity consumption (which on average is
48 percent of annual operating costs) have been identified as potential locations for the application of a
fuel cell45
In Maine there are approximately 156 of these industrial facilities that are involved in the
manufacture of aluminum chemicals forest products glass metal casting petroleum coal products or
steel and employ 25 or more employees46
Of these 156 locations 64 are located in communities serviced
by natural gas (Appendix I ndash Figure 7 Energy Intensive Industries)
Table 8 - 2002 Data for the Energy Intensive Industry by Sector47
NAICS Code Sector Energy Consumption per Dollar Value of Shipments (kWh)
325 Chemical manufacturing 249
322 Pulp and Paper 446
324110 Petroleum Refining 472
311 Food manufacturing 076
331111 Iron and steel 815
321 Wood Products 123
3313 Alumina and aluminum 358
327310 Cement 1641
33611 Motor vehicle manufacturing 021
3315 Metal casting 164
336811 Shipbuilding and ship repair 205
3363 Motor vehicle parts manufacturing 205
Companies such as Coca-Cola Johnson amp Johnson and Pepperidge Farms in Connecticut New Jersey
and New York have installed fuel cells to help supply energy to their facilities
Table 9 - Energy Intensive Industry Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
156
(3)
6
(1)
6
(1)
18
(1)
14191
(1)
38222
(1)
2725
(1)
Government Owned Buildings
Buildings operated by the federal government can be found at 114 locations in Maine four of these
properties are actively owned rather than leased by the federal government and are located in
communities serviced by natural gas (Appendix I ndash Figure 8 Federal Government Operated Buildings)
There are also a number of buildings owned and operated by the State of Maine The application of fuel
cell technology at government owned buildings would assist in balancing load requirements at these sites
and offer a unique value for active and passive public education associated with the high usage of these
public buildings
45 EIA ldquoElectricity Generation Capabilityrdquo 1999 CBECS wwweiadoegovemeucbecspba99comparegenerhtml 46 Proprietary market data 47 EPA ldquoEnergy Trends in Selected Manufacturing Sectorsrdquo wwwepagovsectorspdfenergych2pdf March 2007
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
16
MAINE
Table 10 - Government Owned Building Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
114
(9)
4
(4)
4
(4)
12
(4)
9461
(4)
25481
(4)
1816
(4)
Wireless Telecommunication Sites
Telecommunications companies rely on electricity to run call centers cell phone towers and other vital
equipment In Maine there are approximately 509 telecommunications andor wireless company tower
sites (Appendix I ndash Figure 9 Telecommunication Sites) Any loss of power at these locations may result
in a loss of service to customers thus having reliable power is critical Each individual site represents an
opportunity to provide back-up power for continuous operation through the application of on-site back-up
generation powered by hydrogen and fuel cell technology It is an industry standard to install units
capable of supplying 48-72 hours of backup power which this is typically accomplished with batteries or
conventional emergency generators48
The deployment of fuel cells at selected telecommunication sites
will have special value to provide increased reliability to critical sites associated with emergency
communications and homeland security An example of a telecommunication site that utilizes fuel cell
technology to provide back-up power is a T-Mobile facility located in Storrs Connecticut
Table 11 - Wireless Telecommunication Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
509
(13)
51
(13) NA NA NA NA NA
Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs) There are 111 WWTPs in Maine that have design flows ranging from 3000 gallons per day (GPD) to 16
million gallons per day (MGD) seven of these facilities average between 3 ndash 16 MGD WWTPs
typically operate 247 and may be able to utilize the thermal energy from the fuel cell to process fats oils
and grease49
WWTPs account for approximately three percent of the electric load in the United State50
Digester gas produced at WWTPrsquos which is usually 60 percent methane can serve as a fuel substitute for
natural gas to power fuel cells Anaerobic digesters generally require a wastewater flow greater than
three MGD for an economy of scale to collect and use the methane51
Most facilities currently represent a
lost opportunity to capture and use the digestion of methane emissions created from their operations
(Appendix I ndash Figure 10 Solid and Liquid Waste Sites) 5253
A 200 kW fuel cell power plant in Yonkers New York was the worldrsquos first commercial fuel cell to run
on a waste gas created at a wastewater treatment plant The fuel cell generates about 1600 MWh of
electricity a year and reduces methane emissions released to the environment54
A 200 kW fuel cell
48 ReliOn Hydrogen Fuel Cell Wireless Applicationsrdquo wwwrelion-inccompdfReliOn_AppsWireless_2010pdf May 4 2011 49
ldquoBeyond Zero Net Energy Case Studies of Wastewater Treatment for Energy and Resource Productionrdquo Toffey Bill
September 2010 httpwwwawra-pmasmemberlodgeorgResourcesDocumentsBeyond_NZE_WWT-Toffey-9-16-2010pdf 50
EPA Wastewater Management Fact Sheet ldquoIntroductionrdquo July 2006 51 EPA Wastewater Management Fact Sheet wwwp2paysorgenergyWastePlantpdf July 2006 52 ldquoGHG Emissions from Wastewater Treatment and Biosolids Managementrdquo Beecher Ned November 20 2009
wwwdesstatenhusorganizationdivisionswaterwmbriverswatershed_conferencedocuments2009_fri_climate_2pdf 53 EPA Wastewater Management Fact Sheet wwwp2paysorgenergyWastePlantpdf May 4 2011 54 NYPA ldquoWHAT WE DO ndash Fuel Cellsrdquo wwwnypagovservicesfuelcellshtm August 8 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
17
MAINE
power plant was and installed at the Water Pollution Control Authorityrsquos WWTP in New Haven
Connecticut and produces 10 ndash 15 percent of the facilityrsquos electricity reducing energy costs by almost
$13000 a year55
Table 12 - Wastewater Treatment Plants Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
111
(19)
1
(6)
1
(6)
03
(6)
2365
(6)
6370
(6)
454
(5)
Landfill Methane Outreach Program (LMOP)
There are 11 landfills in Maine identified by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) through their
LMOP program two of which are operational two are candidates and six are considered potential sites
for the production and recovery of methane gas 5657
The amount of methane emissions released by a
given site is dependent upon the amount of material in the landfill and the amount of time the material has
been in place Similar to WWTPs methane emissions from landfills could be captured and used as a fuel
to power a fuel cell system In 2009 municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills were responsible for
producing approximately 17 percent of human-related methane emissions in the nation These locations
could produce renewable energy and help manage the release of methane (Appendix I ndash Figure 10 Solid
and Liquid Waste Sites)
Table 13 - Landfill Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
25
(12)
1
(7)
1
(7)
03
(7)
2365
(7)
6370
(7)
454
(6)
Airports
During peak air travel times in the US there are approximately 50000 airplanes in the sky each day
Ensuring safe operations of commercial and private aircrafts are the responsibility of air traffic
controllers Modern software host computers voice communication systems and instituted full scale
glide path angle capabilities assist air traffic controllers in tracking and communicating with aircrafts
consequently reliable electricity is extremely important and present an opportunity for a fuel cell power
application 58
There are approximately 103 airports in Maine including 47 that are open to the public and have
scheduled services Of those 47 airports six (Table 3) have 2500 or more passengers enplaned each
year two of these six facilities are located in communities serviced by natural gas (See Appendix I ndash
55 Conntactcom ldquoCity to Install Fuel Cellrdquo
httpwwwconntactcomarchive_indexarchive_pages4472_Business_New_Havenhtml August 15 2003 56
Due to size individual sites may have more than one potential candidate or operational project 57 LMOP defines a candidate landfill as ldquoone that is accepting waste or has been closed for five years or less has at least one
million tons of waste and does not have an operational or under-construction projectrdquoEPA ldquoLandfill Methane Outreach
Programrdquo wwwepagovlmopbasic-infoindexhtml April 7 2011 58 Howstuffworkscom ldquoHow Air Traffic Control Worksrdquo Craig Freudenrich
httpsciencehowstuffworkscomtransportflightmodernair-traffic-control5htm May 4 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
18
MAINE
Figure 11 Commercial Airports) An example of an airport currently hosting a fuel cell power plant to
provide backup power is Albany International Airport located in Albany New York
Table 14 ndash Maine Top Airports Enplanement Count
Airport59
Total Enplanement in 2000
Portland International Jetport 668098
Bangor International 272833
Northern Maine Regional at Presque Isle 25174
Knox County Regional 17328
Hancock County Bar harbor 14399
Augusta State 7148
Bangor International Airport (BGR) is considered the only ldquoJoint-Userdquo airport in Maine Joint-Use
facilities are establishments where the military department authorizes use of the military runway for
public airport services Army Aviation Support Facilities (AASF) located at this site are used by the
Army to provide aircraft and equipment readiness train and utilize military personnel conduct flight
training and operations and perform field level maintenance Bangor International Airport represents a
favorable opportunity for the application of uninterruptible power for necessary services associated with
national defense and emergency response and is located in a community serviced by natural gas
(Appendix I ndash Figure 11 Commercial Airports)
Table 15 - Airport Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
103
(12)
5(1)
(1)
1
(1)
15
(1)
11826
(1)
31851
(1)
2271
(8)
Military The US Department of Defense (DOD) is the largest funding organization in terms of supporting fuel
cell activities for military applications in the world DOD organizations are using fuel cells for
Stationary units for power supply in bases
Fuel cell units in transport applications
Portable units for equipping individual soldiers or group of soldiers
In a collaborative partnership with the DOE the DOD plans to install and operate 18 fuel cell backup
power systems at eight of its military installations two of which are located within the Northeast region
(New York and New Jersey)60
In addition the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard (PSNY) in Kittery Maine
occupies more than 297 acres on base employs approximately 4500 civilian employees and 100 naval
officers in addition to enlisted personal assigned to the shipyard and is a potential application for
hydrogen and fuel cell technology (Appendix I ndash Figure 11 Commercial Airports) 61
59 Bureau of Transportation Statistics ldquoMaine Transportation Profilerdquo
wwwbtsgovpublicationsstate_transportation_statisticsmainepdfentirepdf March 30 2011 60 Fuel Cell Today ldquoUS DoD to Install Fuel cell Backup Power Systems at Eight Military Installationsrdquo
httpwwwfuelcelltodaycomonlinenewsarticles2011-07US-DOD-FC-Backup-Power-Systems July 20 2011 61
Portsmouth Naval Shipyard ldquoShipyard Factsrdquo httpwwwnavseanavymilshipyardsportsmouthPagesFactsaspx August
2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
19
MAINE
Table 16 - Military Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
1
(7)
1
(7)
1
(7)
03
(7)
2365
(7)
6370
(7)
454
(6)
POTENTIAL TRANSPORTATION TARGETS
Transportation is responsible for one-fourth of the total global GHG emissions and consumes 75 percent
of the worldrsquos oil production In 2010 the US used 21 million barrels of non-renewable petroleum each
day Roughly 29 percent of Mainersquos energy consumption is due to demands of the transportation sector
including gasoline and on-highway diesel petroleum for automobiles trucks and buses A small percent
of non-renewable petroleum is used for jet and ship fuel62
The current economy in the US is dependent on hydrocarbon energy sources and any disruption or
shortage of this energy supply will severely affect many energy related activities including
transportation As oil and other non-sustainable hydrocarbon energy resources become scarce energy
prices will increase and the reliability of supply will be reduced Government and industry are now
investigating the use of hydrogen and renewable energy as a replacement of hydrocarbon fuels
Hydrogen-fueled fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) have many advantages over conventional
technology including
Quiet operation
Near zero emissions of controlled pollutants such as nitrous oxide carbon monoxide
hydrocarbon gases or particulates
Substantial (30 to 50 percent) reduction in GHG emissions on a well-to-wheel basis compared to
conventional gasoline or gasoline-hybrid vehicles when the hydrogen is produced by
conventional methods such as natural gas and 100 percent when hydrogen is produced from a
clean energy source
Ability to fuel vehicles with indigenous energy sources which reduces dependence on imported
energy and adds to energy security and
Higher efficiency than conventional vehicles (See Table 4)6364
Table 17 - Average Energy Efficiency of Conventional and Fuel Cell Vehicles (mpge65
)
Passenger Car Light Truck Transit Bus
Hydrogen Gasoline Hybrid Gasoline Hydrogen Gasoline Hydrogen Fuel Cell Diesel
52 50 293 492 215 54 39
FCEVs can reduce price volatility dependence on oil improve environmental performance and provide
greater efficiencies than conventional transportation technologies as follows
62 ldquoUS Oil Consumption to BP Spillrdquo httpapplesfromorangescom201005us-oil-consumption-to-bp-spill May31 2010 63 ldquoChallenges for Sustainable Mobility and Development of Fuel Cell Vehiclesrdquo Masatami Takimoto Executive Vice President
Toyota Motor Corporation January 26 2006 Presentation at the 2nd International Hydrogen amp Fuel Cell Expo Technical
Conference Tokyo Japan 64 ldquoTwenty Hydrogen Mythsrdquo Amory B Lovins Rocky Mountain Institute June 20 2003 65 Miles per Gallon Equivalent
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
20
MAINE
Replacement of gasoline-fueled passenger vehicles and light duty trucks and diesel-fueled transit
buses with FCEVs could result in annual CO2 emission reductions (per vehicle) of approximately
10170 15770 and 182984 pounds per year respectively66
Replacement of gasoline-fueled passenger vehicles and light duty trucks and diesel-fueled transit
buses with FCEVs could result in annual energy savings (per vehicle) of approximately 230
gallons of gasoline (passenger vehicle) 485 gallons of gasoline (light duty truck) and 4390
gallons of diesel (bus)
Replacement of gasoline-fueled passenger vehicles light duty trucks and diesel-fueled transit
buses with FCEVs could result in annual fuel cost savings of approximately $885 per passenger
vehicle $1866 per light duty truck and $17560 per bus67
Automobile manufacturers such as Toyota General Motors Honda Daimler AG and Hyundai have
projected that models of their FCEVs will begin to roll out in larger numbers by 2015 Longer term the
US DOE has projected that between 151 million and 239 million light duty FCEVs may be sold each
year by 2050 and between 144 million and 347 million light duty FCEVs may be in use by 2050 with a
transition to a hydrogen economy These estimates could be accelerated if political economic energy
security or environmental polices prompt a rapid advancement in alternative fuels68
Mainersquos opportunities to support these new vehicles include alternative fueling stations Maine
Department of Transportation (MDOT) refueling stations bus transit operations government public and
privately owned fleets and material handling and airport ground support equipment (GSE) Graphical
representation of these opportunities analyzed are depicted in Appendix I
Alternative Fueling Stations
There are approximately 1400 retail fueling stations in Maine69
however only 10 public andor private
stations within the state provide alternative fuels such as biodiesel compressed natural gas propane
andor electricity for alternative-fueled vehicles70
There are also at least 17 refueling stations owned and
operated by MDOT that can be used by authorities operating federal and state safety vehicles state transit
vehicles and employees of universities that operate fleet vehicles on a regular basis 71
Development of
hydrogen fueling at alternative fuel stations and at selected locations owned and operated by MDOT
would help facilitate the deployment of FCEVs within the state (Appendix I ndash Figure 12 Alternative
Fueling Stations) Currently there are approximately 18 existing or planned transportation fueling
stations in the Northeast region where hydrogen is provided as an alternative fuel72737475
66 Fuel Cell Economic Development Plan Connecticut Department of Economic and Community Development and the
Connecticut Center for Advanced Technology Inc January 1 2008 Calculations based upon average annual mileage of 12500
miles for passenger car and 14000 miles for light trucks (US EPA) and 37000 average milesyear per bus (US DOT FTA
2007) 67 US EIA Weekly Retail Gasoline and Diesel Prices gasoline - $3847 and diesel ndash 400
wwweiagovdnavpetpet_pri_gnd_a_epm0r_pte_dpgal_whtm 68
Effects of a Transition to a Hydrogen Economy on Employment in the United States Report to Congress
httpwwwhydrogenenergygovcongress_reportshtml August 2011 69 ldquoPublic retail gasoline stations state yearrdquo wwwafdcenergygovafdcdatadocsgasoline_stations_statexls May 5 2011 70 Alternative Fuels Data Center wwwafdcenergygovafdclocatorstations 71 EPA ldquoGovernment UST Noncompliance Report-2007rdquo wwwepagovoustdocsME20Compliance20Reportpdf August
82007 72 Alternative Fuels Data Center httpwwwafdcenergygovafdclocatorstations 73 Hyride ldquoAbout the fueling stationrdquo httpwwwhyrideorghtml-about_hyrideAbout_Fuelinghtml 74 CTTransit ldquoHartford Bus Facility Site Work (Phase 1)rdquo
wwwcttransitcomProcurementsDisplayaspProcurementID=8752CA67-AB1F-4D88-BCEC-4B82AC8A2542 March 2011 75
Currently there are no publicly or privately accessible transportation fueling stations where hydrogen is provided as an
alternative fuel in Maine
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
21
MAINE
Fleets
There are over 7000 fleet vehicles (excluding state and federal vehicles) classified as non-leasing or
company owned vehicles in Maine 76
Fleet vehicles typically account for more than twice the amount of
mileage and therefore twice the fuel consumption and emissions compared to personal vehicles on a per
vehicle basis There are an additional 1781 passenger automobiles andor light duty trucks in Maine
owned by state and federal agencies (excluding state police) that traveled a combined 14965373 miles in
2010 while releasing 1031 metrics tons of CO2 77
Conversion of fleet vehicles from conventional fossil
fuels to FCEVs could significantly reduce petroleum consumption and GHG emissions Fleet vehicle
hubs are good candidates for hydrogen refueling and conversion to FCEVs because they mostly operate
on fixed routes or within fixed districts and are fueled from a centralized station
Bus Transit
There are approximately 61 directly operated buses that provide public transportation services in Maine78
As discussed above replacement of a conventional diesel transit bus with a fuel cell transit bus would
result in the reduction of CO2 emissions (estimated at approximately 183000 pounds per year) and
reduction of diesel fuel (estimated at approximately 4390 gallons per year)79
Although the efficiency of
conventional diesel buses has increased conventional diesel buses which typically achieve fuel economy
performance levels of 39 miles per gallon have the greatest potential for energy savings by using high
efficiency fuel cells In addition to Maine other states have also begun the transition of fueling transit
buses with alternative fuels to improve efficiency and environmental performance
Material Handling
Material handling equipment such as forklifts are used by a variety of industries including
manufacturing construction mining agriculture food retailers and wholesale trade to move goods
within a facility or to load goods for shipping to another site Material handling equipment is usually
battery propane or diesel powered Batteries that currently power material handling equipment are heavy
and take up significant storage space while only providing up to 6 hours of run time Fuel cells can
ensure constant power delivery and performance eliminating the reduction in voltage output that occurs
as batteries discharge Fuel cell powered material handling equipment last more than twice as long (12-
14 hours) and also eliminate the need for battery storage and charging rooms leaving more space for
products In addition fueling time only takes two to three minutes by the operator compared to least 20
minutes or more for each battery replacement which saves the operator valuable time and increases
warehouse productivity
In addition fuel cell powered material handling equipment has significant cost advantages compared to
batteries such as
15 times lower maintenance cost
8 times lower refuelingrecharging labor cost
2 times lower net present value of total operations and management (OampM) system cost
76
Fleetcom ldquo2009-My Registrationrdquo httpwwwautomotive-
fleetcomStatisticsStatsVieweraspxfile=http3a2f2fwwwautomotive-fleetcom2ffc_resources2fstats2fAFFB10-16-
top10-statepdfampchannel 77 US General Services Administration ldquoGSA 2010 Fleet Reportsrdquo Table 4-2 httpwwwgsagovportalcontent230525 September
2011 78
NTD Date ldquoTS22 - Service Data and Operating Expenses Time-Series by Systemrdquo
httpwwwntdprogramgovntdprogramdatahtm December 2011 79 Fuel Cell Economic Development Plan Connecticut Department of Economic and Community Development and the
Connecticut Center for Advanced Technology Inc January 1 2008
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
22
MAINE
63 percent less emissions of GHG (Appendix X provides a comparison of PEM fuel cell and
battery-powered material handling equipment)
Fuel cell powered material handling equipment is already in use at dozens of warehouses distribution
centers and manufacturing plants in North America80
Large corporations that are currently using or
planning to use fuel cell powered material handling equipment include CVS Coca-Cola BMW Central
Grocers and Wal-Mart (Refer to Appendix IX for a partial list of companies in North America that using
fuel cell powered forklifts)81
There are approximately five distribution centerswarehouse sites that have
been identified in Maine that may benefit from the use of fuel cell powered material handling equipment
(Appendix I ndash Figure 13 Distribution CentersWarehouses amp Ports)
Ground Support Equipment
Ground support equipment (GSE) such as catering trucks deicers and airport tugs can be battery
operated or more commonly run on diesel or gasoline As an alternative hydrogen-powered tugs are
being developed for both military and commercial applications While their performance is similar to that
of other battery-powered equipment a fuel cell-powered GSE remains fully charged (provided there is
hydrogen fuel available) and do not experience performance lag at the end of a shift like battery-powered
GSEs82
Potential large end-users of GSE that serve Mainersquos largest airports include Air Canada Delta
Airlines Continental JetBlue United and US Airways83
(Appendix I ndash Figure 11 Commercial
Airports)
Ports
Maine has 3480 miles of coastline with six cargo ports and 13 cruise ship ports The ports of Portland
and Bath Maine which service large vessels such as container ships tankers bulk carriers and cruise
ships may be candidates for improved energy management Commercial marine vessels (cargo ships
entering and leaving Marine ports) contribute approximately 166 tons of volatile organic compounds
(VOC) 1134 tons of NOX 374 tons of CO 124 tons of sulfur dioxide SO2 and 91 tons of particulate
matter (PM10) per year84
In one year a single large container ship can emit pollutants equivalent to that of 50 million cars The
low grade bunker fuel used by the worlds 90000 cargo ships contains up to 2000 times the amount of
sulfur compared to diesel fuel used in automobiles85
Furthermore diesel emissions from cruise ships
while at port are a significant source of air pollution While docked vessels shut off their main engines
but use auxiliary diesel and steam engines to power refrigeration lights pumps and other functions a
process called ldquocold-ironing An estimated one-third of ship emissions occur while they are idling at
berth Replacing auxiliary engines with on-shore electric power could significantly reduce emissions
The applications of fuel cell technology at ports may also provide electric and thermal energy for
improving energy management for warehouses and equipment operated between terminals (Appendix I ndash
Figure 13 Distribution CentersWarehouses amp Ports)86
80 DOE EERE ldquoEarly Markets Fuel Cells for Material Handling Equipmentrdquo
www1eereenergygovhydrogenandfuelcellseducationpdfsearly_markets_forkliftspdf February 2011 81 Plug Power ldquoPlug Power Celebrates Successful year for Companyrsquos Manufacturing and Sales Activityrdquo
wwwplugpowercom January 4 2011 82 Battelle ldquoIdentification and Characterization of Near-Term Direct Hydrogen Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Marketsrdquo
April 2007 www1eereenergygovhydrogenandfuelcellspdfspemfc_econ_2006_report_final_0407pdf 83 PWM ldquoAirlinesrdquo httpwwwportlandjetportorgairlines August 24 2011 84
Maine Department of Environmental Protection ldquoAir Emission from Marine Vesselsrdquo
httpwwwmainegovdepblwqtopicvesselairemissionsreportpdf January 15 2005 85
ldquoBig polluters one massive container ship equals 50 million carsrdquo Paul Evans httpwwwgizmagcomshipping-
pollution11526 April 232009 86
Savemayportvillagenet ldquoCruise Ship Pollutionrdquo httpwwwsavemayportvillagenetid20html October 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
23
MAINE
Table 18 -Ports Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
42
(35)
2
(11)
2
(11)
06
(11)
4730
(11)
12741
(11)
908
(9)
CONCLUSION
Hydrogen and fuel cell technology offers significant opportunities for improved energy reliability energy
efficiency and emission reductions Large fuel cell units (gt300 kW) may be appropriate for applications
that serve large electric and thermal loads Smaller fuel cell units (lt 300 kW) may provide back-up power
for telecommunication sites restaurantsfast food outlets and smaller sized public facilities at this time
Table 19 ndashSummary of Potential Fuel Cell Applications
Category Total Sites Potential
Sites
Number of Fuel
Cells
lt 300 kW
Number of
Fuel Cells
gt300 kW
CB
EC
S D
ata
Education 964 6587
23 42
Food Sales 1800+ 4588
45
Food Services 2100+ 1589
15
Inpatient Healthcare 181 4290
42
Lodging 837 1891
18
Public Order amp Safety 216 1092
10
Energy Intensive Industries 156 693
6
Government Operated
Buildings 114 4
94
4
Wireless
Telecommunication
Towers
50995
5196
51
WWTPs 111 197
1
Landfills 25 198
1
Airports (w AASF) 103 5 (1)99
5
87 65 high schools andor college and universities located in communities serviced by natural gas 88 45 food sale facilities located in communities serviced by natural gas 89 Ten percent of the 97 food service facilities located in communities serviced by natural gas 90 Eight Hospitals located in communities serviced by natural gas and occupying 150+ or more beds onsite 91 15 hotel facilities with 100+ rooms onsite and three convalescent homes with 150+ bed onsite located in communities serviced
by natural gas 92 Correctional facilities andor other public order and safety facilities with 212 workers or more 93 Ten percent of the 64 energy intensive industry facilities located in communities serviced with natural gas 94 Four actively owned federal government operated building located in communities serviced by natural gas 95
The Federal Communications Commission regulates interstate and international communications by radio television wire
satellite and cable in all 50 states the District of Columbia and US territories 96 Ten percent of the 509 wireless telecommunication sites in Mainersquos targeted for back-up PEM fuel cell deployment 97 Ten percent of Maine WWTP with average flows of 30+ MGD 98 Ten percent of the landfills targeted based on LMOP data
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
24
MAINE
Military 1 1 1
Ports 42 2 2
Total 7159+ 266 74 192
As shown in Table 5 the analysis provided here estimates that there are approximately 266 potential
locations which may be favorable candidates for the application of a fuel cell to provide heat and power
Assuming the demand for electricity was uniform throughout the year approximately 150 to 192 fuel cell
units with a capacity of 300 ndash 400 kW could be deployed for a total fuel cell capacity of 58 to 77 MWs
If opportunities for fuel cell use in Maine identified in this report are met with 300 kW units a minimum
of 473040 MWh electric and 127 million MMBTUs (equivalent to 373404 MWh) of thermal energy
would be produced which could reduce CO2 emissions by at least 90824 tons per year 100
Maine can also benefit from the use of hydrogen and fuel cell technology for transportation such as
passenger fleets transit district fleets municipal fleets and state department fleets The application of
hydrogen and fuel cell technology for transportation would reduce the dependence on oil improve
environmental performance and provide greater efficiencies than conventional transportation
technologies
bull Replacement of a gasoline-fueled passenger vehicle with FCEVs could result in annual CO2
emission reductions (per vehicle) of approximately 10170 pounds annual energy savings of 230
gallons of gasoline and annual fuel cost savings of $885
bull Replacement of a gasoline-fueled light duty truck with FCEVs could result in annual CO2
emission reductions (per light duty truck) of approximately 15770 pounds annual energy savings
of 485 gallons of gasoline and annual fuel cost savings of $1866
bull Replacement of a diesel-fueled transit bus with a fuel cell powered bus could result in annual CO2
emission reductions (per bus) of approximately 182984 pounds annual energy savings of 4390
gallons of fuel and annual fuel cost savings of $17560
Hydrogen and fuel cell technology also provides significant opportunities for job creation andor
economic development Realizing over $2 million in revenue and investment in 2010 the hydrogen and
fuel cell industry in Maine is estimated to have contributed approximately $113000 in state and local tax
revenue and over $29 million in gross state product Currently there are at least 30 Maine companies
that are part of the growing hydrogen and fuel cell industry supply chain in the Northeast region If
neweremerging hydrogen and fuel cell technology were to gain momentum the number of companies
and employment for the industry could grow substantially
99 Airport facilities with 2500+ annual Enplanement Counts andor AASF 100
If opportunities for fuel cell use in Maine identified in this report are met with 400 kW units a minimum of 665760 MWh
electric and 312 million MMBTUs (equivalent to 915127 MWh) of thermal energy would be produced which could reduce CO2
emissions by at least 127826 tons per year
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
25
MAINE
APPENDICES
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
26
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 1 Education
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
27
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 2 Food Sales
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
28
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 3 Food Services
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
29
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 4 Inpatient Healthcare
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
30
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 5 Lodging
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
31
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 6 Public Order and Safety
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
32
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 7 Energy Intensive Industries
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
33
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 8 Federal Government Operated Buildings
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
34
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 9 Telecommunication Sites
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
35
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 10 Solid and Liquid Waste Sites
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
36
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 11 Commercial Airports
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
37
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 12 Alternative Fueling Stations
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
38
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 13 Distribution CentersWarehouses amp Ports
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
39
MAINE
Appendix II ndash Maine Estimated Electrical Consumption per Sector
Category Total Site
Electric Consumption per Building
(1000 kWh)101
kWh Consumed per Sector
New England
Education 925 161844 149705700
Food Sales 1800 319821 575677800
Food Services 2100 128 269199000
Inpatient Healthcare 181 603863 1092991125
Lodging 837 21312 178379766
Public Order amp Safety 262 77855 20398010
Total 6105 2286351401
Residential102
4503000000
Industrial 3702000000
Commercial 4503000000
Other Commercial 2286351401
101
EIA Electricity consumption and expenditure intensities for Non-Mall Building 2003 102
DOE EERE ldquoElectric Power and Renewable Energy in Mainerdquo httpapps1eereenergygovstateselectricitycfmstate=ME
August 25 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
40
MAINE
Appendix III ndash Key Stakeholders
Organization CityTown State Website Hydrogen Energy Center Portland ME wwwhydrogenenergycenterorg
University of Maine School of
Engineering Technology Orono ME httpwwwumaineeduset
University of Maine Advanced
Manufacturing Center Orono
ME wwwumaineeduamc
University of Maine Advanced
Structures and Composites Center Orono
ME httpwww2umaineeduaewc
Manufacturers Association of Maine Westbrook ME
wwwmainemfgcom
Maine Manufacturing Extension
Partnership Augusta
ME httpwwwmainemeporg
Mid-Coast Regional Redevelopment
Authority Brunswick
ME wwwmrraus
Manufacturing Applications Center Gorham ME
httpwwwusmmaineedu
Maine Center for Enterprise
Development University of Southern
Maine
Portland ME
wwwmcedbiz
Maine Small Business Development
Center Portland
ME httpwwwmainesbdcorg
Southern Maine Community College
Sustainability and Energy Alternatives
Center
South
Portland ME httpwwwsmccmeedubusiness-a-
communitycomunity-resourcessustainability-
centerhtml
Environment and Energy Technology
Council of Maine Portland
ME wwwE2Techorg
Maine Technology Institute Gardiner ME
wwwmainetechnologyorg
Maine Innovation Economy advisory
Board Maine DECD Augusta ME httpwwwmainegovdecd
Governorrsquos Office of Energy
Independence and Security Augusta ME httpmainegovoeis
Utility Companies
Unitil httpwwwunitilcomcustomer-configuration
Bangor Gas Co httpwwwbangorgascom
Central Maine Power Co httpwwwcmpcocom
Bangor Hydro-Electric Co httpwwwbhecom
Maine Public Service Co httpwwwmainepublicservicecom
Appendix IV ndash Maine State Incentives and Programs
Funding Source Maine Public Utilities Commission
Program Title Community-based Renewable Energy Pilot Program
Applicable EnergiesTechnologies Solar Thermal Electric Photovoltaic Landfill Gas Wind
Biomass Hydroelectric Geothermal Electric Fuel Cells Anaerobic Digestion Tidal Energy
Fuel Cells using Renewable Fuels
Summary The Maine Utilities Commission (PUC) finalized the rule in February 2010 Legislation
mandates that up 10 50 MW of generating capacity will be permitted uned this program and
individual participants may not exceed 10 MW Of the 50 MW cap 10 must be reserved
specifically for small program participants or for participants located in a service territory of a
cooperative transmission and distribution utility
Restrictions
The PUC may require investor-owned utilities to enter into long-term contracts for energy capacity
resources or renewable energy credits (RECs) produced by the community-based project The
contacts term may not exceed 20 year the PUC will conduct long-term contract solicitations for
ldquolarge generatorsrdquo
Timing The Maine Public Utilities Commission is seeking proposals from suppliers of energy
capacity or renewable energy credits (RECs) for the development of community-based renewable
energy projects over 1 MW The docket number for this RFP is 2011-150 All inquiries about this
RFP should be directed to christinercookmainegov
Maximum Size Choice of either 15 REC credit multiplier or up to 10 MW DC
Requirements
To be eligible for incentives a generating facility must be 51 percent locally owned use renewable
energy resources be no larger than 10 MW in generating capacity and be located in the State
httpwwwstatemeusmpucelectricitycommunity_pilotshtml
Rebate amount $010kWh or cost fo the project whichever is lower
For further information please visit
httpwwwstatemeusmpucelectricitycommunity_pilotshtml
Source
Maine Public Utilities Commission ldquoCommunity-based Renewable Energy Pilot Programrdquo August 10 2011
DSIRE ldquoCommunity-based Renewable Energy Production Incentive (Pilot Program)rdquo August 10 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
42
Funding Source Voluntary Renewable Resource Grants
Program Title Voluntary Renewable Resources Fund
Applicable EnergiesTechnologies Solar Thermal Electric Photovoltaics Wind Biomass
Hydroelectric Geothermal Electric Fuel Cells Municipal Solid Waste Tidal Energy Fuel
Cells using Renewable Fuels
Summary Supported by the state Voluntary Renewable resource Fund and administered by the
Efficient Maine provide funding for small-scale demonstration projects designed to educate
communities on the value oand cost effectiveness of renewable energy
Restrictions To Qualify for grant funding renewable-energy resources generally must qualify as a
small power production facility un Federal Energy Regulatory Commission rules or must not exceed
100 MW in capacity and use one of more of the applicable energiestechnologies
Timing Start Date of this program occurred 12151998 and no expiration date is given
Maximum Size $50000
Requirements
httpwwwmainegovmpucrecovery
Rebate amount
$50000 Maximu
For further information please visit
httpwwwmainegovmpucrecovery
Source
Maine PUC ldquoFederal Stimulus MPUC and the Federal Recovery Packagerdquo ndash August 10 2011
DSIRE ldquoMaine - Voluntary Renewable Resource Grantsrdquo August 10 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
43
Appendix V ndash Partial Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Supply Chain Companies in Maine103
Organization Name Product or Service Category
1 University of Maine School of
Engineering Technology Research amp Development
2 University of Maine Advanced
Structures and Composites Center Research amp Development
3 Precision Partners-Mid-State Machine
Products Manufacturing Services
4 Ocean Energy Institute EngineeringDesign Services
5 Newfab Inc Manufacturing Services
6 New England Castings Other
7 Mitchell Ledge Farm Components
8 McNabb Marketing Resources Other
9 Maine Oxy Inc Fuel
10 Maine Machine Products Co Manufacturing Services
11 MacTec Inc FCH2 System DistrInstallMaint Services
12 Kennebec Technologies Manufacturing Services
13 Hydrogen Energy Center Service Center Lab or Test ConsultingLegalFinancial
Services
14 Hydrogen Energy Center Other
15 Green Energy Maine Other
16 Fire Risk Management Inc EngineeringDesign Services
17 Fire Risk Management EngineeringDesign Services
18 Fairchild Semiconductor Research amp Development
19 EcoMain Research amp Development
20 Control Point Inc Lab or Test EquipmentServices
21 Colby Company Engineering EngineeringDesign Services
22 Chewonki Foundation Other
23 Burroughs Machine Tool Products Equipment
24 Bernstein Shur ConsultingLegalFinancial Services
25 Bath Iron Works (General Dynamics
Inc) Research amp Development
26 AMEC EngineeringDesign Services
27 Advantages Gases and Tools Fuel
28 Advanced Manufacturing Center-
University of ME Manufacturing Services
103
Northeast Electrochemical Energy Storage Cluster Supply Chain Database Search httpneescorgresourcestype=1 August 11 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
44
Appendix VI ndash Comparison of Fuel Cell Technologies104
Fuel Cell
Type
Common
Electrolyte
Operating
Temperature
Typical
Stack
Size
Efficiency Applications Advantages Disadvantages
Polymer
Electrolyte
Membrane
(PEM)
Perfluoro sulfonic
acid
50-100degC
122-212deg
typically
80degC
lt 1 kW ndash 1
MW105
gt
kW 60
transportation
35
stationary
bull Backup power
bull Portable power
bull Distributed
generation
bull Transportation
bull Specialty vehicle
bull Solid electrolyte reduces
corrosion amp electrolyte
management problems
bull Low temperature
bull Quick start-up
bull Expensive catalysts
bull Sensitive to fuel
impurities
bull Low temperature waste
heat
Alkaline
(AFC)
Aqueous solution
of potassium
hydroxide soaked
in a matrix
90-100degC
194-212degF
10 ndash 100
kW 60
bull Military
bull Space
bull Cathode reaction faster
in alkaline electrolyte
leads to high performance
bull Low cost components
bull Sensitive to CO2
in fuel and air
bull Electrolyte management
Phosphoric
Acid
(PAFC)
Phosphoric acid
soaked in a matrix
150-200degC
302-392degF
400 kW
100 kW
module
40 bull Distributed
generation
bull Higher temperature enables
CHP
bull Increased tolerance to fuel
impurities
bull Pt catalyst
bull Long start up time
bull Low current and power
Molten
Carbonate
(MCFC)
Solution of lithium
sodium andor
potassium
carbonates soaked
in a matrix
600-700degC
1112-1292degF
300
k W- 3 M
W
300 kW
module
45 ndash 50
bull Electric utility
bull Distributed
generation
bull High efficiency
bull Fuel flexibility
bull Can use a variety of catalysts
bull Suitable for CHP
bull High temperature
corrosion and breakdown
of cell components
bull Long start up time
bull Low power density
Solid Oxide
(SOFC)
Yttria stabilized
zirconia
700-1000degC
1202-1832degF
1 kW ndash 2
MW 60
bull Auxiliary power
bull Electric utility
bull Distributed
generation
bull High efficiency
bull Fuel flexibility
bull Can use a variety of catalysts
bull Solid electrolyte
bull Suitable f o r CHP amp CHHP
bull HybridGT cycle
bull High temperature
corrosion and breakdown
of cell components
bull High temperature
operation requires long
start up
time and limits
Polymer Electrolyte is no longer a single category row Data shown does not take into account High Temperature PEM which operates in the range of 160oC to 180
oC It solves
virtually all of the disadvantages listed under PEM It is not sensitive to impurities It has usable heat Stack efficiencies of 52 on the high side are realized HTPEM is not a
PAFC fuel cell and should not be confused with one
104 US Department of Energy Fuel Cells Technology Program httpwww1eereenergygovhydrogenandfuelcellsfuelcellspdfsfc_comparison_chartpdf August 5 2011 105
Ballard ldquoCLEARgen Multi-MY Systemsrdquo httpwwwballardcomfuel-cell-productscleargen-multi-mw-systemsaspx November 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
45
Appendix VII ndashAnalysis of Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities and Threats for Maine
Strengths
Stationary Power ndash Strong market drivers including high
electricity cost cold climate reliance on oil for space heating
strong CHP and district heating market strong environmental
and green energy awareness) capable core of fuel cell CHP
installers energy storage demand to serve MErsquos aggressive
wind-power industry strong ongoing expansion of natural gas
servicedistribution
Transportation Power - Strong market drivers including a
dispersed population highly reliant on truck and auto
transportation receptive and environmentally conscious
alternative fuelstransportation market relatively low income
population in need of relief from automobile fuel costs strong
Navy shipbuilding industry as potential user of H2FC auxiliary
power system strongly interested in fleet-based hydrogen
fueling station development (SunHydro model) strong interest
in municipal transit and fuel cell -powered rail
Economic Development Factors ndash Brunswick Renewable
Energy Park emphasis on skills development and technology
synergies aggressive state level policy to policy to develop
renewable wind and biomass energy technologies skilled and
well organized network of precision manufacturing firms tied
into aerospace and communications equipment industries
strong labor force at relatively low wages RampDbusiness
infrastructure for advanced biofuels and composite material
structures growing University of Maine commitment to fuel
cell and biomass RampD state funding source familiaritycomfort
with H2FC technology
Weaknesses
Stationary Power ndash No technologyindustrial momentum at the
OEM level geographically distant from OEMs for component-
supply opportunities
Transportation Power ndash No technologyindustrial base at the
OEM level lack of infrastructure funding relatively dispersed
population for transportation services
Economic Development Factors ndash limited state incentives
somewhat sluggish overall state economy relatively
undeveloped core of technology skillsknowledge base
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
46
Opportunities
Stationary Power ndash Opportunity as an ldquoearly adaptor marketrdquo
some supply chain buildup opportunities around SP deployment
Linkage between H2FC technologies and advanced biofuels
RampD Dispersed population amp economy needs distributed
solutions Major need for power storage in conjunction with
Maines planned offshore wind-power RampD and development
Transportation Power ndash Hydrogen refueling station plans Early-
stage potential for major roll-out in marine auxiliary power (US
Navy) Commuter rail expansion
Portable Power ndash Little currently-identified opportunity
Economic Development Factors ndash Brunswick ldquoRenewable Energy
Industrial Parkrdquo can be significant seed nucleus for both
deployment amp development Machine-tool industry pursuing
H2FC components supply-chain opportunities
Threats
Stationary Power ndash The regionrsquos favorable market
needsdemand could be met by other technologiessources ndash
Canadian hydro amp nuclear wind geothermal direct biomass
and power-storage alternatives ndash batteries solid state ammonia
etc
Transportation Power ndash The regionrsquos favorable market
characteristics and needs could be met by other electric
vehicles particularly in the absence of a hydrogen
infrastructure
Economic Development Factors ndash competition from more fully-
equipped statesregions wind and other renewables grab Maine
energy industry momentum lack of funding to sustain
University of MErsquos momentum in storage and fuel cell
technologies related to biomass and wind hesitation of state
government to support alternative energy incentives
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
47
Appendix VIII ndash Partial list of Fuel Cell Deployment in the Northeast region
Manufacturer Site Name Site Location Year Installed
Plug Power T-Mobile cell tower Storrs CT 2008
Plug Power Albany International Airport Albany NY 2004
FuelCell Energy Pepperidge Farms Plant Bloomfield CT 2005
FuelCell Energy Peabody Museum New Haven CT 2003
FuelCell Energy Sheraton New York Hotel amp Towers Manhattan NY 2004
FuelCell Energy Sheraton Hotel Edison NJ 2003
FuelCell Energy Sheraton Hotel Parsippany NJ 2003
UTC Power Cabelas Sporting Goods East Hartford CT 2008
UTC Power Whole Foods Market Glastonbury CT 2008
UTC Power Connecticut Science Center Hartford CT 2009
UTC Power St Francis Hospital Hartford CT 2003
UTC Power Middletown High School Middletown CT 2008
UTC Power Connecticut Juvenile Training School Middletown CT 2001
UTC Power 360 State Street Apartment Building New Haven CT 2010
UTC Power South Windsor High School South Windsor CT 2002
UTC Power Mohegan Sun Casino Hotel Uncasville CT 2002
UTC Power CTTransit Fuel Cell Bus Hartford CT 2007
UTC Power Whole Foods Market Dedham MA 2009
UTC Power Bronx Zoo Bronx NY 2008
UTC Power North Central Bronx Hospital Bronx NY 2000
UTC Power Hunts Point Water Pollution Control Plant Bronx NY 2005
UTC Power Price Chopper Supermarket Colonie NY 2010
UTC Power East Rochester High School East Rochester NY 2007
UTC Power Coca-Cola Refreshments Production Facility Elmsford NY 2010
UTC Power Verizon Call Center and Communications Building Garden City NY 2005
UTC Power State Office Building Hauppauge NY 2009
UTC Power Liverpool High School Liverpool NY 2000
UTC Power New York Hilton Hotel New York City NY 2007
UTC Power Central Park Police Station New York City NY 1999
UTC Power Rochester Institute of Technology Rochester NY 1993
UTC Power NYPA office building White Plains NY 2010
UTC Power Wastewater treatment plant Yonkers NY 1997
UTC Power The Octagon Roosevelt Island NY 2011
UTC Power Johnson amp Johnson World Headquarters New Brunswick NJ 2003
UTC Power CTTRANSIT (Fuel Cell Powered Buses) Hartford CT 2007 - Present
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
48
Appendix IX ndash Partial list of Fuel Cell-Powered Forklifts in North America106
Company CityTown State Site Year
Deployed
Fuel Cell
Manufacturer
of
forklifts
Coca-Cola San Leandro CA
Bottling and
distribution center 2011 Plug Power 37
Charlotte NC Bottling facility 2011 Plug Power 40
EARP
Distribution Kansas City KS Distribution center 2011
Oorja
Protonics 24
Golden State
Foods Lemont IL Distribution facility 2011
Oorja
Protonics 20
Kroger Co Compton CA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 161
Sysco
Riverside CA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 80
Boston MA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 160
Long Island NY Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 42
San Antonio TX Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 113
Front Royal VA Redistribution
facility 2011 Plug Power 100
Baldor
Specialty Foods Bronx NY Facility
Planned
in 2012
Oorja
Protonics 50
BMW
Manufacturing
Co
Spartanburg SC Manufacturing
plant 2010 Plug Power 86
Defense
Logistics
Agency US
Department of
Defense
San Joaquin CA Distribution facility 2011 Plug Power 20
Fort Lewis WA Distribution depot 2011 Plug Power 19
Warner
Robins GA Distribution depot 2010 Hydrogenics 20
Susquehanna PA Distribution depot 2010 Plug Power 15
2009 Nuvera 40
Martin-Brower Stockton CA Food distribution
center 2010
Oorja
Protonics 15
United Natural
Foods Inc
(UNFI)
Sarasota FL Distribution center 2010 Plug Power 65
Wal-Mart
Balzac Al
Canada
Refrigerated
distribution center 2010 Plug Power 80
Washington
Court House OH
Food distribution
center 2007 Plug Power 55
Wegmans Pottsville PA Warehouse 2010 Plug Power 136
Whole Foods
Market Landover MD Distribution center 2010 Plug Power 61
106
FuelCell2000 ldquoFuel Cell-Powered Forklifts in North Americardquo httpwwwfuelcellsorginfochartsforkliftspdf November
2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
49
Appendix X ndash Comparison of PEM Fuel Cell and Battery-Powered Material Handling
Equipment
3 kW PEM Fuel Cell-Powered
Pallet Trucks
3 kW Battery-powered
(2 batteries per truck)
Total Fuel Cycle Energy Use
(total energy consumedkWh
delivered to the wheels) -12000 BtukWh 14000 BtukWh
Fuel Cycle GHG Emissions
(in g CO2 equivalent 820 gkWh 1200 gkWh
Estimated Product Life 8-10 years 4-5 years No Emissions at Point of Use
Quiet Operation
Wide Ambient Operating
Temperature range
Constant Power Available
over Shift
Routine Maintenance Costs
($YR) $1250 - $1500year $2000year
Time for RefuelingChanging
Batteries 4 ndash 8 minday 45-60 minday (for battery change-outs)
8 hours (for battery recharging amp cooling) Cost of FuelElectricity $6000year $1300year Labor Cost of
refuelingRecharging $1100year $8750year
Net Present Value of Capital
Cost $12600
($18000 wo incentive) $14000
Net Present Value of OampM
costs (including fuel) $52000 $128000
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
50
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
13
MAINE
Office
Equipment 4 Ventilation 4
Refrigeration
3
Lighting 11
Cooling 13
Space Heating
33
Water Heating
18
Cooking 5 Other 9
Table 4 - Food Services Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
2100
(3)
15
(4)
15
(4)
45
(4)
35478
(4)
95554
(4)
6812
(2)
Inpatient Healthcare
There are over 181 inpatient healthcare facilities in Maine 42 of which are classified as hospitals33
Of
these 42 hospitals eight are located in communities serviced by natural gas and contain 100 or more beds
onsite (Appendix I ndash Figure 4 Inpatient Healthcare) Hospitals represent an excellent opportunity for the
application of fuel cells because they require a high availability factor of electricity for lifesaving medical
devices and operate 247 with a relatively flat load curve Furthermore medical equipment patient
rooms sterilizedoperating rooms data centers and kitchen areas within these facilities are often required
to be in operational conditions at all times which maximizes the use of electricity and thermal energy
from a fuel cell Nationally hospital energy costs have increased 56 percent from $389 per square foot
in 2003 to $607 per square foot for 2010 partially due to the increased cost of energy34
Examples of healthcare facilities with planned or operational fuel cells include St Francis Stamford and
Waterbury Hospitals in Connecticut and North Central Bronx Hospital in New York
Table 5 - Inpatient Healthcare Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
181
(5)
42
(10)
42
(10)
126
(10)
99338
(10)
267551
(10)
19073
(8)
Lodging
There are over 730 establishments specializing in
travellodging accommodations that include hotels motels or
inns in Maine Approximately 33 of these establishments
have 150 or more rooms onsite and can be classified as
ldquolarger sizedrdquo lodging that may have additional attributes
such as heated pools exercise facilities andor restaurants 35
Of these 33 locations 15 employ more than 94 workers and
are located in communities serviced by natural gas 36
As
shown in Figure 4 more than 60 percent of total energy use at
a typical lodging facility is due to lighting space heating and
water heating 37
The application of a large fuel cell (gt300
33 EIA Description of CBECS Building Types wwweiagovemeucbecsbuilding_typeshtml 34
BetterBricks ldquohttpwwwbetterbrickscomgraphicsassetsdocumentsBB_Article_EthicalandBusinessCasepdfrdquo Page 1
August 2011 35 EPA ldquoCHP in the Hotel and Casino Market Sectorrdquo wwwepagovchpdocumentshotel_casino_analysispdf December 2005 36
On average lodging facilities consume 28000 kWh of electricity per worker on an annual basis Current fuel cell technology
(gt300 kW) can satisfy annual electricity consumption loads between 2628000 ndash 3504000 kWh Calculations show lodging
facilities employing more than 94 workers may represent favorable opportunities for the application of a larger fuel cell 37 National Grid ldquoManaging Energy Costs in Full-Service Hotelsrdquo
wwwnationalgriduscomnon_htmlshared_energyeff_hotelspdf 2004
Figure 4 - US Lodging Energy Consumption
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
14
MAINE
kW) at hotelresort facilities with less than 94 employees may not be economically viable based on the
electrical demand and operational requirement however a smaller fuel cell ( 5 kW) may be appropriate
Popular hotel chains such as the Hilton and Starwood Hotels have shown interest in powering their
establishments with fuel cells in New Jersey and New York
Maine also has 107 facilities identified as convalescent homes three of which have bed capacities greater
than or equal to 150 units38
All three sites are located in communities serviced by natural gas (Appendix
I ndash Figure 5 Lodging)
Table 6 - Lodging Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
837
(10)
18
(2)
18
(2)
54
(2)
42574
(2)
114665
(2)
8174
(2)
Public Order and Safety There are approximately 216 facilities in Maine that can be classified as public order and safety these
include 96 fire stations 102 police stations eight state police stations nine border patrols and nine
prisons 3940
Ten of these locations employ more than 210 workers and are located in communities
serviced by natural gas4142
These applications may represent favorable opportunities for the application
of a larger fuel cell (gt300 kW) which could provide heat and uninterrupted power 4344
The sites
identified (Appendix I ndash Figure 6 Public Order and Safety) will have special value to provide increased
reliability to mission critical facilities associated with public safety and emergency response during grid
outages The application of a large fuel cell (gt300 kW) at public order and safety facilities with less than
210 employees may not be economically viable based on the electrical demand and operational
requirement however a smaller fuel cell ( 5 kW) may be appropriate Central Park Police Station in
New York City New York is presently powered by a 200 kW fuel cell system
Table 7 - Public Order and Safety Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
216
(7)
10
(3)
10
(3)
30
(3)
23652
(3)
63703
(3)
4541
(3)
38 Assisted-Living-List ldquoList of 120 Nursing Homes in Maine (ME)rdquo httpassisted-living-listcomme--nursing-homes May 9
2011 39 EIA Description of CBECS Building Types wwweiagovemeucbecsbuilding_typeshtml 40 USACOPS ndash The Nations Law Enforcement Site wwwusacopscomme 41
CBECSldquoTable C14rdquo httpwwweiagovemeucbecscbecs2003detailed_tables_20032003set192003pdfalltablespdf
November 2011 42
On average public order and safety facilities consume 12400 kWh of electricity per worker on an annual basis Current fuel
cell technology (gt300 kW) can satisfy annual electricity consumption loads between 2628000 ndash 3504000 kWh Calculations
show public order and safety facilities employing more than 212 workers may represent favorable opportunities for the
application of a larger fuel cell 43
2628000 12400 = 21194 44
CBECSldquoTable C14rdquo httpwwweiagovemeucbecscbecs2003detailed_tables_20032003set192003pdfalltablespdf
November 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
15
MAINE
Energy Intensive Industries
As shown in Table 2 energy intensive industries with high electricity consumption (which on average is
48 percent of annual operating costs) have been identified as potential locations for the application of a
fuel cell45
In Maine there are approximately 156 of these industrial facilities that are involved in the
manufacture of aluminum chemicals forest products glass metal casting petroleum coal products or
steel and employ 25 or more employees46
Of these 156 locations 64 are located in communities serviced
by natural gas (Appendix I ndash Figure 7 Energy Intensive Industries)
Table 8 - 2002 Data for the Energy Intensive Industry by Sector47
NAICS Code Sector Energy Consumption per Dollar Value of Shipments (kWh)
325 Chemical manufacturing 249
322 Pulp and Paper 446
324110 Petroleum Refining 472
311 Food manufacturing 076
331111 Iron and steel 815
321 Wood Products 123
3313 Alumina and aluminum 358
327310 Cement 1641
33611 Motor vehicle manufacturing 021
3315 Metal casting 164
336811 Shipbuilding and ship repair 205
3363 Motor vehicle parts manufacturing 205
Companies such as Coca-Cola Johnson amp Johnson and Pepperidge Farms in Connecticut New Jersey
and New York have installed fuel cells to help supply energy to their facilities
Table 9 - Energy Intensive Industry Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
156
(3)
6
(1)
6
(1)
18
(1)
14191
(1)
38222
(1)
2725
(1)
Government Owned Buildings
Buildings operated by the federal government can be found at 114 locations in Maine four of these
properties are actively owned rather than leased by the federal government and are located in
communities serviced by natural gas (Appendix I ndash Figure 8 Federal Government Operated Buildings)
There are also a number of buildings owned and operated by the State of Maine The application of fuel
cell technology at government owned buildings would assist in balancing load requirements at these sites
and offer a unique value for active and passive public education associated with the high usage of these
public buildings
45 EIA ldquoElectricity Generation Capabilityrdquo 1999 CBECS wwweiadoegovemeucbecspba99comparegenerhtml 46 Proprietary market data 47 EPA ldquoEnergy Trends in Selected Manufacturing Sectorsrdquo wwwepagovsectorspdfenergych2pdf March 2007
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
16
MAINE
Table 10 - Government Owned Building Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
114
(9)
4
(4)
4
(4)
12
(4)
9461
(4)
25481
(4)
1816
(4)
Wireless Telecommunication Sites
Telecommunications companies rely on electricity to run call centers cell phone towers and other vital
equipment In Maine there are approximately 509 telecommunications andor wireless company tower
sites (Appendix I ndash Figure 9 Telecommunication Sites) Any loss of power at these locations may result
in a loss of service to customers thus having reliable power is critical Each individual site represents an
opportunity to provide back-up power for continuous operation through the application of on-site back-up
generation powered by hydrogen and fuel cell technology It is an industry standard to install units
capable of supplying 48-72 hours of backup power which this is typically accomplished with batteries or
conventional emergency generators48
The deployment of fuel cells at selected telecommunication sites
will have special value to provide increased reliability to critical sites associated with emergency
communications and homeland security An example of a telecommunication site that utilizes fuel cell
technology to provide back-up power is a T-Mobile facility located in Storrs Connecticut
Table 11 - Wireless Telecommunication Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
509
(13)
51
(13) NA NA NA NA NA
Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs) There are 111 WWTPs in Maine that have design flows ranging from 3000 gallons per day (GPD) to 16
million gallons per day (MGD) seven of these facilities average between 3 ndash 16 MGD WWTPs
typically operate 247 and may be able to utilize the thermal energy from the fuel cell to process fats oils
and grease49
WWTPs account for approximately three percent of the electric load in the United State50
Digester gas produced at WWTPrsquos which is usually 60 percent methane can serve as a fuel substitute for
natural gas to power fuel cells Anaerobic digesters generally require a wastewater flow greater than
three MGD for an economy of scale to collect and use the methane51
Most facilities currently represent a
lost opportunity to capture and use the digestion of methane emissions created from their operations
(Appendix I ndash Figure 10 Solid and Liquid Waste Sites) 5253
A 200 kW fuel cell power plant in Yonkers New York was the worldrsquos first commercial fuel cell to run
on a waste gas created at a wastewater treatment plant The fuel cell generates about 1600 MWh of
electricity a year and reduces methane emissions released to the environment54
A 200 kW fuel cell
48 ReliOn Hydrogen Fuel Cell Wireless Applicationsrdquo wwwrelion-inccompdfReliOn_AppsWireless_2010pdf May 4 2011 49
ldquoBeyond Zero Net Energy Case Studies of Wastewater Treatment for Energy and Resource Productionrdquo Toffey Bill
September 2010 httpwwwawra-pmasmemberlodgeorgResourcesDocumentsBeyond_NZE_WWT-Toffey-9-16-2010pdf 50
EPA Wastewater Management Fact Sheet ldquoIntroductionrdquo July 2006 51 EPA Wastewater Management Fact Sheet wwwp2paysorgenergyWastePlantpdf July 2006 52 ldquoGHG Emissions from Wastewater Treatment and Biosolids Managementrdquo Beecher Ned November 20 2009
wwwdesstatenhusorganizationdivisionswaterwmbriverswatershed_conferencedocuments2009_fri_climate_2pdf 53 EPA Wastewater Management Fact Sheet wwwp2paysorgenergyWastePlantpdf May 4 2011 54 NYPA ldquoWHAT WE DO ndash Fuel Cellsrdquo wwwnypagovservicesfuelcellshtm August 8 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
17
MAINE
power plant was and installed at the Water Pollution Control Authorityrsquos WWTP in New Haven
Connecticut and produces 10 ndash 15 percent of the facilityrsquos electricity reducing energy costs by almost
$13000 a year55
Table 12 - Wastewater Treatment Plants Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
111
(19)
1
(6)
1
(6)
03
(6)
2365
(6)
6370
(6)
454
(5)
Landfill Methane Outreach Program (LMOP)
There are 11 landfills in Maine identified by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) through their
LMOP program two of which are operational two are candidates and six are considered potential sites
for the production and recovery of methane gas 5657
The amount of methane emissions released by a
given site is dependent upon the amount of material in the landfill and the amount of time the material has
been in place Similar to WWTPs methane emissions from landfills could be captured and used as a fuel
to power a fuel cell system In 2009 municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills were responsible for
producing approximately 17 percent of human-related methane emissions in the nation These locations
could produce renewable energy and help manage the release of methane (Appendix I ndash Figure 10 Solid
and Liquid Waste Sites)
Table 13 - Landfill Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
25
(12)
1
(7)
1
(7)
03
(7)
2365
(7)
6370
(7)
454
(6)
Airports
During peak air travel times in the US there are approximately 50000 airplanes in the sky each day
Ensuring safe operations of commercial and private aircrafts are the responsibility of air traffic
controllers Modern software host computers voice communication systems and instituted full scale
glide path angle capabilities assist air traffic controllers in tracking and communicating with aircrafts
consequently reliable electricity is extremely important and present an opportunity for a fuel cell power
application 58
There are approximately 103 airports in Maine including 47 that are open to the public and have
scheduled services Of those 47 airports six (Table 3) have 2500 or more passengers enplaned each
year two of these six facilities are located in communities serviced by natural gas (See Appendix I ndash
55 Conntactcom ldquoCity to Install Fuel Cellrdquo
httpwwwconntactcomarchive_indexarchive_pages4472_Business_New_Havenhtml August 15 2003 56
Due to size individual sites may have more than one potential candidate or operational project 57 LMOP defines a candidate landfill as ldquoone that is accepting waste or has been closed for five years or less has at least one
million tons of waste and does not have an operational or under-construction projectrdquoEPA ldquoLandfill Methane Outreach
Programrdquo wwwepagovlmopbasic-infoindexhtml April 7 2011 58 Howstuffworkscom ldquoHow Air Traffic Control Worksrdquo Craig Freudenrich
httpsciencehowstuffworkscomtransportflightmodernair-traffic-control5htm May 4 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
18
MAINE
Figure 11 Commercial Airports) An example of an airport currently hosting a fuel cell power plant to
provide backup power is Albany International Airport located in Albany New York
Table 14 ndash Maine Top Airports Enplanement Count
Airport59
Total Enplanement in 2000
Portland International Jetport 668098
Bangor International 272833
Northern Maine Regional at Presque Isle 25174
Knox County Regional 17328
Hancock County Bar harbor 14399
Augusta State 7148
Bangor International Airport (BGR) is considered the only ldquoJoint-Userdquo airport in Maine Joint-Use
facilities are establishments where the military department authorizes use of the military runway for
public airport services Army Aviation Support Facilities (AASF) located at this site are used by the
Army to provide aircraft and equipment readiness train and utilize military personnel conduct flight
training and operations and perform field level maintenance Bangor International Airport represents a
favorable opportunity for the application of uninterruptible power for necessary services associated with
national defense and emergency response and is located in a community serviced by natural gas
(Appendix I ndash Figure 11 Commercial Airports)
Table 15 - Airport Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
103
(12)
5(1)
(1)
1
(1)
15
(1)
11826
(1)
31851
(1)
2271
(8)
Military The US Department of Defense (DOD) is the largest funding organization in terms of supporting fuel
cell activities for military applications in the world DOD organizations are using fuel cells for
Stationary units for power supply in bases
Fuel cell units in transport applications
Portable units for equipping individual soldiers or group of soldiers
In a collaborative partnership with the DOE the DOD plans to install and operate 18 fuel cell backup
power systems at eight of its military installations two of which are located within the Northeast region
(New York and New Jersey)60
In addition the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard (PSNY) in Kittery Maine
occupies more than 297 acres on base employs approximately 4500 civilian employees and 100 naval
officers in addition to enlisted personal assigned to the shipyard and is a potential application for
hydrogen and fuel cell technology (Appendix I ndash Figure 11 Commercial Airports) 61
59 Bureau of Transportation Statistics ldquoMaine Transportation Profilerdquo
wwwbtsgovpublicationsstate_transportation_statisticsmainepdfentirepdf March 30 2011 60 Fuel Cell Today ldquoUS DoD to Install Fuel cell Backup Power Systems at Eight Military Installationsrdquo
httpwwwfuelcelltodaycomonlinenewsarticles2011-07US-DOD-FC-Backup-Power-Systems July 20 2011 61
Portsmouth Naval Shipyard ldquoShipyard Factsrdquo httpwwwnavseanavymilshipyardsportsmouthPagesFactsaspx August
2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
19
MAINE
Table 16 - Military Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
1
(7)
1
(7)
1
(7)
03
(7)
2365
(7)
6370
(7)
454
(6)
POTENTIAL TRANSPORTATION TARGETS
Transportation is responsible for one-fourth of the total global GHG emissions and consumes 75 percent
of the worldrsquos oil production In 2010 the US used 21 million barrels of non-renewable petroleum each
day Roughly 29 percent of Mainersquos energy consumption is due to demands of the transportation sector
including gasoline and on-highway diesel petroleum for automobiles trucks and buses A small percent
of non-renewable petroleum is used for jet and ship fuel62
The current economy in the US is dependent on hydrocarbon energy sources and any disruption or
shortage of this energy supply will severely affect many energy related activities including
transportation As oil and other non-sustainable hydrocarbon energy resources become scarce energy
prices will increase and the reliability of supply will be reduced Government and industry are now
investigating the use of hydrogen and renewable energy as a replacement of hydrocarbon fuels
Hydrogen-fueled fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) have many advantages over conventional
technology including
Quiet operation
Near zero emissions of controlled pollutants such as nitrous oxide carbon monoxide
hydrocarbon gases or particulates
Substantial (30 to 50 percent) reduction in GHG emissions on a well-to-wheel basis compared to
conventional gasoline or gasoline-hybrid vehicles when the hydrogen is produced by
conventional methods such as natural gas and 100 percent when hydrogen is produced from a
clean energy source
Ability to fuel vehicles with indigenous energy sources which reduces dependence on imported
energy and adds to energy security and
Higher efficiency than conventional vehicles (See Table 4)6364
Table 17 - Average Energy Efficiency of Conventional and Fuel Cell Vehicles (mpge65
)
Passenger Car Light Truck Transit Bus
Hydrogen Gasoline Hybrid Gasoline Hydrogen Gasoline Hydrogen Fuel Cell Diesel
52 50 293 492 215 54 39
FCEVs can reduce price volatility dependence on oil improve environmental performance and provide
greater efficiencies than conventional transportation technologies as follows
62 ldquoUS Oil Consumption to BP Spillrdquo httpapplesfromorangescom201005us-oil-consumption-to-bp-spill May31 2010 63 ldquoChallenges for Sustainable Mobility and Development of Fuel Cell Vehiclesrdquo Masatami Takimoto Executive Vice President
Toyota Motor Corporation January 26 2006 Presentation at the 2nd International Hydrogen amp Fuel Cell Expo Technical
Conference Tokyo Japan 64 ldquoTwenty Hydrogen Mythsrdquo Amory B Lovins Rocky Mountain Institute June 20 2003 65 Miles per Gallon Equivalent
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
20
MAINE
Replacement of gasoline-fueled passenger vehicles and light duty trucks and diesel-fueled transit
buses with FCEVs could result in annual CO2 emission reductions (per vehicle) of approximately
10170 15770 and 182984 pounds per year respectively66
Replacement of gasoline-fueled passenger vehicles and light duty trucks and diesel-fueled transit
buses with FCEVs could result in annual energy savings (per vehicle) of approximately 230
gallons of gasoline (passenger vehicle) 485 gallons of gasoline (light duty truck) and 4390
gallons of diesel (bus)
Replacement of gasoline-fueled passenger vehicles light duty trucks and diesel-fueled transit
buses with FCEVs could result in annual fuel cost savings of approximately $885 per passenger
vehicle $1866 per light duty truck and $17560 per bus67
Automobile manufacturers such as Toyota General Motors Honda Daimler AG and Hyundai have
projected that models of their FCEVs will begin to roll out in larger numbers by 2015 Longer term the
US DOE has projected that between 151 million and 239 million light duty FCEVs may be sold each
year by 2050 and between 144 million and 347 million light duty FCEVs may be in use by 2050 with a
transition to a hydrogen economy These estimates could be accelerated if political economic energy
security or environmental polices prompt a rapid advancement in alternative fuels68
Mainersquos opportunities to support these new vehicles include alternative fueling stations Maine
Department of Transportation (MDOT) refueling stations bus transit operations government public and
privately owned fleets and material handling and airport ground support equipment (GSE) Graphical
representation of these opportunities analyzed are depicted in Appendix I
Alternative Fueling Stations
There are approximately 1400 retail fueling stations in Maine69
however only 10 public andor private
stations within the state provide alternative fuels such as biodiesel compressed natural gas propane
andor electricity for alternative-fueled vehicles70
There are also at least 17 refueling stations owned and
operated by MDOT that can be used by authorities operating federal and state safety vehicles state transit
vehicles and employees of universities that operate fleet vehicles on a regular basis 71
Development of
hydrogen fueling at alternative fuel stations and at selected locations owned and operated by MDOT
would help facilitate the deployment of FCEVs within the state (Appendix I ndash Figure 12 Alternative
Fueling Stations) Currently there are approximately 18 existing or planned transportation fueling
stations in the Northeast region where hydrogen is provided as an alternative fuel72737475
66 Fuel Cell Economic Development Plan Connecticut Department of Economic and Community Development and the
Connecticut Center for Advanced Technology Inc January 1 2008 Calculations based upon average annual mileage of 12500
miles for passenger car and 14000 miles for light trucks (US EPA) and 37000 average milesyear per bus (US DOT FTA
2007) 67 US EIA Weekly Retail Gasoline and Diesel Prices gasoline - $3847 and diesel ndash 400
wwweiagovdnavpetpet_pri_gnd_a_epm0r_pte_dpgal_whtm 68
Effects of a Transition to a Hydrogen Economy on Employment in the United States Report to Congress
httpwwwhydrogenenergygovcongress_reportshtml August 2011 69 ldquoPublic retail gasoline stations state yearrdquo wwwafdcenergygovafdcdatadocsgasoline_stations_statexls May 5 2011 70 Alternative Fuels Data Center wwwafdcenergygovafdclocatorstations 71 EPA ldquoGovernment UST Noncompliance Report-2007rdquo wwwepagovoustdocsME20Compliance20Reportpdf August
82007 72 Alternative Fuels Data Center httpwwwafdcenergygovafdclocatorstations 73 Hyride ldquoAbout the fueling stationrdquo httpwwwhyrideorghtml-about_hyrideAbout_Fuelinghtml 74 CTTransit ldquoHartford Bus Facility Site Work (Phase 1)rdquo
wwwcttransitcomProcurementsDisplayaspProcurementID=8752CA67-AB1F-4D88-BCEC-4B82AC8A2542 March 2011 75
Currently there are no publicly or privately accessible transportation fueling stations where hydrogen is provided as an
alternative fuel in Maine
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
21
MAINE
Fleets
There are over 7000 fleet vehicles (excluding state and federal vehicles) classified as non-leasing or
company owned vehicles in Maine 76
Fleet vehicles typically account for more than twice the amount of
mileage and therefore twice the fuel consumption and emissions compared to personal vehicles on a per
vehicle basis There are an additional 1781 passenger automobiles andor light duty trucks in Maine
owned by state and federal agencies (excluding state police) that traveled a combined 14965373 miles in
2010 while releasing 1031 metrics tons of CO2 77
Conversion of fleet vehicles from conventional fossil
fuels to FCEVs could significantly reduce petroleum consumption and GHG emissions Fleet vehicle
hubs are good candidates for hydrogen refueling and conversion to FCEVs because they mostly operate
on fixed routes or within fixed districts and are fueled from a centralized station
Bus Transit
There are approximately 61 directly operated buses that provide public transportation services in Maine78
As discussed above replacement of a conventional diesel transit bus with a fuel cell transit bus would
result in the reduction of CO2 emissions (estimated at approximately 183000 pounds per year) and
reduction of diesel fuel (estimated at approximately 4390 gallons per year)79
Although the efficiency of
conventional diesel buses has increased conventional diesel buses which typically achieve fuel economy
performance levels of 39 miles per gallon have the greatest potential for energy savings by using high
efficiency fuel cells In addition to Maine other states have also begun the transition of fueling transit
buses with alternative fuels to improve efficiency and environmental performance
Material Handling
Material handling equipment such as forklifts are used by a variety of industries including
manufacturing construction mining agriculture food retailers and wholesale trade to move goods
within a facility or to load goods for shipping to another site Material handling equipment is usually
battery propane or diesel powered Batteries that currently power material handling equipment are heavy
and take up significant storage space while only providing up to 6 hours of run time Fuel cells can
ensure constant power delivery and performance eliminating the reduction in voltage output that occurs
as batteries discharge Fuel cell powered material handling equipment last more than twice as long (12-
14 hours) and also eliminate the need for battery storage and charging rooms leaving more space for
products In addition fueling time only takes two to three minutes by the operator compared to least 20
minutes or more for each battery replacement which saves the operator valuable time and increases
warehouse productivity
In addition fuel cell powered material handling equipment has significant cost advantages compared to
batteries such as
15 times lower maintenance cost
8 times lower refuelingrecharging labor cost
2 times lower net present value of total operations and management (OampM) system cost
76
Fleetcom ldquo2009-My Registrationrdquo httpwwwautomotive-
fleetcomStatisticsStatsVieweraspxfile=http3a2f2fwwwautomotive-fleetcom2ffc_resources2fstats2fAFFB10-16-
top10-statepdfampchannel 77 US General Services Administration ldquoGSA 2010 Fleet Reportsrdquo Table 4-2 httpwwwgsagovportalcontent230525 September
2011 78
NTD Date ldquoTS22 - Service Data and Operating Expenses Time-Series by Systemrdquo
httpwwwntdprogramgovntdprogramdatahtm December 2011 79 Fuel Cell Economic Development Plan Connecticut Department of Economic and Community Development and the
Connecticut Center for Advanced Technology Inc January 1 2008
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
22
MAINE
63 percent less emissions of GHG (Appendix X provides a comparison of PEM fuel cell and
battery-powered material handling equipment)
Fuel cell powered material handling equipment is already in use at dozens of warehouses distribution
centers and manufacturing plants in North America80
Large corporations that are currently using or
planning to use fuel cell powered material handling equipment include CVS Coca-Cola BMW Central
Grocers and Wal-Mart (Refer to Appendix IX for a partial list of companies in North America that using
fuel cell powered forklifts)81
There are approximately five distribution centerswarehouse sites that have
been identified in Maine that may benefit from the use of fuel cell powered material handling equipment
(Appendix I ndash Figure 13 Distribution CentersWarehouses amp Ports)
Ground Support Equipment
Ground support equipment (GSE) such as catering trucks deicers and airport tugs can be battery
operated or more commonly run on diesel or gasoline As an alternative hydrogen-powered tugs are
being developed for both military and commercial applications While their performance is similar to that
of other battery-powered equipment a fuel cell-powered GSE remains fully charged (provided there is
hydrogen fuel available) and do not experience performance lag at the end of a shift like battery-powered
GSEs82
Potential large end-users of GSE that serve Mainersquos largest airports include Air Canada Delta
Airlines Continental JetBlue United and US Airways83
(Appendix I ndash Figure 11 Commercial
Airports)
Ports
Maine has 3480 miles of coastline with six cargo ports and 13 cruise ship ports The ports of Portland
and Bath Maine which service large vessels such as container ships tankers bulk carriers and cruise
ships may be candidates for improved energy management Commercial marine vessels (cargo ships
entering and leaving Marine ports) contribute approximately 166 tons of volatile organic compounds
(VOC) 1134 tons of NOX 374 tons of CO 124 tons of sulfur dioxide SO2 and 91 tons of particulate
matter (PM10) per year84
In one year a single large container ship can emit pollutants equivalent to that of 50 million cars The
low grade bunker fuel used by the worlds 90000 cargo ships contains up to 2000 times the amount of
sulfur compared to diesel fuel used in automobiles85
Furthermore diesel emissions from cruise ships
while at port are a significant source of air pollution While docked vessels shut off their main engines
but use auxiliary diesel and steam engines to power refrigeration lights pumps and other functions a
process called ldquocold-ironing An estimated one-third of ship emissions occur while they are idling at
berth Replacing auxiliary engines with on-shore electric power could significantly reduce emissions
The applications of fuel cell technology at ports may also provide electric and thermal energy for
improving energy management for warehouses and equipment operated between terminals (Appendix I ndash
Figure 13 Distribution CentersWarehouses amp Ports)86
80 DOE EERE ldquoEarly Markets Fuel Cells for Material Handling Equipmentrdquo
www1eereenergygovhydrogenandfuelcellseducationpdfsearly_markets_forkliftspdf February 2011 81 Plug Power ldquoPlug Power Celebrates Successful year for Companyrsquos Manufacturing and Sales Activityrdquo
wwwplugpowercom January 4 2011 82 Battelle ldquoIdentification and Characterization of Near-Term Direct Hydrogen Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Marketsrdquo
April 2007 www1eereenergygovhydrogenandfuelcellspdfspemfc_econ_2006_report_final_0407pdf 83 PWM ldquoAirlinesrdquo httpwwwportlandjetportorgairlines August 24 2011 84
Maine Department of Environmental Protection ldquoAir Emission from Marine Vesselsrdquo
httpwwwmainegovdepblwqtopicvesselairemissionsreportpdf January 15 2005 85
ldquoBig polluters one massive container ship equals 50 million carsrdquo Paul Evans httpwwwgizmagcomshipping-
pollution11526 April 232009 86
Savemayportvillagenet ldquoCruise Ship Pollutionrdquo httpwwwsavemayportvillagenetid20html October 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
23
MAINE
Table 18 -Ports Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
42
(35)
2
(11)
2
(11)
06
(11)
4730
(11)
12741
(11)
908
(9)
CONCLUSION
Hydrogen and fuel cell technology offers significant opportunities for improved energy reliability energy
efficiency and emission reductions Large fuel cell units (gt300 kW) may be appropriate for applications
that serve large electric and thermal loads Smaller fuel cell units (lt 300 kW) may provide back-up power
for telecommunication sites restaurantsfast food outlets and smaller sized public facilities at this time
Table 19 ndashSummary of Potential Fuel Cell Applications
Category Total Sites Potential
Sites
Number of Fuel
Cells
lt 300 kW
Number of
Fuel Cells
gt300 kW
CB
EC
S D
ata
Education 964 6587
23 42
Food Sales 1800+ 4588
45
Food Services 2100+ 1589
15
Inpatient Healthcare 181 4290
42
Lodging 837 1891
18
Public Order amp Safety 216 1092
10
Energy Intensive Industries 156 693
6
Government Operated
Buildings 114 4
94
4
Wireless
Telecommunication
Towers
50995
5196
51
WWTPs 111 197
1
Landfills 25 198
1
Airports (w AASF) 103 5 (1)99
5
87 65 high schools andor college and universities located in communities serviced by natural gas 88 45 food sale facilities located in communities serviced by natural gas 89 Ten percent of the 97 food service facilities located in communities serviced by natural gas 90 Eight Hospitals located in communities serviced by natural gas and occupying 150+ or more beds onsite 91 15 hotel facilities with 100+ rooms onsite and three convalescent homes with 150+ bed onsite located in communities serviced
by natural gas 92 Correctional facilities andor other public order and safety facilities with 212 workers or more 93 Ten percent of the 64 energy intensive industry facilities located in communities serviced with natural gas 94 Four actively owned federal government operated building located in communities serviced by natural gas 95
The Federal Communications Commission regulates interstate and international communications by radio television wire
satellite and cable in all 50 states the District of Columbia and US territories 96 Ten percent of the 509 wireless telecommunication sites in Mainersquos targeted for back-up PEM fuel cell deployment 97 Ten percent of Maine WWTP with average flows of 30+ MGD 98 Ten percent of the landfills targeted based on LMOP data
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
24
MAINE
Military 1 1 1
Ports 42 2 2
Total 7159+ 266 74 192
As shown in Table 5 the analysis provided here estimates that there are approximately 266 potential
locations which may be favorable candidates for the application of a fuel cell to provide heat and power
Assuming the demand for electricity was uniform throughout the year approximately 150 to 192 fuel cell
units with a capacity of 300 ndash 400 kW could be deployed for a total fuel cell capacity of 58 to 77 MWs
If opportunities for fuel cell use in Maine identified in this report are met with 300 kW units a minimum
of 473040 MWh electric and 127 million MMBTUs (equivalent to 373404 MWh) of thermal energy
would be produced which could reduce CO2 emissions by at least 90824 tons per year 100
Maine can also benefit from the use of hydrogen and fuel cell technology for transportation such as
passenger fleets transit district fleets municipal fleets and state department fleets The application of
hydrogen and fuel cell technology for transportation would reduce the dependence on oil improve
environmental performance and provide greater efficiencies than conventional transportation
technologies
bull Replacement of a gasoline-fueled passenger vehicle with FCEVs could result in annual CO2
emission reductions (per vehicle) of approximately 10170 pounds annual energy savings of 230
gallons of gasoline and annual fuel cost savings of $885
bull Replacement of a gasoline-fueled light duty truck with FCEVs could result in annual CO2
emission reductions (per light duty truck) of approximately 15770 pounds annual energy savings
of 485 gallons of gasoline and annual fuel cost savings of $1866
bull Replacement of a diesel-fueled transit bus with a fuel cell powered bus could result in annual CO2
emission reductions (per bus) of approximately 182984 pounds annual energy savings of 4390
gallons of fuel and annual fuel cost savings of $17560
Hydrogen and fuel cell technology also provides significant opportunities for job creation andor
economic development Realizing over $2 million in revenue and investment in 2010 the hydrogen and
fuel cell industry in Maine is estimated to have contributed approximately $113000 in state and local tax
revenue and over $29 million in gross state product Currently there are at least 30 Maine companies
that are part of the growing hydrogen and fuel cell industry supply chain in the Northeast region If
neweremerging hydrogen and fuel cell technology were to gain momentum the number of companies
and employment for the industry could grow substantially
99 Airport facilities with 2500+ annual Enplanement Counts andor AASF 100
If opportunities for fuel cell use in Maine identified in this report are met with 400 kW units a minimum of 665760 MWh
electric and 312 million MMBTUs (equivalent to 915127 MWh) of thermal energy would be produced which could reduce CO2
emissions by at least 127826 tons per year
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
25
MAINE
APPENDICES
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
26
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 1 Education
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
27
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 2 Food Sales
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
28
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 3 Food Services
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
29
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 4 Inpatient Healthcare
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
30
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 5 Lodging
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
31
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 6 Public Order and Safety
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
32
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 7 Energy Intensive Industries
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
33
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 8 Federal Government Operated Buildings
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
34
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 9 Telecommunication Sites
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
35
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 10 Solid and Liquid Waste Sites
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
36
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 11 Commercial Airports
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
37
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 12 Alternative Fueling Stations
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
38
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 13 Distribution CentersWarehouses amp Ports
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
39
MAINE
Appendix II ndash Maine Estimated Electrical Consumption per Sector
Category Total Site
Electric Consumption per Building
(1000 kWh)101
kWh Consumed per Sector
New England
Education 925 161844 149705700
Food Sales 1800 319821 575677800
Food Services 2100 128 269199000
Inpatient Healthcare 181 603863 1092991125
Lodging 837 21312 178379766
Public Order amp Safety 262 77855 20398010
Total 6105 2286351401
Residential102
4503000000
Industrial 3702000000
Commercial 4503000000
Other Commercial 2286351401
101
EIA Electricity consumption and expenditure intensities for Non-Mall Building 2003 102
DOE EERE ldquoElectric Power and Renewable Energy in Mainerdquo httpapps1eereenergygovstateselectricitycfmstate=ME
August 25 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
40
MAINE
Appendix III ndash Key Stakeholders
Organization CityTown State Website Hydrogen Energy Center Portland ME wwwhydrogenenergycenterorg
University of Maine School of
Engineering Technology Orono ME httpwwwumaineeduset
University of Maine Advanced
Manufacturing Center Orono
ME wwwumaineeduamc
University of Maine Advanced
Structures and Composites Center Orono
ME httpwww2umaineeduaewc
Manufacturers Association of Maine Westbrook ME
wwwmainemfgcom
Maine Manufacturing Extension
Partnership Augusta
ME httpwwwmainemeporg
Mid-Coast Regional Redevelopment
Authority Brunswick
ME wwwmrraus
Manufacturing Applications Center Gorham ME
httpwwwusmmaineedu
Maine Center for Enterprise
Development University of Southern
Maine
Portland ME
wwwmcedbiz
Maine Small Business Development
Center Portland
ME httpwwwmainesbdcorg
Southern Maine Community College
Sustainability and Energy Alternatives
Center
South
Portland ME httpwwwsmccmeedubusiness-a-
communitycomunity-resourcessustainability-
centerhtml
Environment and Energy Technology
Council of Maine Portland
ME wwwE2Techorg
Maine Technology Institute Gardiner ME
wwwmainetechnologyorg
Maine Innovation Economy advisory
Board Maine DECD Augusta ME httpwwwmainegovdecd
Governorrsquos Office of Energy
Independence and Security Augusta ME httpmainegovoeis
Utility Companies
Unitil httpwwwunitilcomcustomer-configuration
Bangor Gas Co httpwwwbangorgascom
Central Maine Power Co httpwwwcmpcocom
Bangor Hydro-Electric Co httpwwwbhecom
Maine Public Service Co httpwwwmainepublicservicecom
Appendix IV ndash Maine State Incentives and Programs
Funding Source Maine Public Utilities Commission
Program Title Community-based Renewable Energy Pilot Program
Applicable EnergiesTechnologies Solar Thermal Electric Photovoltaic Landfill Gas Wind
Biomass Hydroelectric Geothermal Electric Fuel Cells Anaerobic Digestion Tidal Energy
Fuel Cells using Renewable Fuels
Summary The Maine Utilities Commission (PUC) finalized the rule in February 2010 Legislation
mandates that up 10 50 MW of generating capacity will be permitted uned this program and
individual participants may not exceed 10 MW Of the 50 MW cap 10 must be reserved
specifically for small program participants or for participants located in a service territory of a
cooperative transmission and distribution utility
Restrictions
The PUC may require investor-owned utilities to enter into long-term contracts for energy capacity
resources or renewable energy credits (RECs) produced by the community-based project The
contacts term may not exceed 20 year the PUC will conduct long-term contract solicitations for
ldquolarge generatorsrdquo
Timing The Maine Public Utilities Commission is seeking proposals from suppliers of energy
capacity or renewable energy credits (RECs) for the development of community-based renewable
energy projects over 1 MW The docket number for this RFP is 2011-150 All inquiries about this
RFP should be directed to christinercookmainegov
Maximum Size Choice of either 15 REC credit multiplier or up to 10 MW DC
Requirements
To be eligible for incentives a generating facility must be 51 percent locally owned use renewable
energy resources be no larger than 10 MW in generating capacity and be located in the State
httpwwwstatemeusmpucelectricitycommunity_pilotshtml
Rebate amount $010kWh or cost fo the project whichever is lower
For further information please visit
httpwwwstatemeusmpucelectricitycommunity_pilotshtml
Source
Maine Public Utilities Commission ldquoCommunity-based Renewable Energy Pilot Programrdquo August 10 2011
DSIRE ldquoCommunity-based Renewable Energy Production Incentive (Pilot Program)rdquo August 10 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
42
Funding Source Voluntary Renewable Resource Grants
Program Title Voluntary Renewable Resources Fund
Applicable EnergiesTechnologies Solar Thermal Electric Photovoltaics Wind Biomass
Hydroelectric Geothermal Electric Fuel Cells Municipal Solid Waste Tidal Energy Fuel
Cells using Renewable Fuels
Summary Supported by the state Voluntary Renewable resource Fund and administered by the
Efficient Maine provide funding for small-scale demonstration projects designed to educate
communities on the value oand cost effectiveness of renewable energy
Restrictions To Qualify for grant funding renewable-energy resources generally must qualify as a
small power production facility un Federal Energy Regulatory Commission rules or must not exceed
100 MW in capacity and use one of more of the applicable energiestechnologies
Timing Start Date of this program occurred 12151998 and no expiration date is given
Maximum Size $50000
Requirements
httpwwwmainegovmpucrecovery
Rebate amount
$50000 Maximu
For further information please visit
httpwwwmainegovmpucrecovery
Source
Maine PUC ldquoFederal Stimulus MPUC and the Federal Recovery Packagerdquo ndash August 10 2011
DSIRE ldquoMaine - Voluntary Renewable Resource Grantsrdquo August 10 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
43
Appendix V ndash Partial Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Supply Chain Companies in Maine103
Organization Name Product or Service Category
1 University of Maine School of
Engineering Technology Research amp Development
2 University of Maine Advanced
Structures and Composites Center Research amp Development
3 Precision Partners-Mid-State Machine
Products Manufacturing Services
4 Ocean Energy Institute EngineeringDesign Services
5 Newfab Inc Manufacturing Services
6 New England Castings Other
7 Mitchell Ledge Farm Components
8 McNabb Marketing Resources Other
9 Maine Oxy Inc Fuel
10 Maine Machine Products Co Manufacturing Services
11 MacTec Inc FCH2 System DistrInstallMaint Services
12 Kennebec Technologies Manufacturing Services
13 Hydrogen Energy Center Service Center Lab or Test ConsultingLegalFinancial
Services
14 Hydrogen Energy Center Other
15 Green Energy Maine Other
16 Fire Risk Management Inc EngineeringDesign Services
17 Fire Risk Management EngineeringDesign Services
18 Fairchild Semiconductor Research amp Development
19 EcoMain Research amp Development
20 Control Point Inc Lab or Test EquipmentServices
21 Colby Company Engineering EngineeringDesign Services
22 Chewonki Foundation Other
23 Burroughs Machine Tool Products Equipment
24 Bernstein Shur ConsultingLegalFinancial Services
25 Bath Iron Works (General Dynamics
Inc) Research amp Development
26 AMEC EngineeringDesign Services
27 Advantages Gases and Tools Fuel
28 Advanced Manufacturing Center-
University of ME Manufacturing Services
103
Northeast Electrochemical Energy Storage Cluster Supply Chain Database Search httpneescorgresourcestype=1 August 11 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
44
Appendix VI ndash Comparison of Fuel Cell Technologies104
Fuel Cell
Type
Common
Electrolyte
Operating
Temperature
Typical
Stack
Size
Efficiency Applications Advantages Disadvantages
Polymer
Electrolyte
Membrane
(PEM)
Perfluoro sulfonic
acid
50-100degC
122-212deg
typically
80degC
lt 1 kW ndash 1
MW105
gt
kW 60
transportation
35
stationary
bull Backup power
bull Portable power
bull Distributed
generation
bull Transportation
bull Specialty vehicle
bull Solid electrolyte reduces
corrosion amp electrolyte
management problems
bull Low temperature
bull Quick start-up
bull Expensive catalysts
bull Sensitive to fuel
impurities
bull Low temperature waste
heat
Alkaline
(AFC)
Aqueous solution
of potassium
hydroxide soaked
in a matrix
90-100degC
194-212degF
10 ndash 100
kW 60
bull Military
bull Space
bull Cathode reaction faster
in alkaline electrolyte
leads to high performance
bull Low cost components
bull Sensitive to CO2
in fuel and air
bull Electrolyte management
Phosphoric
Acid
(PAFC)
Phosphoric acid
soaked in a matrix
150-200degC
302-392degF
400 kW
100 kW
module
40 bull Distributed
generation
bull Higher temperature enables
CHP
bull Increased tolerance to fuel
impurities
bull Pt catalyst
bull Long start up time
bull Low current and power
Molten
Carbonate
(MCFC)
Solution of lithium
sodium andor
potassium
carbonates soaked
in a matrix
600-700degC
1112-1292degF
300
k W- 3 M
W
300 kW
module
45 ndash 50
bull Electric utility
bull Distributed
generation
bull High efficiency
bull Fuel flexibility
bull Can use a variety of catalysts
bull Suitable for CHP
bull High temperature
corrosion and breakdown
of cell components
bull Long start up time
bull Low power density
Solid Oxide
(SOFC)
Yttria stabilized
zirconia
700-1000degC
1202-1832degF
1 kW ndash 2
MW 60
bull Auxiliary power
bull Electric utility
bull Distributed
generation
bull High efficiency
bull Fuel flexibility
bull Can use a variety of catalysts
bull Solid electrolyte
bull Suitable f o r CHP amp CHHP
bull HybridGT cycle
bull High temperature
corrosion and breakdown
of cell components
bull High temperature
operation requires long
start up
time and limits
Polymer Electrolyte is no longer a single category row Data shown does not take into account High Temperature PEM which operates in the range of 160oC to 180
oC It solves
virtually all of the disadvantages listed under PEM It is not sensitive to impurities It has usable heat Stack efficiencies of 52 on the high side are realized HTPEM is not a
PAFC fuel cell and should not be confused with one
104 US Department of Energy Fuel Cells Technology Program httpwww1eereenergygovhydrogenandfuelcellsfuelcellspdfsfc_comparison_chartpdf August 5 2011 105
Ballard ldquoCLEARgen Multi-MY Systemsrdquo httpwwwballardcomfuel-cell-productscleargen-multi-mw-systemsaspx November 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
45
Appendix VII ndashAnalysis of Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities and Threats for Maine
Strengths
Stationary Power ndash Strong market drivers including high
electricity cost cold climate reliance on oil for space heating
strong CHP and district heating market strong environmental
and green energy awareness) capable core of fuel cell CHP
installers energy storage demand to serve MErsquos aggressive
wind-power industry strong ongoing expansion of natural gas
servicedistribution
Transportation Power - Strong market drivers including a
dispersed population highly reliant on truck and auto
transportation receptive and environmentally conscious
alternative fuelstransportation market relatively low income
population in need of relief from automobile fuel costs strong
Navy shipbuilding industry as potential user of H2FC auxiliary
power system strongly interested in fleet-based hydrogen
fueling station development (SunHydro model) strong interest
in municipal transit and fuel cell -powered rail
Economic Development Factors ndash Brunswick Renewable
Energy Park emphasis on skills development and technology
synergies aggressive state level policy to policy to develop
renewable wind and biomass energy technologies skilled and
well organized network of precision manufacturing firms tied
into aerospace and communications equipment industries
strong labor force at relatively low wages RampDbusiness
infrastructure for advanced biofuels and composite material
structures growing University of Maine commitment to fuel
cell and biomass RampD state funding source familiaritycomfort
with H2FC technology
Weaknesses
Stationary Power ndash No technologyindustrial momentum at the
OEM level geographically distant from OEMs for component-
supply opportunities
Transportation Power ndash No technologyindustrial base at the
OEM level lack of infrastructure funding relatively dispersed
population for transportation services
Economic Development Factors ndash limited state incentives
somewhat sluggish overall state economy relatively
undeveloped core of technology skillsknowledge base
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
46
Opportunities
Stationary Power ndash Opportunity as an ldquoearly adaptor marketrdquo
some supply chain buildup opportunities around SP deployment
Linkage between H2FC technologies and advanced biofuels
RampD Dispersed population amp economy needs distributed
solutions Major need for power storage in conjunction with
Maines planned offshore wind-power RampD and development
Transportation Power ndash Hydrogen refueling station plans Early-
stage potential for major roll-out in marine auxiliary power (US
Navy) Commuter rail expansion
Portable Power ndash Little currently-identified opportunity
Economic Development Factors ndash Brunswick ldquoRenewable Energy
Industrial Parkrdquo can be significant seed nucleus for both
deployment amp development Machine-tool industry pursuing
H2FC components supply-chain opportunities
Threats
Stationary Power ndash The regionrsquos favorable market
needsdemand could be met by other technologiessources ndash
Canadian hydro amp nuclear wind geothermal direct biomass
and power-storage alternatives ndash batteries solid state ammonia
etc
Transportation Power ndash The regionrsquos favorable market
characteristics and needs could be met by other electric
vehicles particularly in the absence of a hydrogen
infrastructure
Economic Development Factors ndash competition from more fully-
equipped statesregions wind and other renewables grab Maine
energy industry momentum lack of funding to sustain
University of MErsquos momentum in storage and fuel cell
technologies related to biomass and wind hesitation of state
government to support alternative energy incentives
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
47
Appendix VIII ndash Partial list of Fuel Cell Deployment in the Northeast region
Manufacturer Site Name Site Location Year Installed
Plug Power T-Mobile cell tower Storrs CT 2008
Plug Power Albany International Airport Albany NY 2004
FuelCell Energy Pepperidge Farms Plant Bloomfield CT 2005
FuelCell Energy Peabody Museum New Haven CT 2003
FuelCell Energy Sheraton New York Hotel amp Towers Manhattan NY 2004
FuelCell Energy Sheraton Hotel Edison NJ 2003
FuelCell Energy Sheraton Hotel Parsippany NJ 2003
UTC Power Cabelas Sporting Goods East Hartford CT 2008
UTC Power Whole Foods Market Glastonbury CT 2008
UTC Power Connecticut Science Center Hartford CT 2009
UTC Power St Francis Hospital Hartford CT 2003
UTC Power Middletown High School Middletown CT 2008
UTC Power Connecticut Juvenile Training School Middletown CT 2001
UTC Power 360 State Street Apartment Building New Haven CT 2010
UTC Power South Windsor High School South Windsor CT 2002
UTC Power Mohegan Sun Casino Hotel Uncasville CT 2002
UTC Power CTTransit Fuel Cell Bus Hartford CT 2007
UTC Power Whole Foods Market Dedham MA 2009
UTC Power Bronx Zoo Bronx NY 2008
UTC Power North Central Bronx Hospital Bronx NY 2000
UTC Power Hunts Point Water Pollution Control Plant Bronx NY 2005
UTC Power Price Chopper Supermarket Colonie NY 2010
UTC Power East Rochester High School East Rochester NY 2007
UTC Power Coca-Cola Refreshments Production Facility Elmsford NY 2010
UTC Power Verizon Call Center and Communications Building Garden City NY 2005
UTC Power State Office Building Hauppauge NY 2009
UTC Power Liverpool High School Liverpool NY 2000
UTC Power New York Hilton Hotel New York City NY 2007
UTC Power Central Park Police Station New York City NY 1999
UTC Power Rochester Institute of Technology Rochester NY 1993
UTC Power NYPA office building White Plains NY 2010
UTC Power Wastewater treatment plant Yonkers NY 1997
UTC Power The Octagon Roosevelt Island NY 2011
UTC Power Johnson amp Johnson World Headquarters New Brunswick NJ 2003
UTC Power CTTRANSIT (Fuel Cell Powered Buses) Hartford CT 2007 - Present
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
48
Appendix IX ndash Partial list of Fuel Cell-Powered Forklifts in North America106
Company CityTown State Site Year
Deployed
Fuel Cell
Manufacturer
of
forklifts
Coca-Cola San Leandro CA
Bottling and
distribution center 2011 Plug Power 37
Charlotte NC Bottling facility 2011 Plug Power 40
EARP
Distribution Kansas City KS Distribution center 2011
Oorja
Protonics 24
Golden State
Foods Lemont IL Distribution facility 2011
Oorja
Protonics 20
Kroger Co Compton CA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 161
Sysco
Riverside CA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 80
Boston MA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 160
Long Island NY Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 42
San Antonio TX Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 113
Front Royal VA Redistribution
facility 2011 Plug Power 100
Baldor
Specialty Foods Bronx NY Facility
Planned
in 2012
Oorja
Protonics 50
BMW
Manufacturing
Co
Spartanburg SC Manufacturing
plant 2010 Plug Power 86
Defense
Logistics
Agency US
Department of
Defense
San Joaquin CA Distribution facility 2011 Plug Power 20
Fort Lewis WA Distribution depot 2011 Plug Power 19
Warner
Robins GA Distribution depot 2010 Hydrogenics 20
Susquehanna PA Distribution depot 2010 Plug Power 15
2009 Nuvera 40
Martin-Brower Stockton CA Food distribution
center 2010
Oorja
Protonics 15
United Natural
Foods Inc
(UNFI)
Sarasota FL Distribution center 2010 Plug Power 65
Wal-Mart
Balzac Al
Canada
Refrigerated
distribution center 2010 Plug Power 80
Washington
Court House OH
Food distribution
center 2007 Plug Power 55
Wegmans Pottsville PA Warehouse 2010 Plug Power 136
Whole Foods
Market Landover MD Distribution center 2010 Plug Power 61
106
FuelCell2000 ldquoFuel Cell-Powered Forklifts in North Americardquo httpwwwfuelcellsorginfochartsforkliftspdf November
2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
49
Appendix X ndash Comparison of PEM Fuel Cell and Battery-Powered Material Handling
Equipment
3 kW PEM Fuel Cell-Powered
Pallet Trucks
3 kW Battery-powered
(2 batteries per truck)
Total Fuel Cycle Energy Use
(total energy consumedkWh
delivered to the wheels) -12000 BtukWh 14000 BtukWh
Fuel Cycle GHG Emissions
(in g CO2 equivalent 820 gkWh 1200 gkWh
Estimated Product Life 8-10 years 4-5 years No Emissions at Point of Use
Quiet Operation
Wide Ambient Operating
Temperature range
Constant Power Available
over Shift
Routine Maintenance Costs
($YR) $1250 - $1500year $2000year
Time for RefuelingChanging
Batteries 4 ndash 8 minday 45-60 minday (for battery change-outs)
8 hours (for battery recharging amp cooling) Cost of FuelElectricity $6000year $1300year Labor Cost of
refuelingRecharging $1100year $8750year
Net Present Value of Capital
Cost $12600
($18000 wo incentive) $14000
Net Present Value of OampM
costs (including fuel) $52000 $128000
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
50
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
14
MAINE
kW) at hotelresort facilities with less than 94 employees may not be economically viable based on the
electrical demand and operational requirement however a smaller fuel cell ( 5 kW) may be appropriate
Popular hotel chains such as the Hilton and Starwood Hotels have shown interest in powering their
establishments with fuel cells in New Jersey and New York
Maine also has 107 facilities identified as convalescent homes three of which have bed capacities greater
than or equal to 150 units38
All three sites are located in communities serviced by natural gas (Appendix
I ndash Figure 5 Lodging)
Table 6 - Lodging Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
837
(10)
18
(2)
18
(2)
54
(2)
42574
(2)
114665
(2)
8174
(2)
Public Order and Safety There are approximately 216 facilities in Maine that can be classified as public order and safety these
include 96 fire stations 102 police stations eight state police stations nine border patrols and nine
prisons 3940
Ten of these locations employ more than 210 workers and are located in communities
serviced by natural gas4142
These applications may represent favorable opportunities for the application
of a larger fuel cell (gt300 kW) which could provide heat and uninterrupted power 4344
The sites
identified (Appendix I ndash Figure 6 Public Order and Safety) will have special value to provide increased
reliability to mission critical facilities associated with public safety and emergency response during grid
outages The application of a large fuel cell (gt300 kW) at public order and safety facilities with less than
210 employees may not be economically viable based on the electrical demand and operational
requirement however a smaller fuel cell ( 5 kW) may be appropriate Central Park Police Station in
New York City New York is presently powered by a 200 kW fuel cell system
Table 7 - Public Order and Safety Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
216
(7)
10
(3)
10
(3)
30
(3)
23652
(3)
63703
(3)
4541
(3)
38 Assisted-Living-List ldquoList of 120 Nursing Homes in Maine (ME)rdquo httpassisted-living-listcomme--nursing-homes May 9
2011 39 EIA Description of CBECS Building Types wwweiagovemeucbecsbuilding_typeshtml 40 USACOPS ndash The Nations Law Enforcement Site wwwusacopscomme 41
CBECSldquoTable C14rdquo httpwwweiagovemeucbecscbecs2003detailed_tables_20032003set192003pdfalltablespdf
November 2011 42
On average public order and safety facilities consume 12400 kWh of electricity per worker on an annual basis Current fuel
cell technology (gt300 kW) can satisfy annual electricity consumption loads between 2628000 ndash 3504000 kWh Calculations
show public order and safety facilities employing more than 212 workers may represent favorable opportunities for the
application of a larger fuel cell 43
2628000 12400 = 21194 44
CBECSldquoTable C14rdquo httpwwweiagovemeucbecscbecs2003detailed_tables_20032003set192003pdfalltablespdf
November 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
15
MAINE
Energy Intensive Industries
As shown in Table 2 energy intensive industries with high electricity consumption (which on average is
48 percent of annual operating costs) have been identified as potential locations for the application of a
fuel cell45
In Maine there are approximately 156 of these industrial facilities that are involved in the
manufacture of aluminum chemicals forest products glass metal casting petroleum coal products or
steel and employ 25 or more employees46
Of these 156 locations 64 are located in communities serviced
by natural gas (Appendix I ndash Figure 7 Energy Intensive Industries)
Table 8 - 2002 Data for the Energy Intensive Industry by Sector47
NAICS Code Sector Energy Consumption per Dollar Value of Shipments (kWh)
325 Chemical manufacturing 249
322 Pulp and Paper 446
324110 Petroleum Refining 472
311 Food manufacturing 076
331111 Iron and steel 815
321 Wood Products 123
3313 Alumina and aluminum 358
327310 Cement 1641
33611 Motor vehicle manufacturing 021
3315 Metal casting 164
336811 Shipbuilding and ship repair 205
3363 Motor vehicle parts manufacturing 205
Companies such as Coca-Cola Johnson amp Johnson and Pepperidge Farms in Connecticut New Jersey
and New York have installed fuel cells to help supply energy to their facilities
Table 9 - Energy Intensive Industry Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
156
(3)
6
(1)
6
(1)
18
(1)
14191
(1)
38222
(1)
2725
(1)
Government Owned Buildings
Buildings operated by the federal government can be found at 114 locations in Maine four of these
properties are actively owned rather than leased by the federal government and are located in
communities serviced by natural gas (Appendix I ndash Figure 8 Federal Government Operated Buildings)
There are also a number of buildings owned and operated by the State of Maine The application of fuel
cell technology at government owned buildings would assist in balancing load requirements at these sites
and offer a unique value for active and passive public education associated with the high usage of these
public buildings
45 EIA ldquoElectricity Generation Capabilityrdquo 1999 CBECS wwweiadoegovemeucbecspba99comparegenerhtml 46 Proprietary market data 47 EPA ldquoEnergy Trends in Selected Manufacturing Sectorsrdquo wwwepagovsectorspdfenergych2pdf March 2007
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
16
MAINE
Table 10 - Government Owned Building Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
114
(9)
4
(4)
4
(4)
12
(4)
9461
(4)
25481
(4)
1816
(4)
Wireless Telecommunication Sites
Telecommunications companies rely on electricity to run call centers cell phone towers and other vital
equipment In Maine there are approximately 509 telecommunications andor wireless company tower
sites (Appendix I ndash Figure 9 Telecommunication Sites) Any loss of power at these locations may result
in a loss of service to customers thus having reliable power is critical Each individual site represents an
opportunity to provide back-up power for continuous operation through the application of on-site back-up
generation powered by hydrogen and fuel cell technology It is an industry standard to install units
capable of supplying 48-72 hours of backup power which this is typically accomplished with batteries or
conventional emergency generators48
The deployment of fuel cells at selected telecommunication sites
will have special value to provide increased reliability to critical sites associated with emergency
communications and homeland security An example of a telecommunication site that utilizes fuel cell
technology to provide back-up power is a T-Mobile facility located in Storrs Connecticut
Table 11 - Wireless Telecommunication Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
509
(13)
51
(13) NA NA NA NA NA
Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs) There are 111 WWTPs in Maine that have design flows ranging from 3000 gallons per day (GPD) to 16
million gallons per day (MGD) seven of these facilities average between 3 ndash 16 MGD WWTPs
typically operate 247 and may be able to utilize the thermal energy from the fuel cell to process fats oils
and grease49
WWTPs account for approximately three percent of the electric load in the United State50
Digester gas produced at WWTPrsquos which is usually 60 percent methane can serve as a fuel substitute for
natural gas to power fuel cells Anaerobic digesters generally require a wastewater flow greater than
three MGD for an economy of scale to collect and use the methane51
Most facilities currently represent a
lost opportunity to capture and use the digestion of methane emissions created from their operations
(Appendix I ndash Figure 10 Solid and Liquid Waste Sites) 5253
A 200 kW fuel cell power plant in Yonkers New York was the worldrsquos first commercial fuel cell to run
on a waste gas created at a wastewater treatment plant The fuel cell generates about 1600 MWh of
electricity a year and reduces methane emissions released to the environment54
A 200 kW fuel cell
48 ReliOn Hydrogen Fuel Cell Wireless Applicationsrdquo wwwrelion-inccompdfReliOn_AppsWireless_2010pdf May 4 2011 49
ldquoBeyond Zero Net Energy Case Studies of Wastewater Treatment for Energy and Resource Productionrdquo Toffey Bill
September 2010 httpwwwawra-pmasmemberlodgeorgResourcesDocumentsBeyond_NZE_WWT-Toffey-9-16-2010pdf 50
EPA Wastewater Management Fact Sheet ldquoIntroductionrdquo July 2006 51 EPA Wastewater Management Fact Sheet wwwp2paysorgenergyWastePlantpdf July 2006 52 ldquoGHG Emissions from Wastewater Treatment and Biosolids Managementrdquo Beecher Ned November 20 2009
wwwdesstatenhusorganizationdivisionswaterwmbriverswatershed_conferencedocuments2009_fri_climate_2pdf 53 EPA Wastewater Management Fact Sheet wwwp2paysorgenergyWastePlantpdf May 4 2011 54 NYPA ldquoWHAT WE DO ndash Fuel Cellsrdquo wwwnypagovservicesfuelcellshtm August 8 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
17
MAINE
power plant was and installed at the Water Pollution Control Authorityrsquos WWTP in New Haven
Connecticut and produces 10 ndash 15 percent of the facilityrsquos electricity reducing energy costs by almost
$13000 a year55
Table 12 - Wastewater Treatment Plants Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
111
(19)
1
(6)
1
(6)
03
(6)
2365
(6)
6370
(6)
454
(5)
Landfill Methane Outreach Program (LMOP)
There are 11 landfills in Maine identified by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) through their
LMOP program two of which are operational two are candidates and six are considered potential sites
for the production and recovery of methane gas 5657
The amount of methane emissions released by a
given site is dependent upon the amount of material in the landfill and the amount of time the material has
been in place Similar to WWTPs methane emissions from landfills could be captured and used as a fuel
to power a fuel cell system In 2009 municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills were responsible for
producing approximately 17 percent of human-related methane emissions in the nation These locations
could produce renewable energy and help manage the release of methane (Appendix I ndash Figure 10 Solid
and Liquid Waste Sites)
Table 13 - Landfill Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
25
(12)
1
(7)
1
(7)
03
(7)
2365
(7)
6370
(7)
454
(6)
Airports
During peak air travel times in the US there are approximately 50000 airplanes in the sky each day
Ensuring safe operations of commercial and private aircrafts are the responsibility of air traffic
controllers Modern software host computers voice communication systems and instituted full scale
glide path angle capabilities assist air traffic controllers in tracking and communicating with aircrafts
consequently reliable electricity is extremely important and present an opportunity for a fuel cell power
application 58
There are approximately 103 airports in Maine including 47 that are open to the public and have
scheduled services Of those 47 airports six (Table 3) have 2500 or more passengers enplaned each
year two of these six facilities are located in communities serviced by natural gas (See Appendix I ndash
55 Conntactcom ldquoCity to Install Fuel Cellrdquo
httpwwwconntactcomarchive_indexarchive_pages4472_Business_New_Havenhtml August 15 2003 56
Due to size individual sites may have more than one potential candidate or operational project 57 LMOP defines a candidate landfill as ldquoone that is accepting waste or has been closed for five years or less has at least one
million tons of waste and does not have an operational or under-construction projectrdquoEPA ldquoLandfill Methane Outreach
Programrdquo wwwepagovlmopbasic-infoindexhtml April 7 2011 58 Howstuffworkscom ldquoHow Air Traffic Control Worksrdquo Craig Freudenrich
httpsciencehowstuffworkscomtransportflightmodernair-traffic-control5htm May 4 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
18
MAINE
Figure 11 Commercial Airports) An example of an airport currently hosting a fuel cell power plant to
provide backup power is Albany International Airport located in Albany New York
Table 14 ndash Maine Top Airports Enplanement Count
Airport59
Total Enplanement in 2000
Portland International Jetport 668098
Bangor International 272833
Northern Maine Regional at Presque Isle 25174
Knox County Regional 17328
Hancock County Bar harbor 14399
Augusta State 7148
Bangor International Airport (BGR) is considered the only ldquoJoint-Userdquo airport in Maine Joint-Use
facilities are establishments where the military department authorizes use of the military runway for
public airport services Army Aviation Support Facilities (AASF) located at this site are used by the
Army to provide aircraft and equipment readiness train and utilize military personnel conduct flight
training and operations and perform field level maintenance Bangor International Airport represents a
favorable opportunity for the application of uninterruptible power for necessary services associated with
national defense and emergency response and is located in a community serviced by natural gas
(Appendix I ndash Figure 11 Commercial Airports)
Table 15 - Airport Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
103
(12)
5(1)
(1)
1
(1)
15
(1)
11826
(1)
31851
(1)
2271
(8)
Military The US Department of Defense (DOD) is the largest funding organization in terms of supporting fuel
cell activities for military applications in the world DOD organizations are using fuel cells for
Stationary units for power supply in bases
Fuel cell units in transport applications
Portable units for equipping individual soldiers or group of soldiers
In a collaborative partnership with the DOE the DOD plans to install and operate 18 fuel cell backup
power systems at eight of its military installations two of which are located within the Northeast region
(New York and New Jersey)60
In addition the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard (PSNY) in Kittery Maine
occupies more than 297 acres on base employs approximately 4500 civilian employees and 100 naval
officers in addition to enlisted personal assigned to the shipyard and is a potential application for
hydrogen and fuel cell technology (Appendix I ndash Figure 11 Commercial Airports) 61
59 Bureau of Transportation Statistics ldquoMaine Transportation Profilerdquo
wwwbtsgovpublicationsstate_transportation_statisticsmainepdfentirepdf March 30 2011 60 Fuel Cell Today ldquoUS DoD to Install Fuel cell Backup Power Systems at Eight Military Installationsrdquo
httpwwwfuelcelltodaycomonlinenewsarticles2011-07US-DOD-FC-Backup-Power-Systems July 20 2011 61
Portsmouth Naval Shipyard ldquoShipyard Factsrdquo httpwwwnavseanavymilshipyardsportsmouthPagesFactsaspx August
2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
19
MAINE
Table 16 - Military Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
1
(7)
1
(7)
1
(7)
03
(7)
2365
(7)
6370
(7)
454
(6)
POTENTIAL TRANSPORTATION TARGETS
Transportation is responsible for one-fourth of the total global GHG emissions and consumes 75 percent
of the worldrsquos oil production In 2010 the US used 21 million barrels of non-renewable petroleum each
day Roughly 29 percent of Mainersquos energy consumption is due to demands of the transportation sector
including gasoline and on-highway diesel petroleum for automobiles trucks and buses A small percent
of non-renewable petroleum is used for jet and ship fuel62
The current economy in the US is dependent on hydrocarbon energy sources and any disruption or
shortage of this energy supply will severely affect many energy related activities including
transportation As oil and other non-sustainable hydrocarbon energy resources become scarce energy
prices will increase and the reliability of supply will be reduced Government and industry are now
investigating the use of hydrogen and renewable energy as a replacement of hydrocarbon fuels
Hydrogen-fueled fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) have many advantages over conventional
technology including
Quiet operation
Near zero emissions of controlled pollutants such as nitrous oxide carbon monoxide
hydrocarbon gases or particulates
Substantial (30 to 50 percent) reduction in GHG emissions on a well-to-wheel basis compared to
conventional gasoline or gasoline-hybrid vehicles when the hydrogen is produced by
conventional methods such as natural gas and 100 percent when hydrogen is produced from a
clean energy source
Ability to fuel vehicles with indigenous energy sources which reduces dependence on imported
energy and adds to energy security and
Higher efficiency than conventional vehicles (See Table 4)6364
Table 17 - Average Energy Efficiency of Conventional and Fuel Cell Vehicles (mpge65
)
Passenger Car Light Truck Transit Bus
Hydrogen Gasoline Hybrid Gasoline Hydrogen Gasoline Hydrogen Fuel Cell Diesel
52 50 293 492 215 54 39
FCEVs can reduce price volatility dependence on oil improve environmental performance and provide
greater efficiencies than conventional transportation technologies as follows
62 ldquoUS Oil Consumption to BP Spillrdquo httpapplesfromorangescom201005us-oil-consumption-to-bp-spill May31 2010 63 ldquoChallenges for Sustainable Mobility and Development of Fuel Cell Vehiclesrdquo Masatami Takimoto Executive Vice President
Toyota Motor Corporation January 26 2006 Presentation at the 2nd International Hydrogen amp Fuel Cell Expo Technical
Conference Tokyo Japan 64 ldquoTwenty Hydrogen Mythsrdquo Amory B Lovins Rocky Mountain Institute June 20 2003 65 Miles per Gallon Equivalent
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
20
MAINE
Replacement of gasoline-fueled passenger vehicles and light duty trucks and diesel-fueled transit
buses with FCEVs could result in annual CO2 emission reductions (per vehicle) of approximately
10170 15770 and 182984 pounds per year respectively66
Replacement of gasoline-fueled passenger vehicles and light duty trucks and diesel-fueled transit
buses with FCEVs could result in annual energy savings (per vehicle) of approximately 230
gallons of gasoline (passenger vehicle) 485 gallons of gasoline (light duty truck) and 4390
gallons of diesel (bus)
Replacement of gasoline-fueled passenger vehicles light duty trucks and diesel-fueled transit
buses with FCEVs could result in annual fuel cost savings of approximately $885 per passenger
vehicle $1866 per light duty truck and $17560 per bus67
Automobile manufacturers such as Toyota General Motors Honda Daimler AG and Hyundai have
projected that models of their FCEVs will begin to roll out in larger numbers by 2015 Longer term the
US DOE has projected that between 151 million and 239 million light duty FCEVs may be sold each
year by 2050 and between 144 million and 347 million light duty FCEVs may be in use by 2050 with a
transition to a hydrogen economy These estimates could be accelerated if political economic energy
security or environmental polices prompt a rapid advancement in alternative fuels68
Mainersquos opportunities to support these new vehicles include alternative fueling stations Maine
Department of Transportation (MDOT) refueling stations bus transit operations government public and
privately owned fleets and material handling and airport ground support equipment (GSE) Graphical
representation of these opportunities analyzed are depicted in Appendix I
Alternative Fueling Stations
There are approximately 1400 retail fueling stations in Maine69
however only 10 public andor private
stations within the state provide alternative fuels such as biodiesel compressed natural gas propane
andor electricity for alternative-fueled vehicles70
There are also at least 17 refueling stations owned and
operated by MDOT that can be used by authorities operating federal and state safety vehicles state transit
vehicles and employees of universities that operate fleet vehicles on a regular basis 71
Development of
hydrogen fueling at alternative fuel stations and at selected locations owned and operated by MDOT
would help facilitate the deployment of FCEVs within the state (Appendix I ndash Figure 12 Alternative
Fueling Stations) Currently there are approximately 18 existing or planned transportation fueling
stations in the Northeast region where hydrogen is provided as an alternative fuel72737475
66 Fuel Cell Economic Development Plan Connecticut Department of Economic and Community Development and the
Connecticut Center for Advanced Technology Inc January 1 2008 Calculations based upon average annual mileage of 12500
miles for passenger car and 14000 miles for light trucks (US EPA) and 37000 average milesyear per bus (US DOT FTA
2007) 67 US EIA Weekly Retail Gasoline and Diesel Prices gasoline - $3847 and diesel ndash 400
wwweiagovdnavpetpet_pri_gnd_a_epm0r_pte_dpgal_whtm 68
Effects of a Transition to a Hydrogen Economy on Employment in the United States Report to Congress
httpwwwhydrogenenergygovcongress_reportshtml August 2011 69 ldquoPublic retail gasoline stations state yearrdquo wwwafdcenergygovafdcdatadocsgasoline_stations_statexls May 5 2011 70 Alternative Fuels Data Center wwwafdcenergygovafdclocatorstations 71 EPA ldquoGovernment UST Noncompliance Report-2007rdquo wwwepagovoustdocsME20Compliance20Reportpdf August
82007 72 Alternative Fuels Data Center httpwwwafdcenergygovafdclocatorstations 73 Hyride ldquoAbout the fueling stationrdquo httpwwwhyrideorghtml-about_hyrideAbout_Fuelinghtml 74 CTTransit ldquoHartford Bus Facility Site Work (Phase 1)rdquo
wwwcttransitcomProcurementsDisplayaspProcurementID=8752CA67-AB1F-4D88-BCEC-4B82AC8A2542 March 2011 75
Currently there are no publicly or privately accessible transportation fueling stations where hydrogen is provided as an
alternative fuel in Maine
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
21
MAINE
Fleets
There are over 7000 fleet vehicles (excluding state and federal vehicles) classified as non-leasing or
company owned vehicles in Maine 76
Fleet vehicles typically account for more than twice the amount of
mileage and therefore twice the fuel consumption and emissions compared to personal vehicles on a per
vehicle basis There are an additional 1781 passenger automobiles andor light duty trucks in Maine
owned by state and federal agencies (excluding state police) that traveled a combined 14965373 miles in
2010 while releasing 1031 metrics tons of CO2 77
Conversion of fleet vehicles from conventional fossil
fuels to FCEVs could significantly reduce petroleum consumption and GHG emissions Fleet vehicle
hubs are good candidates for hydrogen refueling and conversion to FCEVs because they mostly operate
on fixed routes or within fixed districts and are fueled from a centralized station
Bus Transit
There are approximately 61 directly operated buses that provide public transportation services in Maine78
As discussed above replacement of a conventional diesel transit bus with a fuel cell transit bus would
result in the reduction of CO2 emissions (estimated at approximately 183000 pounds per year) and
reduction of diesel fuel (estimated at approximately 4390 gallons per year)79
Although the efficiency of
conventional diesel buses has increased conventional diesel buses which typically achieve fuel economy
performance levels of 39 miles per gallon have the greatest potential for energy savings by using high
efficiency fuel cells In addition to Maine other states have also begun the transition of fueling transit
buses with alternative fuels to improve efficiency and environmental performance
Material Handling
Material handling equipment such as forklifts are used by a variety of industries including
manufacturing construction mining agriculture food retailers and wholesale trade to move goods
within a facility or to load goods for shipping to another site Material handling equipment is usually
battery propane or diesel powered Batteries that currently power material handling equipment are heavy
and take up significant storage space while only providing up to 6 hours of run time Fuel cells can
ensure constant power delivery and performance eliminating the reduction in voltage output that occurs
as batteries discharge Fuel cell powered material handling equipment last more than twice as long (12-
14 hours) and also eliminate the need for battery storage and charging rooms leaving more space for
products In addition fueling time only takes two to three minutes by the operator compared to least 20
minutes or more for each battery replacement which saves the operator valuable time and increases
warehouse productivity
In addition fuel cell powered material handling equipment has significant cost advantages compared to
batteries such as
15 times lower maintenance cost
8 times lower refuelingrecharging labor cost
2 times lower net present value of total operations and management (OampM) system cost
76
Fleetcom ldquo2009-My Registrationrdquo httpwwwautomotive-
fleetcomStatisticsStatsVieweraspxfile=http3a2f2fwwwautomotive-fleetcom2ffc_resources2fstats2fAFFB10-16-
top10-statepdfampchannel 77 US General Services Administration ldquoGSA 2010 Fleet Reportsrdquo Table 4-2 httpwwwgsagovportalcontent230525 September
2011 78
NTD Date ldquoTS22 - Service Data and Operating Expenses Time-Series by Systemrdquo
httpwwwntdprogramgovntdprogramdatahtm December 2011 79 Fuel Cell Economic Development Plan Connecticut Department of Economic and Community Development and the
Connecticut Center for Advanced Technology Inc January 1 2008
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
22
MAINE
63 percent less emissions of GHG (Appendix X provides a comparison of PEM fuel cell and
battery-powered material handling equipment)
Fuel cell powered material handling equipment is already in use at dozens of warehouses distribution
centers and manufacturing plants in North America80
Large corporations that are currently using or
planning to use fuel cell powered material handling equipment include CVS Coca-Cola BMW Central
Grocers and Wal-Mart (Refer to Appendix IX for a partial list of companies in North America that using
fuel cell powered forklifts)81
There are approximately five distribution centerswarehouse sites that have
been identified in Maine that may benefit from the use of fuel cell powered material handling equipment
(Appendix I ndash Figure 13 Distribution CentersWarehouses amp Ports)
Ground Support Equipment
Ground support equipment (GSE) such as catering trucks deicers and airport tugs can be battery
operated or more commonly run on diesel or gasoline As an alternative hydrogen-powered tugs are
being developed for both military and commercial applications While their performance is similar to that
of other battery-powered equipment a fuel cell-powered GSE remains fully charged (provided there is
hydrogen fuel available) and do not experience performance lag at the end of a shift like battery-powered
GSEs82
Potential large end-users of GSE that serve Mainersquos largest airports include Air Canada Delta
Airlines Continental JetBlue United and US Airways83
(Appendix I ndash Figure 11 Commercial
Airports)
Ports
Maine has 3480 miles of coastline with six cargo ports and 13 cruise ship ports The ports of Portland
and Bath Maine which service large vessels such as container ships tankers bulk carriers and cruise
ships may be candidates for improved energy management Commercial marine vessels (cargo ships
entering and leaving Marine ports) contribute approximately 166 tons of volatile organic compounds
(VOC) 1134 tons of NOX 374 tons of CO 124 tons of sulfur dioxide SO2 and 91 tons of particulate
matter (PM10) per year84
In one year a single large container ship can emit pollutants equivalent to that of 50 million cars The
low grade bunker fuel used by the worlds 90000 cargo ships contains up to 2000 times the amount of
sulfur compared to diesel fuel used in automobiles85
Furthermore diesel emissions from cruise ships
while at port are a significant source of air pollution While docked vessels shut off their main engines
but use auxiliary diesel and steam engines to power refrigeration lights pumps and other functions a
process called ldquocold-ironing An estimated one-third of ship emissions occur while they are idling at
berth Replacing auxiliary engines with on-shore electric power could significantly reduce emissions
The applications of fuel cell technology at ports may also provide electric and thermal energy for
improving energy management for warehouses and equipment operated between terminals (Appendix I ndash
Figure 13 Distribution CentersWarehouses amp Ports)86
80 DOE EERE ldquoEarly Markets Fuel Cells for Material Handling Equipmentrdquo
www1eereenergygovhydrogenandfuelcellseducationpdfsearly_markets_forkliftspdf February 2011 81 Plug Power ldquoPlug Power Celebrates Successful year for Companyrsquos Manufacturing and Sales Activityrdquo
wwwplugpowercom January 4 2011 82 Battelle ldquoIdentification and Characterization of Near-Term Direct Hydrogen Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Marketsrdquo
April 2007 www1eereenergygovhydrogenandfuelcellspdfspemfc_econ_2006_report_final_0407pdf 83 PWM ldquoAirlinesrdquo httpwwwportlandjetportorgairlines August 24 2011 84
Maine Department of Environmental Protection ldquoAir Emission from Marine Vesselsrdquo
httpwwwmainegovdepblwqtopicvesselairemissionsreportpdf January 15 2005 85
ldquoBig polluters one massive container ship equals 50 million carsrdquo Paul Evans httpwwwgizmagcomshipping-
pollution11526 April 232009 86
Savemayportvillagenet ldquoCruise Ship Pollutionrdquo httpwwwsavemayportvillagenetid20html October 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
23
MAINE
Table 18 -Ports Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
42
(35)
2
(11)
2
(11)
06
(11)
4730
(11)
12741
(11)
908
(9)
CONCLUSION
Hydrogen and fuel cell technology offers significant opportunities for improved energy reliability energy
efficiency and emission reductions Large fuel cell units (gt300 kW) may be appropriate for applications
that serve large electric and thermal loads Smaller fuel cell units (lt 300 kW) may provide back-up power
for telecommunication sites restaurantsfast food outlets and smaller sized public facilities at this time
Table 19 ndashSummary of Potential Fuel Cell Applications
Category Total Sites Potential
Sites
Number of Fuel
Cells
lt 300 kW
Number of
Fuel Cells
gt300 kW
CB
EC
S D
ata
Education 964 6587
23 42
Food Sales 1800+ 4588
45
Food Services 2100+ 1589
15
Inpatient Healthcare 181 4290
42
Lodging 837 1891
18
Public Order amp Safety 216 1092
10
Energy Intensive Industries 156 693
6
Government Operated
Buildings 114 4
94
4
Wireless
Telecommunication
Towers
50995
5196
51
WWTPs 111 197
1
Landfills 25 198
1
Airports (w AASF) 103 5 (1)99
5
87 65 high schools andor college and universities located in communities serviced by natural gas 88 45 food sale facilities located in communities serviced by natural gas 89 Ten percent of the 97 food service facilities located in communities serviced by natural gas 90 Eight Hospitals located in communities serviced by natural gas and occupying 150+ or more beds onsite 91 15 hotel facilities with 100+ rooms onsite and three convalescent homes with 150+ bed onsite located in communities serviced
by natural gas 92 Correctional facilities andor other public order and safety facilities with 212 workers or more 93 Ten percent of the 64 energy intensive industry facilities located in communities serviced with natural gas 94 Four actively owned federal government operated building located in communities serviced by natural gas 95
The Federal Communications Commission regulates interstate and international communications by radio television wire
satellite and cable in all 50 states the District of Columbia and US territories 96 Ten percent of the 509 wireless telecommunication sites in Mainersquos targeted for back-up PEM fuel cell deployment 97 Ten percent of Maine WWTP with average flows of 30+ MGD 98 Ten percent of the landfills targeted based on LMOP data
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
24
MAINE
Military 1 1 1
Ports 42 2 2
Total 7159+ 266 74 192
As shown in Table 5 the analysis provided here estimates that there are approximately 266 potential
locations which may be favorable candidates for the application of a fuel cell to provide heat and power
Assuming the demand for electricity was uniform throughout the year approximately 150 to 192 fuel cell
units with a capacity of 300 ndash 400 kW could be deployed for a total fuel cell capacity of 58 to 77 MWs
If opportunities for fuel cell use in Maine identified in this report are met with 300 kW units a minimum
of 473040 MWh electric and 127 million MMBTUs (equivalent to 373404 MWh) of thermal energy
would be produced which could reduce CO2 emissions by at least 90824 tons per year 100
Maine can also benefit from the use of hydrogen and fuel cell technology for transportation such as
passenger fleets transit district fleets municipal fleets and state department fleets The application of
hydrogen and fuel cell technology for transportation would reduce the dependence on oil improve
environmental performance and provide greater efficiencies than conventional transportation
technologies
bull Replacement of a gasoline-fueled passenger vehicle with FCEVs could result in annual CO2
emission reductions (per vehicle) of approximately 10170 pounds annual energy savings of 230
gallons of gasoline and annual fuel cost savings of $885
bull Replacement of a gasoline-fueled light duty truck with FCEVs could result in annual CO2
emission reductions (per light duty truck) of approximately 15770 pounds annual energy savings
of 485 gallons of gasoline and annual fuel cost savings of $1866
bull Replacement of a diesel-fueled transit bus with a fuel cell powered bus could result in annual CO2
emission reductions (per bus) of approximately 182984 pounds annual energy savings of 4390
gallons of fuel and annual fuel cost savings of $17560
Hydrogen and fuel cell technology also provides significant opportunities for job creation andor
economic development Realizing over $2 million in revenue and investment in 2010 the hydrogen and
fuel cell industry in Maine is estimated to have contributed approximately $113000 in state and local tax
revenue and over $29 million in gross state product Currently there are at least 30 Maine companies
that are part of the growing hydrogen and fuel cell industry supply chain in the Northeast region If
neweremerging hydrogen and fuel cell technology were to gain momentum the number of companies
and employment for the industry could grow substantially
99 Airport facilities with 2500+ annual Enplanement Counts andor AASF 100
If opportunities for fuel cell use in Maine identified in this report are met with 400 kW units a minimum of 665760 MWh
electric and 312 million MMBTUs (equivalent to 915127 MWh) of thermal energy would be produced which could reduce CO2
emissions by at least 127826 tons per year
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
25
MAINE
APPENDICES
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
26
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 1 Education
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
27
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 2 Food Sales
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
28
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 3 Food Services
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
29
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 4 Inpatient Healthcare
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
30
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 5 Lodging
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
31
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 6 Public Order and Safety
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
32
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 7 Energy Intensive Industries
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
33
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 8 Federal Government Operated Buildings
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
34
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 9 Telecommunication Sites
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
35
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 10 Solid and Liquid Waste Sites
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
36
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 11 Commercial Airports
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
37
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 12 Alternative Fueling Stations
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
38
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 13 Distribution CentersWarehouses amp Ports
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
39
MAINE
Appendix II ndash Maine Estimated Electrical Consumption per Sector
Category Total Site
Electric Consumption per Building
(1000 kWh)101
kWh Consumed per Sector
New England
Education 925 161844 149705700
Food Sales 1800 319821 575677800
Food Services 2100 128 269199000
Inpatient Healthcare 181 603863 1092991125
Lodging 837 21312 178379766
Public Order amp Safety 262 77855 20398010
Total 6105 2286351401
Residential102
4503000000
Industrial 3702000000
Commercial 4503000000
Other Commercial 2286351401
101
EIA Electricity consumption and expenditure intensities for Non-Mall Building 2003 102
DOE EERE ldquoElectric Power and Renewable Energy in Mainerdquo httpapps1eereenergygovstateselectricitycfmstate=ME
August 25 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
40
MAINE
Appendix III ndash Key Stakeholders
Organization CityTown State Website Hydrogen Energy Center Portland ME wwwhydrogenenergycenterorg
University of Maine School of
Engineering Technology Orono ME httpwwwumaineeduset
University of Maine Advanced
Manufacturing Center Orono
ME wwwumaineeduamc
University of Maine Advanced
Structures and Composites Center Orono
ME httpwww2umaineeduaewc
Manufacturers Association of Maine Westbrook ME
wwwmainemfgcom
Maine Manufacturing Extension
Partnership Augusta
ME httpwwwmainemeporg
Mid-Coast Regional Redevelopment
Authority Brunswick
ME wwwmrraus
Manufacturing Applications Center Gorham ME
httpwwwusmmaineedu
Maine Center for Enterprise
Development University of Southern
Maine
Portland ME
wwwmcedbiz
Maine Small Business Development
Center Portland
ME httpwwwmainesbdcorg
Southern Maine Community College
Sustainability and Energy Alternatives
Center
South
Portland ME httpwwwsmccmeedubusiness-a-
communitycomunity-resourcessustainability-
centerhtml
Environment and Energy Technology
Council of Maine Portland
ME wwwE2Techorg
Maine Technology Institute Gardiner ME
wwwmainetechnologyorg
Maine Innovation Economy advisory
Board Maine DECD Augusta ME httpwwwmainegovdecd
Governorrsquos Office of Energy
Independence and Security Augusta ME httpmainegovoeis
Utility Companies
Unitil httpwwwunitilcomcustomer-configuration
Bangor Gas Co httpwwwbangorgascom
Central Maine Power Co httpwwwcmpcocom
Bangor Hydro-Electric Co httpwwwbhecom
Maine Public Service Co httpwwwmainepublicservicecom
Appendix IV ndash Maine State Incentives and Programs
Funding Source Maine Public Utilities Commission
Program Title Community-based Renewable Energy Pilot Program
Applicable EnergiesTechnologies Solar Thermal Electric Photovoltaic Landfill Gas Wind
Biomass Hydroelectric Geothermal Electric Fuel Cells Anaerobic Digestion Tidal Energy
Fuel Cells using Renewable Fuels
Summary The Maine Utilities Commission (PUC) finalized the rule in February 2010 Legislation
mandates that up 10 50 MW of generating capacity will be permitted uned this program and
individual participants may not exceed 10 MW Of the 50 MW cap 10 must be reserved
specifically for small program participants or for participants located in a service territory of a
cooperative transmission and distribution utility
Restrictions
The PUC may require investor-owned utilities to enter into long-term contracts for energy capacity
resources or renewable energy credits (RECs) produced by the community-based project The
contacts term may not exceed 20 year the PUC will conduct long-term contract solicitations for
ldquolarge generatorsrdquo
Timing The Maine Public Utilities Commission is seeking proposals from suppliers of energy
capacity or renewable energy credits (RECs) for the development of community-based renewable
energy projects over 1 MW The docket number for this RFP is 2011-150 All inquiries about this
RFP should be directed to christinercookmainegov
Maximum Size Choice of either 15 REC credit multiplier or up to 10 MW DC
Requirements
To be eligible for incentives a generating facility must be 51 percent locally owned use renewable
energy resources be no larger than 10 MW in generating capacity and be located in the State
httpwwwstatemeusmpucelectricitycommunity_pilotshtml
Rebate amount $010kWh or cost fo the project whichever is lower
For further information please visit
httpwwwstatemeusmpucelectricitycommunity_pilotshtml
Source
Maine Public Utilities Commission ldquoCommunity-based Renewable Energy Pilot Programrdquo August 10 2011
DSIRE ldquoCommunity-based Renewable Energy Production Incentive (Pilot Program)rdquo August 10 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
42
Funding Source Voluntary Renewable Resource Grants
Program Title Voluntary Renewable Resources Fund
Applicable EnergiesTechnologies Solar Thermal Electric Photovoltaics Wind Biomass
Hydroelectric Geothermal Electric Fuel Cells Municipal Solid Waste Tidal Energy Fuel
Cells using Renewable Fuels
Summary Supported by the state Voluntary Renewable resource Fund and administered by the
Efficient Maine provide funding for small-scale demonstration projects designed to educate
communities on the value oand cost effectiveness of renewable energy
Restrictions To Qualify for grant funding renewable-energy resources generally must qualify as a
small power production facility un Federal Energy Regulatory Commission rules or must not exceed
100 MW in capacity and use one of more of the applicable energiestechnologies
Timing Start Date of this program occurred 12151998 and no expiration date is given
Maximum Size $50000
Requirements
httpwwwmainegovmpucrecovery
Rebate amount
$50000 Maximu
For further information please visit
httpwwwmainegovmpucrecovery
Source
Maine PUC ldquoFederal Stimulus MPUC and the Federal Recovery Packagerdquo ndash August 10 2011
DSIRE ldquoMaine - Voluntary Renewable Resource Grantsrdquo August 10 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
43
Appendix V ndash Partial Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Supply Chain Companies in Maine103
Organization Name Product or Service Category
1 University of Maine School of
Engineering Technology Research amp Development
2 University of Maine Advanced
Structures and Composites Center Research amp Development
3 Precision Partners-Mid-State Machine
Products Manufacturing Services
4 Ocean Energy Institute EngineeringDesign Services
5 Newfab Inc Manufacturing Services
6 New England Castings Other
7 Mitchell Ledge Farm Components
8 McNabb Marketing Resources Other
9 Maine Oxy Inc Fuel
10 Maine Machine Products Co Manufacturing Services
11 MacTec Inc FCH2 System DistrInstallMaint Services
12 Kennebec Technologies Manufacturing Services
13 Hydrogen Energy Center Service Center Lab or Test ConsultingLegalFinancial
Services
14 Hydrogen Energy Center Other
15 Green Energy Maine Other
16 Fire Risk Management Inc EngineeringDesign Services
17 Fire Risk Management EngineeringDesign Services
18 Fairchild Semiconductor Research amp Development
19 EcoMain Research amp Development
20 Control Point Inc Lab or Test EquipmentServices
21 Colby Company Engineering EngineeringDesign Services
22 Chewonki Foundation Other
23 Burroughs Machine Tool Products Equipment
24 Bernstein Shur ConsultingLegalFinancial Services
25 Bath Iron Works (General Dynamics
Inc) Research amp Development
26 AMEC EngineeringDesign Services
27 Advantages Gases and Tools Fuel
28 Advanced Manufacturing Center-
University of ME Manufacturing Services
103
Northeast Electrochemical Energy Storage Cluster Supply Chain Database Search httpneescorgresourcestype=1 August 11 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
44
Appendix VI ndash Comparison of Fuel Cell Technologies104
Fuel Cell
Type
Common
Electrolyte
Operating
Temperature
Typical
Stack
Size
Efficiency Applications Advantages Disadvantages
Polymer
Electrolyte
Membrane
(PEM)
Perfluoro sulfonic
acid
50-100degC
122-212deg
typically
80degC
lt 1 kW ndash 1
MW105
gt
kW 60
transportation
35
stationary
bull Backup power
bull Portable power
bull Distributed
generation
bull Transportation
bull Specialty vehicle
bull Solid electrolyte reduces
corrosion amp electrolyte
management problems
bull Low temperature
bull Quick start-up
bull Expensive catalysts
bull Sensitive to fuel
impurities
bull Low temperature waste
heat
Alkaline
(AFC)
Aqueous solution
of potassium
hydroxide soaked
in a matrix
90-100degC
194-212degF
10 ndash 100
kW 60
bull Military
bull Space
bull Cathode reaction faster
in alkaline electrolyte
leads to high performance
bull Low cost components
bull Sensitive to CO2
in fuel and air
bull Electrolyte management
Phosphoric
Acid
(PAFC)
Phosphoric acid
soaked in a matrix
150-200degC
302-392degF
400 kW
100 kW
module
40 bull Distributed
generation
bull Higher temperature enables
CHP
bull Increased tolerance to fuel
impurities
bull Pt catalyst
bull Long start up time
bull Low current and power
Molten
Carbonate
(MCFC)
Solution of lithium
sodium andor
potassium
carbonates soaked
in a matrix
600-700degC
1112-1292degF
300
k W- 3 M
W
300 kW
module
45 ndash 50
bull Electric utility
bull Distributed
generation
bull High efficiency
bull Fuel flexibility
bull Can use a variety of catalysts
bull Suitable for CHP
bull High temperature
corrosion and breakdown
of cell components
bull Long start up time
bull Low power density
Solid Oxide
(SOFC)
Yttria stabilized
zirconia
700-1000degC
1202-1832degF
1 kW ndash 2
MW 60
bull Auxiliary power
bull Electric utility
bull Distributed
generation
bull High efficiency
bull Fuel flexibility
bull Can use a variety of catalysts
bull Solid electrolyte
bull Suitable f o r CHP amp CHHP
bull HybridGT cycle
bull High temperature
corrosion and breakdown
of cell components
bull High temperature
operation requires long
start up
time and limits
Polymer Electrolyte is no longer a single category row Data shown does not take into account High Temperature PEM which operates in the range of 160oC to 180
oC It solves
virtually all of the disadvantages listed under PEM It is not sensitive to impurities It has usable heat Stack efficiencies of 52 on the high side are realized HTPEM is not a
PAFC fuel cell and should not be confused with one
104 US Department of Energy Fuel Cells Technology Program httpwww1eereenergygovhydrogenandfuelcellsfuelcellspdfsfc_comparison_chartpdf August 5 2011 105
Ballard ldquoCLEARgen Multi-MY Systemsrdquo httpwwwballardcomfuel-cell-productscleargen-multi-mw-systemsaspx November 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
45
Appendix VII ndashAnalysis of Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities and Threats for Maine
Strengths
Stationary Power ndash Strong market drivers including high
electricity cost cold climate reliance on oil for space heating
strong CHP and district heating market strong environmental
and green energy awareness) capable core of fuel cell CHP
installers energy storage demand to serve MErsquos aggressive
wind-power industry strong ongoing expansion of natural gas
servicedistribution
Transportation Power - Strong market drivers including a
dispersed population highly reliant on truck and auto
transportation receptive and environmentally conscious
alternative fuelstransportation market relatively low income
population in need of relief from automobile fuel costs strong
Navy shipbuilding industry as potential user of H2FC auxiliary
power system strongly interested in fleet-based hydrogen
fueling station development (SunHydro model) strong interest
in municipal transit and fuel cell -powered rail
Economic Development Factors ndash Brunswick Renewable
Energy Park emphasis on skills development and technology
synergies aggressive state level policy to policy to develop
renewable wind and biomass energy technologies skilled and
well organized network of precision manufacturing firms tied
into aerospace and communications equipment industries
strong labor force at relatively low wages RampDbusiness
infrastructure for advanced biofuels and composite material
structures growing University of Maine commitment to fuel
cell and biomass RampD state funding source familiaritycomfort
with H2FC technology
Weaknesses
Stationary Power ndash No technologyindustrial momentum at the
OEM level geographically distant from OEMs for component-
supply opportunities
Transportation Power ndash No technologyindustrial base at the
OEM level lack of infrastructure funding relatively dispersed
population for transportation services
Economic Development Factors ndash limited state incentives
somewhat sluggish overall state economy relatively
undeveloped core of technology skillsknowledge base
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
46
Opportunities
Stationary Power ndash Opportunity as an ldquoearly adaptor marketrdquo
some supply chain buildup opportunities around SP deployment
Linkage between H2FC technologies and advanced biofuels
RampD Dispersed population amp economy needs distributed
solutions Major need for power storage in conjunction with
Maines planned offshore wind-power RampD and development
Transportation Power ndash Hydrogen refueling station plans Early-
stage potential for major roll-out in marine auxiliary power (US
Navy) Commuter rail expansion
Portable Power ndash Little currently-identified opportunity
Economic Development Factors ndash Brunswick ldquoRenewable Energy
Industrial Parkrdquo can be significant seed nucleus for both
deployment amp development Machine-tool industry pursuing
H2FC components supply-chain opportunities
Threats
Stationary Power ndash The regionrsquos favorable market
needsdemand could be met by other technologiessources ndash
Canadian hydro amp nuclear wind geothermal direct biomass
and power-storage alternatives ndash batteries solid state ammonia
etc
Transportation Power ndash The regionrsquos favorable market
characteristics and needs could be met by other electric
vehicles particularly in the absence of a hydrogen
infrastructure
Economic Development Factors ndash competition from more fully-
equipped statesregions wind and other renewables grab Maine
energy industry momentum lack of funding to sustain
University of MErsquos momentum in storage and fuel cell
technologies related to biomass and wind hesitation of state
government to support alternative energy incentives
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
47
Appendix VIII ndash Partial list of Fuel Cell Deployment in the Northeast region
Manufacturer Site Name Site Location Year Installed
Plug Power T-Mobile cell tower Storrs CT 2008
Plug Power Albany International Airport Albany NY 2004
FuelCell Energy Pepperidge Farms Plant Bloomfield CT 2005
FuelCell Energy Peabody Museum New Haven CT 2003
FuelCell Energy Sheraton New York Hotel amp Towers Manhattan NY 2004
FuelCell Energy Sheraton Hotel Edison NJ 2003
FuelCell Energy Sheraton Hotel Parsippany NJ 2003
UTC Power Cabelas Sporting Goods East Hartford CT 2008
UTC Power Whole Foods Market Glastonbury CT 2008
UTC Power Connecticut Science Center Hartford CT 2009
UTC Power St Francis Hospital Hartford CT 2003
UTC Power Middletown High School Middletown CT 2008
UTC Power Connecticut Juvenile Training School Middletown CT 2001
UTC Power 360 State Street Apartment Building New Haven CT 2010
UTC Power South Windsor High School South Windsor CT 2002
UTC Power Mohegan Sun Casino Hotel Uncasville CT 2002
UTC Power CTTransit Fuel Cell Bus Hartford CT 2007
UTC Power Whole Foods Market Dedham MA 2009
UTC Power Bronx Zoo Bronx NY 2008
UTC Power North Central Bronx Hospital Bronx NY 2000
UTC Power Hunts Point Water Pollution Control Plant Bronx NY 2005
UTC Power Price Chopper Supermarket Colonie NY 2010
UTC Power East Rochester High School East Rochester NY 2007
UTC Power Coca-Cola Refreshments Production Facility Elmsford NY 2010
UTC Power Verizon Call Center and Communications Building Garden City NY 2005
UTC Power State Office Building Hauppauge NY 2009
UTC Power Liverpool High School Liverpool NY 2000
UTC Power New York Hilton Hotel New York City NY 2007
UTC Power Central Park Police Station New York City NY 1999
UTC Power Rochester Institute of Technology Rochester NY 1993
UTC Power NYPA office building White Plains NY 2010
UTC Power Wastewater treatment plant Yonkers NY 1997
UTC Power The Octagon Roosevelt Island NY 2011
UTC Power Johnson amp Johnson World Headquarters New Brunswick NJ 2003
UTC Power CTTRANSIT (Fuel Cell Powered Buses) Hartford CT 2007 - Present
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
48
Appendix IX ndash Partial list of Fuel Cell-Powered Forklifts in North America106
Company CityTown State Site Year
Deployed
Fuel Cell
Manufacturer
of
forklifts
Coca-Cola San Leandro CA
Bottling and
distribution center 2011 Plug Power 37
Charlotte NC Bottling facility 2011 Plug Power 40
EARP
Distribution Kansas City KS Distribution center 2011
Oorja
Protonics 24
Golden State
Foods Lemont IL Distribution facility 2011
Oorja
Protonics 20
Kroger Co Compton CA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 161
Sysco
Riverside CA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 80
Boston MA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 160
Long Island NY Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 42
San Antonio TX Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 113
Front Royal VA Redistribution
facility 2011 Plug Power 100
Baldor
Specialty Foods Bronx NY Facility
Planned
in 2012
Oorja
Protonics 50
BMW
Manufacturing
Co
Spartanburg SC Manufacturing
plant 2010 Plug Power 86
Defense
Logistics
Agency US
Department of
Defense
San Joaquin CA Distribution facility 2011 Plug Power 20
Fort Lewis WA Distribution depot 2011 Plug Power 19
Warner
Robins GA Distribution depot 2010 Hydrogenics 20
Susquehanna PA Distribution depot 2010 Plug Power 15
2009 Nuvera 40
Martin-Brower Stockton CA Food distribution
center 2010
Oorja
Protonics 15
United Natural
Foods Inc
(UNFI)
Sarasota FL Distribution center 2010 Plug Power 65
Wal-Mart
Balzac Al
Canada
Refrigerated
distribution center 2010 Plug Power 80
Washington
Court House OH
Food distribution
center 2007 Plug Power 55
Wegmans Pottsville PA Warehouse 2010 Plug Power 136
Whole Foods
Market Landover MD Distribution center 2010 Plug Power 61
106
FuelCell2000 ldquoFuel Cell-Powered Forklifts in North Americardquo httpwwwfuelcellsorginfochartsforkliftspdf November
2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
49
Appendix X ndash Comparison of PEM Fuel Cell and Battery-Powered Material Handling
Equipment
3 kW PEM Fuel Cell-Powered
Pallet Trucks
3 kW Battery-powered
(2 batteries per truck)
Total Fuel Cycle Energy Use
(total energy consumedkWh
delivered to the wheels) -12000 BtukWh 14000 BtukWh
Fuel Cycle GHG Emissions
(in g CO2 equivalent 820 gkWh 1200 gkWh
Estimated Product Life 8-10 years 4-5 years No Emissions at Point of Use
Quiet Operation
Wide Ambient Operating
Temperature range
Constant Power Available
over Shift
Routine Maintenance Costs
($YR) $1250 - $1500year $2000year
Time for RefuelingChanging
Batteries 4 ndash 8 minday 45-60 minday (for battery change-outs)
8 hours (for battery recharging amp cooling) Cost of FuelElectricity $6000year $1300year Labor Cost of
refuelingRecharging $1100year $8750year
Net Present Value of Capital
Cost $12600
($18000 wo incentive) $14000
Net Present Value of OampM
costs (including fuel) $52000 $128000
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
50
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
15
MAINE
Energy Intensive Industries
As shown in Table 2 energy intensive industries with high electricity consumption (which on average is
48 percent of annual operating costs) have been identified as potential locations for the application of a
fuel cell45
In Maine there are approximately 156 of these industrial facilities that are involved in the
manufacture of aluminum chemicals forest products glass metal casting petroleum coal products or
steel and employ 25 or more employees46
Of these 156 locations 64 are located in communities serviced
by natural gas (Appendix I ndash Figure 7 Energy Intensive Industries)
Table 8 - 2002 Data for the Energy Intensive Industry by Sector47
NAICS Code Sector Energy Consumption per Dollar Value of Shipments (kWh)
325 Chemical manufacturing 249
322 Pulp and Paper 446
324110 Petroleum Refining 472
311 Food manufacturing 076
331111 Iron and steel 815
321 Wood Products 123
3313 Alumina and aluminum 358
327310 Cement 1641
33611 Motor vehicle manufacturing 021
3315 Metal casting 164
336811 Shipbuilding and ship repair 205
3363 Motor vehicle parts manufacturing 205
Companies such as Coca-Cola Johnson amp Johnson and Pepperidge Farms in Connecticut New Jersey
and New York have installed fuel cells to help supply energy to their facilities
Table 9 - Energy Intensive Industry Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
156
(3)
6
(1)
6
(1)
18
(1)
14191
(1)
38222
(1)
2725
(1)
Government Owned Buildings
Buildings operated by the federal government can be found at 114 locations in Maine four of these
properties are actively owned rather than leased by the federal government and are located in
communities serviced by natural gas (Appendix I ndash Figure 8 Federal Government Operated Buildings)
There are also a number of buildings owned and operated by the State of Maine The application of fuel
cell technology at government owned buildings would assist in balancing load requirements at these sites
and offer a unique value for active and passive public education associated with the high usage of these
public buildings
45 EIA ldquoElectricity Generation Capabilityrdquo 1999 CBECS wwweiadoegovemeucbecspba99comparegenerhtml 46 Proprietary market data 47 EPA ldquoEnergy Trends in Selected Manufacturing Sectorsrdquo wwwepagovsectorspdfenergych2pdf March 2007
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
16
MAINE
Table 10 - Government Owned Building Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
114
(9)
4
(4)
4
(4)
12
(4)
9461
(4)
25481
(4)
1816
(4)
Wireless Telecommunication Sites
Telecommunications companies rely on electricity to run call centers cell phone towers and other vital
equipment In Maine there are approximately 509 telecommunications andor wireless company tower
sites (Appendix I ndash Figure 9 Telecommunication Sites) Any loss of power at these locations may result
in a loss of service to customers thus having reliable power is critical Each individual site represents an
opportunity to provide back-up power for continuous operation through the application of on-site back-up
generation powered by hydrogen and fuel cell technology It is an industry standard to install units
capable of supplying 48-72 hours of backup power which this is typically accomplished with batteries or
conventional emergency generators48
The deployment of fuel cells at selected telecommunication sites
will have special value to provide increased reliability to critical sites associated with emergency
communications and homeland security An example of a telecommunication site that utilizes fuel cell
technology to provide back-up power is a T-Mobile facility located in Storrs Connecticut
Table 11 - Wireless Telecommunication Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
509
(13)
51
(13) NA NA NA NA NA
Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs) There are 111 WWTPs in Maine that have design flows ranging from 3000 gallons per day (GPD) to 16
million gallons per day (MGD) seven of these facilities average between 3 ndash 16 MGD WWTPs
typically operate 247 and may be able to utilize the thermal energy from the fuel cell to process fats oils
and grease49
WWTPs account for approximately three percent of the electric load in the United State50
Digester gas produced at WWTPrsquos which is usually 60 percent methane can serve as a fuel substitute for
natural gas to power fuel cells Anaerobic digesters generally require a wastewater flow greater than
three MGD for an economy of scale to collect and use the methane51
Most facilities currently represent a
lost opportunity to capture and use the digestion of methane emissions created from their operations
(Appendix I ndash Figure 10 Solid and Liquid Waste Sites) 5253
A 200 kW fuel cell power plant in Yonkers New York was the worldrsquos first commercial fuel cell to run
on a waste gas created at a wastewater treatment plant The fuel cell generates about 1600 MWh of
electricity a year and reduces methane emissions released to the environment54
A 200 kW fuel cell
48 ReliOn Hydrogen Fuel Cell Wireless Applicationsrdquo wwwrelion-inccompdfReliOn_AppsWireless_2010pdf May 4 2011 49
ldquoBeyond Zero Net Energy Case Studies of Wastewater Treatment for Energy and Resource Productionrdquo Toffey Bill
September 2010 httpwwwawra-pmasmemberlodgeorgResourcesDocumentsBeyond_NZE_WWT-Toffey-9-16-2010pdf 50
EPA Wastewater Management Fact Sheet ldquoIntroductionrdquo July 2006 51 EPA Wastewater Management Fact Sheet wwwp2paysorgenergyWastePlantpdf July 2006 52 ldquoGHG Emissions from Wastewater Treatment and Biosolids Managementrdquo Beecher Ned November 20 2009
wwwdesstatenhusorganizationdivisionswaterwmbriverswatershed_conferencedocuments2009_fri_climate_2pdf 53 EPA Wastewater Management Fact Sheet wwwp2paysorgenergyWastePlantpdf May 4 2011 54 NYPA ldquoWHAT WE DO ndash Fuel Cellsrdquo wwwnypagovservicesfuelcellshtm August 8 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
17
MAINE
power plant was and installed at the Water Pollution Control Authorityrsquos WWTP in New Haven
Connecticut and produces 10 ndash 15 percent of the facilityrsquos electricity reducing energy costs by almost
$13000 a year55
Table 12 - Wastewater Treatment Plants Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
111
(19)
1
(6)
1
(6)
03
(6)
2365
(6)
6370
(6)
454
(5)
Landfill Methane Outreach Program (LMOP)
There are 11 landfills in Maine identified by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) through their
LMOP program two of which are operational two are candidates and six are considered potential sites
for the production and recovery of methane gas 5657
The amount of methane emissions released by a
given site is dependent upon the amount of material in the landfill and the amount of time the material has
been in place Similar to WWTPs methane emissions from landfills could be captured and used as a fuel
to power a fuel cell system In 2009 municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills were responsible for
producing approximately 17 percent of human-related methane emissions in the nation These locations
could produce renewable energy and help manage the release of methane (Appendix I ndash Figure 10 Solid
and Liquid Waste Sites)
Table 13 - Landfill Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
25
(12)
1
(7)
1
(7)
03
(7)
2365
(7)
6370
(7)
454
(6)
Airports
During peak air travel times in the US there are approximately 50000 airplanes in the sky each day
Ensuring safe operations of commercial and private aircrafts are the responsibility of air traffic
controllers Modern software host computers voice communication systems and instituted full scale
glide path angle capabilities assist air traffic controllers in tracking and communicating with aircrafts
consequently reliable electricity is extremely important and present an opportunity for a fuel cell power
application 58
There are approximately 103 airports in Maine including 47 that are open to the public and have
scheduled services Of those 47 airports six (Table 3) have 2500 or more passengers enplaned each
year two of these six facilities are located in communities serviced by natural gas (See Appendix I ndash
55 Conntactcom ldquoCity to Install Fuel Cellrdquo
httpwwwconntactcomarchive_indexarchive_pages4472_Business_New_Havenhtml August 15 2003 56
Due to size individual sites may have more than one potential candidate or operational project 57 LMOP defines a candidate landfill as ldquoone that is accepting waste or has been closed for five years or less has at least one
million tons of waste and does not have an operational or under-construction projectrdquoEPA ldquoLandfill Methane Outreach
Programrdquo wwwepagovlmopbasic-infoindexhtml April 7 2011 58 Howstuffworkscom ldquoHow Air Traffic Control Worksrdquo Craig Freudenrich
httpsciencehowstuffworkscomtransportflightmodernair-traffic-control5htm May 4 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
18
MAINE
Figure 11 Commercial Airports) An example of an airport currently hosting a fuel cell power plant to
provide backup power is Albany International Airport located in Albany New York
Table 14 ndash Maine Top Airports Enplanement Count
Airport59
Total Enplanement in 2000
Portland International Jetport 668098
Bangor International 272833
Northern Maine Regional at Presque Isle 25174
Knox County Regional 17328
Hancock County Bar harbor 14399
Augusta State 7148
Bangor International Airport (BGR) is considered the only ldquoJoint-Userdquo airport in Maine Joint-Use
facilities are establishments where the military department authorizes use of the military runway for
public airport services Army Aviation Support Facilities (AASF) located at this site are used by the
Army to provide aircraft and equipment readiness train and utilize military personnel conduct flight
training and operations and perform field level maintenance Bangor International Airport represents a
favorable opportunity for the application of uninterruptible power for necessary services associated with
national defense and emergency response and is located in a community serviced by natural gas
(Appendix I ndash Figure 11 Commercial Airports)
Table 15 - Airport Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
103
(12)
5(1)
(1)
1
(1)
15
(1)
11826
(1)
31851
(1)
2271
(8)
Military The US Department of Defense (DOD) is the largest funding organization in terms of supporting fuel
cell activities for military applications in the world DOD organizations are using fuel cells for
Stationary units for power supply in bases
Fuel cell units in transport applications
Portable units for equipping individual soldiers or group of soldiers
In a collaborative partnership with the DOE the DOD plans to install and operate 18 fuel cell backup
power systems at eight of its military installations two of which are located within the Northeast region
(New York and New Jersey)60
In addition the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard (PSNY) in Kittery Maine
occupies more than 297 acres on base employs approximately 4500 civilian employees and 100 naval
officers in addition to enlisted personal assigned to the shipyard and is a potential application for
hydrogen and fuel cell technology (Appendix I ndash Figure 11 Commercial Airports) 61
59 Bureau of Transportation Statistics ldquoMaine Transportation Profilerdquo
wwwbtsgovpublicationsstate_transportation_statisticsmainepdfentirepdf March 30 2011 60 Fuel Cell Today ldquoUS DoD to Install Fuel cell Backup Power Systems at Eight Military Installationsrdquo
httpwwwfuelcelltodaycomonlinenewsarticles2011-07US-DOD-FC-Backup-Power-Systems July 20 2011 61
Portsmouth Naval Shipyard ldquoShipyard Factsrdquo httpwwwnavseanavymilshipyardsportsmouthPagesFactsaspx August
2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
19
MAINE
Table 16 - Military Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
1
(7)
1
(7)
1
(7)
03
(7)
2365
(7)
6370
(7)
454
(6)
POTENTIAL TRANSPORTATION TARGETS
Transportation is responsible for one-fourth of the total global GHG emissions and consumes 75 percent
of the worldrsquos oil production In 2010 the US used 21 million barrels of non-renewable petroleum each
day Roughly 29 percent of Mainersquos energy consumption is due to demands of the transportation sector
including gasoline and on-highway diesel petroleum for automobiles trucks and buses A small percent
of non-renewable petroleum is used for jet and ship fuel62
The current economy in the US is dependent on hydrocarbon energy sources and any disruption or
shortage of this energy supply will severely affect many energy related activities including
transportation As oil and other non-sustainable hydrocarbon energy resources become scarce energy
prices will increase and the reliability of supply will be reduced Government and industry are now
investigating the use of hydrogen and renewable energy as a replacement of hydrocarbon fuels
Hydrogen-fueled fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) have many advantages over conventional
technology including
Quiet operation
Near zero emissions of controlled pollutants such as nitrous oxide carbon monoxide
hydrocarbon gases or particulates
Substantial (30 to 50 percent) reduction in GHG emissions on a well-to-wheel basis compared to
conventional gasoline or gasoline-hybrid vehicles when the hydrogen is produced by
conventional methods such as natural gas and 100 percent when hydrogen is produced from a
clean energy source
Ability to fuel vehicles with indigenous energy sources which reduces dependence on imported
energy and adds to energy security and
Higher efficiency than conventional vehicles (See Table 4)6364
Table 17 - Average Energy Efficiency of Conventional and Fuel Cell Vehicles (mpge65
)
Passenger Car Light Truck Transit Bus
Hydrogen Gasoline Hybrid Gasoline Hydrogen Gasoline Hydrogen Fuel Cell Diesel
52 50 293 492 215 54 39
FCEVs can reduce price volatility dependence on oil improve environmental performance and provide
greater efficiencies than conventional transportation technologies as follows
62 ldquoUS Oil Consumption to BP Spillrdquo httpapplesfromorangescom201005us-oil-consumption-to-bp-spill May31 2010 63 ldquoChallenges for Sustainable Mobility and Development of Fuel Cell Vehiclesrdquo Masatami Takimoto Executive Vice President
Toyota Motor Corporation January 26 2006 Presentation at the 2nd International Hydrogen amp Fuel Cell Expo Technical
Conference Tokyo Japan 64 ldquoTwenty Hydrogen Mythsrdquo Amory B Lovins Rocky Mountain Institute June 20 2003 65 Miles per Gallon Equivalent
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
20
MAINE
Replacement of gasoline-fueled passenger vehicles and light duty trucks and diesel-fueled transit
buses with FCEVs could result in annual CO2 emission reductions (per vehicle) of approximately
10170 15770 and 182984 pounds per year respectively66
Replacement of gasoline-fueled passenger vehicles and light duty trucks and diesel-fueled transit
buses with FCEVs could result in annual energy savings (per vehicle) of approximately 230
gallons of gasoline (passenger vehicle) 485 gallons of gasoline (light duty truck) and 4390
gallons of diesel (bus)
Replacement of gasoline-fueled passenger vehicles light duty trucks and diesel-fueled transit
buses with FCEVs could result in annual fuel cost savings of approximately $885 per passenger
vehicle $1866 per light duty truck and $17560 per bus67
Automobile manufacturers such as Toyota General Motors Honda Daimler AG and Hyundai have
projected that models of their FCEVs will begin to roll out in larger numbers by 2015 Longer term the
US DOE has projected that between 151 million and 239 million light duty FCEVs may be sold each
year by 2050 and between 144 million and 347 million light duty FCEVs may be in use by 2050 with a
transition to a hydrogen economy These estimates could be accelerated if political economic energy
security or environmental polices prompt a rapid advancement in alternative fuels68
Mainersquos opportunities to support these new vehicles include alternative fueling stations Maine
Department of Transportation (MDOT) refueling stations bus transit operations government public and
privately owned fleets and material handling and airport ground support equipment (GSE) Graphical
representation of these opportunities analyzed are depicted in Appendix I
Alternative Fueling Stations
There are approximately 1400 retail fueling stations in Maine69
however only 10 public andor private
stations within the state provide alternative fuels such as biodiesel compressed natural gas propane
andor electricity for alternative-fueled vehicles70
There are also at least 17 refueling stations owned and
operated by MDOT that can be used by authorities operating federal and state safety vehicles state transit
vehicles and employees of universities that operate fleet vehicles on a regular basis 71
Development of
hydrogen fueling at alternative fuel stations and at selected locations owned and operated by MDOT
would help facilitate the deployment of FCEVs within the state (Appendix I ndash Figure 12 Alternative
Fueling Stations) Currently there are approximately 18 existing or planned transportation fueling
stations in the Northeast region where hydrogen is provided as an alternative fuel72737475
66 Fuel Cell Economic Development Plan Connecticut Department of Economic and Community Development and the
Connecticut Center for Advanced Technology Inc January 1 2008 Calculations based upon average annual mileage of 12500
miles for passenger car and 14000 miles for light trucks (US EPA) and 37000 average milesyear per bus (US DOT FTA
2007) 67 US EIA Weekly Retail Gasoline and Diesel Prices gasoline - $3847 and diesel ndash 400
wwweiagovdnavpetpet_pri_gnd_a_epm0r_pte_dpgal_whtm 68
Effects of a Transition to a Hydrogen Economy on Employment in the United States Report to Congress
httpwwwhydrogenenergygovcongress_reportshtml August 2011 69 ldquoPublic retail gasoline stations state yearrdquo wwwafdcenergygovafdcdatadocsgasoline_stations_statexls May 5 2011 70 Alternative Fuels Data Center wwwafdcenergygovafdclocatorstations 71 EPA ldquoGovernment UST Noncompliance Report-2007rdquo wwwepagovoustdocsME20Compliance20Reportpdf August
82007 72 Alternative Fuels Data Center httpwwwafdcenergygovafdclocatorstations 73 Hyride ldquoAbout the fueling stationrdquo httpwwwhyrideorghtml-about_hyrideAbout_Fuelinghtml 74 CTTransit ldquoHartford Bus Facility Site Work (Phase 1)rdquo
wwwcttransitcomProcurementsDisplayaspProcurementID=8752CA67-AB1F-4D88-BCEC-4B82AC8A2542 March 2011 75
Currently there are no publicly or privately accessible transportation fueling stations where hydrogen is provided as an
alternative fuel in Maine
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
21
MAINE
Fleets
There are over 7000 fleet vehicles (excluding state and federal vehicles) classified as non-leasing or
company owned vehicles in Maine 76
Fleet vehicles typically account for more than twice the amount of
mileage and therefore twice the fuel consumption and emissions compared to personal vehicles on a per
vehicle basis There are an additional 1781 passenger automobiles andor light duty trucks in Maine
owned by state and federal agencies (excluding state police) that traveled a combined 14965373 miles in
2010 while releasing 1031 metrics tons of CO2 77
Conversion of fleet vehicles from conventional fossil
fuels to FCEVs could significantly reduce petroleum consumption and GHG emissions Fleet vehicle
hubs are good candidates for hydrogen refueling and conversion to FCEVs because they mostly operate
on fixed routes or within fixed districts and are fueled from a centralized station
Bus Transit
There are approximately 61 directly operated buses that provide public transportation services in Maine78
As discussed above replacement of a conventional diesel transit bus with a fuel cell transit bus would
result in the reduction of CO2 emissions (estimated at approximately 183000 pounds per year) and
reduction of diesel fuel (estimated at approximately 4390 gallons per year)79
Although the efficiency of
conventional diesel buses has increased conventional diesel buses which typically achieve fuel economy
performance levels of 39 miles per gallon have the greatest potential for energy savings by using high
efficiency fuel cells In addition to Maine other states have also begun the transition of fueling transit
buses with alternative fuels to improve efficiency and environmental performance
Material Handling
Material handling equipment such as forklifts are used by a variety of industries including
manufacturing construction mining agriculture food retailers and wholesale trade to move goods
within a facility or to load goods for shipping to another site Material handling equipment is usually
battery propane or diesel powered Batteries that currently power material handling equipment are heavy
and take up significant storage space while only providing up to 6 hours of run time Fuel cells can
ensure constant power delivery and performance eliminating the reduction in voltage output that occurs
as batteries discharge Fuel cell powered material handling equipment last more than twice as long (12-
14 hours) and also eliminate the need for battery storage and charging rooms leaving more space for
products In addition fueling time only takes two to three minutes by the operator compared to least 20
minutes or more for each battery replacement which saves the operator valuable time and increases
warehouse productivity
In addition fuel cell powered material handling equipment has significant cost advantages compared to
batteries such as
15 times lower maintenance cost
8 times lower refuelingrecharging labor cost
2 times lower net present value of total operations and management (OampM) system cost
76
Fleetcom ldquo2009-My Registrationrdquo httpwwwautomotive-
fleetcomStatisticsStatsVieweraspxfile=http3a2f2fwwwautomotive-fleetcom2ffc_resources2fstats2fAFFB10-16-
top10-statepdfampchannel 77 US General Services Administration ldquoGSA 2010 Fleet Reportsrdquo Table 4-2 httpwwwgsagovportalcontent230525 September
2011 78
NTD Date ldquoTS22 - Service Data and Operating Expenses Time-Series by Systemrdquo
httpwwwntdprogramgovntdprogramdatahtm December 2011 79 Fuel Cell Economic Development Plan Connecticut Department of Economic and Community Development and the
Connecticut Center for Advanced Technology Inc January 1 2008
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
22
MAINE
63 percent less emissions of GHG (Appendix X provides a comparison of PEM fuel cell and
battery-powered material handling equipment)
Fuel cell powered material handling equipment is already in use at dozens of warehouses distribution
centers and manufacturing plants in North America80
Large corporations that are currently using or
planning to use fuel cell powered material handling equipment include CVS Coca-Cola BMW Central
Grocers and Wal-Mart (Refer to Appendix IX for a partial list of companies in North America that using
fuel cell powered forklifts)81
There are approximately five distribution centerswarehouse sites that have
been identified in Maine that may benefit from the use of fuel cell powered material handling equipment
(Appendix I ndash Figure 13 Distribution CentersWarehouses amp Ports)
Ground Support Equipment
Ground support equipment (GSE) such as catering trucks deicers and airport tugs can be battery
operated or more commonly run on diesel or gasoline As an alternative hydrogen-powered tugs are
being developed for both military and commercial applications While their performance is similar to that
of other battery-powered equipment a fuel cell-powered GSE remains fully charged (provided there is
hydrogen fuel available) and do not experience performance lag at the end of a shift like battery-powered
GSEs82
Potential large end-users of GSE that serve Mainersquos largest airports include Air Canada Delta
Airlines Continental JetBlue United and US Airways83
(Appendix I ndash Figure 11 Commercial
Airports)
Ports
Maine has 3480 miles of coastline with six cargo ports and 13 cruise ship ports The ports of Portland
and Bath Maine which service large vessels such as container ships tankers bulk carriers and cruise
ships may be candidates for improved energy management Commercial marine vessels (cargo ships
entering and leaving Marine ports) contribute approximately 166 tons of volatile organic compounds
(VOC) 1134 tons of NOX 374 tons of CO 124 tons of sulfur dioxide SO2 and 91 tons of particulate
matter (PM10) per year84
In one year a single large container ship can emit pollutants equivalent to that of 50 million cars The
low grade bunker fuel used by the worlds 90000 cargo ships contains up to 2000 times the amount of
sulfur compared to diesel fuel used in automobiles85
Furthermore diesel emissions from cruise ships
while at port are a significant source of air pollution While docked vessels shut off their main engines
but use auxiliary diesel and steam engines to power refrigeration lights pumps and other functions a
process called ldquocold-ironing An estimated one-third of ship emissions occur while they are idling at
berth Replacing auxiliary engines with on-shore electric power could significantly reduce emissions
The applications of fuel cell technology at ports may also provide electric and thermal energy for
improving energy management for warehouses and equipment operated between terminals (Appendix I ndash
Figure 13 Distribution CentersWarehouses amp Ports)86
80 DOE EERE ldquoEarly Markets Fuel Cells for Material Handling Equipmentrdquo
www1eereenergygovhydrogenandfuelcellseducationpdfsearly_markets_forkliftspdf February 2011 81 Plug Power ldquoPlug Power Celebrates Successful year for Companyrsquos Manufacturing and Sales Activityrdquo
wwwplugpowercom January 4 2011 82 Battelle ldquoIdentification and Characterization of Near-Term Direct Hydrogen Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Marketsrdquo
April 2007 www1eereenergygovhydrogenandfuelcellspdfspemfc_econ_2006_report_final_0407pdf 83 PWM ldquoAirlinesrdquo httpwwwportlandjetportorgairlines August 24 2011 84
Maine Department of Environmental Protection ldquoAir Emission from Marine Vesselsrdquo
httpwwwmainegovdepblwqtopicvesselairemissionsreportpdf January 15 2005 85
ldquoBig polluters one massive container ship equals 50 million carsrdquo Paul Evans httpwwwgizmagcomshipping-
pollution11526 April 232009 86
Savemayportvillagenet ldquoCruise Ship Pollutionrdquo httpwwwsavemayportvillagenetid20html October 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
23
MAINE
Table 18 -Ports Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
42
(35)
2
(11)
2
(11)
06
(11)
4730
(11)
12741
(11)
908
(9)
CONCLUSION
Hydrogen and fuel cell technology offers significant opportunities for improved energy reliability energy
efficiency and emission reductions Large fuel cell units (gt300 kW) may be appropriate for applications
that serve large electric and thermal loads Smaller fuel cell units (lt 300 kW) may provide back-up power
for telecommunication sites restaurantsfast food outlets and smaller sized public facilities at this time
Table 19 ndashSummary of Potential Fuel Cell Applications
Category Total Sites Potential
Sites
Number of Fuel
Cells
lt 300 kW
Number of
Fuel Cells
gt300 kW
CB
EC
S D
ata
Education 964 6587
23 42
Food Sales 1800+ 4588
45
Food Services 2100+ 1589
15
Inpatient Healthcare 181 4290
42
Lodging 837 1891
18
Public Order amp Safety 216 1092
10
Energy Intensive Industries 156 693
6
Government Operated
Buildings 114 4
94
4
Wireless
Telecommunication
Towers
50995
5196
51
WWTPs 111 197
1
Landfills 25 198
1
Airports (w AASF) 103 5 (1)99
5
87 65 high schools andor college and universities located in communities serviced by natural gas 88 45 food sale facilities located in communities serviced by natural gas 89 Ten percent of the 97 food service facilities located in communities serviced by natural gas 90 Eight Hospitals located in communities serviced by natural gas and occupying 150+ or more beds onsite 91 15 hotel facilities with 100+ rooms onsite and three convalescent homes with 150+ bed onsite located in communities serviced
by natural gas 92 Correctional facilities andor other public order and safety facilities with 212 workers or more 93 Ten percent of the 64 energy intensive industry facilities located in communities serviced with natural gas 94 Four actively owned federal government operated building located in communities serviced by natural gas 95
The Federal Communications Commission regulates interstate and international communications by radio television wire
satellite and cable in all 50 states the District of Columbia and US territories 96 Ten percent of the 509 wireless telecommunication sites in Mainersquos targeted for back-up PEM fuel cell deployment 97 Ten percent of Maine WWTP with average flows of 30+ MGD 98 Ten percent of the landfills targeted based on LMOP data
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
24
MAINE
Military 1 1 1
Ports 42 2 2
Total 7159+ 266 74 192
As shown in Table 5 the analysis provided here estimates that there are approximately 266 potential
locations which may be favorable candidates for the application of a fuel cell to provide heat and power
Assuming the demand for electricity was uniform throughout the year approximately 150 to 192 fuel cell
units with a capacity of 300 ndash 400 kW could be deployed for a total fuel cell capacity of 58 to 77 MWs
If opportunities for fuel cell use in Maine identified in this report are met with 300 kW units a minimum
of 473040 MWh electric and 127 million MMBTUs (equivalent to 373404 MWh) of thermal energy
would be produced which could reduce CO2 emissions by at least 90824 tons per year 100
Maine can also benefit from the use of hydrogen and fuel cell technology for transportation such as
passenger fleets transit district fleets municipal fleets and state department fleets The application of
hydrogen and fuel cell technology for transportation would reduce the dependence on oil improve
environmental performance and provide greater efficiencies than conventional transportation
technologies
bull Replacement of a gasoline-fueled passenger vehicle with FCEVs could result in annual CO2
emission reductions (per vehicle) of approximately 10170 pounds annual energy savings of 230
gallons of gasoline and annual fuel cost savings of $885
bull Replacement of a gasoline-fueled light duty truck with FCEVs could result in annual CO2
emission reductions (per light duty truck) of approximately 15770 pounds annual energy savings
of 485 gallons of gasoline and annual fuel cost savings of $1866
bull Replacement of a diesel-fueled transit bus with a fuel cell powered bus could result in annual CO2
emission reductions (per bus) of approximately 182984 pounds annual energy savings of 4390
gallons of fuel and annual fuel cost savings of $17560
Hydrogen and fuel cell technology also provides significant opportunities for job creation andor
economic development Realizing over $2 million in revenue and investment in 2010 the hydrogen and
fuel cell industry in Maine is estimated to have contributed approximately $113000 in state and local tax
revenue and over $29 million in gross state product Currently there are at least 30 Maine companies
that are part of the growing hydrogen and fuel cell industry supply chain in the Northeast region If
neweremerging hydrogen and fuel cell technology were to gain momentum the number of companies
and employment for the industry could grow substantially
99 Airport facilities with 2500+ annual Enplanement Counts andor AASF 100
If opportunities for fuel cell use in Maine identified in this report are met with 400 kW units a minimum of 665760 MWh
electric and 312 million MMBTUs (equivalent to 915127 MWh) of thermal energy would be produced which could reduce CO2
emissions by at least 127826 tons per year
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
25
MAINE
APPENDICES
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
26
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 1 Education
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
27
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 2 Food Sales
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
28
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 3 Food Services
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
29
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 4 Inpatient Healthcare
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
30
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 5 Lodging
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
31
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 6 Public Order and Safety
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
32
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 7 Energy Intensive Industries
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
33
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 8 Federal Government Operated Buildings
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
34
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 9 Telecommunication Sites
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
35
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 10 Solid and Liquid Waste Sites
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
36
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 11 Commercial Airports
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
37
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 12 Alternative Fueling Stations
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
38
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 13 Distribution CentersWarehouses amp Ports
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
39
MAINE
Appendix II ndash Maine Estimated Electrical Consumption per Sector
Category Total Site
Electric Consumption per Building
(1000 kWh)101
kWh Consumed per Sector
New England
Education 925 161844 149705700
Food Sales 1800 319821 575677800
Food Services 2100 128 269199000
Inpatient Healthcare 181 603863 1092991125
Lodging 837 21312 178379766
Public Order amp Safety 262 77855 20398010
Total 6105 2286351401
Residential102
4503000000
Industrial 3702000000
Commercial 4503000000
Other Commercial 2286351401
101
EIA Electricity consumption and expenditure intensities for Non-Mall Building 2003 102
DOE EERE ldquoElectric Power and Renewable Energy in Mainerdquo httpapps1eereenergygovstateselectricitycfmstate=ME
August 25 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
40
MAINE
Appendix III ndash Key Stakeholders
Organization CityTown State Website Hydrogen Energy Center Portland ME wwwhydrogenenergycenterorg
University of Maine School of
Engineering Technology Orono ME httpwwwumaineeduset
University of Maine Advanced
Manufacturing Center Orono
ME wwwumaineeduamc
University of Maine Advanced
Structures and Composites Center Orono
ME httpwww2umaineeduaewc
Manufacturers Association of Maine Westbrook ME
wwwmainemfgcom
Maine Manufacturing Extension
Partnership Augusta
ME httpwwwmainemeporg
Mid-Coast Regional Redevelopment
Authority Brunswick
ME wwwmrraus
Manufacturing Applications Center Gorham ME
httpwwwusmmaineedu
Maine Center for Enterprise
Development University of Southern
Maine
Portland ME
wwwmcedbiz
Maine Small Business Development
Center Portland
ME httpwwwmainesbdcorg
Southern Maine Community College
Sustainability and Energy Alternatives
Center
South
Portland ME httpwwwsmccmeedubusiness-a-
communitycomunity-resourcessustainability-
centerhtml
Environment and Energy Technology
Council of Maine Portland
ME wwwE2Techorg
Maine Technology Institute Gardiner ME
wwwmainetechnologyorg
Maine Innovation Economy advisory
Board Maine DECD Augusta ME httpwwwmainegovdecd
Governorrsquos Office of Energy
Independence and Security Augusta ME httpmainegovoeis
Utility Companies
Unitil httpwwwunitilcomcustomer-configuration
Bangor Gas Co httpwwwbangorgascom
Central Maine Power Co httpwwwcmpcocom
Bangor Hydro-Electric Co httpwwwbhecom
Maine Public Service Co httpwwwmainepublicservicecom
Appendix IV ndash Maine State Incentives and Programs
Funding Source Maine Public Utilities Commission
Program Title Community-based Renewable Energy Pilot Program
Applicable EnergiesTechnologies Solar Thermal Electric Photovoltaic Landfill Gas Wind
Biomass Hydroelectric Geothermal Electric Fuel Cells Anaerobic Digestion Tidal Energy
Fuel Cells using Renewable Fuels
Summary The Maine Utilities Commission (PUC) finalized the rule in February 2010 Legislation
mandates that up 10 50 MW of generating capacity will be permitted uned this program and
individual participants may not exceed 10 MW Of the 50 MW cap 10 must be reserved
specifically for small program participants or for participants located in a service territory of a
cooperative transmission and distribution utility
Restrictions
The PUC may require investor-owned utilities to enter into long-term contracts for energy capacity
resources or renewable energy credits (RECs) produced by the community-based project The
contacts term may not exceed 20 year the PUC will conduct long-term contract solicitations for
ldquolarge generatorsrdquo
Timing The Maine Public Utilities Commission is seeking proposals from suppliers of energy
capacity or renewable energy credits (RECs) for the development of community-based renewable
energy projects over 1 MW The docket number for this RFP is 2011-150 All inquiries about this
RFP should be directed to christinercookmainegov
Maximum Size Choice of either 15 REC credit multiplier or up to 10 MW DC
Requirements
To be eligible for incentives a generating facility must be 51 percent locally owned use renewable
energy resources be no larger than 10 MW in generating capacity and be located in the State
httpwwwstatemeusmpucelectricitycommunity_pilotshtml
Rebate amount $010kWh or cost fo the project whichever is lower
For further information please visit
httpwwwstatemeusmpucelectricitycommunity_pilotshtml
Source
Maine Public Utilities Commission ldquoCommunity-based Renewable Energy Pilot Programrdquo August 10 2011
DSIRE ldquoCommunity-based Renewable Energy Production Incentive (Pilot Program)rdquo August 10 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
42
Funding Source Voluntary Renewable Resource Grants
Program Title Voluntary Renewable Resources Fund
Applicable EnergiesTechnologies Solar Thermal Electric Photovoltaics Wind Biomass
Hydroelectric Geothermal Electric Fuel Cells Municipal Solid Waste Tidal Energy Fuel
Cells using Renewable Fuels
Summary Supported by the state Voluntary Renewable resource Fund and administered by the
Efficient Maine provide funding for small-scale demonstration projects designed to educate
communities on the value oand cost effectiveness of renewable energy
Restrictions To Qualify for grant funding renewable-energy resources generally must qualify as a
small power production facility un Federal Energy Regulatory Commission rules or must not exceed
100 MW in capacity and use one of more of the applicable energiestechnologies
Timing Start Date of this program occurred 12151998 and no expiration date is given
Maximum Size $50000
Requirements
httpwwwmainegovmpucrecovery
Rebate amount
$50000 Maximu
For further information please visit
httpwwwmainegovmpucrecovery
Source
Maine PUC ldquoFederal Stimulus MPUC and the Federal Recovery Packagerdquo ndash August 10 2011
DSIRE ldquoMaine - Voluntary Renewable Resource Grantsrdquo August 10 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
43
Appendix V ndash Partial Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Supply Chain Companies in Maine103
Organization Name Product or Service Category
1 University of Maine School of
Engineering Technology Research amp Development
2 University of Maine Advanced
Structures and Composites Center Research amp Development
3 Precision Partners-Mid-State Machine
Products Manufacturing Services
4 Ocean Energy Institute EngineeringDesign Services
5 Newfab Inc Manufacturing Services
6 New England Castings Other
7 Mitchell Ledge Farm Components
8 McNabb Marketing Resources Other
9 Maine Oxy Inc Fuel
10 Maine Machine Products Co Manufacturing Services
11 MacTec Inc FCH2 System DistrInstallMaint Services
12 Kennebec Technologies Manufacturing Services
13 Hydrogen Energy Center Service Center Lab or Test ConsultingLegalFinancial
Services
14 Hydrogen Energy Center Other
15 Green Energy Maine Other
16 Fire Risk Management Inc EngineeringDesign Services
17 Fire Risk Management EngineeringDesign Services
18 Fairchild Semiconductor Research amp Development
19 EcoMain Research amp Development
20 Control Point Inc Lab or Test EquipmentServices
21 Colby Company Engineering EngineeringDesign Services
22 Chewonki Foundation Other
23 Burroughs Machine Tool Products Equipment
24 Bernstein Shur ConsultingLegalFinancial Services
25 Bath Iron Works (General Dynamics
Inc) Research amp Development
26 AMEC EngineeringDesign Services
27 Advantages Gases and Tools Fuel
28 Advanced Manufacturing Center-
University of ME Manufacturing Services
103
Northeast Electrochemical Energy Storage Cluster Supply Chain Database Search httpneescorgresourcestype=1 August 11 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
44
Appendix VI ndash Comparison of Fuel Cell Technologies104
Fuel Cell
Type
Common
Electrolyte
Operating
Temperature
Typical
Stack
Size
Efficiency Applications Advantages Disadvantages
Polymer
Electrolyte
Membrane
(PEM)
Perfluoro sulfonic
acid
50-100degC
122-212deg
typically
80degC
lt 1 kW ndash 1
MW105
gt
kW 60
transportation
35
stationary
bull Backup power
bull Portable power
bull Distributed
generation
bull Transportation
bull Specialty vehicle
bull Solid electrolyte reduces
corrosion amp electrolyte
management problems
bull Low temperature
bull Quick start-up
bull Expensive catalysts
bull Sensitive to fuel
impurities
bull Low temperature waste
heat
Alkaline
(AFC)
Aqueous solution
of potassium
hydroxide soaked
in a matrix
90-100degC
194-212degF
10 ndash 100
kW 60
bull Military
bull Space
bull Cathode reaction faster
in alkaline electrolyte
leads to high performance
bull Low cost components
bull Sensitive to CO2
in fuel and air
bull Electrolyte management
Phosphoric
Acid
(PAFC)
Phosphoric acid
soaked in a matrix
150-200degC
302-392degF
400 kW
100 kW
module
40 bull Distributed
generation
bull Higher temperature enables
CHP
bull Increased tolerance to fuel
impurities
bull Pt catalyst
bull Long start up time
bull Low current and power
Molten
Carbonate
(MCFC)
Solution of lithium
sodium andor
potassium
carbonates soaked
in a matrix
600-700degC
1112-1292degF
300
k W- 3 M
W
300 kW
module
45 ndash 50
bull Electric utility
bull Distributed
generation
bull High efficiency
bull Fuel flexibility
bull Can use a variety of catalysts
bull Suitable for CHP
bull High temperature
corrosion and breakdown
of cell components
bull Long start up time
bull Low power density
Solid Oxide
(SOFC)
Yttria stabilized
zirconia
700-1000degC
1202-1832degF
1 kW ndash 2
MW 60
bull Auxiliary power
bull Electric utility
bull Distributed
generation
bull High efficiency
bull Fuel flexibility
bull Can use a variety of catalysts
bull Solid electrolyte
bull Suitable f o r CHP amp CHHP
bull HybridGT cycle
bull High temperature
corrosion and breakdown
of cell components
bull High temperature
operation requires long
start up
time and limits
Polymer Electrolyte is no longer a single category row Data shown does not take into account High Temperature PEM which operates in the range of 160oC to 180
oC It solves
virtually all of the disadvantages listed under PEM It is not sensitive to impurities It has usable heat Stack efficiencies of 52 on the high side are realized HTPEM is not a
PAFC fuel cell and should not be confused with one
104 US Department of Energy Fuel Cells Technology Program httpwww1eereenergygovhydrogenandfuelcellsfuelcellspdfsfc_comparison_chartpdf August 5 2011 105
Ballard ldquoCLEARgen Multi-MY Systemsrdquo httpwwwballardcomfuel-cell-productscleargen-multi-mw-systemsaspx November 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
45
Appendix VII ndashAnalysis of Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities and Threats for Maine
Strengths
Stationary Power ndash Strong market drivers including high
electricity cost cold climate reliance on oil for space heating
strong CHP and district heating market strong environmental
and green energy awareness) capable core of fuel cell CHP
installers energy storage demand to serve MErsquos aggressive
wind-power industry strong ongoing expansion of natural gas
servicedistribution
Transportation Power - Strong market drivers including a
dispersed population highly reliant on truck and auto
transportation receptive and environmentally conscious
alternative fuelstransportation market relatively low income
population in need of relief from automobile fuel costs strong
Navy shipbuilding industry as potential user of H2FC auxiliary
power system strongly interested in fleet-based hydrogen
fueling station development (SunHydro model) strong interest
in municipal transit and fuel cell -powered rail
Economic Development Factors ndash Brunswick Renewable
Energy Park emphasis on skills development and technology
synergies aggressive state level policy to policy to develop
renewable wind and biomass energy technologies skilled and
well organized network of precision manufacturing firms tied
into aerospace and communications equipment industries
strong labor force at relatively low wages RampDbusiness
infrastructure for advanced biofuels and composite material
structures growing University of Maine commitment to fuel
cell and biomass RampD state funding source familiaritycomfort
with H2FC technology
Weaknesses
Stationary Power ndash No technologyindustrial momentum at the
OEM level geographically distant from OEMs for component-
supply opportunities
Transportation Power ndash No technologyindustrial base at the
OEM level lack of infrastructure funding relatively dispersed
population for transportation services
Economic Development Factors ndash limited state incentives
somewhat sluggish overall state economy relatively
undeveloped core of technology skillsknowledge base
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
46
Opportunities
Stationary Power ndash Opportunity as an ldquoearly adaptor marketrdquo
some supply chain buildup opportunities around SP deployment
Linkage between H2FC technologies and advanced biofuels
RampD Dispersed population amp economy needs distributed
solutions Major need for power storage in conjunction with
Maines planned offshore wind-power RampD and development
Transportation Power ndash Hydrogen refueling station plans Early-
stage potential for major roll-out in marine auxiliary power (US
Navy) Commuter rail expansion
Portable Power ndash Little currently-identified opportunity
Economic Development Factors ndash Brunswick ldquoRenewable Energy
Industrial Parkrdquo can be significant seed nucleus for both
deployment amp development Machine-tool industry pursuing
H2FC components supply-chain opportunities
Threats
Stationary Power ndash The regionrsquos favorable market
needsdemand could be met by other technologiessources ndash
Canadian hydro amp nuclear wind geothermal direct biomass
and power-storage alternatives ndash batteries solid state ammonia
etc
Transportation Power ndash The regionrsquos favorable market
characteristics and needs could be met by other electric
vehicles particularly in the absence of a hydrogen
infrastructure
Economic Development Factors ndash competition from more fully-
equipped statesregions wind and other renewables grab Maine
energy industry momentum lack of funding to sustain
University of MErsquos momentum in storage and fuel cell
technologies related to biomass and wind hesitation of state
government to support alternative energy incentives
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
47
Appendix VIII ndash Partial list of Fuel Cell Deployment in the Northeast region
Manufacturer Site Name Site Location Year Installed
Plug Power T-Mobile cell tower Storrs CT 2008
Plug Power Albany International Airport Albany NY 2004
FuelCell Energy Pepperidge Farms Plant Bloomfield CT 2005
FuelCell Energy Peabody Museum New Haven CT 2003
FuelCell Energy Sheraton New York Hotel amp Towers Manhattan NY 2004
FuelCell Energy Sheraton Hotel Edison NJ 2003
FuelCell Energy Sheraton Hotel Parsippany NJ 2003
UTC Power Cabelas Sporting Goods East Hartford CT 2008
UTC Power Whole Foods Market Glastonbury CT 2008
UTC Power Connecticut Science Center Hartford CT 2009
UTC Power St Francis Hospital Hartford CT 2003
UTC Power Middletown High School Middletown CT 2008
UTC Power Connecticut Juvenile Training School Middletown CT 2001
UTC Power 360 State Street Apartment Building New Haven CT 2010
UTC Power South Windsor High School South Windsor CT 2002
UTC Power Mohegan Sun Casino Hotel Uncasville CT 2002
UTC Power CTTransit Fuel Cell Bus Hartford CT 2007
UTC Power Whole Foods Market Dedham MA 2009
UTC Power Bronx Zoo Bronx NY 2008
UTC Power North Central Bronx Hospital Bronx NY 2000
UTC Power Hunts Point Water Pollution Control Plant Bronx NY 2005
UTC Power Price Chopper Supermarket Colonie NY 2010
UTC Power East Rochester High School East Rochester NY 2007
UTC Power Coca-Cola Refreshments Production Facility Elmsford NY 2010
UTC Power Verizon Call Center and Communications Building Garden City NY 2005
UTC Power State Office Building Hauppauge NY 2009
UTC Power Liverpool High School Liverpool NY 2000
UTC Power New York Hilton Hotel New York City NY 2007
UTC Power Central Park Police Station New York City NY 1999
UTC Power Rochester Institute of Technology Rochester NY 1993
UTC Power NYPA office building White Plains NY 2010
UTC Power Wastewater treatment plant Yonkers NY 1997
UTC Power The Octagon Roosevelt Island NY 2011
UTC Power Johnson amp Johnson World Headquarters New Brunswick NJ 2003
UTC Power CTTRANSIT (Fuel Cell Powered Buses) Hartford CT 2007 - Present
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
48
Appendix IX ndash Partial list of Fuel Cell-Powered Forklifts in North America106
Company CityTown State Site Year
Deployed
Fuel Cell
Manufacturer
of
forklifts
Coca-Cola San Leandro CA
Bottling and
distribution center 2011 Plug Power 37
Charlotte NC Bottling facility 2011 Plug Power 40
EARP
Distribution Kansas City KS Distribution center 2011
Oorja
Protonics 24
Golden State
Foods Lemont IL Distribution facility 2011
Oorja
Protonics 20
Kroger Co Compton CA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 161
Sysco
Riverside CA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 80
Boston MA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 160
Long Island NY Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 42
San Antonio TX Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 113
Front Royal VA Redistribution
facility 2011 Plug Power 100
Baldor
Specialty Foods Bronx NY Facility
Planned
in 2012
Oorja
Protonics 50
BMW
Manufacturing
Co
Spartanburg SC Manufacturing
plant 2010 Plug Power 86
Defense
Logistics
Agency US
Department of
Defense
San Joaquin CA Distribution facility 2011 Plug Power 20
Fort Lewis WA Distribution depot 2011 Plug Power 19
Warner
Robins GA Distribution depot 2010 Hydrogenics 20
Susquehanna PA Distribution depot 2010 Plug Power 15
2009 Nuvera 40
Martin-Brower Stockton CA Food distribution
center 2010
Oorja
Protonics 15
United Natural
Foods Inc
(UNFI)
Sarasota FL Distribution center 2010 Plug Power 65
Wal-Mart
Balzac Al
Canada
Refrigerated
distribution center 2010 Plug Power 80
Washington
Court House OH
Food distribution
center 2007 Plug Power 55
Wegmans Pottsville PA Warehouse 2010 Plug Power 136
Whole Foods
Market Landover MD Distribution center 2010 Plug Power 61
106
FuelCell2000 ldquoFuel Cell-Powered Forklifts in North Americardquo httpwwwfuelcellsorginfochartsforkliftspdf November
2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
49
Appendix X ndash Comparison of PEM Fuel Cell and Battery-Powered Material Handling
Equipment
3 kW PEM Fuel Cell-Powered
Pallet Trucks
3 kW Battery-powered
(2 batteries per truck)
Total Fuel Cycle Energy Use
(total energy consumedkWh
delivered to the wheels) -12000 BtukWh 14000 BtukWh
Fuel Cycle GHG Emissions
(in g CO2 equivalent 820 gkWh 1200 gkWh
Estimated Product Life 8-10 years 4-5 years No Emissions at Point of Use
Quiet Operation
Wide Ambient Operating
Temperature range
Constant Power Available
over Shift
Routine Maintenance Costs
($YR) $1250 - $1500year $2000year
Time for RefuelingChanging
Batteries 4 ndash 8 minday 45-60 minday (for battery change-outs)
8 hours (for battery recharging amp cooling) Cost of FuelElectricity $6000year $1300year Labor Cost of
refuelingRecharging $1100year $8750year
Net Present Value of Capital
Cost $12600
($18000 wo incentive) $14000
Net Present Value of OampM
costs (including fuel) $52000 $128000
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
50
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
16
MAINE
Table 10 - Government Owned Building Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
114
(9)
4
(4)
4
(4)
12
(4)
9461
(4)
25481
(4)
1816
(4)
Wireless Telecommunication Sites
Telecommunications companies rely on electricity to run call centers cell phone towers and other vital
equipment In Maine there are approximately 509 telecommunications andor wireless company tower
sites (Appendix I ndash Figure 9 Telecommunication Sites) Any loss of power at these locations may result
in a loss of service to customers thus having reliable power is critical Each individual site represents an
opportunity to provide back-up power for continuous operation through the application of on-site back-up
generation powered by hydrogen and fuel cell technology It is an industry standard to install units
capable of supplying 48-72 hours of backup power which this is typically accomplished with batteries or
conventional emergency generators48
The deployment of fuel cells at selected telecommunication sites
will have special value to provide increased reliability to critical sites associated with emergency
communications and homeland security An example of a telecommunication site that utilizes fuel cell
technology to provide back-up power is a T-Mobile facility located in Storrs Connecticut
Table 11 - Wireless Telecommunication Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
509
(13)
51
(13) NA NA NA NA NA
Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs) There are 111 WWTPs in Maine that have design flows ranging from 3000 gallons per day (GPD) to 16
million gallons per day (MGD) seven of these facilities average between 3 ndash 16 MGD WWTPs
typically operate 247 and may be able to utilize the thermal energy from the fuel cell to process fats oils
and grease49
WWTPs account for approximately three percent of the electric load in the United State50
Digester gas produced at WWTPrsquos which is usually 60 percent methane can serve as a fuel substitute for
natural gas to power fuel cells Anaerobic digesters generally require a wastewater flow greater than
three MGD for an economy of scale to collect and use the methane51
Most facilities currently represent a
lost opportunity to capture and use the digestion of methane emissions created from their operations
(Appendix I ndash Figure 10 Solid and Liquid Waste Sites) 5253
A 200 kW fuel cell power plant in Yonkers New York was the worldrsquos first commercial fuel cell to run
on a waste gas created at a wastewater treatment plant The fuel cell generates about 1600 MWh of
electricity a year and reduces methane emissions released to the environment54
A 200 kW fuel cell
48 ReliOn Hydrogen Fuel Cell Wireless Applicationsrdquo wwwrelion-inccompdfReliOn_AppsWireless_2010pdf May 4 2011 49
ldquoBeyond Zero Net Energy Case Studies of Wastewater Treatment for Energy and Resource Productionrdquo Toffey Bill
September 2010 httpwwwawra-pmasmemberlodgeorgResourcesDocumentsBeyond_NZE_WWT-Toffey-9-16-2010pdf 50
EPA Wastewater Management Fact Sheet ldquoIntroductionrdquo July 2006 51 EPA Wastewater Management Fact Sheet wwwp2paysorgenergyWastePlantpdf July 2006 52 ldquoGHG Emissions from Wastewater Treatment and Biosolids Managementrdquo Beecher Ned November 20 2009
wwwdesstatenhusorganizationdivisionswaterwmbriverswatershed_conferencedocuments2009_fri_climate_2pdf 53 EPA Wastewater Management Fact Sheet wwwp2paysorgenergyWastePlantpdf May 4 2011 54 NYPA ldquoWHAT WE DO ndash Fuel Cellsrdquo wwwnypagovservicesfuelcellshtm August 8 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
17
MAINE
power plant was and installed at the Water Pollution Control Authorityrsquos WWTP in New Haven
Connecticut and produces 10 ndash 15 percent of the facilityrsquos electricity reducing energy costs by almost
$13000 a year55
Table 12 - Wastewater Treatment Plants Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
111
(19)
1
(6)
1
(6)
03
(6)
2365
(6)
6370
(6)
454
(5)
Landfill Methane Outreach Program (LMOP)
There are 11 landfills in Maine identified by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) through their
LMOP program two of which are operational two are candidates and six are considered potential sites
for the production and recovery of methane gas 5657
The amount of methane emissions released by a
given site is dependent upon the amount of material in the landfill and the amount of time the material has
been in place Similar to WWTPs methane emissions from landfills could be captured and used as a fuel
to power a fuel cell system In 2009 municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills were responsible for
producing approximately 17 percent of human-related methane emissions in the nation These locations
could produce renewable energy and help manage the release of methane (Appendix I ndash Figure 10 Solid
and Liquid Waste Sites)
Table 13 - Landfill Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
25
(12)
1
(7)
1
(7)
03
(7)
2365
(7)
6370
(7)
454
(6)
Airports
During peak air travel times in the US there are approximately 50000 airplanes in the sky each day
Ensuring safe operations of commercial and private aircrafts are the responsibility of air traffic
controllers Modern software host computers voice communication systems and instituted full scale
glide path angle capabilities assist air traffic controllers in tracking and communicating with aircrafts
consequently reliable electricity is extremely important and present an opportunity for a fuel cell power
application 58
There are approximately 103 airports in Maine including 47 that are open to the public and have
scheduled services Of those 47 airports six (Table 3) have 2500 or more passengers enplaned each
year two of these six facilities are located in communities serviced by natural gas (See Appendix I ndash
55 Conntactcom ldquoCity to Install Fuel Cellrdquo
httpwwwconntactcomarchive_indexarchive_pages4472_Business_New_Havenhtml August 15 2003 56
Due to size individual sites may have more than one potential candidate or operational project 57 LMOP defines a candidate landfill as ldquoone that is accepting waste or has been closed for five years or less has at least one
million tons of waste and does not have an operational or under-construction projectrdquoEPA ldquoLandfill Methane Outreach
Programrdquo wwwepagovlmopbasic-infoindexhtml April 7 2011 58 Howstuffworkscom ldquoHow Air Traffic Control Worksrdquo Craig Freudenrich
httpsciencehowstuffworkscomtransportflightmodernair-traffic-control5htm May 4 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
18
MAINE
Figure 11 Commercial Airports) An example of an airport currently hosting a fuel cell power plant to
provide backup power is Albany International Airport located in Albany New York
Table 14 ndash Maine Top Airports Enplanement Count
Airport59
Total Enplanement in 2000
Portland International Jetport 668098
Bangor International 272833
Northern Maine Regional at Presque Isle 25174
Knox County Regional 17328
Hancock County Bar harbor 14399
Augusta State 7148
Bangor International Airport (BGR) is considered the only ldquoJoint-Userdquo airport in Maine Joint-Use
facilities are establishments where the military department authorizes use of the military runway for
public airport services Army Aviation Support Facilities (AASF) located at this site are used by the
Army to provide aircraft and equipment readiness train and utilize military personnel conduct flight
training and operations and perform field level maintenance Bangor International Airport represents a
favorable opportunity for the application of uninterruptible power for necessary services associated with
national defense and emergency response and is located in a community serviced by natural gas
(Appendix I ndash Figure 11 Commercial Airports)
Table 15 - Airport Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
103
(12)
5(1)
(1)
1
(1)
15
(1)
11826
(1)
31851
(1)
2271
(8)
Military The US Department of Defense (DOD) is the largest funding organization in terms of supporting fuel
cell activities for military applications in the world DOD organizations are using fuel cells for
Stationary units for power supply in bases
Fuel cell units in transport applications
Portable units for equipping individual soldiers or group of soldiers
In a collaborative partnership with the DOE the DOD plans to install and operate 18 fuel cell backup
power systems at eight of its military installations two of which are located within the Northeast region
(New York and New Jersey)60
In addition the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard (PSNY) in Kittery Maine
occupies more than 297 acres on base employs approximately 4500 civilian employees and 100 naval
officers in addition to enlisted personal assigned to the shipyard and is a potential application for
hydrogen and fuel cell technology (Appendix I ndash Figure 11 Commercial Airports) 61
59 Bureau of Transportation Statistics ldquoMaine Transportation Profilerdquo
wwwbtsgovpublicationsstate_transportation_statisticsmainepdfentirepdf March 30 2011 60 Fuel Cell Today ldquoUS DoD to Install Fuel cell Backup Power Systems at Eight Military Installationsrdquo
httpwwwfuelcelltodaycomonlinenewsarticles2011-07US-DOD-FC-Backup-Power-Systems July 20 2011 61
Portsmouth Naval Shipyard ldquoShipyard Factsrdquo httpwwwnavseanavymilshipyardsportsmouthPagesFactsaspx August
2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
19
MAINE
Table 16 - Military Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
1
(7)
1
(7)
1
(7)
03
(7)
2365
(7)
6370
(7)
454
(6)
POTENTIAL TRANSPORTATION TARGETS
Transportation is responsible for one-fourth of the total global GHG emissions and consumes 75 percent
of the worldrsquos oil production In 2010 the US used 21 million barrels of non-renewable petroleum each
day Roughly 29 percent of Mainersquos energy consumption is due to demands of the transportation sector
including gasoline and on-highway diesel petroleum for automobiles trucks and buses A small percent
of non-renewable petroleum is used for jet and ship fuel62
The current economy in the US is dependent on hydrocarbon energy sources and any disruption or
shortage of this energy supply will severely affect many energy related activities including
transportation As oil and other non-sustainable hydrocarbon energy resources become scarce energy
prices will increase and the reliability of supply will be reduced Government and industry are now
investigating the use of hydrogen and renewable energy as a replacement of hydrocarbon fuels
Hydrogen-fueled fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) have many advantages over conventional
technology including
Quiet operation
Near zero emissions of controlled pollutants such as nitrous oxide carbon monoxide
hydrocarbon gases or particulates
Substantial (30 to 50 percent) reduction in GHG emissions on a well-to-wheel basis compared to
conventional gasoline or gasoline-hybrid vehicles when the hydrogen is produced by
conventional methods such as natural gas and 100 percent when hydrogen is produced from a
clean energy source
Ability to fuel vehicles with indigenous energy sources which reduces dependence on imported
energy and adds to energy security and
Higher efficiency than conventional vehicles (See Table 4)6364
Table 17 - Average Energy Efficiency of Conventional and Fuel Cell Vehicles (mpge65
)
Passenger Car Light Truck Transit Bus
Hydrogen Gasoline Hybrid Gasoline Hydrogen Gasoline Hydrogen Fuel Cell Diesel
52 50 293 492 215 54 39
FCEVs can reduce price volatility dependence on oil improve environmental performance and provide
greater efficiencies than conventional transportation technologies as follows
62 ldquoUS Oil Consumption to BP Spillrdquo httpapplesfromorangescom201005us-oil-consumption-to-bp-spill May31 2010 63 ldquoChallenges for Sustainable Mobility and Development of Fuel Cell Vehiclesrdquo Masatami Takimoto Executive Vice President
Toyota Motor Corporation January 26 2006 Presentation at the 2nd International Hydrogen amp Fuel Cell Expo Technical
Conference Tokyo Japan 64 ldquoTwenty Hydrogen Mythsrdquo Amory B Lovins Rocky Mountain Institute June 20 2003 65 Miles per Gallon Equivalent
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
20
MAINE
Replacement of gasoline-fueled passenger vehicles and light duty trucks and diesel-fueled transit
buses with FCEVs could result in annual CO2 emission reductions (per vehicle) of approximately
10170 15770 and 182984 pounds per year respectively66
Replacement of gasoline-fueled passenger vehicles and light duty trucks and diesel-fueled transit
buses with FCEVs could result in annual energy savings (per vehicle) of approximately 230
gallons of gasoline (passenger vehicle) 485 gallons of gasoline (light duty truck) and 4390
gallons of diesel (bus)
Replacement of gasoline-fueled passenger vehicles light duty trucks and diesel-fueled transit
buses with FCEVs could result in annual fuel cost savings of approximately $885 per passenger
vehicle $1866 per light duty truck and $17560 per bus67
Automobile manufacturers such as Toyota General Motors Honda Daimler AG and Hyundai have
projected that models of their FCEVs will begin to roll out in larger numbers by 2015 Longer term the
US DOE has projected that between 151 million and 239 million light duty FCEVs may be sold each
year by 2050 and between 144 million and 347 million light duty FCEVs may be in use by 2050 with a
transition to a hydrogen economy These estimates could be accelerated if political economic energy
security or environmental polices prompt a rapid advancement in alternative fuels68
Mainersquos opportunities to support these new vehicles include alternative fueling stations Maine
Department of Transportation (MDOT) refueling stations bus transit operations government public and
privately owned fleets and material handling and airport ground support equipment (GSE) Graphical
representation of these opportunities analyzed are depicted in Appendix I
Alternative Fueling Stations
There are approximately 1400 retail fueling stations in Maine69
however only 10 public andor private
stations within the state provide alternative fuels such as biodiesel compressed natural gas propane
andor electricity for alternative-fueled vehicles70
There are also at least 17 refueling stations owned and
operated by MDOT that can be used by authorities operating federal and state safety vehicles state transit
vehicles and employees of universities that operate fleet vehicles on a regular basis 71
Development of
hydrogen fueling at alternative fuel stations and at selected locations owned and operated by MDOT
would help facilitate the deployment of FCEVs within the state (Appendix I ndash Figure 12 Alternative
Fueling Stations) Currently there are approximately 18 existing or planned transportation fueling
stations in the Northeast region where hydrogen is provided as an alternative fuel72737475
66 Fuel Cell Economic Development Plan Connecticut Department of Economic and Community Development and the
Connecticut Center for Advanced Technology Inc January 1 2008 Calculations based upon average annual mileage of 12500
miles for passenger car and 14000 miles for light trucks (US EPA) and 37000 average milesyear per bus (US DOT FTA
2007) 67 US EIA Weekly Retail Gasoline and Diesel Prices gasoline - $3847 and diesel ndash 400
wwweiagovdnavpetpet_pri_gnd_a_epm0r_pte_dpgal_whtm 68
Effects of a Transition to a Hydrogen Economy on Employment in the United States Report to Congress
httpwwwhydrogenenergygovcongress_reportshtml August 2011 69 ldquoPublic retail gasoline stations state yearrdquo wwwafdcenergygovafdcdatadocsgasoline_stations_statexls May 5 2011 70 Alternative Fuels Data Center wwwafdcenergygovafdclocatorstations 71 EPA ldquoGovernment UST Noncompliance Report-2007rdquo wwwepagovoustdocsME20Compliance20Reportpdf August
82007 72 Alternative Fuels Data Center httpwwwafdcenergygovafdclocatorstations 73 Hyride ldquoAbout the fueling stationrdquo httpwwwhyrideorghtml-about_hyrideAbout_Fuelinghtml 74 CTTransit ldquoHartford Bus Facility Site Work (Phase 1)rdquo
wwwcttransitcomProcurementsDisplayaspProcurementID=8752CA67-AB1F-4D88-BCEC-4B82AC8A2542 March 2011 75
Currently there are no publicly or privately accessible transportation fueling stations where hydrogen is provided as an
alternative fuel in Maine
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
21
MAINE
Fleets
There are over 7000 fleet vehicles (excluding state and federal vehicles) classified as non-leasing or
company owned vehicles in Maine 76
Fleet vehicles typically account for more than twice the amount of
mileage and therefore twice the fuel consumption and emissions compared to personal vehicles on a per
vehicle basis There are an additional 1781 passenger automobiles andor light duty trucks in Maine
owned by state and federal agencies (excluding state police) that traveled a combined 14965373 miles in
2010 while releasing 1031 metrics tons of CO2 77
Conversion of fleet vehicles from conventional fossil
fuels to FCEVs could significantly reduce petroleum consumption and GHG emissions Fleet vehicle
hubs are good candidates for hydrogen refueling and conversion to FCEVs because they mostly operate
on fixed routes or within fixed districts and are fueled from a centralized station
Bus Transit
There are approximately 61 directly operated buses that provide public transportation services in Maine78
As discussed above replacement of a conventional diesel transit bus with a fuel cell transit bus would
result in the reduction of CO2 emissions (estimated at approximately 183000 pounds per year) and
reduction of diesel fuel (estimated at approximately 4390 gallons per year)79
Although the efficiency of
conventional diesel buses has increased conventional diesel buses which typically achieve fuel economy
performance levels of 39 miles per gallon have the greatest potential for energy savings by using high
efficiency fuel cells In addition to Maine other states have also begun the transition of fueling transit
buses with alternative fuels to improve efficiency and environmental performance
Material Handling
Material handling equipment such as forklifts are used by a variety of industries including
manufacturing construction mining agriculture food retailers and wholesale trade to move goods
within a facility or to load goods for shipping to another site Material handling equipment is usually
battery propane or diesel powered Batteries that currently power material handling equipment are heavy
and take up significant storage space while only providing up to 6 hours of run time Fuel cells can
ensure constant power delivery and performance eliminating the reduction in voltage output that occurs
as batteries discharge Fuel cell powered material handling equipment last more than twice as long (12-
14 hours) and also eliminate the need for battery storage and charging rooms leaving more space for
products In addition fueling time only takes two to three minutes by the operator compared to least 20
minutes or more for each battery replacement which saves the operator valuable time and increases
warehouse productivity
In addition fuel cell powered material handling equipment has significant cost advantages compared to
batteries such as
15 times lower maintenance cost
8 times lower refuelingrecharging labor cost
2 times lower net present value of total operations and management (OampM) system cost
76
Fleetcom ldquo2009-My Registrationrdquo httpwwwautomotive-
fleetcomStatisticsStatsVieweraspxfile=http3a2f2fwwwautomotive-fleetcom2ffc_resources2fstats2fAFFB10-16-
top10-statepdfampchannel 77 US General Services Administration ldquoGSA 2010 Fleet Reportsrdquo Table 4-2 httpwwwgsagovportalcontent230525 September
2011 78
NTD Date ldquoTS22 - Service Data and Operating Expenses Time-Series by Systemrdquo
httpwwwntdprogramgovntdprogramdatahtm December 2011 79 Fuel Cell Economic Development Plan Connecticut Department of Economic and Community Development and the
Connecticut Center for Advanced Technology Inc January 1 2008
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
22
MAINE
63 percent less emissions of GHG (Appendix X provides a comparison of PEM fuel cell and
battery-powered material handling equipment)
Fuel cell powered material handling equipment is already in use at dozens of warehouses distribution
centers and manufacturing plants in North America80
Large corporations that are currently using or
planning to use fuel cell powered material handling equipment include CVS Coca-Cola BMW Central
Grocers and Wal-Mart (Refer to Appendix IX for a partial list of companies in North America that using
fuel cell powered forklifts)81
There are approximately five distribution centerswarehouse sites that have
been identified in Maine that may benefit from the use of fuel cell powered material handling equipment
(Appendix I ndash Figure 13 Distribution CentersWarehouses amp Ports)
Ground Support Equipment
Ground support equipment (GSE) such as catering trucks deicers and airport tugs can be battery
operated or more commonly run on diesel or gasoline As an alternative hydrogen-powered tugs are
being developed for both military and commercial applications While their performance is similar to that
of other battery-powered equipment a fuel cell-powered GSE remains fully charged (provided there is
hydrogen fuel available) and do not experience performance lag at the end of a shift like battery-powered
GSEs82
Potential large end-users of GSE that serve Mainersquos largest airports include Air Canada Delta
Airlines Continental JetBlue United and US Airways83
(Appendix I ndash Figure 11 Commercial
Airports)
Ports
Maine has 3480 miles of coastline with six cargo ports and 13 cruise ship ports The ports of Portland
and Bath Maine which service large vessels such as container ships tankers bulk carriers and cruise
ships may be candidates for improved energy management Commercial marine vessels (cargo ships
entering and leaving Marine ports) contribute approximately 166 tons of volatile organic compounds
(VOC) 1134 tons of NOX 374 tons of CO 124 tons of sulfur dioxide SO2 and 91 tons of particulate
matter (PM10) per year84
In one year a single large container ship can emit pollutants equivalent to that of 50 million cars The
low grade bunker fuel used by the worlds 90000 cargo ships contains up to 2000 times the amount of
sulfur compared to diesel fuel used in automobiles85
Furthermore diesel emissions from cruise ships
while at port are a significant source of air pollution While docked vessels shut off their main engines
but use auxiliary diesel and steam engines to power refrigeration lights pumps and other functions a
process called ldquocold-ironing An estimated one-third of ship emissions occur while they are idling at
berth Replacing auxiliary engines with on-shore electric power could significantly reduce emissions
The applications of fuel cell technology at ports may also provide electric and thermal energy for
improving energy management for warehouses and equipment operated between terminals (Appendix I ndash
Figure 13 Distribution CentersWarehouses amp Ports)86
80 DOE EERE ldquoEarly Markets Fuel Cells for Material Handling Equipmentrdquo
www1eereenergygovhydrogenandfuelcellseducationpdfsearly_markets_forkliftspdf February 2011 81 Plug Power ldquoPlug Power Celebrates Successful year for Companyrsquos Manufacturing and Sales Activityrdquo
wwwplugpowercom January 4 2011 82 Battelle ldquoIdentification and Characterization of Near-Term Direct Hydrogen Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Marketsrdquo
April 2007 www1eereenergygovhydrogenandfuelcellspdfspemfc_econ_2006_report_final_0407pdf 83 PWM ldquoAirlinesrdquo httpwwwportlandjetportorgairlines August 24 2011 84
Maine Department of Environmental Protection ldquoAir Emission from Marine Vesselsrdquo
httpwwwmainegovdepblwqtopicvesselairemissionsreportpdf January 15 2005 85
ldquoBig polluters one massive container ship equals 50 million carsrdquo Paul Evans httpwwwgizmagcomshipping-
pollution11526 April 232009 86
Savemayportvillagenet ldquoCruise Ship Pollutionrdquo httpwwwsavemayportvillagenetid20html October 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
23
MAINE
Table 18 -Ports Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
42
(35)
2
(11)
2
(11)
06
(11)
4730
(11)
12741
(11)
908
(9)
CONCLUSION
Hydrogen and fuel cell technology offers significant opportunities for improved energy reliability energy
efficiency and emission reductions Large fuel cell units (gt300 kW) may be appropriate for applications
that serve large electric and thermal loads Smaller fuel cell units (lt 300 kW) may provide back-up power
for telecommunication sites restaurantsfast food outlets and smaller sized public facilities at this time
Table 19 ndashSummary of Potential Fuel Cell Applications
Category Total Sites Potential
Sites
Number of Fuel
Cells
lt 300 kW
Number of
Fuel Cells
gt300 kW
CB
EC
S D
ata
Education 964 6587
23 42
Food Sales 1800+ 4588
45
Food Services 2100+ 1589
15
Inpatient Healthcare 181 4290
42
Lodging 837 1891
18
Public Order amp Safety 216 1092
10
Energy Intensive Industries 156 693
6
Government Operated
Buildings 114 4
94
4
Wireless
Telecommunication
Towers
50995
5196
51
WWTPs 111 197
1
Landfills 25 198
1
Airports (w AASF) 103 5 (1)99
5
87 65 high schools andor college and universities located in communities serviced by natural gas 88 45 food sale facilities located in communities serviced by natural gas 89 Ten percent of the 97 food service facilities located in communities serviced by natural gas 90 Eight Hospitals located in communities serviced by natural gas and occupying 150+ or more beds onsite 91 15 hotel facilities with 100+ rooms onsite and three convalescent homes with 150+ bed onsite located in communities serviced
by natural gas 92 Correctional facilities andor other public order and safety facilities with 212 workers or more 93 Ten percent of the 64 energy intensive industry facilities located in communities serviced with natural gas 94 Four actively owned federal government operated building located in communities serviced by natural gas 95
The Federal Communications Commission regulates interstate and international communications by radio television wire
satellite and cable in all 50 states the District of Columbia and US territories 96 Ten percent of the 509 wireless telecommunication sites in Mainersquos targeted for back-up PEM fuel cell deployment 97 Ten percent of Maine WWTP with average flows of 30+ MGD 98 Ten percent of the landfills targeted based on LMOP data
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
24
MAINE
Military 1 1 1
Ports 42 2 2
Total 7159+ 266 74 192
As shown in Table 5 the analysis provided here estimates that there are approximately 266 potential
locations which may be favorable candidates for the application of a fuel cell to provide heat and power
Assuming the demand for electricity was uniform throughout the year approximately 150 to 192 fuel cell
units with a capacity of 300 ndash 400 kW could be deployed for a total fuel cell capacity of 58 to 77 MWs
If opportunities for fuel cell use in Maine identified in this report are met with 300 kW units a minimum
of 473040 MWh electric and 127 million MMBTUs (equivalent to 373404 MWh) of thermal energy
would be produced which could reduce CO2 emissions by at least 90824 tons per year 100
Maine can also benefit from the use of hydrogen and fuel cell technology for transportation such as
passenger fleets transit district fleets municipal fleets and state department fleets The application of
hydrogen and fuel cell technology for transportation would reduce the dependence on oil improve
environmental performance and provide greater efficiencies than conventional transportation
technologies
bull Replacement of a gasoline-fueled passenger vehicle with FCEVs could result in annual CO2
emission reductions (per vehicle) of approximately 10170 pounds annual energy savings of 230
gallons of gasoline and annual fuel cost savings of $885
bull Replacement of a gasoline-fueled light duty truck with FCEVs could result in annual CO2
emission reductions (per light duty truck) of approximately 15770 pounds annual energy savings
of 485 gallons of gasoline and annual fuel cost savings of $1866
bull Replacement of a diesel-fueled transit bus with a fuel cell powered bus could result in annual CO2
emission reductions (per bus) of approximately 182984 pounds annual energy savings of 4390
gallons of fuel and annual fuel cost savings of $17560
Hydrogen and fuel cell technology also provides significant opportunities for job creation andor
economic development Realizing over $2 million in revenue and investment in 2010 the hydrogen and
fuel cell industry in Maine is estimated to have contributed approximately $113000 in state and local tax
revenue and over $29 million in gross state product Currently there are at least 30 Maine companies
that are part of the growing hydrogen and fuel cell industry supply chain in the Northeast region If
neweremerging hydrogen and fuel cell technology were to gain momentum the number of companies
and employment for the industry could grow substantially
99 Airport facilities with 2500+ annual Enplanement Counts andor AASF 100
If opportunities for fuel cell use in Maine identified in this report are met with 400 kW units a minimum of 665760 MWh
electric and 312 million MMBTUs (equivalent to 915127 MWh) of thermal energy would be produced which could reduce CO2
emissions by at least 127826 tons per year
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
25
MAINE
APPENDICES
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
26
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 1 Education
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
27
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 2 Food Sales
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
28
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 3 Food Services
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
29
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 4 Inpatient Healthcare
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
30
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 5 Lodging
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
31
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 6 Public Order and Safety
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
32
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 7 Energy Intensive Industries
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
33
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 8 Federal Government Operated Buildings
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
34
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 9 Telecommunication Sites
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
35
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 10 Solid and Liquid Waste Sites
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
36
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 11 Commercial Airports
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
37
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 12 Alternative Fueling Stations
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
38
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 13 Distribution CentersWarehouses amp Ports
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
39
MAINE
Appendix II ndash Maine Estimated Electrical Consumption per Sector
Category Total Site
Electric Consumption per Building
(1000 kWh)101
kWh Consumed per Sector
New England
Education 925 161844 149705700
Food Sales 1800 319821 575677800
Food Services 2100 128 269199000
Inpatient Healthcare 181 603863 1092991125
Lodging 837 21312 178379766
Public Order amp Safety 262 77855 20398010
Total 6105 2286351401
Residential102
4503000000
Industrial 3702000000
Commercial 4503000000
Other Commercial 2286351401
101
EIA Electricity consumption and expenditure intensities for Non-Mall Building 2003 102
DOE EERE ldquoElectric Power and Renewable Energy in Mainerdquo httpapps1eereenergygovstateselectricitycfmstate=ME
August 25 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
40
MAINE
Appendix III ndash Key Stakeholders
Organization CityTown State Website Hydrogen Energy Center Portland ME wwwhydrogenenergycenterorg
University of Maine School of
Engineering Technology Orono ME httpwwwumaineeduset
University of Maine Advanced
Manufacturing Center Orono
ME wwwumaineeduamc
University of Maine Advanced
Structures and Composites Center Orono
ME httpwww2umaineeduaewc
Manufacturers Association of Maine Westbrook ME
wwwmainemfgcom
Maine Manufacturing Extension
Partnership Augusta
ME httpwwwmainemeporg
Mid-Coast Regional Redevelopment
Authority Brunswick
ME wwwmrraus
Manufacturing Applications Center Gorham ME
httpwwwusmmaineedu
Maine Center for Enterprise
Development University of Southern
Maine
Portland ME
wwwmcedbiz
Maine Small Business Development
Center Portland
ME httpwwwmainesbdcorg
Southern Maine Community College
Sustainability and Energy Alternatives
Center
South
Portland ME httpwwwsmccmeedubusiness-a-
communitycomunity-resourcessustainability-
centerhtml
Environment and Energy Technology
Council of Maine Portland
ME wwwE2Techorg
Maine Technology Institute Gardiner ME
wwwmainetechnologyorg
Maine Innovation Economy advisory
Board Maine DECD Augusta ME httpwwwmainegovdecd
Governorrsquos Office of Energy
Independence and Security Augusta ME httpmainegovoeis
Utility Companies
Unitil httpwwwunitilcomcustomer-configuration
Bangor Gas Co httpwwwbangorgascom
Central Maine Power Co httpwwwcmpcocom
Bangor Hydro-Electric Co httpwwwbhecom
Maine Public Service Co httpwwwmainepublicservicecom
Appendix IV ndash Maine State Incentives and Programs
Funding Source Maine Public Utilities Commission
Program Title Community-based Renewable Energy Pilot Program
Applicable EnergiesTechnologies Solar Thermal Electric Photovoltaic Landfill Gas Wind
Biomass Hydroelectric Geothermal Electric Fuel Cells Anaerobic Digestion Tidal Energy
Fuel Cells using Renewable Fuels
Summary The Maine Utilities Commission (PUC) finalized the rule in February 2010 Legislation
mandates that up 10 50 MW of generating capacity will be permitted uned this program and
individual participants may not exceed 10 MW Of the 50 MW cap 10 must be reserved
specifically for small program participants or for participants located in a service territory of a
cooperative transmission and distribution utility
Restrictions
The PUC may require investor-owned utilities to enter into long-term contracts for energy capacity
resources or renewable energy credits (RECs) produced by the community-based project The
contacts term may not exceed 20 year the PUC will conduct long-term contract solicitations for
ldquolarge generatorsrdquo
Timing The Maine Public Utilities Commission is seeking proposals from suppliers of energy
capacity or renewable energy credits (RECs) for the development of community-based renewable
energy projects over 1 MW The docket number for this RFP is 2011-150 All inquiries about this
RFP should be directed to christinercookmainegov
Maximum Size Choice of either 15 REC credit multiplier or up to 10 MW DC
Requirements
To be eligible for incentives a generating facility must be 51 percent locally owned use renewable
energy resources be no larger than 10 MW in generating capacity and be located in the State
httpwwwstatemeusmpucelectricitycommunity_pilotshtml
Rebate amount $010kWh or cost fo the project whichever is lower
For further information please visit
httpwwwstatemeusmpucelectricitycommunity_pilotshtml
Source
Maine Public Utilities Commission ldquoCommunity-based Renewable Energy Pilot Programrdquo August 10 2011
DSIRE ldquoCommunity-based Renewable Energy Production Incentive (Pilot Program)rdquo August 10 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
42
Funding Source Voluntary Renewable Resource Grants
Program Title Voluntary Renewable Resources Fund
Applicable EnergiesTechnologies Solar Thermal Electric Photovoltaics Wind Biomass
Hydroelectric Geothermal Electric Fuel Cells Municipal Solid Waste Tidal Energy Fuel
Cells using Renewable Fuels
Summary Supported by the state Voluntary Renewable resource Fund and administered by the
Efficient Maine provide funding for small-scale demonstration projects designed to educate
communities on the value oand cost effectiveness of renewable energy
Restrictions To Qualify for grant funding renewable-energy resources generally must qualify as a
small power production facility un Federal Energy Regulatory Commission rules or must not exceed
100 MW in capacity and use one of more of the applicable energiestechnologies
Timing Start Date of this program occurred 12151998 and no expiration date is given
Maximum Size $50000
Requirements
httpwwwmainegovmpucrecovery
Rebate amount
$50000 Maximu
For further information please visit
httpwwwmainegovmpucrecovery
Source
Maine PUC ldquoFederal Stimulus MPUC and the Federal Recovery Packagerdquo ndash August 10 2011
DSIRE ldquoMaine - Voluntary Renewable Resource Grantsrdquo August 10 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
43
Appendix V ndash Partial Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Supply Chain Companies in Maine103
Organization Name Product or Service Category
1 University of Maine School of
Engineering Technology Research amp Development
2 University of Maine Advanced
Structures and Composites Center Research amp Development
3 Precision Partners-Mid-State Machine
Products Manufacturing Services
4 Ocean Energy Institute EngineeringDesign Services
5 Newfab Inc Manufacturing Services
6 New England Castings Other
7 Mitchell Ledge Farm Components
8 McNabb Marketing Resources Other
9 Maine Oxy Inc Fuel
10 Maine Machine Products Co Manufacturing Services
11 MacTec Inc FCH2 System DistrInstallMaint Services
12 Kennebec Technologies Manufacturing Services
13 Hydrogen Energy Center Service Center Lab or Test ConsultingLegalFinancial
Services
14 Hydrogen Energy Center Other
15 Green Energy Maine Other
16 Fire Risk Management Inc EngineeringDesign Services
17 Fire Risk Management EngineeringDesign Services
18 Fairchild Semiconductor Research amp Development
19 EcoMain Research amp Development
20 Control Point Inc Lab or Test EquipmentServices
21 Colby Company Engineering EngineeringDesign Services
22 Chewonki Foundation Other
23 Burroughs Machine Tool Products Equipment
24 Bernstein Shur ConsultingLegalFinancial Services
25 Bath Iron Works (General Dynamics
Inc) Research amp Development
26 AMEC EngineeringDesign Services
27 Advantages Gases and Tools Fuel
28 Advanced Manufacturing Center-
University of ME Manufacturing Services
103
Northeast Electrochemical Energy Storage Cluster Supply Chain Database Search httpneescorgresourcestype=1 August 11 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
44
Appendix VI ndash Comparison of Fuel Cell Technologies104
Fuel Cell
Type
Common
Electrolyte
Operating
Temperature
Typical
Stack
Size
Efficiency Applications Advantages Disadvantages
Polymer
Electrolyte
Membrane
(PEM)
Perfluoro sulfonic
acid
50-100degC
122-212deg
typically
80degC
lt 1 kW ndash 1
MW105
gt
kW 60
transportation
35
stationary
bull Backup power
bull Portable power
bull Distributed
generation
bull Transportation
bull Specialty vehicle
bull Solid electrolyte reduces
corrosion amp electrolyte
management problems
bull Low temperature
bull Quick start-up
bull Expensive catalysts
bull Sensitive to fuel
impurities
bull Low temperature waste
heat
Alkaline
(AFC)
Aqueous solution
of potassium
hydroxide soaked
in a matrix
90-100degC
194-212degF
10 ndash 100
kW 60
bull Military
bull Space
bull Cathode reaction faster
in alkaline electrolyte
leads to high performance
bull Low cost components
bull Sensitive to CO2
in fuel and air
bull Electrolyte management
Phosphoric
Acid
(PAFC)
Phosphoric acid
soaked in a matrix
150-200degC
302-392degF
400 kW
100 kW
module
40 bull Distributed
generation
bull Higher temperature enables
CHP
bull Increased tolerance to fuel
impurities
bull Pt catalyst
bull Long start up time
bull Low current and power
Molten
Carbonate
(MCFC)
Solution of lithium
sodium andor
potassium
carbonates soaked
in a matrix
600-700degC
1112-1292degF
300
k W- 3 M
W
300 kW
module
45 ndash 50
bull Electric utility
bull Distributed
generation
bull High efficiency
bull Fuel flexibility
bull Can use a variety of catalysts
bull Suitable for CHP
bull High temperature
corrosion and breakdown
of cell components
bull Long start up time
bull Low power density
Solid Oxide
(SOFC)
Yttria stabilized
zirconia
700-1000degC
1202-1832degF
1 kW ndash 2
MW 60
bull Auxiliary power
bull Electric utility
bull Distributed
generation
bull High efficiency
bull Fuel flexibility
bull Can use a variety of catalysts
bull Solid electrolyte
bull Suitable f o r CHP amp CHHP
bull HybridGT cycle
bull High temperature
corrosion and breakdown
of cell components
bull High temperature
operation requires long
start up
time and limits
Polymer Electrolyte is no longer a single category row Data shown does not take into account High Temperature PEM which operates in the range of 160oC to 180
oC It solves
virtually all of the disadvantages listed under PEM It is not sensitive to impurities It has usable heat Stack efficiencies of 52 on the high side are realized HTPEM is not a
PAFC fuel cell and should not be confused with one
104 US Department of Energy Fuel Cells Technology Program httpwww1eereenergygovhydrogenandfuelcellsfuelcellspdfsfc_comparison_chartpdf August 5 2011 105
Ballard ldquoCLEARgen Multi-MY Systemsrdquo httpwwwballardcomfuel-cell-productscleargen-multi-mw-systemsaspx November 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
45
Appendix VII ndashAnalysis of Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities and Threats for Maine
Strengths
Stationary Power ndash Strong market drivers including high
electricity cost cold climate reliance on oil for space heating
strong CHP and district heating market strong environmental
and green energy awareness) capable core of fuel cell CHP
installers energy storage demand to serve MErsquos aggressive
wind-power industry strong ongoing expansion of natural gas
servicedistribution
Transportation Power - Strong market drivers including a
dispersed population highly reliant on truck and auto
transportation receptive and environmentally conscious
alternative fuelstransportation market relatively low income
population in need of relief from automobile fuel costs strong
Navy shipbuilding industry as potential user of H2FC auxiliary
power system strongly interested in fleet-based hydrogen
fueling station development (SunHydro model) strong interest
in municipal transit and fuel cell -powered rail
Economic Development Factors ndash Brunswick Renewable
Energy Park emphasis on skills development and technology
synergies aggressive state level policy to policy to develop
renewable wind and biomass energy technologies skilled and
well organized network of precision manufacturing firms tied
into aerospace and communications equipment industries
strong labor force at relatively low wages RampDbusiness
infrastructure for advanced biofuels and composite material
structures growing University of Maine commitment to fuel
cell and biomass RampD state funding source familiaritycomfort
with H2FC technology
Weaknesses
Stationary Power ndash No technologyindustrial momentum at the
OEM level geographically distant from OEMs for component-
supply opportunities
Transportation Power ndash No technologyindustrial base at the
OEM level lack of infrastructure funding relatively dispersed
population for transportation services
Economic Development Factors ndash limited state incentives
somewhat sluggish overall state economy relatively
undeveloped core of technology skillsknowledge base
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
46
Opportunities
Stationary Power ndash Opportunity as an ldquoearly adaptor marketrdquo
some supply chain buildup opportunities around SP deployment
Linkage between H2FC technologies and advanced biofuels
RampD Dispersed population amp economy needs distributed
solutions Major need for power storage in conjunction with
Maines planned offshore wind-power RampD and development
Transportation Power ndash Hydrogen refueling station plans Early-
stage potential for major roll-out in marine auxiliary power (US
Navy) Commuter rail expansion
Portable Power ndash Little currently-identified opportunity
Economic Development Factors ndash Brunswick ldquoRenewable Energy
Industrial Parkrdquo can be significant seed nucleus for both
deployment amp development Machine-tool industry pursuing
H2FC components supply-chain opportunities
Threats
Stationary Power ndash The regionrsquos favorable market
needsdemand could be met by other technologiessources ndash
Canadian hydro amp nuclear wind geothermal direct biomass
and power-storage alternatives ndash batteries solid state ammonia
etc
Transportation Power ndash The regionrsquos favorable market
characteristics and needs could be met by other electric
vehicles particularly in the absence of a hydrogen
infrastructure
Economic Development Factors ndash competition from more fully-
equipped statesregions wind and other renewables grab Maine
energy industry momentum lack of funding to sustain
University of MErsquos momentum in storage and fuel cell
technologies related to biomass and wind hesitation of state
government to support alternative energy incentives
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
47
Appendix VIII ndash Partial list of Fuel Cell Deployment in the Northeast region
Manufacturer Site Name Site Location Year Installed
Plug Power T-Mobile cell tower Storrs CT 2008
Plug Power Albany International Airport Albany NY 2004
FuelCell Energy Pepperidge Farms Plant Bloomfield CT 2005
FuelCell Energy Peabody Museum New Haven CT 2003
FuelCell Energy Sheraton New York Hotel amp Towers Manhattan NY 2004
FuelCell Energy Sheraton Hotel Edison NJ 2003
FuelCell Energy Sheraton Hotel Parsippany NJ 2003
UTC Power Cabelas Sporting Goods East Hartford CT 2008
UTC Power Whole Foods Market Glastonbury CT 2008
UTC Power Connecticut Science Center Hartford CT 2009
UTC Power St Francis Hospital Hartford CT 2003
UTC Power Middletown High School Middletown CT 2008
UTC Power Connecticut Juvenile Training School Middletown CT 2001
UTC Power 360 State Street Apartment Building New Haven CT 2010
UTC Power South Windsor High School South Windsor CT 2002
UTC Power Mohegan Sun Casino Hotel Uncasville CT 2002
UTC Power CTTransit Fuel Cell Bus Hartford CT 2007
UTC Power Whole Foods Market Dedham MA 2009
UTC Power Bronx Zoo Bronx NY 2008
UTC Power North Central Bronx Hospital Bronx NY 2000
UTC Power Hunts Point Water Pollution Control Plant Bronx NY 2005
UTC Power Price Chopper Supermarket Colonie NY 2010
UTC Power East Rochester High School East Rochester NY 2007
UTC Power Coca-Cola Refreshments Production Facility Elmsford NY 2010
UTC Power Verizon Call Center and Communications Building Garden City NY 2005
UTC Power State Office Building Hauppauge NY 2009
UTC Power Liverpool High School Liverpool NY 2000
UTC Power New York Hilton Hotel New York City NY 2007
UTC Power Central Park Police Station New York City NY 1999
UTC Power Rochester Institute of Technology Rochester NY 1993
UTC Power NYPA office building White Plains NY 2010
UTC Power Wastewater treatment plant Yonkers NY 1997
UTC Power The Octagon Roosevelt Island NY 2011
UTC Power Johnson amp Johnson World Headquarters New Brunswick NJ 2003
UTC Power CTTRANSIT (Fuel Cell Powered Buses) Hartford CT 2007 - Present
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
48
Appendix IX ndash Partial list of Fuel Cell-Powered Forklifts in North America106
Company CityTown State Site Year
Deployed
Fuel Cell
Manufacturer
of
forklifts
Coca-Cola San Leandro CA
Bottling and
distribution center 2011 Plug Power 37
Charlotte NC Bottling facility 2011 Plug Power 40
EARP
Distribution Kansas City KS Distribution center 2011
Oorja
Protonics 24
Golden State
Foods Lemont IL Distribution facility 2011
Oorja
Protonics 20
Kroger Co Compton CA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 161
Sysco
Riverside CA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 80
Boston MA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 160
Long Island NY Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 42
San Antonio TX Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 113
Front Royal VA Redistribution
facility 2011 Plug Power 100
Baldor
Specialty Foods Bronx NY Facility
Planned
in 2012
Oorja
Protonics 50
BMW
Manufacturing
Co
Spartanburg SC Manufacturing
plant 2010 Plug Power 86
Defense
Logistics
Agency US
Department of
Defense
San Joaquin CA Distribution facility 2011 Plug Power 20
Fort Lewis WA Distribution depot 2011 Plug Power 19
Warner
Robins GA Distribution depot 2010 Hydrogenics 20
Susquehanna PA Distribution depot 2010 Plug Power 15
2009 Nuvera 40
Martin-Brower Stockton CA Food distribution
center 2010
Oorja
Protonics 15
United Natural
Foods Inc
(UNFI)
Sarasota FL Distribution center 2010 Plug Power 65
Wal-Mart
Balzac Al
Canada
Refrigerated
distribution center 2010 Plug Power 80
Washington
Court House OH
Food distribution
center 2007 Plug Power 55
Wegmans Pottsville PA Warehouse 2010 Plug Power 136
Whole Foods
Market Landover MD Distribution center 2010 Plug Power 61
106
FuelCell2000 ldquoFuel Cell-Powered Forklifts in North Americardquo httpwwwfuelcellsorginfochartsforkliftspdf November
2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
49
Appendix X ndash Comparison of PEM Fuel Cell and Battery-Powered Material Handling
Equipment
3 kW PEM Fuel Cell-Powered
Pallet Trucks
3 kW Battery-powered
(2 batteries per truck)
Total Fuel Cycle Energy Use
(total energy consumedkWh
delivered to the wheels) -12000 BtukWh 14000 BtukWh
Fuel Cycle GHG Emissions
(in g CO2 equivalent 820 gkWh 1200 gkWh
Estimated Product Life 8-10 years 4-5 years No Emissions at Point of Use
Quiet Operation
Wide Ambient Operating
Temperature range
Constant Power Available
over Shift
Routine Maintenance Costs
($YR) $1250 - $1500year $2000year
Time for RefuelingChanging
Batteries 4 ndash 8 minday 45-60 minday (for battery change-outs)
8 hours (for battery recharging amp cooling) Cost of FuelElectricity $6000year $1300year Labor Cost of
refuelingRecharging $1100year $8750year
Net Present Value of Capital
Cost $12600
($18000 wo incentive) $14000
Net Present Value of OampM
costs (including fuel) $52000 $128000
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
50
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
17
MAINE
power plant was and installed at the Water Pollution Control Authorityrsquos WWTP in New Haven
Connecticut and produces 10 ndash 15 percent of the facilityrsquos electricity reducing energy costs by almost
$13000 a year55
Table 12 - Wastewater Treatment Plants Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
111
(19)
1
(6)
1
(6)
03
(6)
2365
(6)
6370
(6)
454
(5)
Landfill Methane Outreach Program (LMOP)
There are 11 landfills in Maine identified by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) through their
LMOP program two of which are operational two are candidates and six are considered potential sites
for the production and recovery of methane gas 5657
The amount of methane emissions released by a
given site is dependent upon the amount of material in the landfill and the amount of time the material has
been in place Similar to WWTPs methane emissions from landfills could be captured and used as a fuel
to power a fuel cell system In 2009 municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills were responsible for
producing approximately 17 percent of human-related methane emissions in the nation These locations
could produce renewable energy and help manage the release of methane (Appendix I ndash Figure 10 Solid
and Liquid Waste Sites)
Table 13 - Landfill Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
25
(12)
1
(7)
1
(7)
03
(7)
2365
(7)
6370
(7)
454
(6)
Airports
During peak air travel times in the US there are approximately 50000 airplanes in the sky each day
Ensuring safe operations of commercial and private aircrafts are the responsibility of air traffic
controllers Modern software host computers voice communication systems and instituted full scale
glide path angle capabilities assist air traffic controllers in tracking and communicating with aircrafts
consequently reliable electricity is extremely important and present an opportunity for a fuel cell power
application 58
There are approximately 103 airports in Maine including 47 that are open to the public and have
scheduled services Of those 47 airports six (Table 3) have 2500 or more passengers enplaned each
year two of these six facilities are located in communities serviced by natural gas (See Appendix I ndash
55 Conntactcom ldquoCity to Install Fuel Cellrdquo
httpwwwconntactcomarchive_indexarchive_pages4472_Business_New_Havenhtml August 15 2003 56
Due to size individual sites may have more than one potential candidate or operational project 57 LMOP defines a candidate landfill as ldquoone that is accepting waste or has been closed for five years or less has at least one
million tons of waste and does not have an operational or under-construction projectrdquoEPA ldquoLandfill Methane Outreach
Programrdquo wwwepagovlmopbasic-infoindexhtml April 7 2011 58 Howstuffworkscom ldquoHow Air Traffic Control Worksrdquo Craig Freudenrich
httpsciencehowstuffworkscomtransportflightmodernair-traffic-control5htm May 4 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
18
MAINE
Figure 11 Commercial Airports) An example of an airport currently hosting a fuel cell power plant to
provide backup power is Albany International Airport located in Albany New York
Table 14 ndash Maine Top Airports Enplanement Count
Airport59
Total Enplanement in 2000
Portland International Jetport 668098
Bangor International 272833
Northern Maine Regional at Presque Isle 25174
Knox County Regional 17328
Hancock County Bar harbor 14399
Augusta State 7148
Bangor International Airport (BGR) is considered the only ldquoJoint-Userdquo airport in Maine Joint-Use
facilities are establishments where the military department authorizes use of the military runway for
public airport services Army Aviation Support Facilities (AASF) located at this site are used by the
Army to provide aircraft and equipment readiness train and utilize military personnel conduct flight
training and operations and perform field level maintenance Bangor International Airport represents a
favorable opportunity for the application of uninterruptible power for necessary services associated with
national defense and emergency response and is located in a community serviced by natural gas
(Appendix I ndash Figure 11 Commercial Airports)
Table 15 - Airport Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
103
(12)
5(1)
(1)
1
(1)
15
(1)
11826
(1)
31851
(1)
2271
(8)
Military The US Department of Defense (DOD) is the largest funding organization in terms of supporting fuel
cell activities for military applications in the world DOD organizations are using fuel cells for
Stationary units for power supply in bases
Fuel cell units in transport applications
Portable units for equipping individual soldiers or group of soldiers
In a collaborative partnership with the DOE the DOD plans to install and operate 18 fuel cell backup
power systems at eight of its military installations two of which are located within the Northeast region
(New York and New Jersey)60
In addition the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard (PSNY) in Kittery Maine
occupies more than 297 acres on base employs approximately 4500 civilian employees and 100 naval
officers in addition to enlisted personal assigned to the shipyard and is a potential application for
hydrogen and fuel cell technology (Appendix I ndash Figure 11 Commercial Airports) 61
59 Bureau of Transportation Statistics ldquoMaine Transportation Profilerdquo
wwwbtsgovpublicationsstate_transportation_statisticsmainepdfentirepdf March 30 2011 60 Fuel Cell Today ldquoUS DoD to Install Fuel cell Backup Power Systems at Eight Military Installationsrdquo
httpwwwfuelcelltodaycomonlinenewsarticles2011-07US-DOD-FC-Backup-Power-Systems July 20 2011 61
Portsmouth Naval Shipyard ldquoShipyard Factsrdquo httpwwwnavseanavymilshipyardsportsmouthPagesFactsaspx August
2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
19
MAINE
Table 16 - Military Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
1
(7)
1
(7)
1
(7)
03
(7)
2365
(7)
6370
(7)
454
(6)
POTENTIAL TRANSPORTATION TARGETS
Transportation is responsible for one-fourth of the total global GHG emissions and consumes 75 percent
of the worldrsquos oil production In 2010 the US used 21 million barrels of non-renewable petroleum each
day Roughly 29 percent of Mainersquos energy consumption is due to demands of the transportation sector
including gasoline and on-highway diesel petroleum for automobiles trucks and buses A small percent
of non-renewable petroleum is used for jet and ship fuel62
The current economy in the US is dependent on hydrocarbon energy sources and any disruption or
shortage of this energy supply will severely affect many energy related activities including
transportation As oil and other non-sustainable hydrocarbon energy resources become scarce energy
prices will increase and the reliability of supply will be reduced Government and industry are now
investigating the use of hydrogen and renewable energy as a replacement of hydrocarbon fuels
Hydrogen-fueled fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) have many advantages over conventional
technology including
Quiet operation
Near zero emissions of controlled pollutants such as nitrous oxide carbon monoxide
hydrocarbon gases or particulates
Substantial (30 to 50 percent) reduction in GHG emissions on a well-to-wheel basis compared to
conventional gasoline or gasoline-hybrid vehicles when the hydrogen is produced by
conventional methods such as natural gas and 100 percent when hydrogen is produced from a
clean energy source
Ability to fuel vehicles with indigenous energy sources which reduces dependence on imported
energy and adds to energy security and
Higher efficiency than conventional vehicles (See Table 4)6364
Table 17 - Average Energy Efficiency of Conventional and Fuel Cell Vehicles (mpge65
)
Passenger Car Light Truck Transit Bus
Hydrogen Gasoline Hybrid Gasoline Hydrogen Gasoline Hydrogen Fuel Cell Diesel
52 50 293 492 215 54 39
FCEVs can reduce price volatility dependence on oil improve environmental performance and provide
greater efficiencies than conventional transportation technologies as follows
62 ldquoUS Oil Consumption to BP Spillrdquo httpapplesfromorangescom201005us-oil-consumption-to-bp-spill May31 2010 63 ldquoChallenges for Sustainable Mobility and Development of Fuel Cell Vehiclesrdquo Masatami Takimoto Executive Vice President
Toyota Motor Corporation January 26 2006 Presentation at the 2nd International Hydrogen amp Fuel Cell Expo Technical
Conference Tokyo Japan 64 ldquoTwenty Hydrogen Mythsrdquo Amory B Lovins Rocky Mountain Institute June 20 2003 65 Miles per Gallon Equivalent
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
20
MAINE
Replacement of gasoline-fueled passenger vehicles and light duty trucks and diesel-fueled transit
buses with FCEVs could result in annual CO2 emission reductions (per vehicle) of approximately
10170 15770 and 182984 pounds per year respectively66
Replacement of gasoline-fueled passenger vehicles and light duty trucks and diesel-fueled transit
buses with FCEVs could result in annual energy savings (per vehicle) of approximately 230
gallons of gasoline (passenger vehicle) 485 gallons of gasoline (light duty truck) and 4390
gallons of diesel (bus)
Replacement of gasoline-fueled passenger vehicles light duty trucks and diesel-fueled transit
buses with FCEVs could result in annual fuel cost savings of approximately $885 per passenger
vehicle $1866 per light duty truck and $17560 per bus67
Automobile manufacturers such as Toyota General Motors Honda Daimler AG and Hyundai have
projected that models of their FCEVs will begin to roll out in larger numbers by 2015 Longer term the
US DOE has projected that between 151 million and 239 million light duty FCEVs may be sold each
year by 2050 and between 144 million and 347 million light duty FCEVs may be in use by 2050 with a
transition to a hydrogen economy These estimates could be accelerated if political economic energy
security or environmental polices prompt a rapid advancement in alternative fuels68
Mainersquos opportunities to support these new vehicles include alternative fueling stations Maine
Department of Transportation (MDOT) refueling stations bus transit operations government public and
privately owned fleets and material handling and airport ground support equipment (GSE) Graphical
representation of these opportunities analyzed are depicted in Appendix I
Alternative Fueling Stations
There are approximately 1400 retail fueling stations in Maine69
however only 10 public andor private
stations within the state provide alternative fuels such as biodiesel compressed natural gas propane
andor electricity for alternative-fueled vehicles70
There are also at least 17 refueling stations owned and
operated by MDOT that can be used by authorities operating federal and state safety vehicles state transit
vehicles and employees of universities that operate fleet vehicles on a regular basis 71
Development of
hydrogen fueling at alternative fuel stations and at selected locations owned and operated by MDOT
would help facilitate the deployment of FCEVs within the state (Appendix I ndash Figure 12 Alternative
Fueling Stations) Currently there are approximately 18 existing or planned transportation fueling
stations in the Northeast region where hydrogen is provided as an alternative fuel72737475
66 Fuel Cell Economic Development Plan Connecticut Department of Economic and Community Development and the
Connecticut Center for Advanced Technology Inc January 1 2008 Calculations based upon average annual mileage of 12500
miles for passenger car and 14000 miles for light trucks (US EPA) and 37000 average milesyear per bus (US DOT FTA
2007) 67 US EIA Weekly Retail Gasoline and Diesel Prices gasoline - $3847 and diesel ndash 400
wwweiagovdnavpetpet_pri_gnd_a_epm0r_pte_dpgal_whtm 68
Effects of a Transition to a Hydrogen Economy on Employment in the United States Report to Congress
httpwwwhydrogenenergygovcongress_reportshtml August 2011 69 ldquoPublic retail gasoline stations state yearrdquo wwwafdcenergygovafdcdatadocsgasoline_stations_statexls May 5 2011 70 Alternative Fuels Data Center wwwafdcenergygovafdclocatorstations 71 EPA ldquoGovernment UST Noncompliance Report-2007rdquo wwwepagovoustdocsME20Compliance20Reportpdf August
82007 72 Alternative Fuels Data Center httpwwwafdcenergygovafdclocatorstations 73 Hyride ldquoAbout the fueling stationrdquo httpwwwhyrideorghtml-about_hyrideAbout_Fuelinghtml 74 CTTransit ldquoHartford Bus Facility Site Work (Phase 1)rdquo
wwwcttransitcomProcurementsDisplayaspProcurementID=8752CA67-AB1F-4D88-BCEC-4B82AC8A2542 March 2011 75
Currently there are no publicly or privately accessible transportation fueling stations where hydrogen is provided as an
alternative fuel in Maine
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
21
MAINE
Fleets
There are over 7000 fleet vehicles (excluding state and federal vehicles) classified as non-leasing or
company owned vehicles in Maine 76
Fleet vehicles typically account for more than twice the amount of
mileage and therefore twice the fuel consumption and emissions compared to personal vehicles on a per
vehicle basis There are an additional 1781 passenger automobiles andor light duty trucks in Maine
owned by state and federal agencies (excluding state police) that traveled a combined 14965373 miles in
2010 while releasing 1031 metrics tons of CO2 77
Conversion of fleet vehicles from conventional fossil
fuels to FCEVs could significantly reduce petroleum consumption and GHG emissions Fleet vehicle
hubs are good candidates for hydrogen refueling and conversion to FCEVs because they mostly operate
on fixed routes or within fixed districts and are fueled from a centralized station
Bus Transit
There are approximately 61 directly operated buses that provide public transportation services in Maine78
As discussed above replacement of a conventional diesel transit bus with a fuel cell transit bus would
result in the reduction of CO2 emissions (estimated at approximately 183000 pounds per year) and
reduction of diesel fuel (estimated at approximately 4390 gallons per year)79
Although the efficiency of
conventional diesel buses has increased conventional diesel buses which typically achieve fuel economy
performance levels of 39 miles per gallon have the greatest potential for energy savings by using high
efficiency fuel cells In addition to Maine other states have also begun the transition of fueling transit
buses with alternative fuels to improve efficiency and environmental performance
Material Handling
Material handling equipment such as forklifts are used by a variety of industries including
manufacturing construction mining agriculture food retailers and wholesale trade to move goods
within a facility or to load goods for shipping to another site Material handling equipment is usually
battery propane or diesel powered Batteries that currently power material handling equipment are heavy
and take up significant storage space while only providing up to 6 hours of run time Fuel cells can
ensure constant power delivery and performance eliminating the reduction in voltage output that occurs
as batteries discharge Fuel cell powered material handling equipment last more than twice as long (12-
14 hours) and also eliminate the need for battery storage and charging rooms leaving more space for
products In addition fueling time only takes two to three minutes by the operator compared to least 20
minutes or more for each battery replacement which saves the operator valuable time and increases
warehouse productivity
In addition fuel cell powered material handling equipment has significant cost advantages compared to
batteries such as
15 times lower maintenance cost
8 times lower refuelingrecharging labor cost
2 times lower net present value of total operations and management (OampM) system cost
76
Fleetcom ldquo2009-My Registrationrdquo httpwwwautomotive-
fleetcomStatisticsStatsVieweraspxfile=http3a2f2fwwwautomotive-fleetcom2ffc_resources2fstats2fAFFB10-16-
top10-statepdfampchannel 77 US General Services Administration ldquoGSA 2010 Fleet Reportsrdquo Table 4-2 httpwwwgsagovportalcontent230525 September
2011 78
NTD Date ldquoTS22 - Service Data and Operating Expenses Time-Series by Systemrdquo
httpwwwntdprogramgovntdprogramdatahtm December 2011 79 Fuel Cell Economic Development Plan Connecticut Department of Economic and Community Development and the
Connecticut Center for Advanced Technology Inc January 1 2008
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
22
MAINE
63 percent less emissions of GHG (Appendix X provides a comparison of PEM fuel cell and
battery-powered material handling equipment)
Fuel cell powered material handling equipment is already in use at dozens of warehouses distribution
centers and manufacturing plants in North America80
Large corporations that are currently using or
planning to use fuel cell powered material handling equipment include CVS Coca-Cola BMW Central
Grocers and Wal-Mart (Refer to Appendix IX for a partial list of companies in North America that using
fuel cell powered forklifts)81
There are approximately five distribution centerswarehouse sites that have
been identified in Maine that may benefit from the use of fuel cell powered material handling equipment
(Appendix I ndash Figure 13 Distribution CentersWarehouses amp Ports)
Ground Support Equipment
Ground support equipment (GSE) such as catering trucks deicers and airport tugs can be battery
operated or more commonly run on diesel or gasoline As an alternative hydrogen-powered tugs are
being developed for both military and commercial applications While their performance is similar to that
of other battery-powered equipment a fuel cell-powered GSE remains fully charged (provided there is
hydrogen fuel available) and do not experience performance lag at the end of a shift like battery-powered
GSEs82
Potential large end-users of GSE that serve Mainersquos largest airports include Air Canada Delta
Airlines Continental JetBlue United and US Airways83
(Appendix I ndash Figure 11 Commercial
Airports)
Ports
Maine has 3480 miles of coastline with six cargo ports and 13 cruise ship ports The ports of Portland
and Bath Maine which service large vessels such as container ships tankers bulk carriers and cruise
ships may be candidates for improved energy management Commercial marine vessels (cargo ships
entering and leaving Marine ports) contribute approximately 166 tons of volatile organic compounds
(VOC) 1134 tons of NOX 374 tons of CO 124 tons of sulfur dioxide SO2 and 91 tons of particulate
matter (PM10) per year84
In one year a single large container ship can emit pollutants equivalent to that of 50 million cars The
low grade bunker fuel used by the worlds 90000 cargo ships contains up to 2000 times the amount of
sulfur compared to diesel fuel used in automobiles85
Furthermore diesel emissions from cruise ships
while at port are a significant source of air pollution While docked vessels shut off their main engines
but use auxiliary diesel and steam engines to power refrigeration lights pumps and other functions a
process called ldquocold-ironing An estimated one-third of ship emissions occur while they are idling at
berth Replacing auxiliary engines with on-shore electric power could significantly reduce emissions
The applications of fuel cell technology at ports may also provide electric and thermal energy for
improving energy management for warehouses and equipment operated between terminals (Appendix I ndash
Figure 13 Distribution CentersWarehouses amp Ports)86
80 DOE EERE ldquoEarly Markets Fuel Cells for Material Handling Equipmentrdquo
www1eereenergygovhydrogenandfuelcellseducationpdfsearly_markets_forkliftspdf February 2011 81 Plug Power ldquoPlug Power Celebrates Successful year for Companyrsquos Manufacturing and Sales Activityrdquo
wwwplugpowercom January 4 2011 82 Battelle ldquoIdentification and Characterization of Near-Term Direct Hydrogen Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Marketsrdquo
April 2007 www1eereenergygovhydrogenandfuelcellspdfspemfc_econ_2006_report_final_0407pdf 83 PWM ldquoAirlinesrdquo httpwwwportlandjetportorgairlines August 24 2011 84
Maine Department of Environmental Protection ldquoAir Emission from Marine Vesselsrdquo
httpwwwmainegovdepblwqtopicvesselairemissionsreportpdf January 15 2005 85
ldquoBig polluters one massive container ship equals 50 million carsrdquo Paul Evans httpwwwgizmagcomshipping-
pollution11526 April 232009 86
Savemayportvillagenet ldquoCruise Ship Pollutionrdquo httpwwwsavemayportvillagenetid20html October 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
23
MAINE
Table 18 -Ports Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
42
(35)
2
(11)
2
(11)
06
(11)
4730
(11)
12741
(11)
908
(9)
CONCLUSION
Hydrogen and fuel cell technology offers significant opportunities for improved energy reliability energy
efficiency and emission reductions Large fuel cell units (gt300 kW) may be appropriate for applications
that serve large electric and thermal loads Smaller fuel cell units (lt 300 kW) may provide back-up power
for telecommunication sites restaurantsfast food outlets and smaller sized public facilities at this time
Table 19 ndashSummary of Potential Fuel Cell Applications
Category Total Sites Potential
Sites
Number of Fuel
Cells
lt 300 kW
Number of
Fuel Cells
gt300 kW
CB
EC
S D
ata
Education 964 6587
23 42
Food Sales 1800+ 4588
45
Food Services 2100+ 1589
15
Inpatient Healthcare 181 4290
42
Lodging 837 1891
18
Public Order amp Safety 216 1092
10
Energy Intensive Industries 156 693
6
Government Operated
Buildings 114 4
94
4
Wireless
Telecommunication
Towers
50995
5196
51
WWTPs 111 197
1
Landfills 25 198
1
Airports (w AASF) 103 5 (1)99
5
87 65 high schools andor college and universities located in communities serviced by natural gas 88 45 food sale facilities located in communities serviced by natural gas 89 Ten percent of the 97 food service facilities located in communities serviced by natural gas 90 Eight Hospitals located in communities serviced by natural gas and occupying 150+ or more beds onsite 91 15 hotel facilities with 100+ rooms onsite and three convalescent homes with 150+ bed onsite located in communities serviced
by natural gas 92 Correctional facilities andor other public order and safety facilities with 212 workers or more 93 Ten percent of the 64 energy intensive industry facilities located in communities serviced with natural gas 94 Four actively owned federal government operated building located in communities serviced by natural gas 95
The Federal Communications Commission regulates interstate and international communications by radio television wire
satellite and cable in all 50 states the District of Columbia and US territories 96 Ten percent of the 509 wireless telecommunication sites in Mainersquos targeted for back-up PEM fuel cell deployment 97 Ten percent of Maine WWTP with average flows of 30+ MGD 98 Ten percent of the landfills targeted based on LMOP data
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
24
MAINE
Military 1 1 1
Ports 42 2 2
Total 7159+ 266 74 192
As shown in Table 5 the analysis provided here estimates that there are approximately 266 potential
locations which may be favorable candidates for the application of a fuel cell to provide heat and power
Assuming the demand for electricity was uniform throughout the year approximately 150 to 192 fuel cell
units with a capacity of 300 ndash 400 kW could be deployed for a total fuel cell capacity of 58 to 77 MWs
If opportunities for fuel cell use in Maine identified in this report are met with 300 kW units a minimum
of 473040 MWh electric and 127 million MMBTUs (equivalent to 373404 MWh) of thermal energy
would be produced which could reduce CO2 emissions by at least 90824 tons per year 100
Maine can also benefit from the use of hydrogen and fuel cell technology for transportation such as
passenger fleets transit district fleets municipal fleets and state department fleets The application of
hydrogen and fuel cell technology for transportation would reduce the dependence on oil improve
environmental performance and provide greater efficiencies than conventional transportation
technologies
bull Replacement of a gasoline-fueled passenger vehicle with FCEVs could result in annual CO2
emission reductions (per vehicle) of approximately 10170 pounds annual energy savings of 230
gallons of gasoline and annual fuel cost savings of $885
bull Replacement of a gasoline-fueled light duty truck with FCEVs could result in annual CO2
emission reductions (per light duty truck) of approximately 15770 pounds annual energy savings
of 485 gallons of gasoline and annual fuel cost savings of $1866
bull Replacement of a diesel-fueled transit bus with a fuel cell powered bus could result in annual CO2
emission reductions (per bus) of approximately 182984 pounds annual energy savings of 4390
gallons of fuel and annual fuel cost savings of $17560
Hydrogen and fuel cell technology also provides significant opportunities for job creation andor
economic development Realizing over $2 million in revenue and investment in 2010 the hydrogen and
fuel cell industry in Maine is estimated to have contributed approximately $113000 in state and local tax
revenue and over $29 million in gross state product Currently there are at least 30 Maine companies
that are part of the growing hydrogen and fuel cell industry supply chain in the Northeast region If
neweremerging hydrogen and fuel cell technology were to gain momentum the number of companies
and employment for the industry could grow substantially
99 Airport facilities with 2500+ annual Enplanement Counts andor AASF 100
If opportunities for fuel cell use in Maine identified in this report are met with 400 kW units a minimum of 665760 MWh
electric and 312 million MMBTUs (equivalent to 915127 MWh) of thermal energy would be produced which could reduce CO2
emissions by at least 127826 tons per year
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
25
MAINE
APPENDICES
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
26
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 1 Education
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
27
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 2 Food Sales
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
28
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 3 Food Services
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
29
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 4 Inpatient Healthcare
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
30
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 5 Lodging
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
31
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 6 Public Order and Safety
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
32
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 7 Energy Intensive Industries
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
33
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 8 Federal Government Operated Buildings
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
34
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 9 Telecommunication Sites
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
35
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 10 Solid and Liquid Waste Sites
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
36
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 11 Commercial Airports
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
37
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 12 Alternative Fueling Stations
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
38
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 13 Distribution CentersWarehouses amp Ports
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
39
MAINE
Appendix II ndash Maine Estimated Electrical Consumption per Sector
Category Total Site
Electric Consumption per Building
(1000 kWh)101
kWh Consumed per Sector
New England
Education 925 161844 149705700
Food Sales 1800 319821 575677800
Food Services 2100 128 269199000
Inpatient Healthcare 181 603863 1092991125
Lodging 837 21312 178379766
Public Order amp Safety 262 77855 20398010
Total 6105 2286351401
Residential102
4503000000
Industrial 3702000000
Commercial 4503000000
Other Commercial 2286351401
101
EIA Electricity consumption and expenditure intensities for Non-Mall Building 2003 102
DOE EERE ldquoElectric Power and Renewable Energy in Mainerdquo httpapps1eereenergygovstateselectricitycfmstate=ME
August 25 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
40
MAINE
Appendix III ndash Key Stakeholders
Organization CityTown State Website Hydrogen Energy Center Portland ME wwwhydrogenenergycenterorg
University of Maine School of
Engineering Technology Orono ME httpwwwumaineeduset
University of Maine Advanced
Manufacturing Center Orono
ME wwwumaineeduamc
University of Maine Advanced
Structures and Composites Center Orono
ME httpwww2umaineeduaewc
Manufacturers Association of Maine Westbrook ME
wwwmainemfgcom
Maine Manufacturing Extension
Partnership Augusta
ME httpwwwmainemeporg
Mid-Coast Regional Redevelopment
Authority Brunswick
ME wwwmrraus
Manufacturing Applications Center Gorham ME
httpwwwusmmaineedu
Maine Center for Enterprise
Development University of Southern
Maine
Portland ME
wwwmcedbiz
Maine Small Business Development
Center Portland
ME httpwwwmainesbdcorg
Southern Maine Community College
Sustainability and Energy Alternatives
Center
South
Portland ME httpwwwsmccmeedubusiness-a-
communitycomunity-resourcessustainability-
centerhtml
Environment and Energy Technology
Council of Maine Portland
ME wwwE2Techorg
Maine Technology Institute Gardiner ME
wwwmainetechnologyorg
Maine Innovation Economy advisory
Board Maine DECD Augusta ME httpwwwmainegovdecd
Governorrsquos Office of Energy
Independence and Security Augusta ME httpmainegovoeis
Utility Companies
Unitil httpwwwunitilcomcustomer-configuration
Bangor Gas Co httpwwwbangorgascom
Central Maine Power Co httpwwwcmpcocom
Bangor Hydro-Electric Co httpwwwbhecom
Maine Public Service Co httpwwwmainepublicservicecom
Appendix IV ndash Maine State Incentives and Programs
Funding Source Maine Public Utilities Commission
Program Title Community-based Renewable Energy Pilot Program
Applicable EnergiesTechnologies Solar Thermal Electric Photovoltaic Landfill Gas Wind
Biomass Hydroelectric Geothermal Electric Fuel Cells Anaerobic Digestion Tidal Energy
Fuel Cells using Renewable Fuels
Summary The Maine Utilities Commission (PUC) finalized the rule in February 2010 Legislation
mandates that up 10 50 MW of generating capacity will be permitted uned this program and
individual participants may not exceed 10 MW Of the 50 MW cap 10 must be reserved
specifically for small program participants or for participants located in a service territory of a
cooperative transmission and distribution utility
Restrictions
The PUC may require investor-owned utilities to enter into long-term contracts for energy capacity
resources or renewable energy credits (RECs) produced by the community-based project The
contacts term may not exceed 20 year the PUC will conduct long-term contract solicitations for
ldquolarge generatorsrdquo
Timing The Maine Public Utilities Commission is seeking proposals from suppliers of energy
capacity or renewable energy credits (RECs) for the development of community-based renewable
energy projects over 1 MW The docket number for this RFP is 2011-150 All inquiries about this
RFP should be directed to christinercookmainegov
Maximum Size Choice of either 15 REC credit multiplier or up to 10 MW DC
Requirements
To be eligible for incentives a generating facility must be 51 percent locally owned use renewable
energy resources be no larger than 10 MW in generating capacity and be located in the State
httpwwwstatemeusmpucelectricitycommunity_pilotshtml
Rebate amount $010kWh or cost fo the project whichever is lower
For further information please visit
httpwwwstatemeusmpucelectricitycommunity_pilotshtml
Source
Maine Public Utilities Commission ldquoCommunity-based Renewable Energy Pilot Programrdquo August 10 2011
DSIRE ldquoCommunity-based Renewable Energy Production Incentive (Pilot Program)rdquo August 10 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
42
Funding Source Voluntary Renewable Resource Grants
Program Title Voluntary Renewable Resources Fund
Applicable EnergiesTechnologies Solar Thermal Electric Photovoltaics Wind Biomass
Hydroelectric Geothermal Electric Fuel Cells Municipal Solid Waste Tidal Energy Fuel
Cells using Renewable Fuels
Summary Supported by the state Voluntary Renewable resource Fund and administered by the
Efficient Maine provide funding for small-scale demonstration projects designed to educate
communities on the value oand cost effectiveness of renewable energy
Restrictions To Qualify for grant funding renewable-energy resources generally must qualify as a
small power production facility un Federal Energy Regulatory Commission rules or must not exceed
100 MW in capacity and use one of more of the applicable energiestechnologies
Timing Start Date of this program occurred 12151998 and no expiration date is given
Maximum Size $50000
Requirements
httpwwwmainegovmpucrecovery
Rebate amount
$50000 Maximu
For further information please visit
httpwwwmainegovmpucrecovery
Source
Maine PUC ldquoFederal Stimulus MPUC and the Federal Recovery Packagerdquo ndash August 10 2011
DSIRE ldquoMaine - Voluntary Renewable Resource Grantsrdquo August 10 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
43
Appendix V ndash Partial Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Supply Chain Companies in Maine103
Organization Name Product or Service Category
1 University of Maine School of
Engineering Technology Research amp Development
2 University of Maine Advanced
Structures and Composites Center Research amp Development
3 Precision Partners-Mid-State Machine
Products Manufacturing Services
4 Ocean Energy Institute EngineeringDesign Services
5 Newfab Inc Manufacturing Services
6 New England Castings Other
7 Mitchell Ledge Farm Components
8 McNabb Marketing Resources Other
9 Maine Oxy Inc Fuel
10 Maine Machine Products Co Manufacturing Services
11 MacTec Inc FCH2 System DistrInstallMaint Services
12 Kennebec Technologies Manufacturing Services
13 Hydrogen Energy Center Service Center Lab or Test ConsultingLegalFinancial
Services
14 Hydrogen Energy Center Other
15 Green Energy Maine Other
16 Fire Risk Management Inc EngineeringDesign Services
17 Fire Risk Management EngineeringDesign Services
18 Fairchild Semiconductor Research amp Development
19 EcoMain Research amp Development
20 Control Point Inc Lab or Test EquipmentServices
21 Colby Company Engineering EngineeringDesign Services
22 Chewonki Foundation Other
23 Burroughs Machine Tool Products Equipment
24 Bernstein Shur ConsultingLegalFinancial Services
25 Bath Iron Works (General Dynamics
Inc) Research amp Development
26 AMEC EngineeringDesign Services
27 Advantages Gases and Tools Fuel
28 Advanced Manufacturing Center-
University of ME Manufacturing Services
103
Northeast Electrochemical Energy Storage Cluster Supply Chain Database Search httpneescorgresourcestype=1 August 11 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
44
Appendix VI ndash Comparison of Fuel Cell Technologies104
Fuel Cell
Type
Common
Electrolyte
Operating
Temperature
Typical
Stack
Size
Efficiency Applications Advantages Disadvantages
Polymer
Electrolyte
Membrane
(PEM)
Perfluoro sulfonic
acid
50-100degC
122-212deg
typically
80degC
lt 1 kW ndash 1
MW105
gt
kW 60
transportation
35
stationary
bull Backup power
bull Portable power
bull Distributed
generation
bull Transportation
bull Specialty vehicle
bull Solid electrolyte reduces
corrosion amp electrolyte
management problems
bull Low temperature
bull Quick start-up
bull Expensive catalysts
bull Sensitive to fuel
impurities
bull Low temperature waste
heat
Alkaline
(AFC)
Aqueous solution
of potassium
hydroxide soaked
in a matrix
90-100degC
194-212degF
10 ndash 100
kW 60
bull Military
bull Space
bull Cathode reaction faster
in alkaline electrolyte
leads to high performance
bull Low cost components
bull Sensitive to CO2
in fuel and air
bull Electrolyte management
Phosphoric
Acid
(PAFC)
Phosphoric acid
soaked in a matrix
150-200degC
302-392degF
400 kW
100 kW
module
40 bull Distributed
generation
bull Higher temperature enables
CHP
bull Increased tolerance to fuel
impurities
bull Pt catalyst
bull Long start up time
bull Low current and power
Molten
Carbonate
(MCFC)
Solution of lithium
sodium andor
potassium
carbonates soaked
in a matrix
600-700degC
1112-1292degF
300
k W- 3 M
W
300 kW
module
45 ndash 50
bull Electric utility
bull Distributed
generation
bull High efficiency
bull Fuel flexibility
bull Can use a variety of catalysts
bull Suitable for CHP
bull High temperature
corrosion and breakdown
of cell components
bull Long start up time
bull Low power density
Solid Oxide
(SOFC)
Yttria stabilized
zirconia
700-1000degC
1202-1832degF
1 kW ndash 2
MW 60
bull Auxiliary power
bull Electric utility
bull Distributed
generation
bull High efficiency
bull Fuel flexibility
bull Can use a variety of catalysts
bull Solid electrolyte
bull Suitable f o r CHP amp CHHP
bull HybridGT cycle
bull High temperature
corrosion and breakdown
of cell components
bull High temperature
operation requires long
start up
time and limits
Polymer Electrolyte is no longer a single category row Data shown does not take into account High Temperature PEM which operates in the range of 160oC to 180
oC It solves
virtually all of the disadvantages listed under PEM It is not sensitive to impurities It has usable heat Stack efficiencies of 52 on the high side are realized HTPEM is not a
PAFC fuel cell and should not be confused with one
104 US Department of Energy Fuel Cells Technology Program httpwww1eereenergygovhydrogenandfuelcellsfuelcellspdfsfc_comparison_chartpdf August 5 2011 105
Ballard ldquoCLEARgen Multi-MY Systemsrdquo httpwwwballardcomfuel-cell-productscleargen-multi-mw-systemsaspx November 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
45
Appendix VII ndashAnalysis of Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities and Threats for Maine
Strengths
Stationary Power ndash Strong market drivers including high
electricity cost cold climate reliance on oil for space heating
strong CHP and district heating market strong environmental
and green energy awareness) capable core of fuel cell CHP
installers energy storage demand to serve MErsquos aggressive
wind-power industry strong ongoing expansion of natural gas
servicedistribution
Transportation Power - Strong market drivers including a
dispersed population highly reliant on truck and auto
transportation receptive and environmentally conscious
alternative fuelstransportation market relatively low income
population in need of relief from automobile fuel costs strong
Navy shipbuilding industry as potential user of H2FC auxiliary
power system strongly interested in fleet-based hydrogen
fueling station development (SunHydro model) strong interest
in municipal transit and fuel cell -powered rail
Economic Development Factors ndash Brunswick Renewable
Energy Park emphasis on skills development and technology
synergies aggressive state level policy to policy to develop
renewable wind and biomass energy technologies skilled and
well organized network of precision manufacturing firms tied
into aerospace and communications equipment industries
strong labor force at relatively low wages RampDbusiness
infrastructure for advanced biofuels and composite material
structures growing University of Maine commitment to fuel
cell and biomass RampD state funding source familiaritycomfort
with H2FC technology
Weaknesses
Stationary Power ndash No technologyindustrial momentum at the
OEM level geographically distant from OEMs for component-
supply opportunities
Transportation Power ndash No technologyindustrial base at the
OEM level lack of infrastructure funding relatively dispersed
population for transportation services
Economic Development Factors ndash limited state incentives
somewhat sluggish overall state economy relatively
undeveloped core of technology skillsknowledge base
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
46
Opportunities
Stationary Power ndash Opportunity as an ldquoearly adaptor marketrdquo
some supply chain buildup opportunities around SP deployment
Linkage between H2FC technologies and advanced biofuels
RampD Dispersed population amp economy needs distributed
solutions Major need for power storage in conjunction with
Maines planned offshore wind-power RampD and development
Transportation Power ndash Hydrogen refueling station plans Early-
stage potential for major roll-out in marine auxiliary power (US
Navy) Commuter rail expansion
Portable Power ndash Little currently-identified opportunity
Economic Development Factors ndash Brunswick ldquoRenewable Energy
Industrial Parkrdquo can be significant seed nucleus for both
deployment amp development Machine-tool industry pursuing
H2FC components supply-chain opportunities
Threats
Stationary Power ndash The regionrsquos favorable market
needsdemand could be met by other technologiessources ndash
Canadian hydro amp nuclear wind geothermal direct biomass
and power-storage alternatives ndash batteries solid state ammonia
etc
Transportation Power ndash The regionrsquos favorable market
characteristics and needs could be met by other electric
vehicles particularly in the absence of a hydrogen
infrastructure
Economic Development Factors ndash competition from more fully-
equipped statesregions wind and other renewables grab Maine
energy industry momentum lack of funding to sustain
University of MErsquos momentum in storage and fuel cell
technologies related to biomass and wind hesitation of state
government to support alternative energy incentives
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
47
Appendix VIII ndash Partial list of Fuel Cell Deployment in the Northeast region
Manufacturer Site Name Site Location Year Installed
Plug Power T-Mobile cell tower Storrs CT 2008
Plug Power Albany International Airport Albany NY 2004
FuelCell Energy Pepperidge Farms Plant Bloomfield CT 2005
FuelCell Energy Peabody Museum New Haven CT 2003
FuelCell Energy Sheraton New York Hotel amp Towers Manhattan NY 2004
FuelCell Energy Sheraton Hotel Edison NJ 2003
FuelCell Energy Sheraton Hotel Parsippany NJ 2003
UTC Power Cabelas Sporting Goods East Hartford CT 2008
UTC Power Whole Foods Market Glastonbury CT 2008
UTC Power Connecticut Science Center Hartford CT 2009
UTC Power St Francis Hospital Hartford CT 2003
UTC Power Middletown High School Middletown CT 2008
UTC Power Connecticut Juvenile Training School Middletown CT 2001
UTC Power 360 State Street Apartment Building New Haven CT 2010
UTC Power South Windsor High School South Windsor CT 2002
UTC Power Mohegan Sun Casino Hotel Uncasville CT 2002
UTC Power CTTransit Fuel Cell Bus Hartford CT 2007
UTC Power Whole Foods Market Dedham MA 2009
UTC Power Bronx Zoo Bronx NY 2008
UTC Power North Central Bronx Hospital Bronx NY 2000
UTC Power Hunts Point Water Pollution Control Plant Bronx NY 2005
UTC Power Price Chopper Supermarket Colonie NY 2010
UTC Power East Rochester High School East Rochester NY 2007
UTC Power Coca-Cola Refreshments Production Facility Elmsford NY 2010
UTC Power Verizon Call Center and Communications Building Garden City NY 2005
UTC Power State Office Building Hauppauge NY 2009
UTC Power Liverpool High School Liverpool NY 2000
UTC Power New York Hilton Hotel New York City NY 2007
UTC Power Central Park Police Station New York City NY 1999
UTC Power Rochester Institute of Technology Rochester NY 1993
UTC Power NYPA office building White Plains NY 2010
UTC Power Wastewater treatment plant Yonkers NY 1997
UTC Power The Octagon Roosevelt Island NY 2011
UTC Power Johnson amp Johnson World Headquarters New Brunswick NJ 2003
UTC Power CTTRANSIT (Fuel Cell Powered Buses) Hartford CT 2007 - Present
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
48
Appendix IX ndash Partial list of Fuel Cell-Powered Forklifts in North America106
Company CityTown State Site Year
Deployed
Fuel Cell
Manufacturer
of
forklifts
Coca-Cola San Leandro CA
Bottling and
distribution center 2011 Plug Power 37
Charlotte NC Bottling facility 2011 Plug Power 40
EARP
Distribution Kansas City KS Distribution center 2011
Oorja
Protonics 24
Golden State
Foods Lemont IL Distribution facility 2011
Oorja
Protonics 20
Kroger Co Compton CA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 161
Sysco
Riverside CA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 80
Boston MA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 160
Long Island NY Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 42
San Antonio TX Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 113
Front Royal VA Redistribution
facility 2011 Plug Power 100
Baldor
Specialty Foods Bronx NY Facility
Planned
in 2012
Oorja
Protonics 50
BMW
Manufacturing
Co
Spartanburg SC Manufacturing
plant 2010 Plug Power 86
Defense
Logistics
Agency US
Department of
Defense
San Joaquin CA Distribution facility 2011 Plug Power 20
Fort Lewis WA Distribution depot 2011 Plug Power 19
Warner
Robins GA Distribution depot 2010 Hydrogenics 20
Susquehanna PA Distribution depot 2010 Plug Power 15
2009 Nuvera 40
Martin-Brower Stockton CA Food distribution
center 2010
Oorja
Protonics 15
United Natural
Foods Inc
(UNFI)
Sarasota FL Distribution center 2010 Plug Power 65
Wal-Mart
Balzac Al
Canada
Refrigerated
distribution center 2010 Plug Power 80
Washington
Court House OH
Food distribution
center 2007 Plug Power 55
Wegmans Pottsville PA Warehouse 2010 Plug Power 136
Whole Foods
Market Landover MD Distribution center 2010 Plug Power 61
106
FuelCell2000 ldquoFuel Cell-Powered Forklifts in North Americardquo httpwwwfuelcellsorginfochartsforkliftspdf November
2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
49
Appendix X ndash Comparison of PEM Fuel Cell and Battery-Powered Material Handling
Equipment
3 kW PEM Fuel Cell-Powered
Pallet Trucks
3 kW Battery-powered
(2 batteries per truck)
Total Fuel Cycle Energy Use
(total energy consumedkWh
delivered to the wheels) -12000 BtukWh 14000 BtukWh
Fuel Cycle GHG Emissions
(in g CO2 equivalent 820 gkWh 1200 gkWh
Estimated Product Life 8-10 years 4-5 years No Emissions at Point of Use
Quiet Operation
Wide Ambient Operating
Temperature range
Constant Power Available
over Shift
Routine Maintenance Costs
($YR) $1250 - $1500year $2000year
Time for RefuelingChanging
Batteries 4 ndash 8 minday 45-60 minday (for battery change-outs)
8 hours (for battery recharging amp cooling) Cost of FuelElectricity $6000year $1300year Labor Cost of
refuelingRecharging $1100year $8750year
Net Present Value of Capital
Cost $12600
($18000 wo incentive) $14000
Net Present Value of OampM
costs (including fuel) $52000 $128000
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
50
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
18
MAINE
Figure 11 Commercial Airports) An example of an airport currently hosting a fuel cell power plant to
provide backup power is Albany International Airport located in Albany New York
Table 14 ndash Maine Top Airports Enplanement Count
Airport59
Total Enplanement in 2000
Portland International Jetport 668098
Bangor International 272833
Northern Maine Regional at Presque Isle 25174
Knox County Regional 17328
Hancock County Bar harbor 14399
Augusta State 7148
Bangor International Airport (BGR) is considered the only ldquoJoint-Userdquo airport in Maine Joint-Use
facilities are establishments where the military department authorizes use of the military runway for
public airport services Army Aviation Support Facilities (AASF) located at this site are used by the
Army to provide aircraft and equipment readiness train and utilize military personnel conduct flight
training and operations and perform field level maintenance Bangor International Airport represents a
favorable opportunity for the application of uninterruptible power for necessary services associated with
national defense and emergency response and is located in a community serviced by natural gas
(Appendix I ndash Figure 11 Commercial Airports)
Table 15 - Airport Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
103
(12)
5(1)
(1)
1
(1)
15
(1)
11826
(1)
31851
(1)
2271
(8)
Military The US Department of Defense (DOD) is the largest funding organization in terms of supporting fuel
cell activities for military applications in the world DOD organizations are using fuel cells for
Stationary units for power supply in bases
Fuel cell units in transport applications
Portable units for equipping individual soldiers or group of soldiers
In a collaborative partnership with the DOE the DOD plans to install and operate 18 fuel cell backup
power systems at eight of its military installations two of which are located within the Northeast region
(New York and New Jersey)60
In addition the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard (PSNY) in Kittery Maine
occupies more than 297 acres on base employs approximately 4500 civilian employees and 100 naval
officers in addition to enlisted personal assigned to the shipyard and is a potential application for
hydrogen and fuel cell technology (Appendix I ndash Figure 11 Commercial Airports) 61
59 Bureau of Transportation Statistics ldquoMaine Transportation Profilerdquo
wwwbtsgovpublicationsstate_transportation_statisticsmainepdfentirepdf March 30 2011 60 Fuel Cell Today ldquoUS DoD to Install Fuel cell Backup Power Systems at Eight Military Installationsrdquo
httpwwwfuelcelltodaycomonlinenewsarticles2011-07US-DOD-FC-Backup-Power-Systems July 20 2011 61
Portsmouth Naval Shipyard ldquoShipyard Factsrdquo httpwwwnavseanavymilshipyardsportsmouthPagesFactsaspx August
2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
19
MAINE
Table 16 - Military Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
1
(7)
1
(7)
1
(7)
03
(7)
2365
(7)
6370
(7)
454
(6)
POTENTIAL TRANSPORTATION TARGETS
Transportation is responsible for one-fourth of the total global GHG emissions and consumes 75 percent
of the worldrsquos oil production In 2010 the US used 21 million barrels of non-renewable petroleum each
day Roughly 29 percent of Mainersquos energy consumption is due to demands of the transportation sector
including gasoline and on-highway diesel petroleum for automobiles trucks and buses A small percent
of non-renewable petroleum is used for jet and ship fuel62
The current economy in the US is dependent on hydrocarbon energy sources and any disruption or
shortage of this energy supply will severely affect many energy related activities including
transportation As oil and other non-sustainable hydrocarbon energy resources become scarce energy
prices will increase and the reliability of supply will be reduced Government and industry are now
investigating the use of hydrogen and renewable energy as a replacement of hydrocarbon fuels
Hydrogen-fueled fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) have many advantages over conventional
technology including
Quiet operation
Near zero emissions of controlled pollutants such as nitrous oxide carbon monoxide
hydrocarbon gases or particulates
Substantial (30 to 50 percent) reduction in GHG emissions on a well-to-wheel basis compared to
conventional gasoline or gasoline-hybrid vehicles when the hydrogen is produced by
conventional methods such as natural gas and 100 percent when hydrogen is produced from a
clean energy source
Ability to fuel vehicles with indigenous energy sources which reduces dependence on imported
energy and adds to energy security and
Higher efficiency than conventional vehicles (See Table 4)6364
Table 17 - Average Energy Efficiency of Conventional and Fuel Cell Vehicles (mpge65
)
Passenger Car Light Truck Transit Bus
Hydrogen Gasoline Hybrid Gasoline Hydrogen Gasoline Hydrogen Fuel Cell Diesel
52 50 293 492 215 54 39
FCEVs can reduce price volatility dependence on oil improve environmental performance and provide
greater efficiencies than conventional transportation technologies as follows
62 ldquoUS Oil Consumption to BP Spillrdquo httpapplesfromorangescom201005us-oil-consumption-to-bp-spill May31 2010 63 ldquoChallenges for Sustainable Mobility and Development of Fuel Cell Vehiclesrdquo Masatami Takimoto Executive Vice President
Toyota Motor Corporation January 26 2006 Presentation at the 2nd International Hydrogen amp Fuel Cell Expo Technical
Conference Tokyo Japan 64 ldquoTwenty Hydrogen Mythsrdquo Amory B Lovins Rocky Mountain Institute June 20 2003 65 Miles per Gallon Equivalent
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
20
MAINE
Replacement of gasoline-fueled passenger vehicles and light duty trucks and diesel-fueled transit
buses with FCEVs could result in annual CO2 emission reductions (per vehicle) of approximately
10170 15770 and 182984 pounds per year respectively66
Replacement of gasoline-fueled passenger vehicles and light duty trucks and diesel-fueled transit
buses with FCEVs could result in annual energy savings (per vehicle) of approximately 230
gallons of gasoline (passenger vehicle) 485 gallons of gasoline (light duty truck) and 4390
gallons of diesel (bus)
Replacement of gasoline-fueled passenger vehicles light duty trucks and diesel-fueled transit
buses with FCEVs could result in annual fuel cost savings of approximately $885 per passenger
vehicle $1866 per light duty truck and $17560 per bus67
Automobile manufacturers such as Toyota General Motors Honda Daimler AG and Hyundai have
projected that models of their FCEVs will begin to roll out in larger numbers by 2015 Longer term the
US DOE has projected that between 151 million and 239 million light duty FCEVs may be sold each
year by 2050 and between 144 million and 347 million light duty FCEVs may be in use by 2050 with a
transition to a hydrogen economy These estimates could be accelerated if political economic energy
security or environmental polices prompt a rapid advancement in alternative fuels68
Mainersquos opportunities to support these new vehicles include alternative fueling stations Maine
Department of Transportation (MDOT) refueling stations bus transit operations government public and
privately owned fleets and material handling and airport ground support equipment (GSE) Graphical
representation of these opportunities analyzed are depicted in Appendix I
Alternative Fueling Stations
There are approximately 1400 retail fueling stations in Maine69
however only 10 public andor private
stations within the state provide alternative fuels such as biodiesel compressed natural gas propane
andor electricity for alternative-fueled vehicles70
There are also at least 17 refueling stations owned and
operated by MDOT that can be used by authorities operating federal and state safety vehicles state transit
vehicles and employees of universities that operate fleet vehicles on a regular basis 71
Development of
hydrogen fueling at alternative fuel stations and at selected locations owned and operated by MDOT
would help facilitate the deployment of FCEVs within the state (Appendix I ndash Figure 12 Alternative
Fueling Stations) Currently there are approximately 18 existing or planned transportation fueling
stations in the Northeast region where hydrogen is provided as an alternative fuel72737475
66 Fuel Cell Economic Development Plan Connecticut Department of Economic and Community Development and the
Connecticut Center for Advanced Technology Inc January 1 2008 Calculations based upon average annual mileage of 12500
miles for passenger car and 14000 miles for light trucks (US EPA) and 37000 average milesyear per bus (US DOT FTA
2007) 67 US EIA Weekly Retail Gasoline and Diesel Prices gasoline - $3847 and diesel ndash 400
wwweiagovdnavpetpet_pri_gnd_a_epm0r_pte_dpgal_whtm 68
Effects of a Transition to a Hydrogen Economy on Employment in the United States Report to Congress
httpwwwhydrogenenergygovcongress_reportshtml August 2011 69 ldquoPublic retail gasoline stations state yearrdquo wwwafdcenergygovafdcdatadocsgasoline_stations_statexls May 5 2011 70 Alternative Fuels Data Center wwwafdcenergygovafdclocatorstations 71 EPA ldquoGovernment UST Noncompliance Report-2007rdquo wwwepagovoustdocsME20Compliance20Reportpdf August
82007 72 Alternative Fuels Data Center httpwwwafdcenergygovafdclocatorstations 73 Hyride ldquoAbout the fueling stationrdquo httpwwwhyrideorghtml-about_hyrideAbout_Fuelinghtml 74 CTTransit ldquoHartford Bus Facility Site Work (Phase 1)rdquo
wwwcttransitcomProcurementsDisplayaspProcurementID=8752CA67-AB1F-4D88-BCEC-4B82AC8A2542 March 2011 75
Currently there are no publicly or privately accessible transportation fueling stations where hydrogen is provided as an
alternative fuel in Maine
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
21
MAINE
Fleets
There are over 7000 fleet vehicles (excluding state and federal vehicles) classified as non-leasing or
company owned vehicles in Maine 76
Fleet vehicles typically account for more than twice the amount of
mileage and therefore twice the fuel consumption and emissions compared to personal vehicles on a per
vehicle basis There are an additional 1781 passenger automobiles andor light duty trucks in Maine
owned by state and federal agencies (excluding state police) that traveled a combined 14965373 miles in
2010 while releasing 1031 metrics tons of CO2 77
Conversion of fleet vehicles from conventional fossil
fuels to FCEVs could significantly reduce petroleum consumption and GHG emissions Fleet vehicle
hubs are good candidates for hydrogen refueling and conversion to FCEVs because they mostly operate
on fixed routes or within fixed districts and are fueled from a centralized station
Bus Transit
There are approximately 61 directly operated buses that provide public transportation services in Maine78
As discussed above replacement of a conventional diesel transit bus with a fuel cell transit bus would
result in the reduction of CO2 emissions (estimated at approximately 183000 pounds per year) and
reduction of diesel fuel (estimated at approximately 4390 gallons per year)79
Although the efficiency of
conventional diesel buses has increased conventional diesel buses which typically achieve fuel economy
performance levels of 39 miles per gallon have the greatest potential for energy savings by using high
efficiency fuel cells In addition to Maine other states have also begun the transition of fueling transit
buses with alternative fuels to improve efficiency and environmental performance
Material Handling
Material handling equipment such as forklifts are used by a variety of industries including
manufacturing construction mining agriculture food retailers and wholesale trade to move goods
within a facility or to load goods for shipping to another site Material handling equipment is usually
battery propane or diesel powered Batteries that currently power material handling equipment are heavy
and take up significant storage space while only providing up to 6 hours of run time Fuel cells can
ensure constant power delivery and performance eliminating the reduction in voltage output that occurs
as batteries discharge Fuel cell powered material handling equipment last more than twice as long (12-
14 hours) and also eliminate the need for battery storage and charging rooms leaving more space for
products In addition fueling time only takes two to three minutes by the operator compared to least 20
minutes or more for each battery replacement which saves the operator valuable time and increases
warehouse productivity
In addition fuel cell powered material handling equipment has significant cost advantages compared to
batteries such as
15 times lower maintenance cost
8 times lower refuelingrecharging labor cost
2 times lower net present value of total operations and management (OampM) system cost
76
Fleetcom ldquo2009-My Registrationrdquo httpwwwautomotive-
fleetcomStatisticsStatsVieweraspxfile=http3a2f2fwwwautomotive-fleetcom2ffc_resources2fstats2fAFFB10-16-
top10-statepdfampchannel 77 US General Services Administration ldquoGSA 2010 Fleet Reportsrdquo Table 4-2 httpwwwgsagovportalcontent230525 September
2011 78
NTD Date ldquoTS22 - Service Data and Operating Expenses Time-Series by Systemrdquo
httpwwwntdprogramgovntdprogramdatahtm December 2011 79 Fuel Cell Economic Development Plan Connecticut Department of Economic and Community Development and the
Connecticut Center for Advanced Technology Inc January 1 2008
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
22
MAINE
63 percent less emissions of GHG (Appendix X provides a comparison of PEM fuel cell and
battery-powered material handling equipment)
Fuel cell powered material handling equipment is already in use at dozens of warehouses distribution
centers and manufacturing plants in North America80
Large corporations that are currently using or
planning to use fuel cell powered material handling equipment include CVS Coca-Cola BMW Central
Grocers and Wal-Mart (Refer to Appendix IX for a partial list of companies in North America that using
fuel cell powered forklifts)81
There are approximately five distribution centerswarehouse sites that have
been identified in Maine that may benefit from the use of fuel cell powered material handling equipment
(Appendix I ndash Figure 13 Distribution CentersWarehouses amp Ports)
Ground Support Equipment
Ground support equipment (GSE) such as catering trucks deicers and airport tugs can be battery
operated or more commonly run on diesel or gasoline As an alternative hydrogen-powered tugs are
being developed for both military and commercial applications While their performance is similar to that
of other battery-powered equipment a fuel cell-powered GSE remains fully charged (provided there is
hydrogen fuel available) and do not experience performance lag at the end of a shift like battery-powered
GSEs82
Potential large end-users of GSE that serve Mainersquos largest airports include Air Canada Delta
Airlines Continental JetBlue United and US Airways83
(Appendix I ndash Figure 11 Commercial
Airports)
Ports
Maine has 3480 miles of coastline with six cargo ports and 13 cruise ship ports The ports of Portland
and Bath Maine which service large vessels such as container ships tankers bulk carriers and cruise
ships may be candidates for improved energy management Commercial marine vessels (cargo ships
entering and leaving Marine ports) contribute approximately 166 tons of volatile organic compounds
(VOC) 1134 tons of NOX 374 tons of CO 124 tons of sulfur dioxide SO2 and 91 tons of particulate
matter (PM10) per year84
In one year a single large container ship can emit pollutants equivalent to that of 50 million cars The
low grade bunker fuel used by the worlds 90000 cargo ships contains up to 2000 times the amount of
sulfur compared to diesel fuel used in automobiles85
Furthermore diesel emissions from cruise ships
while at port are a significant source of air pollution While docked vessels shut off their main engines
but use auxiliary diesel and steam engines to power refrigeration lights pumps and other functions a
process called ldquocold-ironing An estimated one-third of ship emissions occur while they are idling at
berth Replacing auxiliary engines with on-shore electric power could significantly reduce emissions
The applications of fuel cell technology at ports may also provide electric and thermal energy for
improving energy management for warehouses and equipment operated between terminals (Appendix I ndash
Figure 13 Distribution CentersWarehouses amp Ports)86
80 DOE EERE ldquoEarly Markets Fuel Cells for Material Handling Equipmentrdquo
www1eereenergygovhydrogenandfuelcellseducationpdfsearly_markets_forkliftspdf February 2011 81 Plug Power ldquoPlug Power Celebrates Successful year for Companyrsquos Manufacturing and Sales Activityrdquo
wwwplugpowercom January 4 2011 82 Battelle ldquoIdentification and Characterization of Near-Term Direct Hydrogen Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Marketsrdquo
April 2007 www1eereenergygovhydrogenandfuelcellspdfspemfc_econ_2006_report_final_0407pdf 83 PWM ldquoAirlinesrdquo httpwwwportlandjetportorgairlines August 24 2011 84
Maine Department of Environmental Protection ldquoAir Emission from Marine Vesselsrdquo
httpwwwmainegovdepblwqtopicvesselairemissionsreportpdf January 15 2005 85
ldquoBig polluters one massive container ship equals 50 million carsrdquo Paul Evans httpwwwgizmagcomshipping-
pollution11526 April 232009 86
Savemayportvillagenet ldquoCruise Ship Pollutionrdquo httpwwwsavemayportvillagenetid20html October 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
23
MAINE
Table 18 -Ports Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
42
(35)
2
(11)
2
(11)
06
(11)
4730
(11)
12741
(11)
908
(9)
CONCLUSION
Hydrogen and fuel cell technology offers significant opportunities for improved energy reliability energy
efficiency and emission reductions Large fuel cell units (gt300 kW) may be appropriate for applications
that serve large electric and thermal loads Smaller fuel cell units (lt 300 kW) may provide back-up power
for telecommunication sites restaurantsfast food outlets and smaller sized public facilities at this time
Table 19 ndashSummary of Potential Fuel Cell Applications
Category Total Sites Potential
Sites
Number of Fuel
Cells
lt 300 kW
Number of
Fuel Cells
gt300 kW
CB
EC
S D
ata
Education 964 6587
23 42
Food Sales 1800+ 4588
45
Food Services 2100+ 1589
15
Inpatient Healthcare 181 4290
42
Lodging 837 1891
18
Public Order amp Safety 216 1092
10
Energy Intensive Industries 156 693
6
Government Operated
Buildings 114 4
94
4
Wireless
Telecommunication
Towers
50995
5196
51
WWTPs 111 197
1
Landfills 25 198
1
Airports (w AASF) 103 5 (1)99
5
87 65 high schools andor college and universities located in communities serviced by natural gas 88 45 food sale facilities located in communities serviced by natural gas 89 Ten percent of the 97 food service facilities located in communities serviced by natural gas 90 Eight Hospitals located in communities serviced by natural gas and occupying 150+ or more beds onsite 91 15 hotel facilities with 100+ rooms onsite and three convalescent homes with 150+ bed onsite located in communities serviced
by natural gas 92 Correctional facilities andor other public order and safety facilities with 212 workers or more 93 Ten percent of the 64 energy intensive industry facilities located in communities serviced with natural gas 94 Four actively owned federal government operated building located in communities serviced by natural gas 95
The Federal Communications Commission regulates interstate and international communications by radio television wire
satellite and cable in all 50 states the District of Columbia and US territories 96 Ten percent of the 509 wireless telecommunication sites in Mainersquos targeted for back-up PEM fuel cell deployment 97 Ten percent of Maine WWTP with average flows of 30+ MGD 98 Ten percent of the landfills targeted based on LMOP data
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
24
MAINE
Military 1 1 1
Ports 42 2 2
Total 7159+ 266 74 192
As shown in Table 5 the analysis provided here estimates that there are approximately 266 potential
locations which may be favorable candidates for the application of a fuel cell to provide heat and power
Assuming the demand for electricity was uniform throughout the year approximately 150 to 192 fuel cell
units with a capacity of 300 ndash 400 kW could be deployed for a total fuel cell capacity of 58 to 77 MWs
If opportunities for fuel cell use in Maine identified in this report are met with 300 kW units a minimum
of 473040 MWh electric and 127 million MMBTUs (equivalent to 373404 MWh) of thermal energy
would be produced which could reduce CO2 emissions by at least 90824 tons per year 100
Maine can also benefit from the use of hydrogen and fuel cell technology for transportation such as
passenger fleets transit district fleets municipal fleets and state department fleets The application of
hydrogen and fuel cell technology for transportation would reduce the dependence on oil improve
environmental performance and provide greater efficiencies than conventional transportation
technologies
bull Replacement of a gasoline-fueled passenger vehicle with FCEVs could result in annual CO2
emission reductions (per vehicle) of approximately 10170 pounds annual energy savings of 230
gallons of gasoline and annual fuel cost savings of $885
bull Replacement of a gasoline-fueled light duty truck with FCEVs could result in annual CO2
emission reductions (per light duty truck) of approximately 15770 pounds annual energy savings
of 485 gallons of gasoline and annual fuel cost savings of $1866
bull Replacement of a diesel-fueled transit bus with a fuel cell powered bus could result in annual CO2
emission reductions (per bus) of approximately 182984 pounds annual energy savings of 4390
gallons of fuel and annual fuel cost savings of $17560
Hydrogen and fuel cell technology also provides significant opportunities for job creation andor
economic development Realizing over $2 million in revenue and investment in 2010 the hydrogen and
fuel cell industry in Maine is estimated to have contributed approximately $113000 in state and local tax
revenue and over $29 million in gross state product Currently there are at least 30 Maine companies
that are part of the growing hydrogen and fuel cell industry supply chain in the Northeast region If
neweremerging hydrogen and fuel cell technology were to gain momentum the number of companies
and employment for the industry could grow substantially
99 Airport facilities with 2500+ annual Enplanement Counts andor AASF 100
If opportunities for fuel cell use in Maine identified in this report are met with 400 kW units a minimum of 665760 MWh
electric and 312 million MMBTUs (equivalent to 915127 MWh) of thermal energy would be produced which could reduce CO2
emissions by at least 127826 tons per year
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
25
MAINE
APPENDICES
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
26
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 1 Education
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
27
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 2 Food Sales
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
28
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 3 Food Services
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
29
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 4 Inpatient Healthcare
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
30
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 5 Lodging
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
31
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 6 Public Order and Safety
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
32
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 7 Energy Intensive Industries
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
33
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 8 Federal Government Operated Buildings
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
34
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 9 Telecommunication Sites
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
35
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 10 Solid and Liquid Waste Sites
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
36
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 11 Commercial Airports
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
37
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 12 Alternative Fueling Stations
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
38
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 13 Distribution CentersWarehouses amp Ports
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
39
MAINE
Appendix II ndash Maine Estimated Electrical Consumption per Sector
Category Total Site
Electric Consumption per Building
(1000 kWh)101
kWh Consumed per Sector
New England
Education 925 161844 149705700
Food Sales 1800 319821 575677800
Food Services 2100 128 269199000
Inpatient Healthcare 181 603863 1092991125
Lodging 837 21312 178379766
Public Order amp Safety 262 77855 20398010
Total 6105 2286351401
Residential102
4503000000
Industrial 3702000000
Commercial 4503000000
Other Commercial 2286351401
101
EIA Electricity consumption and expenditure intensities for Non-Mall Building 2003 102
DOE EERE ldquoElectric Power and Renewable Energy in Mainerdquo httpapps1eereenergygovstateselectricitycfmstate=ME
August 25 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
40
MAINE
Appendix III ndash Key Stakeholders
Organization CityTown State Website Hydrogen Energy Center Portland ME wwwhydrogenenergycenterorg
University of Maine School of
Engineering Technology Orono ME httpwwwumaineeduset
University of Maine Advanced
Manufacturing Center Orono
ME wwwumaineeduamc
University of Maine Advanced
Structures and Composites Center Orono
ME httpwww2umaineeduaewc
Manufacturers Association of Maine Westbrook ME
wwwmainemfgcom
Maine Manufacturing Extension
Partnership Augusta
ME httpwwwmainemeporg
Mid-Coast Regional Redevelopment
Authority Brunswick
ME wwwmrraus
Manufacturing Applications Center Gorham ME
httpwwwusmmaineedu
Maine Center for Enterprise
Development University of Southern
Maine
Portland ME
wwwmcedbiz
Maine Small Business Development
Center Portland
ME httpwwwmainesbdcorg
Southern Maine Community College
Sustainability and Energy Alternatives
Center
South
Portland ME httpwwwsmccmeedubusiness-a-
communitycomunity-resourcessustainability-
centerhtml
Environment and Energy Technology
Council of Maine Portland
ME wwwE2Techorg
Maine Technology Institute Gardiner ME
wwwmainetechnologyorg
Maine Innovation Economy advisory
Board Maine DECD Augusta ME httpwwwmainegovdecd
Governorrsquos Office of Energy
Independence and Security Augusta ME httpmainegovoeis
Utility Companies
Unitil httpwwwunitilcomcustomer-configuration
Bangor Gas Co httpwwwbangorgascom
Central Maine Power Co httpwwwcmpcocom
Bangor Hydro-Electric Co httpwwwbhecom
Maine Public Service Co httpwwwmainepublicservicecom
Appendix IV ndash Maine State Incentives and Programs
Funding Source Maine Public Utilities Commission
Program Title Community-based Renewable Energy Pilot Program
Applicable EnergiesTechnologies Solar Thermal Electric Photovoltaic Landfill Gas Wind
Biomass Hydroelectric Geothermal Electric Fuel Cells Anaerobic Digestion Tidal Energy
Fuel Cells using Renewable Fuels
Summary The Maine Utilities Commission (PUC) finalized the rule in February 2010 Legislation
mandates that up 10 50 MW of generating capacity will be permitted uned this program and
individual participants may not exceed 10 MW Of the 50 MW cap 10 must be reserved
specifically for small program participants or for participants located in a service territory of a
cooperative transmission and distribution utility
Restrictions
The PUC may require investor-owned utilities to enter into long-term contracts for energy capacity
resources or renewable energy credits (RECs) produced by the community-based project The
contacts term may not exceed 20 year the PUC will conduct long-term contract solicitations for
ldquolarge generatorsrdquo
Timing The Maine Public Utilities Commission is seeking proposals from suppliers of energy
capacity or renewable energy credits (RECs) for the development of community-based renewable
energy projects over 1 MW The docket number for this RFP is 2011-150 All inquiries about this
RFP should be directed to christinercookmainegov
Maximum Size Choice of either 15 REC credit multiplier or up to 10 MW DC
Requirements
To be eligible for incentives a generating facility must be 51 percent locally owned use renewable
energy resources be no larger than 10 MW in generating capacity and be located in the State
httpwwwstatemeusmpucelectricitycommunity_pilotshtml
Rebate amount $010kWh or cost fo the project whichever is lower
For further information please visit
httpwwwstatemeusmpucelectricitycommunity_pilotshtml
Source
Maine Public Utilities Commission ldquoCommunity-based Renewable Energy Pilot Programrdquo August 10 2011
DSIRE ldquoCommunity-based Renewable Energy Production Incentive (Pilot Program)rdquo August 10 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
42
Funding Source Voluntary Renewable Resource Grants
Program Title Voluntary Renewable Resources Fund
Applicable EnergiesTechnologies Solar Thermal Electric Photovoltaics Wind Biomass
Hydroelectric Geothermal Electric Fuel Cells Municipal Solid Waste Tidal Energy Fuel
Cells using Renewable Fuels
Summary Supported by the state Voluntary Renewable resource Fund and administered by the
Efficient Maine provide funding for small-scale demonstration projects designed to educate
communities on the value oand cost effectiveness of renewable energy
Restrictions To Qualify for grant funding renewable-energy resources generally must qualify as a
small power production facility un Federal Energy Regulatory Commission rules or must not exceed
100 MW in capacity and use one of more of the applicable energiestechnologies
Timing Start Date of this program occurred 12151998 and no expiration date is given
Maximum Size $50000
Requirements
httpwwwmainegovmpucrecovery
Rebate amount
$50000 Maximu
For further information please visit
httpwwwmainegovmpucrecovery
Source
Maine PUC ldquoFederal Stimulus MPUC and the Federal Recovery Packagerdquo ndash August 10 2011
DSIRE ldquoMaine - Voluntary Renewable Resource Grantsrdquo August 10 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
43
Appendix V ndash Partial Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Supply Chain Companies in Maine103
Organization Name Product or Service Category
1 University of Maine School of
Engineering Technology Research amp Development
2 University of Maine Advanced
Structures and Composites Center Research amp Development
3 Precision Partners-Mid-State Machine
Products Manufacturing Services
4 Ocean Energy Institute EngineeringDesign Services
5 Newfab Inc Manufacturing Services
6 New England Castings Other
7 Mitchell Ledge Farm Components
8 McNabb Marketing Resources Other
9 Maine Oxy Inc Fuel
10 Maine Machine Products Co Manufacturing Services
11 MacTec Inc FCH2 System DistrInstallMaint Services
12 Kennebec Technologies Manufacturing Services
13 Hydrogen Energy Center Service Center Lab or Test ConsultingLegalFinancial
Services
14 Hydrogen Energy Center Other
15 Green Energy Maine Other
16 Fire Risk Management Inc EngineeringDesign Services
17 Fire Risk Management EngineeringDesign Services
18 Fairchild Semiconductor Research amp Development
19 EcoMain Research amp Development
20 Control Point Inc Lab or Test EquipmentServices
21 Colby Company Engineering EngineeringDesign Services
22 Chewonki Foundation Other
23 Burroughs Machine Tool Products Equipment
24 Bernstein Shur ConsultingLegalFinancial Services
25 Bath Iron Works (General Dynamics
Inc) Research amp Development
26 AMEC EngineeringDesign Services
27 Advantages Gases and Tools Fuel
28 Advanced Manufacturing Center-
University of ME Manufacturing Services
103
Northeast Electrochemical Energy Storage Cluster Supply Chain Database Search httpneescorgresourcestype=1 August 11 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
44
Appendix VI ndash Comparison of Fuel Cell Technologies104
Fuel Cell
Type
Common
Electrolyte
Operating
Temperature
Typical
Stack
Size
Efficiency Applications Advantages Disadvantages
Polymer
Electrolyte
Membrane
(PEM)
Perfluoro sulfonic
acid
50-100degC
122-212deg
typically
80degC
lt 1 kW ndash 1
MW105
gt
kW 60
transportation
35
stationary
bull Backup power
bull Portable power
bull Distributed
generation
bull Transportation
bull Specialty vehicle
bull Solid electrolyte reduces
corrosion amp electrolyte
management problems
bull Low temperature
bull Quick start-up
bull Expensive catalysts
bull Sensitive to fuel
impurities
bull Low temperature waste
heat
Alkaline
(AFC)
Aqueous solution
of potassium
hydroxide soaked
in a matrix
90-100degC
194-212degF
10 ndash 100
kW 60
bull Military
bull Space
bull Cathode reaction faster
in alkaline electrolyte
leads to high performance
bull Low cost components
bull Sensitive to CO2
in fuel and air
bull Electrolyte management
Phosphoric
Acid
(PAFC)
Phosphoric acid
soaked in a matrix
150-200degC
302-392degF
400 kW
100 kW
module
40 bull Distributed
generation
bull Higher temperature enables
CHP
bull Increased tolerance to fuel
impurities
bull Pt catalyst
bull Long start up time
bull Low current and power
Molten
Carbonate
(MCFC)
Solution of lithium
sodium andor
potassium
carbonates soaked
in a matrix
600-700degC
1112-1292degF
300
k W- 3 M
W
300 kW
module
45 ndash 50
bull Electric utility
bull Distributed
generation
bull High efficiency
bull Fuel flexibility
bull Can use a variety of catalysts
bull Suitable for CHP
bull High temperature
corrosion and breakdown
of cell components
bull Long start up time
bull Low power density
Solid Oxide
(SOFC)
Yttria stabilized
zirconia
700-1000degC
1202-1832degF
1 kW ndash 2
MW 60
bull Auxiliary power
bull Electric utility
bull Distributed
generation
bull High efficiency
bull Fuel flexibility
bull Can use a variety of catalysts
bull Solid electrolyte
bull Suitable f o r CHP amp CHHP
bull HybridGT cycle
bull High temperature
corrosion and breakdown
of cell components
bull High temperature
operation requires long
start up
time and limits
Polymer Electrolyte is no longer a single category row Data shown does not take into account High Temperature PEM which operates in the range of 160oC to 180
oC It solves
virtually all of the disadvantages listed under PEM It is not sensitive to impurities It has usable heat Stack efficiencies of 52 on the high side are realized HTPEM is not a
PAFC fuel cell and should not be confused with one
104 US Department of Energy Fuel Cells Technology Program httpwww1eereenergygovhydrogenandfuelcellsfuelcellspdfsfc_comparison_chartpdf August 5 2011 105
Ballard ldquoCLEARgen Multi-MY Systemsrdquo httpwwwballardcomfuel-cell-productscleargen-multi-mw-systemsaspx November 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
45
Appendix VII ndashAnalysis of Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities and Threats for Maine
Strengths
Stationary Power ndash Strong market drivers including high
electricity cost cold climate reliance on oil for space heating
strong CHP and district heating market strong environmental
and green energy awareness) capable core of fuel cell CHP
installers energy storage demand to serve MErsquos aggressive
wind-power industry strong ongoing expansion of natural gas
servicedistribution
Transportation Power - Strong market drivers including a
dispersed population highly reliant on truck and auto
transportation receptive and environmentally conscious
alternative fuelstransportation market relatively low income
population in need of relief from automobile fuel costs strong
Navy shipbuilding industry as potential user of H2FC auxiliary
power system strongly interested in fleet-based hydrogen
fueling station development (SunHydro model) strong interest
in municipal transit and fuel cell -powered rail
Economic Development Factors ndash Brunswick Renewable
Energy Park emphasis on skills development and technology
synergies aggressive state level policy to policy to develop
renewable wind and biomass energy technologies skilled and
well organized network of precision manufacturing firms tied
into aerospace and communications equipment industries
strong labor force at relatively low wages RampDbusiness
infrastructure for advanced biofuels and composite material
structures growing University of Maine commitment to fuel
cell and biomass RampD state funding source familiaritycomfort
with H2FC technology
Weaknesses
Stationary Power ndash No technologyindustrial momentum at the
OEM level geographically distant from OEMs for component-
supply opportunities
Transportation Power ndash No technologyindustrial base at the
OEM level lack of infrastructure funding relatively dispersed
population for transportation services
Economic Development Factors ndash limited state incentives
somewhat sluggish overall state economy relatively
undeveloped core of technology skillsknowledge base
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
46
Opportunities
Stationary Power ndash Opportunity as an ldquoearly adaptor marketrdquo
some supply chain buildup opportunities around SP deployment
Linkage between H2FC technologies and advanced biofuels
RampD Dispersed population amp economy needs distributed
solutions Major need for power storage in conjunction with
Maines planned offshore wind-power RampD and development
Transportation Power ndash Hydrogen refueling station plans Early-
stage potential for major roll-out in marine auxiliary power (US
Navy) Commuter rail expansion
Portable Power ndash Little currently-identified opportunity
Economic Development Factors ndash Brunswick ldquoRenewable Energy
Industrial Parkrdquo can be significant seed nucleus for both
deployment amp development Machine-tool industry pursuing
H2FC components supply-chain opportunities
Threats
Stationary Power ndash The regionrsquos favorable market
needsdemand could be met by other technologiessources ndash
Canadian hydro amp nuclear wind geothermal direct biomass
and power-storage alternatives ndash batteries solid state ammonia
etc
Transportation Power ndash The regionrsquos favorable market
characteristics and needs could be met by other electric
vehicles particularly in the absence of a hydrogen
infrastructure
Economic Development Factors ndash competition from more fully-
equipped statesregions wind and other renewables grab Maine
energy industry momentum lack of funding to sustain
University of MErsquos momentum in storage and fuel cell
technologies related to biomass and wind hesitation of state
government to support alternative energy incentives
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
47
Appendix VIII ndash Partial list of Fuel Cell Deployment in the Northeast region
Manufacturer Site Name Site Location Year Installed
Plug Power T-Mobile cell tower Storrs CT 2008
Plug Power Albany International Airport Albany NY 2004
FuelCell Energy Pepperidge Farms Plant Bloomfield CT 2005
FuelCell Energy Peabody Museum New Haven CT 2003
FuelCell Energy Sheraton New York Hotel amp Towers Manhattan NY 2004
FuelCell Energy Sheraton Hotel Edison NJ 2003
FuelCell Energy Sheraton Hotel Parsippany NJ 2003
UTC Power Cabelas Sporting Goods East Hartford CT 2008
UTC Power Whole Foods Market Glastonbury CT 2008
UTC Power Connecticut Science Center Hartford CT 2009
UTC Power St Francis Hospital Hartford CT 2003
UTC Power Middletown High School Middletown CT 2008
UTC Power Connecticut Juvenile Training School Middletown CT 2001
UTC Power 360 State Street Apartment Building New Haven CT 2010
UTC Power South Windsor High School South Windsor CT 2002
UTC Power Mohegan Sun Casino Hotel Uncasville CT 2002
UTC Power CTTransit Fuel Cell Bus Hartford CT 2007
UTC Power Whole Foods Market Dedham MA 2009
UTC Power Bronx Zoo Bronx NY 2008
UTC Power North Central Bronx Hospital Bronx NY 2000
UTC Power Hunts Point Water Pollution Control Plant Bronx NY 2005
UTC Power Price Chopper Supermarket Colonie NY 2010
UTC Power East Rochester High School East Rochester NY 2007
UTC Power Coca-Cola Refreshments Production Facility Elmsford NY 2010
UTC Power Verizon Call Center and Communications Building Garden City NY 2005
UTC Power State Office Building Hauppauge NY 2009
UTC Power Liverpool High School Liverpool NY 2000
UTC Power New York Hilton Hotel New York City NY 2007
UTC Power Central Park Police Station New York City NY 1999
UTC Power Rochester Institute of Technology Rochester NY 1993
UTC Power NYPA office building White Plains NY 2010
UTC Power Wastewater treatment plant Yonkers NY 1997
UTC Power The Octagon Roosevelt Island NY 2011
UTC Power Johnson amp Johnson World Headquarters New Brunswick NJ 2003
UTC Power CTTRANSIT (Fuel Cell Powered Buses) Hartford CT 2007 - Present
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
48
Appendix IX ndash Partial list of Fuel Cell-Powered Forklifts in North America106
Company CityTown State Site Year
Deployed
Fuel Cell
Manufacturer
of
forklifts
Coca-Cola San Leandro CA
Bottling and
distribution center 2011 Plug Power 37
Charlotte NC Bottling facility 2011 Plug Power 40
EARP
Distribution Kansas City KS Distribution center 2011
Oorja
Protonics 24
Golden State
Foods Lemont IL Distribution facility 2011
Oorja
Protonics 20
Kroger Co Compton CA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 161
Sysco
Riverside CA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 80
Boston MA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 160
Long Island NY Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 42
San Antonio TX Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 113
Front Royal VA Redistribution
facility 2011 Plug Power 100
Baldor
Specialty Foods Bronx NY Facility
Planned
in 2012
Oorja
Protonics 50
BMW
Manufacturing
Co
Spartanburg SC Manufacturing
plant 2010 Plug Power 86
Defense
Logistics
Agency US
Department of
Defense
San Joaquin CA Distribution facility 2011 Plug Power 20
Fort Lewis WA Distribution depot 2011 Plug Power 19
Warner
Robins GA Distribution depot 2010 Hydrogenics 20
Susquehanna PA Distribution depot 2010 Plug Power 15
2009 Nuvera 40
Martin-Brower Stockton CA Food distribution
center 2010
Oorja
Protonics 15
United Natural
Foods Inc
(UNFI)
Sarasota FL Distribution center 2010 Plug Power 65
Wal-Mart
Balzac Al
Canada
Refrigerated
distribution center 2010 Plug Power 80
Washington
Court House OH
Food distribution
center 2007 Plug Power 55
Wegmans Pottsville PA Warehouse 2010 Plug Power 136
Whole Foods
Market Landover MD Distribution center 2010 Plug Power 61
106
FuelCell2000 ldquoFuel Cell-Powered Forklifts in North Americardquo httpwwwfuelcellsorginfochartsforkliftspdf November
2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
49
Appendix X ndash Comparison of PEM Fuel Cell and Battery-Powered Material Handling
Equipment
3 kW PEM Fuel Cell-Powered
Pallet Trucks
3 kW Battery-powered
(2 batteries per truck)
Total Fuel Cycle Energy Use
(total energy consumedkWh
delivered to the wheels) -12000 BtukWh 14000 BtukWh
Fuel Cycle GHG Emissions
(in g CO2 equivalent 820 gkWh 1200 gkWh
Estimated Product Life 8-10 years 4-5 years No Emissions at Point of Use
Quiet Operation
Wide Ambient Operating
Temperature range
Constant Power Available
over Shift
Routine Maintenance Costs
($YR) $1250 - $1500year $2000year
Time for RefuelingChanging
Batteries 4 ndash 8 minday 45-60 minday (for battery change-outs)
8 hours (for battery recharging amp cooling) Cost of FuelElectricity $6000year $1300year Labor Cost of
refuelingRecharging $1100year $8750year
Net Present Value of Capital
Cost $12600
($18000 wo incentive) $14000
Net Present Value of OampM
costs (including fuel) $52000 $128000
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
50
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
19
MAINE
Table 16 - Military Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
1
(7)
1
(7)
1
(7)
03
(7)
2365
(7)
6370
(7)
454
(6)
POTENTIAL TRANSPORTATION TARGETS
Transportation is responsible for one-fourth of the total global GHG emissions and consumes 75 percent
of the worldrsquos oil production In 2010 the US used 21 million barrels of non-renewable petroleum each
day Roughly 29 percent of Mainersquos energy consumption is due to demands of the transportation sector
including gasoline and on-highway diesel petroleum for automobiles trucks and buses A small percent
of non-renewable petroleum is used for jet and ship fuel62
The current economy in the US is dependent on hydrocarbon energy sources and any disruption or
shortage of this energy supply will severely affect many energy related activities including
transportation As oil and other non-sustainable hydrocarbon energy resources become scarce energy
prices will increase and the reliability of supply will be reduced Government and industry are now
investigating the use of hydrogen and renewable energy as a replacement of hydrocarbon fuels
Hydrogen-fueled fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) have many advantages over conventional
technology including
Quiet operation
Near zero emissions of controlled pollutants such as nitrous oxide carbon monoxide
hydrocarbon gases or particulates
Substantial (30 to 50 percent) reduction in GHG emissions on a well-to-wheel basis compared to
conventional gasoline or gasoline-hybrid vehicles when the hydrogen is produced by
conventional methods such as natural gas and 100 percent when hydrogen is produced from a
clean energy source
Ability to fuel vehicles with indigenous energy sources which reduces dependence on imported
energy and adds to energy security and
Higher efficiency than conventional vehicles (See Table 4)6364
Table 17 - Average Energy Efficiency of Conventional and Fuel Cell Vehicles (mpge65
)
Passenger Car Light Truck Transit Bus
Hydrogen Gasoline Hybrid Gasoline Hydrogen Gasoline Hydrogen Fuel Cell Diesel
52 50 293 492 215 54 39
FCEVs can reduce price volatility dependence on oil improve environmental performance and provide
greater efficiencies than conventional transportation technologies as follows
62 ldquoUS Oil Consumption to BP Spillrdquo httpapplesfromorangescom201005us-oil-consumption-to-bp-spill May31 2010 63 ldquoChallenges for Sustainable Mobility and Development of Fuel Cell Vehiclesrdquo Masatami Takimoto Executive Vice President
Toyota Motor Corporation January 26 2006 Presentation at the 2nd International Hydrogen amp Fuel Cell Expo Technical
Conference Tokyo Japan 64 ldquoTwenty Hydrogen Mythsrdquo Amory B Lovins Rocky Mountain Institute June 20 2003 65 Miles per Gallon Equivalent
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
20
MAINE
Replacement of gasoline-fueled passenger vehicles and light duty trucks and diesel-fueled transit
buses with FCEVs could result in annual CO2 emission reductions (per vehicle) of approximately
10170 15770 and 182984 pounds per year respectively66
Replacement of gasoline-fueled passenger vehicles and light duty trucks and diesel-fueled transit
buses with FCEVs could result in annual energy savings (per vehicle) of approximately 230
gallons of gasoline (passenger vehicle) 485 gallons of gasoline (light duty truck) and 4390
gallons of diesel (bus)
Replacement of gasoline-fueled passenger vehicles light duty trucks and diesel-fueled transit
buses with FCEVs could result in annual fuel cost savings of approximately $885 per passenger
vehicle $1866 per light duty truck and $17560 per bus67
Automobile manufacturers such as Toyota General Motors Honda Daimler AG and Hyundai have
projected that models of their FCEVs will begin to roll out in larger numbers by 2015 Longer term the
US DOE has projected that between 151 million and 239 million light duty FCEVs may be sold each
year by 2050 and between 144 million and 347 million light duty FCEVs may be in use by 2050 with a
transition to a hydrogen economy These estimates could be accelerated if political economic energy
security or environmental polices prompt a rapid advancement in alternative fuels68
Mainersquos opportunities to support these new vehicles include alternative fueling stations Maine
Department of Transportation (MDOT) refueling stations bus transit operations government public and
privately owned fleets and material handling and airport ground support equipment (GSE) Graphical
representation of these opportunities analyzed are depicted in Appendix I
Alternative Fueling Stations
There are approximately 1400 retail fueling stations in Maine69
however only 10 public andor private
stations within the state provide alternative fuels such as biodiesel compressed natural gas propane
andor electricity for alternative-fueled vehicles70
There are also at least 17 refueling stations owned and
operated by MDOT that can be used by authorities operating federal and state safety vehicles state transit
vehicles and employees of universities that operate fleet vehicles on a regular basis 71
Development of
hydrogen fueling at alternative fuel stations and at selected locations owned and operated by MDOT
would help facilitate the deployment of FCEVs within the state (Appendix I ndash Figure 12 Alternative
Fueling Stations) Currently there are approximately 18 existing or planned transportation fueling
stations in the Northeast region where hydrogen is provided as an alternative fuel72737475
66 Fuel Cell Economic Development Plan Connecticut Department of Economic and Community Development and the
Connecticut Center for Advanced Technology Inc January 1 2008 Calculations based upon average annual mileage of 12500
miles for passenger car and 14000 miles for light trucks (US EPA) and 37000 average milesyear per bus (US DOT FTA
2007) 67 US EIA Weekly Retail Gasoline and Diesel Prices gasoline - $3847 and diesel ndash 400
wwweiagovdnavpetpet_pri_gnd_a_epm0r_pte_dpgal_whtm 68
Effects of a Transition to a Hydrogen Economy on Employment in the United States Report to Congress
httpwwwhydrogenenergygovcongress_reportshtml August 2011 69 ldquoPublic retail gasoline stations state yearrdquo wwwafdcenergygovafdcdatadocsgasoline_stations_statexls May 5 2011 70 Alternative Fuels Data Center wwwafdcenergygovafdclocatorstations 71 EPA ldquoGovernment UST Noncompliance Report-2007rdquo wwwepagovoustdocsME20Compliance20Reportpdf August
82007 72 Alternative Fuels Data Center httpwwwafdcenergygovafdclocatorstations 73 Hyride ldquoAbout the fueling stationrdquo httpwwwhyrideorghtml-about_hyrideAbout_Fuelinghtml 74 CTTransit ldquoHartford Bus Facility Site Work (Phase 1)rdquo
wwwcttransitcomProcurementsDisplayaspProcurementID=8752CA67-AB1F-4D88-BCEC-4B82AC8A2542 March 2011 75
Currently there are no publicly or privately accessible transportation fueling stations where hydrogen is provided as an
alternative fuel in Maine
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
21
MAINE
Fleets
There are over 7000 fleet vehicles (excluding state and federal vehicles) classified as non-leasing or
company owned vehicles in Maine 76
Fleet vehicles typically account for more than twice the amount of
mileage and therefore twice the fuel consumption and emissions compared to personal vehicles on a per
vehicle basis There are an additional 1781 passenger automobiles andor light duty trucks in Maine
owned by state and federal agencies (excluding state police) that traveled a combined 14965373 miles in
2010 while releasing 1031 metrics tons of CO2 77
Conversion of fleet vehicles from conventional fossil
fuels to FCEVs could significantly reduce petroleum consumption and GHG emissions Fleet vehicle
hubs are good candidates for hydrogen refueling and conversion to FCEVs because they mostly operate
on fixed routes or within fixed districts and are fueled from a centralized station
Bus Transit
There are approximately 61 directly operated buses that provide public transportation services in Maine78
As discussed above replacement of a conventional diesel transit bus with a fuel cell transit bus would
result in the reduction of CO2 emissions (estimated at approximately 183000 pounds per year) and
reduction of diesel fuel (estimated at approximately 4390 gallons per year)79
Although the efficiency of
conventional diesel buses has increased conventional diesel buses which typically achieve fuel economy
performance levels of 39 miles per gallon have the greatest potential for energy savings by using high
efficiency fuel cells In addition to Maine other states have also begun the transition of fueling transit
buses with alternative fuels to improve efficiency and environmental performance
Material Handling
Material handling equipment such as forklifts are used by a variety of industries including
manufacturing construction mining agriculture food retailers and wholesale trade to move goods
within a facility or to load goods for shipping to another site Material handling equipment is usually
battery propane or diesel powered Batteries that currently power material handling equipment are heavy
and take up significant storage space while only providing up to 6 hours of run time Fuel cells can
ensure constant power delivery and performance eliminating the reduction in voltage output that occurs
as batteries discharge Fuel cell powered material handling equipment last more than twice as long (12-
14 hours) and also eliminate the need for battery storage and charging rooms leaving more space for
products In addition fueling time only takes two to three minutes by the operator compared to least 20
minutes or more for each battery replacement which saves the operator valuable time and increases
warehouse productivity
In addition fuel cell powered material handling equipment has significant cost advantages compared to
batteries such as
15 times lower maintenance cost
8 times lower refuelingrecharging labor cost
2 times lower net present value of total operations and management (OampM) system cost
76
Fleetcom ldquo2009-My Registrationrdquo httpwwwautomotive-
fleetcomStatisticsStatsVieweraspxfile=http3a2f2fwwwautomotive-fleetcom2ffc_resources2fstats2fAFFB10-16-
top10-statepdfampchannel 77 US General Services Administration ldquoGSA 2010 Fleet Reportsrdquo Table 4-2 httpwwwgsagovportalcontent230525 September
2011 78
NTD Date ldquoTS22 - Service Data and Operating Expenses Time-Series by Systemrdquo
httpwwwntdprogramgovntdprogramdatahtm December 2011 79 Fuel Cell Economic Development Plan Connecticut Department of Economic and Community Development and the
Connecticut Center for Advanced Technology Inc January 1 2008
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
22
MAINE
63 percent less emissions of GHG (Appendix X provides a comparison of PEM fuel cell and
battery-powered material handling equipment)
Fuel cell powered material handling equipment is already in use at dozens of warehouses distribution
centers and manufacturing plants in North America80
Large corporations that are currently using or
planning to use fuel cell powered material handling equipment include CVS Coca-Cola BMW Central
Grocers and Wal-Mart (Refer to Appendix IX for a partial list of companies in North America that using
fuel cell powered forklifts)81
There are approximately five distribution centerswarehouse sites that have
been identified in Maine that may benefit from the use of fuel cell powered material handling equipment
(Appendix I ndash Figure 13 Distribution CentersWarehouses amp Ports)
Ground Support Equipment
Ground support equipment (GSE) such as catering trucks deicers and airport tugs can be battery
operated or more commonly run on diesel or gasoline As an alternative hydrogen-powered tugs are
being developed for both military and commercial applications While their performance is similar to that
of other battery-powered equipment a fuel cell-powered GSE remains fully charged (provided there is
hydrogen fuel available) and do not experience performance lag at the end of a shift like battery-powered
GSEs82
Potential large end-users of GSE that serve Mainersquos largest airports include Air Canada Delta
Airlines Continental JetBlue United and US Airways83
(Appendix I ndash Figure 11 Commercial
Airports)
Ports
Maine has 3480 miles of coastline with six cargo ports and 13 cruise ship ports The ports of Portland
and Bath Maine which service large vessels such as container ships tankers bulk carriers and cruise
ships may be candidates for improved energy management Commercial marine vessels (cargo ships
entering and leaving Marine ports) contribute approximately 166 tons of volatile organic compounds
(VOC) 1134 tons of NOX 374 tons of CO 124 tons of sulfur dioxide SO2 and 91 tons of particulate
matter (PM10) per year84
In one year a single large container ship can emit pollutants equivalent to that of 50 million cars The
low grade bunker fuel used by the worlds 90000 cargo ships contains up to 2000 times the amount of
sulfur compared to diesel fuel used in automobiles85
Furthermore diesel emissions from cruise ships
while at port are a significant source of air pollution While docked vessels shut off their main engines
but use auxiliary diesel and steam engines to power refrigeration lights pumps and other functions a
process called ldquocold-ironing An estimated one-third of ship emissions occur while they are idling at
berth Replacing auxiliary engines with on-shore electric power could significantly reduce emissions
The applications of fuel cell technology at ports may also provide electric and thermal energy for
improving energy management for warehouses and equipment operated between terminals (Appendix I ndash
Figure 13 Distribution CentersWarehouses amp Ports)86
80 DOE EERE ldquoEarly Markets Fuel Cells for Material Handling Equipmentrdquo
www1eereenergygovhydrogenandfuelcellseducationpdfsearly_markets_forkliftspdf February 2011 81 Plug Power ldquoPlug Power Celebrates Successful year for Companyrsquos Manufacturing and Sales Activityrdquo
wwwplugpowercom January 4 2011 82 Battelle ldquoIdentification and Characterization of Near-Term Direct Hydrogen Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Marketsrdquo
April 2007 www1eereenergygovhydrogenandfuelcellspdfspemfc_econ_2006_report_final_0407pdf 83 PWM ldquoAirlinesrdquo httpwwwportlandjetportorgairlines August 24 2011 84
Maine Department of Environmental Protection ldquoAir Emission from Marine Vesselsrdquo
httpwwwmainegovdepblwqtopicvesselairemissionsreportpdf January 15 2005 85
ldquoBig polluters one massive container ship equals 50 million carsrdquo Paul Evans httpwwwgizmagcomshipping-
pollution11526 April 232009 86
Savemayportvillagenet ldquoCruise Ship Pollutionrdquo httpwwwsavemayportvillagenetid20html October 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
23
MAINE
Table 18 -Ports Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
42
(35)
2
(11)
2
(11)
06
(11)
4730
(11)
12741
(11)
908
(9)
CONCLUSION
Hydrogen and fuel cell technology offers significant opportunities for improved energy reliability energy
efficiency and emission reductions Large fuel cell units (gt300 kW) may be appropriate for applications
that serve large electric and thermal loads Smaller fuel cell units (lt 300 kW) may provide back-up power
for telecommunication sites restaurantsfast food outlets and smaller sized public facilities at this time
Table 19 ndashSummary of Potential Fuel Cell Applications
Category Total Sites Potential
Sites
Number of Fuel
Cells
lt 300 kW
Number of
Fuel Cells
gt300 kW
CB
EC
S D
ata
Education 964 6587
23 42
Food Sales 1800+ 4588
45
Food Services 2100+ 1589
15
Inpatient Healthcare 181 4290
42
Lodging 837 1891
18
Public Order amp Safety 216 1092
10
Energy Intensive Industries 156 693
6
Government Operated
Buildings 114 4
94
4
Wireless
Telecommunication
Towers
50995
5196
51
WWTPs 111 197
1
Landfills 25 198
1
Airports (w AASF) 103 5 (1)99
5
87 65 high schools andor college and universities located in communities serviced by natural gas 88 45 food sale facilities located in communities serviced by natural gas 89 Ten percent of the 97 food service facilities located in communities serviced by natural gas 90 Eight Hospitals located in communities serviced by natural gas and occupying 150+ or more beds onsite 91 15 hotel facilities with 100+ rooms onsite and three convalescent homes with 150+ bed onsite located in communities serviced
by natural gas 92 Correctional facilities andor other public order and safety facilities with 212 workers or more 93 Ten percent of the 64 energy intensive industry facilities located in communities serviced with natural gas 94 Four actively owned federal government operated building located in communities serviced by natural gas 95
The Federal Communications Commission regulates interstate and international communications by radio television wire
satellite and cable in all 50 states the District of Columbia and US territories 96 Ten percent of the 509 wireless telecommunication sites in Mainersquos targeted for back-up PEM fuel cell deployment 97 Ten percent of Maine WWTP with average flows of 30+ MGD 98 Ten percent of the landfills targeted based on LMOP data
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
24
MAINE
Military 1 1 1
Ports 42 2 2
Total 7159+ 266 74 192
As shown in Table 5 the analysis provided here estimates that there are approximately 266 potential
locations which may be favorable candidates for the application of a fuel cell to provide heat and power
Assuming the demand for electricity was uniform throughout the year approximately 150 to 192 fuel cell
units with a capacity of 300 ndash 400 kW could be deployed for a total fuel cell capacity of 58 to 77 MWs
If opportunities for fuel cell use in Maine identified in this report are met with 300 kW units a minimum
of 473040 MWh electric and 127 million MMBTUs (equivalent to 373404 MWh) of thermal energy
would be produced which could reduce CO2 emissions by at least 90824 tons per year 100
Maine can also benefit from the use of hydrogen and fuel cell technology for transportation such as
passenger fleets transit district fleets municipal fleets and state department fleets The application of
hydrogen and fuel cell technology for transportation would reduce the dependence on oil improve
environmental performance and provide greater efficiencies than conventional transportation
technologies
bull Replacement of a gasoline-fueled passenger vehicle with FCEVs could result in annual CO2
emission reductions (per vehicle) of approximately 10170 pounds annual energy savings of 230
gallons of gasoline and annual fuel cost savings of $885
bull Replacement of a gasoline-fueled light duty truck with FCEVs could result in annual CO2
emission reductions (per light duty truck) of approximately 15770 pounds annual energy savings
of 485 gallons of gasoline and annual fuel cost savings of $1866
bull Replacement of a diesel-fueled transit bus with a fuel cell powered bus could result in annual CO2
emission reductions (per bus) of approximately 182984 pounds annual energy savings of 4390
gallons of fuel and annual fuel cost savings of $17560
Hydrogen and fuel cell technology also provides significant opportunities for job creation andor
economic development Realizing over $2 million in revenue and investment in 2010 the hydrogen and
fuel cell industry in Maine is estimated to have contributed approximately $113000 in state and local tax
revenue and over $29 million in gross state product Currently there are at least 30 Maine companies
that are part of the growing hydrogen and fuel cell industry supply chain in the Northeast region If
neweremerging hydrogen and fuel cell technology were to gain momentum the number of companies
and employment for the industry could grow substantially
99 Airport facilities with 2500+ annual Enplanement Counts andor AASF 100
If opportunities for fuel cell use in Maine identified in this report are met with 400 kW units a minimum of 665760 MWh
electric and 312 million MMBTUs (equivalent to 915127 MWh) of thermal energy would be produced which could reduce CO2
emissions by at least 127826 tons per year
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
25
MAINE
APPENDICES
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
26
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 1 Education
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
27
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 2 Food Sales
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
28
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 3 Food Services
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
29
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 4 Inpatient Healthcare
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
30
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 5 Lodging
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
31
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 6 Public Order and Safety
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
32
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 7 Energy Intensive Industries
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
33
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 8 Federal Government Operated Buildings
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
34
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 9 Telecommunication Sites
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
35
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 10 Solid and Liquid Waste Sites
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
36
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 11 Commercial Airports
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
37
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 12 Alternative Fueling Stations
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
38
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 13 Distribution CentersWarehouses amp Ports
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
39
MAINE
Appendix II ndash Maine Estimated Electrical Consumption per Sector
Category Total Site
Electric Consumption per Building
(1000 kWh)101
kWh Consumed per Sector
New England
Education 925 161844 149705700
Food Sales 1800 319821 575677800
Food Services 2100 128 269199000
Inpatient Healthcare 181 603863 1092991125
Lodging 837 21312 178379766
Public Order amp Safety 262 77855 20398010
Total 6105 2286351401
Residential102
4503000000
Industrial 3702000000
Commercial 4503000000
Other Commercial 2286351401
101
EIA Electricity consumption and expenditure intensities for Non-Mall Building 2003 102
DOE EERE ldquoElectric Power and Renewable Energy in Mainerdquo httpapps1eereenergygovstateselectricitycfmstate=ME
August 25 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
40
MAINE
Appendix III ndash Key Stakeholders
Organization CityTown State Website Hydrogen Energy Center Portland ME wwwhydrogenenergycenterorg
University of Maine School of
Engineering Technology Orono ME httpwwwumaineeduset
University of Maine Advanced
Manufacturing Center Orono
ME wwwumaineeduamc
University of Maine Advanced
Structures and Composites Center Orono
ME httpwww2umaineeduaewc
Manufacturers Association of Maine Westbrook ME
wwwmainemfgcom
Maine Manufacturing Extension
Partnership Augusta
ME httpwwwmainemeporg
Mid-Coast Regional Redevelopment
Authority Brunswick
ME wwwmrraus
Manufacturing Applications Center Gorham ME
httpwwwusmmaineedu
Maine Center for Enterprise
Development University of Southern
Maine
Portland ME
wwwmcedbiz
Maine Small Business Development
Center Portland
ME httpwwwmainesbdcorg
Southern Maine Community College
Sustainability and Energy Alternatives
Center
South
Portland ME httpwwwsmccmeedubusiness-a-
communitycomunity-resourcessustainability-
centerhtml
Environment and Energy Technology
Council of Maine Portland
ME wwwE2Techorg
Maine Technology Institute Gardiner ME
wwwmainetechnologyorg
Maine Innovation Economy advisory
Board Maine DECD Augusta ME httpwwwmainegovdecd
Governorrsquos Office of Energy
Independence and Security Augusta ME httpmainegovoeis
Utility Companies
Unitil httpwwwunitilcomcustomer-configuration
Bangor Gas Co httpwwwbangorgascom
Central Maine Power Co httpwwwcmpcocom
Bangor Hydro-Electric Co httpwwwbhecom
Maine Public Service Co httpwwwmainepublicservicecom
Appendix IV ndash Maine State Incentives and Programs
Funding Source Maine Public Utilities Commission
Program Title Community-based Renewable Energy Pilot Program
Applicable EnergiesTechnologies Solar Thermal Electric Photovoltaic Landfill Gas Wind
Biomass Hydroelectric Geothermal Electric Fuel Cells Anaerobic Digestion Tidal Energy
Fuel Cells using Renewable Fuels
Summary The Maine Utilities Commission (PUC) finalized the rule in February 2010 Legislation
mandates that up 10 50 MW of generating capacity will be permitted uned this program and
individual participants may not exceed 10 MW Of the 50 MW cap 10 must be reserved
specifically for small program participants or for participants located in a service territory of a
cooperative transmission and distribution utility
Restrictions
The PUC may require investor-owned utilities to enter into long-term contracts for energy capacity
resources or renewable energy credits (RECs) produced by the community-based project The
contacts term may not exceed 20 year the PUC will conduct long-term contract solicitations for
ldquolarge generatorsrdquo
Timing The Maine Public Utilities Commission is seeking proposals from suppliers of energy
capacity or renewable energy credits (RECs) for the development of community-based renewable
energy projects over 1 MW The docket number for this RFP is 2011-150 All inquiries about this
RFP should be directed to christinercookmainegov
Maximum Size Choice of either 15 REC credit multiplier or up to 10 MW DC
Requirements
To be eligible for incentives a generating facility must be 51 percent locally owned use renewable
energy resources be no larger than 10 MW in generating capacity and be located in the State
httpwwwstatemeusmpucelectricitycommunity_pilotshtml
Rebate amount $010kWh or cost fo the project whichever is lower
For further information please visit
httpwwwstatemeusmpucelectricitycommunity_pilotshtml
Source
Maine Public Utilities Commission ldquoCommunity-based Renewable Energy Pilot Programrdquo August 10 2011
DSIRE ldquoCommunity-based Renewable Energy Production Incentive (Pilot Program)rdquo August 10 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
42
Funding Source Voluntary Renewable Resource Grants
Program Title Voluntary Renewable Resources Fund
Applicable EnergiesTechnologies Solar Thermal Electric Photovoltaics Wind Biomass
Hydroelectric Geothermal Electric Fuel Cells Municipal Solid Waste Tidal Energy Fuel
Cells using Renewable Fuels
Summary Supported by the state Voluntary Renewable resource Fund and administered by the
Efficient Maine provide funding for small-scale demonstration projects designed to educate
communities on the value oand cost effectiveness of renewable energy
Restrictions To Qualify for grant funding renewable-energy resources generally must qualify as a
small power production facility un Federal Energy Regulatory Commission rules or must not exceed
100 MW in capacity and use one of more of the applicable energiestechnologies
Timing Start Date of this program occurred 12151998 and no expiration date is given
Maximum Size $50000
Requirements
httpwwwmainegovmpucrecovery
Rebate amount
$50000 Maximu
For further information please visit
httpwwwmainegovmpucrecovery
Source
Maine PUC ldquoFederal Stimulus MPUC and the Federal Recovery Packagerdquo ndash August 10 2011
DSIRE ldquoMaine - Voluntary Renewable Resource Grantsrdquo August 10 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
43
Appendix V ndash Partial Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Supply Chain Companies in Maine103
Organization Name Product or Service Category
1 University of Maine School of
Engineering Technology Research amp Development
2 University of Maine Advanced
Structures and Composites Center Research amp Development
3 Precision Partners-Mid-State Machine
Products Manufacturing Services
4 Ocean Energy Institute EngineeringDesign Services
5 Newfab Inc Manufacturing Services
6 New England Castings Other
7 Mitchell Ledge Farm Components
8 McNabb Marketing Resources Other
9 Maine Oxy Inc Fuel
10 Maine Machine Products Co Manufacturing Services
11 MacTec Inc FCH2 System DistrInstallMaint Services
12 Kennebec Technologies Manufacturing Services
13 Hydrogen Energy Center Service Center Lab or Test ConsultingLegalFinancial
Services
14 Hydrogen Energy Center Other
15 Green Energy Maine Other
16 Fire Risk Management Inc EngineeringDesign Services
17 Fire Risk Management EngineeringDesign Services
18 Fairchild Semiconductor Research amp Development
19 EcoMain Research amp Development
20 Control Point Inc Lab or Test EquipmentServices
21 Colby Company Engineering EngineeringDesign Services
22 Chewonki Foundation Other
23 Burroughs Machine Tool Products Equipment
24 Bernstein Shur ConsultingLegalFinancial Services
25 Bath Iron Works (General Dynamics
Inc) Research amp Development
26 AMEC EngineeringDesign Services
27 Advantages Gases and Tools Fuel
28 Advanced Manufacturing Center-
University of ME Manufacturing Services
103
Northeast Electrochemical Energy Storage Cluster Supply Chain Database Search httpneescorgresourcestype=1 August 11 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
44
Appendix VI ndash Comparison of Fuel Cell Technologies104
Fuel Cell
Type
Common
Electrolyte
Operating
Temperature
Typical
Stack
Size
Efficiency Applications Advantages Disadvantages
Polymer
Electrolyte
Membrane
(PEM)
Perfluoro sulfonic
acid
50-100degC
122-212deg
typically
80degC
lt 1 kW ndash 1
MW105
gt
kW 60
transportation
35
stationary
bull Backup power
bull Portable power
bull Distributed
generation
bull Transportation
bull Specialty vehicle
bull Solid electrolyte reduces
corrosion amp electrolyte
management problems
bull Low temperature
bull Quick start-up
bull Expensive catalysts
bull Sensitive to fuel
impurities
bull Low temperature waste
heat
Alkaline
(AFC)
Aqueous solution
of potassium
hydroxide soaked
in a matrix
90-100degC
194-212degF
10 ndash 100
kW 60
bull Military
bull Space
bull Cathode reaction faster
in alkaline electrolyte
leads to high performance
bull Low cost components
bull Sensitive to CO2
in fuel and air
bull Electrolyte management
Phosphoric
Acid
(PAFC)
Phosphoric acid
soaked in a matrix
150-200degC
302-392degF
400 kW
100 kW
module
40 bull Distributed
generation
bull Higher temperature enables
CHP
bull Increased tolerance to fuel
impurities
bull Pt catalyst
bull Long start up time
bull Low current and power
Molten
Carbonate
(MCFC)
Solution of lithium
sodium andor
potassium
carbonates soaked
in a matrix
600-700degC
1112-1292degF
300
k W- 3 M
W
300 kW
module
45 ndash 50
bull Electric utility
bull Distributed
generation
bull High efficiency
bull Fuel flexibility
bull Can use a variety of catalysts
bull Suitable for CHP
bull High temperature
corrosion and breakdown
of cell components
bull Long start up time
bull Low power density
Solid Oxide
(SOFC)
Yttria stabilized
zirconia
700-1000degC
1202-1832degF
1 kW ndash 2
MW 60
bull Auxiliary power
bull Electric utility
bull Distributed
generation
bull High efficiency
bull Fuel flexibility
bull Can use a variety of catalysts
bull Solid electrolyte
bull Suitable f o r CHP amp CHHP
bull HybridGT cycle
bull High temperature
corrosion and breakdown
of cell components
bull High temperature
operation requires long
start up
time and limits
Polymer Electrolyte is no longer a single category row Data shown does not take into account High Temperature PEM which operates in the range of 160oC to 180
oC It solves
virtually all of the disadvantages listed under PEM It is not sensitive to impurities It has usable heat Stack efficiencies of 52 on the high side are realized HTPEM is not a
PAFC fuel cell and should not be confused with one
104 US Department of Energy Fuel Cells Technology Program httpwww1eereenergygovhydrogenandfuelcellsfuelcellspdfsfc_comparison_chartpdf August 5 2011 105
Ballard ldquoCLEARgen Multi-MY Systemsrdquo httpwwwballardcomfuel-cell-productscleargen-multi-mw-systemsaspx November 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
45
Appendix VII ndashAnalysis of Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities and Threats for Maine
Strengths
Stationary Power ndash Strong market drivers including high
electricity cost cold climate reliance on oil for space heating
strong CHP and district heating market strong environmental
and green energy awareness) capable core of fuel cell CHP
installers energy storage demand to serve MErsquos aggressive
wind-power industry strong ongoing expansion of natural gas
servicedistribution
Transportation Power - Strong market drivers including a
dispersed population highly reliant on truck and auto
transportation receptive and environmentally conscious
alternative fuelstransportation market relatively low income
population in need of relief from automobile fuel costs strong
Navy shipbuilding industry as potential user of H2FC auxiliary
power system strongly interested in fleet-based hydrogen
fueling station development (SunHydro model) strong interest
in municipal transit and fuel cell -powered rail
Economic Development Factors ndash Brunswick Renewable
Energy Park emphasis on skills development and technology
synergies aggressive state level policy to policy to develop
renewable wind and biomass energy technologies skilled and
well organized network of precision manufacturing firms tied
into aerospace and communications equipment industries
strong labor force at relatively low wages RampDbusiness
infrastructure for advanced biofuels and composite material
structures growing University of Maine commitment to fuel
cell and biomass RampD state funding source familiaritycomfort
with H2FC technology
Weaknesses
Stationary Power ndash No technologyindustrial momentum at the
OEM level geographically distant from OEMs for component-
supply opportunities
Transportation Power ndash No technologyindustrial base at the
OEM level lack of infrastructure funding relatively dispersed
population for transportation services
Economic Development Factors ndash limited state incentives
somewhat sluggish overall state economy relatively
undeveloped core of technology skillsknowledge base
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
46
Opportunities
Stationary Power ndash Opportunity as an ldquoearly adaptor marketrdquo
some supply chain buildup opportunities around SP deployment
Linkage between H2FC technologies and advanced biofuels
RampD Dispersed population amp economy needs distributed
solutions Major need for power storage in conjunction with
Maines planned offshore wind-power RampD and development
Transportation Power ndash Hydrogen refueling station plans Early-
stage potential for major roll-out in marine auxiliary power (US
Navy) Commuter rail expansion
Portable Power ndash Little currently-identified opportunity
Economic Development Factors ndash Brunswick ldquoRenewable Energy
Industrial Parkrdquo can be significant seed nucleus for both
deployment amp development Machine-tool industry pursuing
H2FC components supply-chain opportunities
Threats
Stationary Power ndash The regionrsquos favorable market
needsdemand could be met by other technologiessources ndash
Canadian hydro amp nuclear wind geothermal direct biomass
and power-storage alternatives ndash batteries solid state ammonia
etc
Transportation Power ndash The regionrsquos favorable market
characteristics and needs could be met by other electric
vehicles particularly in the absence of a hydrogen
infrastructure
Economic Development Factors ndash competition from more fully-
equipped statesregions wind and other renewables grab Maine
energy industry momentum lack of funding to sustain
University of MErsquos momentum in storage and fuel cell
technologies related to biomass and wind hesitation of state
government to support alternative energy incentives
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
47
Appendix VIII ndash Partial list of Fuel Cell Deployment in the Northeast region
Manufacturer Site Name Site Location Year Installed
Plug Power T-Mobile cell tower Storrs CT 2008
Plug Power Albany International Airport Albany NY 2004
FuelCell Energy Pepperidge Farms Plant Bloomfield CT 2005
FuelCell Energy Peabody Museum New Haven CT 2003
FuelCell Energy Sheraton New York Hotel amp Towers Manhattan NY 2004
FuelCell Energy Sheraton Hotel Edison NJ 2003
FuelCell Energy Sheraton Hotel Parsippany NJ 2003
UTC Power Cabelas Sporting Goods East Hartford CT 2008
UTC Power Whole Foods Market Glastonbury CT 2008
UTC Power Connecticut Science Center Hartford CT 2009
UTC Power St Francis Hospital Hartford CT 2003
UTC Power Middletown High School Middletown CT 2008
UTC Power Connecticut Juvenile Training School Middletown CT 2001
UTC Power 360 State Street Apartment Building New Haven CT 2010
UTC Power South Windsor High School South Windsor CT 2002
UTC Power Mohegan Sun Casino Hotel Uncasville CT 2002
UTC Power CTTransit Fuel Cell Bus Hartford CT 2007
UTC Power Whole Foods Market Dedham MA 2009
UTC Power Bronx Zoo Bronx NY 2008
UTC Power North Central Bronx Hospital Bronx NY 2000
UTC Power Hunts Point Water Pollution Control Plant Bronx NY 2005
UTC Power Price Chopper Supermarket Colonie NY 2010
UTC Power East Rochester High School East Rochester NY 2007
UTC Power Coca-Cola Refreshments Production Facility Elmsford NY 2010
UTC Power Verizon Call Center and Communications Building Garden City NY 2005
UTC Power State Office Building Hauppauge NY 2009
UTC Power Liverpool High School Liverpool NY 2000
UTC Power New York Hilton Hotel New York City NY 2007
UTC Power Central Park Police Station New York City NY 1999
UTC Power Rochester Institute of Technology Rochester NY 1993
UTC Power NYPA office building White Plains NY 2010
UTC Power Wastewater treatment plant Yonkers NY 1997
UTC Power The Octagon Roosevelt Island NY 2011
UTC Power Johnson amp Johnson World Headquarters New Brunswick NJ 2003
UTC Power CTTRANSIT (Fuel Cell Powered Buses) Hartford CT 2007 - Present
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
48
Appendix IX ndash Partial list of Fuel Cell-Powered Forklifts in North America106
Company CityTown State Site Year
Deployed
Fuel Cell
Manufacturer
of
forklifts
Coca-Cola San Leandro CA
Bottling and
distribution center 2011 Plug Power 37
Charlotte NC Bottling facility 2011 Plug Power 40
EARP
Distribution Kansas City KS Distribution center 2011
Oorja
Protonics 24
Golden State
Foods Lemont IL Distribution facility 2011
Oorja
Protonics 20
Kroger Co Compton CA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 161
Sysco
Riverside CA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 80
Boston MA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 160
Long Island NY Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 42
San Antonio TX Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 113
Front Royal VA Redistribution
facility 2011 Plug Power 100
Baldor
Specialty Foods Bronx NY Facility
Planned
in 2012
Oorja
Protonics 50
BMW
Manufacturing
Co
Spartanburg SC Manufacturing
plant 2010 Plug Power 86
Defense
Logistics
Agency US
Department of
Defense
San Joaquin CA Distribution facility 2011 Plug Power 20
Fort Lewis WA Distribution depot 2011 Plug Power 19
Warner
Robins GA Distribution depot 2010 Hydrogenics 20
Susquehanna PA Distribution depot 2010 Plug Power 15
2009 Nuvera 40
Martin-Brower Stockton CA Food distribution
center 2010
Oorja
Protonics 15
United Natural
Foods Inc
(UNFI)
Sarasota FL Distribution center 2010 Plug Power 65
Wal-Mart
Balzac Al
Canada
Refrigerated
distribution center 2010 Plug Power 80
Washington
Court House OH
Food distribution
center 2007 Plug Power 55
Wegmans Pottsville PA Warehouse 2010 Plug Power 136
Whole Foods
Market Landover MD Distribution center 2010 Plug Power 61
106
FuelCell2000 ldquoFuel Cell-Powered Forklifts in North Americardquo httpwwwfuelcellsorginfochartsforkliftspdf November
2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
49
Appendix X ndash Comparison of PEM Fuel Cell and Battery-Powered Material Handling
Equipment
3 kW PEM Fuel Cell-Powered
Pallet Trucks
3 kW Battery-powered
(2 batteries per truck)
Total Fuel Cycle Energy Use
(total energy consumedkWh
delivered to the wheels) -12000 BtukWh 14000 BtukWh
Fuel Cycle GHG Emissions
(in g CO2 equivalent 820 gkWh 1200 gkWh
Estimated Product Life 8-10 years 4-5 years No Emissions at Point of Use
Quiet Operation
Wide Ambient Operating
Temperature range
Constant Power Available
over Shift
Routine Maintenance Costs
($YR) $1250 - $1500year $2000year
Time for RefuelingChanging
Batteries 4 ndash 8 minday 45-60 minday (for battery change-outs)
8 hours (for battery recharging amp cooling) Cost of FuelElectricity $6000year $1300year Labor Cost of
refuelingRecharging $1100year $8750year
Net Present Value of Capital
Cost $12600
($18000 wo incentive) $14000
Net Present Value of OampM
costs (including fuel) $52000 $128000
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
50
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
20
MAINE
Replacement of gasoline-fueled passenger vehicles and light duty trucks and diesel-fueled transit
buses with FCEVs could result in annual CO2 emission reductions (per vehicle) of approximately
10170 15770 and 182984 pounds per year respectively66
Replacement of gasoline-fueled passenger vehicles and light duty trucks and diesel-fueled transit
buses with FCEVs could result in annual energy savings (per vehicle) of approximately 230
gallons of gasoline (passenger vehicle) 485 gallons of gasoline (light duty truck) and 4390
gallons of diesel (bus)
Replacement of gasoline-fueled passenger vehicles light duty trucks and diesel-fueled transit
buses with FCEVs could result in annual fuel cost savings of approximately $885 per passenger
vehicle $1866 per light duty truck and $17560 per bus67
Automobile manufacturers such as Toyota General Motors Honda Daimler AG and Hyundai have
projected that models of their FCEVs will begin to roll out in larger numbers by 2015 Longer term the
US DOE has projected that between 151 million and 239 million light duty FCEVs may be sold each
year by 2050 and between 144 million and 347 million light duty FCEVs may be in use by 2050 with a
transition to a hydrogen economy These estimates could be accelerated if political economic energy
security or environmental polices prompt a rapid advancement in alternative fuels68
Mainersquos opportunities to support these new vehicles include alternative fueling stations Maine
Department of Transportation (MDOT) refueling stations bus transit operations government public and
privately owned fleets and material handling and airport ground support equipment (GSE) Graphical
representation of these opportunities analyzed are depicted in Appendix I
Alternative Fueling Stations
There are approximately 1400 retail fueling stations in Maine69
however only 10 public andor private
stations within the state provide alternative fuels such as biodiesel compressed natural gas propane
andor electricity for alternative-fueled vehicles70
There are also at least 17 refueling stations owned and
operated by MDOT that can be used by authorities operating federal and state safety vehicles state transit
vehicles and employees of universities that operate fleet vehicles on a regular basis 71
Development of
hydrogen fueling at alternative fuel stations and at selected locations owned and operated by MDOT
would help facilitate the deployment of FCEVs within the state (Appendix I ndash Figure 12 Alternative
Fueling Stations) Currently there are approximately 18 existing or planned transportation fueling
stations in the Northeast region where hydrogen is provided as an alternative fuel72737475
66 Fuel Cell Economic Development Plan Connecticut Department of Economic and Community Development and the
Connecticut Center for Advanced Technology Inc January 1 2008 Calculations based upon average annual mileage of 12500
miles for passenger car and 14000 miles for light trucks (US EPA) and 37000 average milesyear per bus (US DOT FTA
2007) 67 US EIA Weekly Retail Gasoline and Diesel Prices gasoline - $3847 and diesel ndash 400
wwweiagovdnavpetpet_pri_gnd_a_epm0r_pte_dpgal_whtm 68
Effects of a Transition to a Hydrogen Economy on Employment in the United States Report to Congress
httpwwwhydrogenenergygovcongress_reportshtml August 2011 69 ldquoPublic retail gasoline stations state yearrdquo wwwafdcenergygovafdcdatadocsgasoline_stations_statexls May 5 2011 70 Alternative Fuels Data Center wwwafdcenergygovafdclocatorstations 71 EPA ldquoGovernment UST Noncompliance Report-2007rdquo wwwepagovoustdocsME20Compliance20Reportpdf August
82007 72 Alternative Fuels Data Center httpwwwafdcenergygovafdclocatorstations 73 Hyride ldquoAbout the fueling stationrdquo httpwwwhyrideorghtml-about_hyrideAbout_Fuelinghtml 74 CTTransit ldquoHartford Bus Facility Site Work (Phase 1)rdquo
wwwcttransitcomProcurementsDisplayaspProcurementID=8752CA67-AB1F-4D88-BCEC-4B82AC8A2542 March 2011 75
Currently there are no publicly or privately accessible transportation fueling stations where hydrogen is provided as an
alternative fuel in Maine
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
21
MAINE
Fleets
There are over 7000 fleet vehicles (excluding state and federal vehicles) classified as non-leasing or
company owned vehicles in Maine 76
Fleet vehicles typically account for more than twice the amount of
mileage and therefore twice the fuel consumption and emissions compared to personal vehicles on a per
vehicle basis There are an additional 1781 passenger automobiles andor light duty trucks in Maine
owned by state and federal agencies (excluding state police) that traveled a combined 14965373 miles in
2010 while releasing 1031 metrics tons of CO2 77
Conversion of fleet vehicles from conventional fossil
fuels to FCEVs could significantly reduce petroleum consumption and GHG emissions Fleet vehicle
hubs are good candidates for hydrogen refueling and conversion to FCEVs because they mostly operate
on fixed routes or within fixed districts and are fueled from a centralized station
Bus Transit
There are approximately 61 directly operated buses that provide public transportation services in Maine78
As discussed above replacement of a conventional diesel transit bus with a fuel cell transit bus would
result in the reduction of CO2 emissions (estimated at approximately 183000 pounds per year) and
reduction of diesel fuel (estimated at approximately 4390 gallons per year)79
Although the efficiency of
conventional diesel buses has increased conventional diesel buses which typically achieve fuel economy
performance levels of 39 miles per gallon have the greatest potential for energy savings by using high
efficiency fuel cells In addition to Maine other states have also begun the transition of fueling transit
buses with alternative fuels to improve efficiency and environmental performance
Material Handling
Material handling equipment such as forklifts are used by a variety of industries including
manufacturing construction mining agriculture food retailers and wholesale trade to move goods
within a facility or to load goods for shipping to another site Material handling equipment is usually
battery propane or diesel powered Batteries that currently power material handling equipment are heavy
and take up significant storage space while only providing up to 6 hours of run time Fuel cells can
ensure constant power delivery and performance eliminating the reduction in voltage output that occurs
as batteries discharge Fuel cell powered material handling equipment last more than twice as long (12-
14 hours) and also eliminate the need for battery storage and charging rooms leaving more space for
products In addition fueling time only takes two to three minutes by the operator compared to least 20
minutes or more for each battery replacement which saves the operator valuable time and increases
warehouse productivity
In addition fuel cell powered material handling equipment has significant cost advantages compared to
batteries such as
15 times lower maintenance cost
8 times lower refuelingrecharging labor cost
2 times lower net present value of total operations and management (OampM) system cost
76
Fleetcom ldquo2009-My Registrationrdquo httpwwwautomotive-
fleetcomStatisticsStatsVieweraspxfile=http3a2f2fwwwautomotive-fleetcom2ffc_resources2fstats2fAFFB10-16-
top10-statepdfampchannel 77 US General Services Administration ldquoGSA 2010 Fleet Reportsrdquo Table 4-2 httpwwwgsagovportalcontent230525 September
2011 78
NTD Date ldquoTS22 - Service Data and Operating Expenses Time-Series by Systemrdquo
httpwwwntdprogramgovntdprogramdatahtm December 2011 79 Fuel Cell Economic Development Plan Connecticut Department of Economic and Community Development and the
Connecticut Center for Advanced Technology Inc January 1 2008
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
22
MAINE
63 percent less emissions of GHG (Appendix X provides a comparison of PEM fuel cell and
battery-powered material handling equipment)
Fuel cell powered material handling equipment is already in use at dozens of warehouses distribution
centers and manufacturing plants in North America80
Large corporations that are currently using or
planning to use fuel cell powered material handling equipment include CVS Coca-Cola BMW Central
Grocers and Wal-Mart (Refer to Appendix IX for a partial list of companies in North America that using
fuel cell powered forklifts)81
There are approximately five distribution centerswarehouse sites that have
been identified in Maine that may benefit from the use of fuel cell powered material handling equipment
(Appendix I ndash Figure 13 Distribution CentersWarehouses amp Ports)
Ground Support Equipment
Ground support equipment (GSE) such as catering trucks deicers and airport tugs can be battery
operated or more commonly run on diesel or gasoline As an alternative hydrogen-powered tugs are
being developed for both military and commercial applications While their performance is similar to that
of other battery-powered equipment a fuel cell-powered GSE remains fully charged (provided there is
hydrogen fuel available) and do not experience performance lag at the end of a shift like battery-powered
GSEs82
Potential large end-users of GSE that serve Mainersquos largest airports include Air Canada Delta
Airlines Continental JetBlue United and US Airways83
(Appendix I ndash Figure 11 Commercial
Airports)
Ports
Maine has 3480 miles of coastline with six cargo ports and 13 cruise ship ports The ports of Portland
and Bath Maine which service large vessels such as container ships tankers bulk carriers and cruise
ships may be candidates for improved energy management Commercial marine vessels (cargo ships
entering and leaving Marine ports) contribute approximately 166 tons of volatile organic compounds
(VOC) 1134 tons of NOX 374 tons of CO 124 tons of sulfur dioxide SO2 and 91 tons of particulate
matter (PM10) per year84
In one year a single large container ship can emit pollutants equivalent to that of 50 million cars The
low grade bunker fuel used by the worlds 90000 cargo ships contains up to 2000 times the amount of
sulfur compared to diesel fuel used in automobiles85
Furthermore diesel emissions from cruise ships
while at port are a significant source of air pollution While docked vessels shut off their main engines
but use auxiliary diesel and steam engines to power refrigeration lights pumps and other functions a
process called ldquocold-ironing An estimated one-third of ship emissions occur while they are idling at
berth Replacing auxiliary engines with on-shore electric power could significantly reduce emissions
The applications of fuel cell technology at ports may also provide electric and thermal energy for
improving energy management for warehouses and equipment operated between terminals (Appendix I ndash
Figure 13 Distribution CentersWarehouses amp Ports)86
80 DOE EERE ldquoEarly Markets Fuel Cells for Material Handling Equipmentrdquo
www1eereenergygovhydrogenandfuelcellseducationpdfsearly_markets_forkliftspdf February 2011 81 Plug Power ldquoPlug Power Celebrates Successful year for Companyrsquos Manufacturing and Sales Activityrdquo
wwwplugpowercom January 4 2011 82 Battelle ldquoIdentification and Characterization of Near-Term Direct Hydrogen Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Marketsrdquo
April 2007 www1eereenergygovhydrogenandfuelcellspdfspemfc_econ_2006_report_final_0407pdf 83 PWM ldquoAirlinesrdquo httpwwwportlandjetportorgairlines August 24 2011 84
Maine Department of Environmental Protection ldquoAir Emission from Marine Vesselsrdquo
httpwwwmainegovdepblwqtopicvesselairemissionsreportpdf January 15 2005 85
ldquoBig polluters one massive container ship equals 50 million carsrdquo Paul Evans httpwwwgizmagcomshipping-
pollution11526 April 232009 86
Savemayportvillagenet ldquoCruise Ship Pollutionrdquo httpwwwsavemayportvillagenetid20html October 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
23
MAINE
Table 18 -Ports Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
42
(35)
2
(11)
2
(11)
06
(11)
4730
(11)
12741
(11)
908
(9)
CONCLUSION
Hydrogen and fuel cell technology offers significant opportunities for improved energy reliability energy
efficiency and emission reductions Large fuel cell units (gt300 kW) may be appropriate for applications
that serve large electric and thermal loads Smaller fuel cell units (lt 300 kW) may provide back-up power
for telecommunication sites restaurantsfast food outlets and smaller sized public facilities at this time
Table 19 ndashSummary of Potential Fuel Cell Applications
Category Total Sites Potential
Sites
Number of Fuel
Cells
lt 300 kW
Number of
Fuel Cells
gt300 kW
CB
EC
S D
ata
Education 964 6587
23 42
Food Sales 1800+ 4588
45
Food Services 2100+ 1589
15
Inpatient Healthcare 181 4290
42
Lodging 837 1891
18
Public Order amp Safety 216 1092
10
Energy Intensive Industries 156 693
6
Government Operated
Buildings 114 4
94
4
Wireless
Telecommunication
Towers
50995
5196
51
WWTPs 111 197
1
Landfills 25 198
1
Airports (w AASF) 103 5 (1)99
5
87 65 high schools andor college and universities located in communities serviced by natural gas 88 45 food sale facilities located in communities serviced by natural gas 89 Ten percent of the 97 food service facilities located in communities serviced by natural gas 90 Eight Hospitals located in communities serviced by natural gas and occupying 150+ or more beds onsite 91 15 hotel facilities with 100+ rooms onsite and three convalescent homes with 150+ bed onsite located in communities serviced
by natural gas 92 Correctional facilities andor other public order and safety facilities with 212 workers or more 93 Ten percent of the 64 energy intensive industry facilities located in communities serviced with natural gas 94 Four actively owned federal government operated building located in communities serviced by natural gas 95
The Federal Communications Commission regulates interstate and international communications by radio television wire
satellite and cable in all 50 states the District of Columbia and US territories 96 Ten percent of the 509 wireless telecommunication sites in Mainersquos targeted for back-up PEM fuel cell deployment 97 Ten percent of Maine WWTP with average flows of 30+ MGD 98 Ten percent of the landfills targeted based on LMOP data
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
24
MAINE
Military 1 1 1
Ports 42 2 2
Total 7159+ 266 74 192
As shown in Table 5 the analysis provided here estimates that there are approximately 266 potential
locations which may be favorable candidates for the application of a fuel cell to provide heat and power
Assuming the demand for electricity was uniform throughout the year approximately 150 to 192 fuel cell
units with a capacity of 300 ndash 400 kW could be deployed for a total fuel cell capacity of 58 to 77 MWs
If opportunities for fuel cell use in Maine identified in this report are met with 300 kW units a minimum
of 473040 MWh electric and 127 million MMBTUs (equivalent to 373404 MWh) of thermal energy
would be produced which could reduce CO2 emissions by at least 90824 tons per year 100
Maine can also benefit from the use of hydrogen and fuel cell technology for transportation such as
passenger fleets transit district fleets municipal fleets and state department fleets The application of
hydrogen and fuel cell technology for transportation would reduce the dependence on oil improve
environmental performance and provide greater efficiencies than conventional transportation
technologies
bull Replacement of a gasoline-fueled passenger vehicle with FCEVs could result in annual CO2
emission reductions (per vehicle) of approximately 10170 pounds annual energy savings of 230
gallons of gasoline and annual fuel cost savings of $885
bull Replacement of a gasoline-fueled light duty truck with FCEVs could result in annual CO2
emission reductions (per light duty truck) of approximately 15770 pounds annual energy savings
of 485 gallons of gasoline and annual fuel cost savings of $1866
bull Replacement of a diesel-fueled transit bus with a fuel cell powered bus could result in annual CO2
emission reductions (per bus) of approximately 182984 pounds annual energy savings of 4390
gallons of fuel and annual fuel cost savings of $17560
Hydrogen and fuel cell technology also provides significant opportunities for job creation andor
economic development Realizing over $2 million in revenue and investment in 2010 the hydrogen and
fuel cell industry in Maine is estimated to have contributed approximately $113000 in state and local tax
revenue and over $29 million in gross state product Currently there are at least 30 Maine companies
that are part of the growing hydrogen and fuel cell industry supply chain in the Northeast region If
neweremerging hydrogen and fuel cell technology were to gain momentum the number of companies
and employment for the industry could grow substantially
99 Airport facilities with 2500+ annual Enplanement Counts andor AASF 100
If opportunities for fuel cell use in Maine identified in this report are met with 400 kW units a minimum of 665760 MWh
electric and 312 million MMBTUs (equivalent to 915127 MWh) of thermal energy would be produced which could reduce CO2
emissions by at least 127826 tons per year
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
25
MAINE
APPENDICES
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
26
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 1 Education
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
27
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 2 Food Sales
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
28
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 3 Food Services
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
29
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 4 Inpatient Healthcare
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
30
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 5 Lodging
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
31
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 6 Public Order and Safety
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
32
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 7 Energy Intensive Industries
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
33
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 8 Federal Government Operated Buildings
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
34
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 9 Telecommunication Sites
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
35
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 10 Solid and Liquid Waste Sites
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
36
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 11 Commercial Airports
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
37
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 12 Alternative Fueling Stations
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
38
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 13 Distribution CentersWarehouses amp Ports
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
39
MAINE
Appendix II ndash Maine Estimated Electrical Consumption per Sector
Category Total Site
Electric Consumption per Building
(1000 kWh)101
kWh Consumed per Sector
New England
Education 925 161844 149705700
Food Sales 1800 319821 575677800
Food Services 2100 128 269199000
Inpatient Healthcare 181 603863 1092991125
Lodging 837 21312 178379766
Public Order amp Safety 262 77855 20398010
Total 6105 2286351401
Residential102
4503000000
Industrial 3702000000
Commercial 4503000000
Other Commercial 2286351401
101
EIA Electricity consumption and expenditure intensities for Non-Mall Building 2003 102
DOE EERE ldquoElectric Power and Renewable Energy in Mainerdquo httpapps1eereenergygovstateselectricitycfmstate=ME
August 25 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
40
MAINE
Appendix III ndash Key Stakeholders
Organization CityTown State Website Hydrogen Energy Center Portland ME wwwhydrogenenergycenterorg
University of Maine School of
Engineering Technology Orono ME httpwwwumaineeduset
University of Maine Advanced
Manufacturing Center Orono
ME wwwumaineeduamc
University of Maine Advanced
Structures and Composites Center Orono
ME httpwww2umaineeduaewc
Manufacturers Association of Maine Westbrook ME
wwwmainemfgcom
Maine Manufacturing Extension
Partnership Augusta
ME httpwwwmainemeporg
Mid-Coast Regional Redevelopment
Authority Brunswick
ME wwwmrraus
Manufacturing Applications Center Gorham ME
httpwwwusmmaineedu
Maine Center for Enterprise
Development University of Southern
Maine
Portland ME
wwwmcedbiz
Maine Small Business Development
Center Portland
ME httpwwwmainesbdcorg
Southern Maine Community College
Sustainability and Energy Alternatives
Center
South
Portland ME httpwwwsmccmeedubusiness-a-
communitycomunity-resourcessustainability-
centerhtml
Environment and Energy Technology
Council of Maine Portland
ME wwwE2Techorg
Maine Technology Institute Gardiner ME
wwwmainetechnologyorg
Maine Innovation Economy advisory
Board Maine DECD Augusta ME httpwwwmainegovdecd
Governorrsquos Office of Energy
Independence and Security Augusta ME httpmainegovoeis
Utility Companies
Unitil httpwwwunitilcomcustomer-configuration
Bangor Gas Co httpwwwbangorgascom
Central Maine Power Co httpwwwcmpcocom
Bangor Hydro-Electric Co httpwwwbhecom
Maine Public Service Co httpwwwmainepublicservicecom
Appendix IV ndash Maine State Incentives and Programs
Funding Source Maine Public Utilities Commission
Program Title Community-based Renewable Energy Pilot Program
Applicable EnergiesTechnologies Solar Thermal Electric Photovoltaic Landfill Gas Wind
Biomass Hydroelectric Geothermal Electric Fuel Cells Anaerobic Digestion Tidal Energy
Fuel Cells using Renewable Fuels
Summary The Maine Utilities Commission (PUC) finalized the rule in February 2010 Legislation
mandates that up 10 50 MW of generating capacity will be permitted uned this program and
individual participants may not exceed 10 MW Of the 50 MW cap 10 must be reserved
specifically for small program participants or for participants located in a service territory of a
cooperative transmission and distribution utility
Restrictions
The PUC may require investor-owned utilities to enter into long-term contracts for energy capacity
resources or renewable energy credits (RECs) produced by the community-based project The
contacts term may not exceed 20 year the PUC will conduct long-term contract solicitations for
ldquolarge generatorsrdquo
Timing The Maine Public Utilities Commission is seeking proposals from suppliers of energy
capacity or renewable energy credits (RECs) for the development of community-based renewable
energy projects over 1 MW The docket number for this RFP is 2011-150 All inquiries about this
RFP should be directed to christinercookmainegov
Maximum Size Choice of either 15 REC credit multiplier or up to 10 MW DC
Requirements
To be eligible for incentives a generating facility must be 51 percent locally owned use renewable
energy resources be no larger than 10 MW in generating capacity and be located in the State
httpwwwstatemeusmpucelectricitycommunity_pilotshtml
Rebate amount $010kWh or cost fo the project whichever is lower
For further information please visit
httpwwwstatemeusmpucelectricitycommunity_pilotshtml
Source
Maine Public Utilities Commission ldquoCommunity-based Renewable Energy Pilot Programrdquo August 10 2011
DSIRE ldquoCommunity-based Renewable Energy Production Incentive (Pilot Program)rdquo August 10 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
42
Funding Source Voluntary Renewable Resource Grants
Program Title Voluntary Renewable Resources Fund
Applicable EnergiesTechnologies Solar Thermal Electric Photovoltaics Wind Biomass
Hydroelectric Geothermal Electric Fuel Cells Municipal Solid Waste Tidal Energy Fuel
Cells using Renewable Fuels
Summary Supported by the state Voluntary Renewable resource Fund and administered by the
Efficient Maine provide funding for small-scale demonstration projects designed to educate
communities on the value oand cost effectiveness of renewable energy
Restrictions To Qualify for grant funding renewable-energy resources generally must qualify as a
small power production facility un Federal Energy Regulatory Commission rules or must not exceed
100 MW in capacity and use one of more of the applicable energiestechnologies
Timing Start Date of this program occurred 12151998 and no expiration date is given
Maximum Size $50000
Requirements
httpwwwmainegovmpucrecovery
Rebate amount
$50000 Maximu
For further information please visit
httpwwwmainegovmpucrecovery
Source
Maine PUC ldquoFederal Stimulus MPUC and the Federal Recovery Packagerdquo ndash August 10 2011
DSIRE ldquoMaine - Voluntary Renewable Resource Grantsrdquo August 10 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
43
Appendix V ndash Partial Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Supply Chain Companies in Maine103
Organization Name Product or Service Category
1 University of Maine School of
Engineering Technology Research amp Development
2 University of Maine Advanced
Structures and Composites Center Research amp Development
3 Precision Partners-Mid-State Machine
Products Manufacturing Services
4 Ocean Energy Institute EngineeringDesign Services
5 Newfab Inc Manufacturing Services
6 New England Castings Other
7 Mitchell Ledge Farm Components
8 McNabb Marketing Resources Other
9 Maine Oxy Inc Fuel
10 Maine Machine Products Co Manufacturing Services
11 MacTec Inc FCH2 System DistrInstallMaint Services
12 Kennebec Technologies Manufacturing Services
13 Hydrogen Energy Center Service Center Lab or Test ConsultingLegalFinancial
Services
14 Hydrogen Energy Center Other
15 Green Energy Maine Other
16 Fire Risk Management Inc EngineeringDesign Services
17 Fire Risk Management EngineeringDesign Services
18 Fairchild Semiconductor Research amp Development
19 EcoMain Research amp Development
20 Control Point Inc Lab or Test EquipmentServices
21 Colby Company Engineering EngineeringDesign Services
22 Chewonki Foundation Other
23 Burroughs Machine Tool Products Equipment
24 Bernstein Shur ConsultingLegalFinancial Services
25 Bath Iron Works (General Dynamics
Inc) Research amp Development
26 AMEC EngineeringDesign Services
27 Advantages Gases and Tools Fuel
28 Advanced Manufacturing Center-
University of ME Manufacturing Services
103
Northeast Electrochemical Energy Storage Cluster Supply Chain Database Search httpneescorgresourcestype=1 August 11 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
44
Appendix VI ndash Comparison of Fuel Cell Technologies104
Fuel Cell
Type
Common
Electrolyte
Operating
Temperature
Typical
Stack
Size
Efficiency Applications Advantages Disadvantages
Polymer
Electrolyte
Membrane
(PEM)
Perfluoro sulfonic
acid
50-100degC
122-212deg
typically
80degC
lt 1 kW ndash 1
MW105
gt
kW 60
transportation
35
stationary
bull Backup power
bull Portable power
bull Distributed
generation
bull Transportation
bull Specialty vehicle
bull Solid electrolyte reduces
corrosion amp electrolyte
management problems
bull Low temperature
bull Quick start-up
bull Expensive catalysts
bull Sensitive to fuel
impurities
bull Low temperature waste
heat
Alkaline
(AFC)
Aqueous solution
of potassium
hydroxide soaked
in a matrix
90-100degC
194-212degF
10 ndash 100
kW 60
bull Military
bull Space
bull Cathode reaction faster
in alkaline electrolyte
leads to high performance
bull Low cost components
bull Sensitive to CO2
in fuel and air
bull Electrolyte management
Phosphoric
Acid
(PAFC)
Phosphoric acid
soaked in a matrix
150-200degC
302-392degF
400 kW
100 kW
module
40 bull Distributed
generation
bull Higher temperature enables
CHP
bull Increased tolerance to fuel
impurities
bull Pt catalyst
bull Long start up time
bull Low current and power
Molten
Carbonate
(MCFC)
Solution of lithium
sodium andor
potassium
carbonates soaked
in a matrix
600-700degC
1112-1292degF
300
k W- 3 M
W
300 kW
module
45 ndash 50
bull Electric utility
bull Distributed
generation
bull High efficiency
bull Fuel flexibility
bull Can use a variety of catalysts
bull Suitable for CHP
bull High temperature
corrosion and breakdown
of cell components
bull Long start up time
bull Low power density
Solid Oxide
(SOFC)
Yttria stabilized
zirconia
700-1000degC
1202-1832degF
1 kW ndash 2
MW 60
bull Auxiliary power
bull Electric utility
bull Distributed
generation
bull High efficiency
bull Fuel flexibility
bull Can use a variety of catalysts
bull Solid electrolyte
bull Suitable f o r CHP amp CHHP
bull HybridGT cycle
bull High temperature
corrosion and breakdown
of cell components
bull High temperature
operation requires long
start up
time and limits
Polymer Electrolyte is no longer a single category row Data shown does not take into account High Temperature PEM which operates in the range of 160oC to 180
oC It solves
virtually all of the disadvantages listed under PEM It is not sensitive to impurities It has usable heat Stack efficiencies of 52 on the high side are realized HTPEM is not a
PAFC fuel cell and should not be confused with one
104 US Department of Energy Fuel Cells Technology Program httpwww1eereenergygovhydrogenandfuelcellsfuelcellspdfsfc_comparison_chartpdf August 5 2011 105
Ballard ldquoCLEARgen Multi-MY Systemsrdquo httpwwwballardcomfuel-cell-productscleargen-multi-mw-systemsaspx November 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
45
Appendix VII ndashAnalysis of Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities and Threats for Maine
Strengths
Stationary Power ndash Strong market drivers including high
electricity cost cold climate reliance on oil for space heating
strong CHP and district heating market strong environmental
and green energy awareness) capable core of fuel cell CHP
installers energy storage demand to serve MErsquos aggressive
wind-power industry strong ongoing expansion of natural gas
servicedistribution
Transportation Power - Strong market drivers including a
dispersed population highly reliant on truck and auto
transportation receptive and environmentally conscious
alternative fuelstransportation market relatively low income
population in need of relief from automobile fuel costs strong
Navy shipbuilding industry as potential user of H2FC auxiliary
power system strongly interested in fleet-based hydrogen
fueling station development (SunHydro model) strong interest
in municipal transit and fuel cell -powered rail
Economic Development Factors ndash Brunswick Renewable
Energy Park emphasis on skills development and technology
synergies aggressive state level policy to policy to develop
renewable wind and biomass energy technologies skilled and
well organized network of precision manufacturing firms tied
into aerospace and communications equipment industries
strong labor force at relatively low wages RampDbusiness
infrastructure for advanced biofuels and composite material
structures growing University of Maine commitment to fuel
cell and biomass RampD state funding source familiaritycomfort
with H2FC technology
Weaknesses
Stationary Power ndash No technologyindustrial momentum at the
OEM level geographically distant from OEMs for component-
supply opportunities
Transportation Power ndash No technologyindustrial base at the
OEM level lack of infrastructure funding relatively dispersed
population for transportation services
Economic Development Factors ndash limited state incentives
somewhat sluggish overall state economy relatively
undeveloped core of technology skillsknowledge base
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
46
Opportunities
Stationary Power ndash Opportunity as an ldquoearly adaptor marketrdquo
some supply chain buildup opportunities around SP deployment
Linkage between H2FC technologies and advanced biofuels
RampD Dispersed population amp economy needs distributed
solutions Major need for power storage in conjunction with
Maines planned offshore wind-power RampD and development
Transportation Power ndash Hydrogen refueling station plans Early-
stage potential for major roll-out in marine auxiliary power (US
Navy) Commuter rail expansion
Portable Power ndash Little currently-identified opportunity
Economic Development Factors ndash Brunswick ldquoRenewable Energy
Industrial Parkrdquo can be significant seed nucleus for both
deployment amp development Machine-tool industry pursuing
H2FC components supply-chain opportunities
Threats
Stationary Power ndash The regionrsquos favorable market
needsdemand could be met by other technologiessources ndash
Canadian hydro amp nuclear wind geothermal direct biomass
and power-storage alternatives ndash batteries solid state ammonia
etc
Transportation Power ndash The regionrsquos favorable market
characteristics and needs could be met by other electric
vehicles particularly in the absence of a hydrogen
infrastructure
Economic Development Factors ndash competition from more fully-
equipped statesregions wind and other renewables grab Maine
energy industry momentum lack of funding to sustain
University of MErsquos momentum in storage and fuel cell
technologies related to biomass and wind hesitation of state
government to support alternative energy incentives
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
47
Appendix VIII ndash Partial list of Fuel Cell Deployment in the Northeast region
Manufacturer Site Name Site Location Year Installed
Plug Power T-Mobile cell tower Storrs CT 2008
Plug Power Albany International Airport Albany NY 2004
FuelCell Energy Pepperidge Farms Plant Bloomfield CT 2005
FuelCell Energy Peabody Museum New Haven CT 2003
FuelCell Energy Sheraton New York Hotel amp Towers Manhattan NY 2004
FuelCell Energy Sheraton Hotel Edison NJ 2003
FuelCell Energy Sheraton Hotel Parsippany NJ 2003
UTC Power Cabelas Sporting Goods East Hartford CT 2008
UTC Power Whole Foods Market Glastonbury CT 2008
UTC Power Connecticut Science Center Hartford CT 2009
UTC Power St Francis Hospital Hartford CT 2003
UTC Power Middletown High School Middletown CT 2008
UTC Power Connecticut Juvenile Training School Middletown CT 2001
UTC Power 360 State Street Apartment Building New Haven CT 2010
UTC Power South Windsor High School South Windsor CT 2002
UTC Power Mohegan Sun Casino Hotel Uncasville CT 2002
UTC Power CTTransit Fuel Cell Bus Hartford CT 2007
UTC Power Whole Foods Market Dedham MA 2009
UTC Power Bronx Zoo Bronx NY 2008
UTC Power North Central Bronx Hospital Bronx NY 2000
UTC Power Hunts Point Water Pollution Control Plant Bronx NY 2005
UTC Power Price Chopper Supermarket Colonie NY 2010
UTC Power East Rochester High School East Rochester NY 2007
UTC Power Coca-Cola Refreshments Production Facility Elmsford NY 2010
UTC Power Verizon Call Center and Communications Building Garden City NY 2005
UTC Power State Office Building Hauppauge NY 2009
UTC Power Liverpool High School Liverpool NY 2000
UTC Power New York Hilton Hotel New York City NY 2007
UTC Power Central Park Police Station New York City NY 1999
UTC Power Rochester Institute of Technology Rochester NY 1993
UTC Power NYPA office building White Plains NY 2010
UTC Power Wastewater treatment plant Yonkers NY 1997
UTC Power The Octagon Roosevelt Island NY 2011
UTC Power Johnson amp Johnson World Headquarters New Brunswick NJ 2003
UTC Power CTTRANSIT (Fuel Cell Powered Buses) Hartford CT 2007 - Present
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
48
Appendix IX ndash Partial list of Fuel Cell-Powered Forklifts in North America106
Company CityTown State Site Year
Deployed
Fuel Cell
Manufacturer
of
forklifts
Coca-Cola San Leandro CA
Bottling and
distribution center 2011 Plug Power 37
Charlotte NC Bottling facility 2011 Plug Power 40
EARP
Distribution Kansas City KS Distribution center 2011
Oorja
Protonics 24
Golden State
Foods Lemont IL Distribution facility 2011
Oorja
Protonics 20
Kroger Co Compton CA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 161
Sysco
Riverside CA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 80
Boston MA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 160
Long Island NY Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 42
San Antonio TX Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 113
Front Royal VA Redistribution
facility 2011 Plug Power 100
Baldor
Specialty Foods Bronx NY Facility
Planned
in 2012
Oorja
Protonics 50
BMW
Manufacturing
Co
Spartanburg SC Manufacturing
plant 2010 Plug Power 86
Defense
Logistics
Agency US
Department of
Defense
San Joaquin CA Distribution facility 2011 Plug Power 20
Fort Lewis WA Distribution depot 2011 Plug Power 19
Warner
Robins GA Distribution depot 2010 Hydrogenics 20
Susquehanna PA Distribution depot 2010 Plug Power 15
2009 Nuvera 40
Martin-Brower Stockton CA Food distribution
center 2010
Oorja
Protonics 15
United Natural
Foods Inc
(UNFI)
Sarasota FL Distribution center 2010 Plug Power 65
Wal-Mart
Balzac Al
Canada
Refrigerated
distribution center 2010 Plug Power 80
Washington
Court House OH
Food distribution
center 2007 Plug Power 55
Wegmans Pottsville PA Warehouse 2010 Plug Power 136
Whole Foods
Market Landover MD Distribution center 2010 Plug Power 61
106
FuelCell2000 ldquoFuel Cell-Powered Forklifts in North Americardquo httpwwwfuelcellsorginfochartsforkliftspdf November
2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
49
Appendix X ndash Comparison of PEM Fuel Cell and Battery-Powered Material Handling
Equipment
3 kW PEM Fuel Cell-Powered
Pallet Trucks
3 kW Battery-powered
(2 batteries per truck)
Total Fuel Cycle Energy Use
(total energy consumedkWh
delivered to the wheels) -12000 BtukWh 14000 BtukWh
Fuel Cycle GHG Emissions
(in g CO2 equivalent 820 gkWh 1200 gkWh
Estimated Product Life 8-10 years 4-5 years No Emissions at Point of Use
Quiet Operation
Wide Ambient Operating
Temperature range
Constant Power Available
over Shift
Routine Maintenance Costs
($YR) $1250 - $1500year $2000year
Time for RefuelingChanging
Batteries 4 ndash 8 minday 45-60 minday (for battery change-outs)
8 hours (for battery recharging amp cooling) Cost of FuelElectricity $6000year $1300year Labor Cost of
refuelingRecharging $1100year $8750year
Net Present Value of Capital
Cost $12600
($18000 wo incentive) $14000
Net Present Value of OampM
costs (including fuel) $52000 $128000
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
50
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
21
MAINE
Fleets
There are over 7000 fleet vehicles (excluding state and federal vehicles) classified as non-leasing or
company owned vehicles in Maine 76
Fleet vehicles typically account for more than twice the amount of
mileage and therefore twice the fuel consumption and emissions compared to personal vehicles on a per
vehicle basis There are an additional 1781 passenger automobiles andor light duty trucks in Maine
owned by state and federal agencies (excluding state police) that traveled a combined 14965373 miles in
2010 while releasing 1031 metrics tons of CO2 77
Conversion of fleet vehicles from conventional fossil
fuels to FCEVs could significantly reduce petroleum consumption and GHG emissions Fleet vehicle
hubs are good candidates for hydrogen refueling and conversion to FCEVs because they mostly operate
on fixed routes or within fixed districts and are fueled from a centralized station
Bus Transit
There are approximately 61 directly operated buses that provide public transportation services in Maine78
As discussed above replacement of a conventional diesel transit bus with a fuel cell transit bus would
result in the reduction of CO2 emissions (estimated at approximately 183000 pounds per year) and
reduction of diesel fuel (estimated at approximately 4390 gallons per year)79
Although the efficiency of
conventional diesel buses has increased conventional diesel buses which typically achieve fuel economy
performance levels of 39 miles per gallon have the greatest potential for energy savings by using high
efficiency fuel cells In addition to Maine other states have also begun the transition of fueling transit
buses with alternative fuels to improve efficiency and environmental performance
Material Handling
Material handling equipment such as forklifts are used by a variety of industries including
manufacturing construction mining agriculture food retailers and wholesale trade to move goods
within a facility or to load goods for shipping to another site Material handling equipment is usually
battery propane or diesel powered Batteries that currently power material handling equipment are heavy
and take up significant storage space while only providing up to 6 hours of run time Fuel cells can
ensure constant power delivery and performance eliminating the reduction in voltage output that occurs
as batteries discharge Fuel cell powered material handling equipment last more than twice as long (12-
14 hours) and also eliminate the need for battery storage and charging rooms leaving more space for
products In addition fueling time only takes two to three minutes by the operator compared to least 20
minutes or more for each battery replacement which saves the operator valuable time and increases
warehouse productivity
In addition fuel cell powered material handling equipment has significant cost advantages compared to
batteries such as
15 times lower maintenance cost
8 times lower refuelingrecharging labor cost
2 times lower net present value of total operations and management (OampM) system cost
76
Fleetcom ldquo2009-My Registrationrdquo httpwwwautomotive-
fleetcomStatisticsStatsVieweraspxfile=http3a2f2fwwwautomotive-fleetcom2ffc_resources2fstats2fAFFB10-16-
top10-statepdfampchannel 77 US General Services Administration ldquoGSA 2010 Fleet Reportsrdquo Table 4-2 httpwwwgsagovportalcontent230525 September
2011 78
NTD Date ldquoTS22 - Service Data and Operating Expenses Time-Series by Systemrdquo
httpwwwntdprogramgovntdprogramdatahtm December 2011 79 Fuel Cell Economic Development Plan Connecticut Department of Economic and Community Development and the
Connecticut Center for Advanced Technology Inc January 1 2008
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
22
MAINE
63 percent less emissions of GHG (Appendix X provides a comparison of PEM fuel cell and
battery-powered material handling equipment)
Fuel cell powered material handling equipment is already in use at dozens of warehouses distribution
centers and manufacturing plants in North America80
Large corporations that are currently using or
planning to use fuel cell powered material handling equipment include CVS Coca-Cola BMW Central
Grocers and Wal-Mart (Refer to Appendix IX for a partial list of companies in North America that using
fuel cell powered forklifts)81
There are approximately five distribution centerswarehouse sites that have
been identified in Maine that may benefit from the use of fuel cell powered material handling equipment
(Appendix I ndash Figure 13 Distribution CentersWarehouses amp Ports)
Ground Support Equipment
Ground support equipment (GSE) such as catering trucks deicers and airport tugs can be battery
operated or more commonly run on diesel or gasoline As an alternative hydrogen-powered tugs are
being developed for both military and commercial applications While their performance is similar to that
of other battery-powered equipment a fuel cell-powered GSE remains fully charged (provided there is
hydrogen fuel available) and do not experience performance lag at the end of a shift like battery-powered
GSEs82
Potential large end-users of GSE that serve Mainersquos largest airports include Air Canada Delta
Airlines Continental JetBlue United and US Airways83
(Appendix I ndash Figure 11 Commercial
Airports)
Ports
Maine has 3480 miles of coastline with six cargo ports and 13 cruise ship ports The ports of Portland
and Bath Maine which service large vessels such as container ships tankers bulk carriers and cruise
ships may be candidates for improved energy management Commercial marine vessels (cargo ships
entering and leaving Marine ports) contribute approximately 166 tons of volatile organic compounds
(VOC) 1134 tons of NOX 374 tons of CO 124 tons of sulfur dioxide SO2 and 91 tons of particulate
matter (PM10) per year84
In one year a single large container ship can emit pollutants equivalent to that of 50 million cars The
low grade bunker fuel used by the worlds 90000 cargo ships contains up to 2000 times the amount of
sulfur compared to diesel fuel used in automobiles85
Furthermore diesel emissions from cruise ships
while at port are a significant source of air pollution While docked vessels shut off their main engines
but use auxiliary diesel and steam engines to power refrigeration lights pumps and other functions a
process called ldquocold-ironing An estimated one-third of ship emissions occur while they are idling at
berth Replacing auxiliary engines with on-shore electric power could significantly reduce emissions
The applications of fuel cell technology at ports may also provide electric and thermal energy for
improving energy management for warehouses and equipment operated between terminals (Appendix I ndash
Figure 13 Distribution CentersWarehouses amp Ports)86
80 DOE EERE ldquoEarly Markets Fuel Cells for Material Handling Equipmentrdquo
www1eereenergygovhydrogenandfuelcellseducationpdfsearly_markets_forkliftspdf February 2011 81 Plug Power ldquoPlug Power Celebrates Successful year for Companyrsquos Manufacturing and Sales Activityrdquo
wwwplugpowercom January 4 2011 82 Battelle ldquoIdentification and Characterization of Near-Term Direct Hydrogen Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Marketsrdquo
April 2007 www1eereenergygovhydrogenandfuelcellspdfspemfc_econ_2006_report_final_0407pdf 83 PWM ldquoAirlinesrdquo httpwwwportlandjetportorgairlines August 24 2011 84
Maine Department of Environmental Protection ldquoAir Emission from Marine Vesselsrdquo
httpwwwmainegovdepblwqtopicvesselairemissionsreportpdf January 15 2005 85
ldquoBig polluters one massive container ship equals 50 million carsrdquo Paul Evans httpwwwgizmagcomshipping-
pollution11526 April 232009 86
Savemayportvillagenet ldquoCruise Ship Pollutionrdquo httpwwwsavemayportvillagenetid20html October 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
23
MAINE
Table 18 -Ports Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
42
(35)
2
(11)
2
(11)
06
(11)
4730
(11)
12741
(11)
908
(9)
CONCLUSION
Hydrogen and fuel cell technology offers significant opportunities for improved energy reliability energy
efficiency and emission reductions Large fuel cell units (gt300 kW) may be appropriate for applications
that serve large electric and thermal loads Smaller fuel cell units (lt 300 kW) may provide back-up power
for telecommunication sites restaurantsfast food outlets and smaller sized public facilities at this time
Table 19 ndashSummary of Potential Fuel Cell Applications
Category Total Sites Potential
Sites
Number of Fuel
Cells
lt 300 kW
Number of
Fuel Cells
gt300 kW
CB
EC
S D
ata
Education 964 6587
23 42
Food Sales 1800+ 4588
45
Food Services 2100+ 1589
15
Inpatient Healthcare 181 4290
42
Lodging 837 1891
18
Public Order amp Safety 216 1092
10
Energy Intensive Industries 156 693
6
Government Operated
Buildings 114 4
94
4
Wireless
Telecommunication
Towers
50995
5196
51
WWTPs 111 197
1
Landfills 25 198
1
Airports (w AASF) 103 5 (1)99
5
87 65 high schools andor college and universities located in communities serviced by natural gas 88 45 food sale facilities located in communities serviced by natural gas 89 Ten percent of the 97 food service facilities located in communities serviced by natural gas 90 Eight Hospitals located in communities serviced by natural gas and occupying 150+ or more beds onsite 91 15 hotel facilities with 100+ rooms onsite and three convalescent homes with 150+ bed onsite located in communities serviced
by natural gas 92 Correctional facilities andor other public order and safety facilities with 212 workers or more 93 Ten percent of the 64 energy intensive industry facilities located in communities serviced with natural gas 94 Four actively owned federal government operated building located in communities serviced by natural gas 95
The Federal Communications Commission regulates interstate and international communications by radio television wire
satellite and cable in all 50 states the District of Columbia and US territories 96 Ten percent of the 509 wireless telecommunication sites in Mainersquos targeted for back-up PEM fuel cell deployment 97 Ten percent of Maine WWTP with average flows of 30+ MGD 98 Ten percent of the landfills targeted based on LMOP data
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
24
MAINE
Military 1 1 1
Ports 42 2 2
Total 7159+ 266 74 192
As shown in Table 5 the analysis provided here estimates that there are approximately 266 potential
locations which may be favorable candidates for the application of a fuel cell to provide heat and power
Assuming the demand for electricity was uniform throughout the year approximately 150 to 192 fuel cell
units with a capacity of 300 ndash 400 kW could be deployed for a total fuel cell capacity of 58 to 77 MWs
If opportunities for fuel cell use in Maine identified in this report are met with 300 kW units a minimum
of 473040 MWh electric and 127 million MMBTUs (equivalent to 373404 MWh) of thermal energy
would be produced which could reduce CO2 emissions by at least 90824 tons per year 100
Maine can also benefit from the use of hydrogen and fuel cell technology for transportation such as
passenger fleets transit district fleets municipal fleets and state department fleets The application of
hydrogen and fuel cell technology for transportation would reduce the dependence on oil improve
environmental performance and provide greater efficiencies than conventional transportation
technologies
bull Replacement of a gasoline-fueled passenger vehicle with FCEVs could result in annual CO2
emission reductions (per vehicle) of approximately 10170 pounds annual energy savings of 230
gallons of gasoline and annual fuel cost savings of $885
bull Replacement of a gasoline-fueled light duty truck with FCEVs could result in annual CO2
emission reductions (per light duty truck) of approximately 15770 pounds annual energy savings
of 485 gallons of gasoline and annual fuel cost savings of $1866
bull Replacement of a diesel-fueled transit bus with a fuel cell powered bus could result in annual CO2
emission reductions (per bus) of approximately 182984 pounds annual energy savings of 4390
gallons of fuel and annual fuel cost savings of $17560
Hydrogen and fuel cell technology also provides significant opportunities for job creation andor
economic development Realizing over $2 million in revenue and investment in 2010 the hydrogen and
fuel cell industry in Maine is estimated to have contributed approximately $113000 in state and local tax
revenue and over $29 million in gross state product Currently there are at least 30 Maine companies
that are part of the growing hydrogen and fuel cell industry supply chain in the Northeast region If
neweremerging hydrogen and fuel cell technology were to gain momentum the number of companies
and employment for the industry could grow substantially
99 Airport facilities with 2500+ annual Enplanement Counts andor AASF 100
If opportunities for fuel cell use in Maine identified in this report are met with 400 kW units a minimum of 665760 MWh
electric and 312 million MMBTUs (equivalent to 915127 MWh) of thermal energy would be produced which could reduce CO2
emissions by at least 127826 tons per year
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
25
MAINE
APPENDICES
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
26
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 1 Education
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
27
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 2 Food Sales
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
28
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 3 Food Services
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
29
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 4 Inpatient Healthcare
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
30
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 5 Lodging
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
31
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 6 Public Order and Safety
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
32
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 7 Energy Intensive Industries
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
33
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 8 Federal Government Operated Buildings
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
34
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 9 Telecommunication Sites
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
35
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 10 Solid and Liquid Waste Sites
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
36
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 11 Commercial Airports
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
37
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 12 Alternative Fueling Stations
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
38
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 13 Distribution CentersWarehouses amp Ports
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
39
MAINE
Appendix II ndash Maine Estimated Electrical Consumption per Sector
Category Total Site
Electric Consumption per Building
(1000 kWh)101
kWh Consumed per Sector
New England
Education 925 161844 149705700
Food Sales 1800 319821 575677800
Food Services 2100 128 269199000
Inpatient Healthcare 181 603863 1092991125
Lodging 837 21312 178379766
Public Order amp Safety 262 77855 20398010
Total 6105 2286351401
Residential102
4503000000
Industrial 3702000000
Commercial 4503000000
Other Commercial 2286351401
101
EIA Electricity consumption and expenditure intensities for Non-Mall Building 2003 102
DOE EERE ldquoElectric Power and Renewable Energy in Mainerdquo httpapps1eereenergygovstateselectricitycfmstate=ME
August 25 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
40
MAINE
Appendix III ndash Key Stakeholders
Organization CityTown State Website Hydrogen Energy Center Portland ME wwwhydrogenenergycenterorg
University of Maine School of
Engineering Technology Orono ME httpwwwumaineeduset
University of Maine Advanced
Manufacturing Center Orono
ME wwwumaineeduamc
University of Maine Advanced
Structures and Composites Center Orono
ME httpwww2umaineeduaewc
Manufacturers Association of Maine Westbrook ME
wwwmainemfgcom
Maine Manufacturing Extension
Partnership Augusta
ME httpwwwmainemeporg
Mid-Coast Regional Redevelopment
Authority Brunswick
ME wwwmrraus
Manufacturing Applications Center Gorham ME
httpwwwusmmaineedu
Maine Center for Enterprise
Development University of Southern
Maine
Portland ME
wwwmcedbiz
Maine Small Business Development
Center Portland
ME httpwwwmainesbdcorg
Southern Maine Community College
Sustainability and Energy Alternatives
Center
South
Portland ME httpwwwsmccmeedubusiness-a-
communitycomunity-resourcessustainability-
centerhtml
Environment and Energy Technology
Council of Maine Portland
ME wwwE2Techorg
Maine Technology Institute Gardiner ME
wwwmainetechnologyorg
Maine Innovation Economy advisory
Board Maine DECD Augusta ME httpwwwmainegovdecd
Governorrsquos Office of Energy
Independence and Security Augusta ME httpmainegovoeis
Utility Companies
Unitil httpwwwunitilcomcustomer-configuration
Bangor Gas Co httpwwwbangorgascom
Central Maine Power Co httpwwwcmpcocom
Bangor Hydro-Electric Co httpwwwbhecom
Maine Public Service Co httpwwwmainepublicservicecom
Appendix IV ndash Maine State Incentives and Programs
Funding Source Maine Public Utilities Commission
Program Title Community-based Renewable Energy Pilot Program
Applicable EnergiesTechnologies Solar Thermal Electric Photovoltaic Landfill Gas Wind
Biomass Hydroelectric Geothermal Electric Fuel Cells Anaerobic Digestion Tidal Energy
Fuel Cells using Renewable Fuels
Summary The Maine Utilities Commission (PUC) finalized the rule in February 2010 Legislation
mandates that up 10 50 MW of generating capacity will be permitted uned this program and
individual participants may not exceed 10 MW Of the 50 MW cap 10 must be reserved
specifically for small program participants or for participants located in a service territory of a
cooperative transmission and distribution utility
Restrictions
The PUC may require investor-owned utilities to enter into long-term contracts for energy capacity
resources or renewable energy credits (RECs) produced by the community-based project The
contacts term may not exceed 20 year the PUC will conduct long-term contract solicitations for
ldquolarge generatorsrdquo
Timing The Maine Public Utilities Commission is seeking proposals from suppliers of energy
capacity or renewable energy credits (RECs) for the development of community-based renewable
energy projects over 1 MW The docket number for this RFP is 2011-150 All inquiries about this
RFP should be directed to christinercookmainegov
Maximum Size Choice of either 15 REC credit multiplier or up to 10 MW DC
Requirements
To be eligible for incentives a generating facility must be 51 percent locally owned use renewable
energy resources be no larger than 10 MW in generating capacity and be located in the State
httpwwwstatemeusmpucelectricitycommunity_pilotshtml
Rebate amount $010kWh or cost fo the project whichever is lower
For further information please visit
httpwwwstatemeusmpucelectricitycommunity_pilotshtml
Source
Maine Public Utilities Commission ldquoCommunity-based Renewable Energy Pilot Programrdquo August 10 2011
DSIRE ldquoCommunity-based Renewable Energy Production Incentive (Pilot Program)rdquo August 10 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
42
Funding Source Voluntary Renewable Resource Grants
Program Title Voluntary Renewable Resources Fund
Applicable EnergiesTechnologies Solar Thermal Electric Photovoltaics Wind Biomass
Hydroelectric Geothermal Electric Fuel Cells Municipal Solid Waste Tidal Energy Fuel
Cells using Renewable Fuels
Summary Supported by the state Voluntary Renewable resource Fund and administered by the
Efficient Maine provide funding for small-scale demonstration projects designed to educate
communities on the value oand cost effectiveness of renewable energy
Restrictions To Qualify for grant funding renewable-energy resources generally must qualify as a
small power production facility un Federal Energy Regulatory Commission rules or must not exceed
100 MW in capacity and use one of more of the applicable energiestechnologies
Timing Start Date of this program occurred 12151998 and no expiration date is given
Maximum Size $50000
Requirements
httpwwwmainegovmpucrecovery
Rebate amount
$50000 Maximu
For further information please visit
httpwwwmainegovmpucrecovery
Source
Maine PUC ldquoFederal Stimulus MPUC and the Federal Recovery Packagerdquo ndash August 10 2011
DSIRE ldquoMaine - Voluntary Renewable Resource Grantsrdquo August 10 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
43
Appendix V ndash Partial Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Supply Chain Companies in Maine103
Organization Name Product or Service Category
1 University of Maine School of
Engineering Technology Research amp Development
2 University of Maine Advanced
Structures and Composites Center Research amp Development
3 Precision Partners-Mid-State Machine
Products Manufacturing Services
4 Ocean Energy Institute EngineeringDesign Services
5 Newfab Inc Manufacturing Services
6 New England Castings Other
7 Mitchell Ledge Farm Components
8 McNabb Marketing Resources Other
9 Maine Oxy Inc Fuel
10 Maine Machine Products Co Manufacturing Services
11 MacTec Inc FCH2 System DistrInstallMaint Services
12 Kennebec Technologies Manufacturing Services
13 Hydrogen Energy Center Service Center Lab or Test ConsultingLegalFinancial
Services
14 Hydrogen Energy Center Other
15 Green Energy Maine Other
16 Fire Risk Management Inc EngineeringDesign Services
17 Fire Risk Management EngineeringDesign Services
18 Fairchild Semiconductor Research amp Development
19 EcoMain Research amp Development
20 Control Point Inc Lab or Test EquipmentServices
21 Colby Company Engineering EngineeringDesign Services
22 Chewonki Foundation Other
23 Burroughs Machine Tool Products Equipment
24 Bernstein Shur ConsultingLegalFinancial Services
25 Bath Iron Works (General Dynamics
Inc) Research amp Development
26 AMEC EngineeringDesign Services
27 Advantages Gases and Tools Fuel
28 Advanced Manufacturing Center-
University of ME Manufacturing Services
103
Northeast Electrochemical Energy Storage Cluster Supply Chain Database Search httpneescorgresourcestype=1 August 11 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
44
Appendix VI ndash Comparison of Fuel Cell Technologies104
Fuel Cell
Type
Common
Electrolyte
Operating
Temperature
Typical
Stack
Size
Efficiency Applications Advantages Disadvantages
Polymer
Electrolyte
Membrane
(PEM)
Perfluoro sulfonic
acid
50-100degC
122-212deg
typically
80degC
lt 1 kW ndash 1
MW105
gt
kW 60
transportation
35
stationary
bull Backup power
bull Portable power
bull Distributed
generation
bull Transportation
bull Specialty vehicle
bull Solid electrolyte reduces
corrosion amp electrolyte
management problems
bull Low temperature
bull Quick start-up
bull Expensive catalysts
bull Sensitive to fuel
impurities
bull Low temperature waste
heat
Alkaline
(AFC)
Aqueous solution
of potassium
hydroxide soaked
in a matrix
90-100degC
194-212degF
10 ndash 100
kW 60
bull Military
bull Space
bull Cathode reaction faster
in alkaline electrolyte
leads to high performance
bull Low cost components
bull Sensitive to CO2
in fuel and air
bull Electrolyte management
Phosphoric
Acid
(PAFC)
Phosphoric acid
soaked in a matrix
150-200degC
302-392degF
400 kW
100 kW
module
40 bull Distributed
generation
bull Higher temperature enables
CHP
bull Increased tolerance to fuel
impurities
bull Pt catalyst
bull Long start up time
bull Low current and power
Molten
Carbonate
(MCFC)
Solution of lithium
sodium andor
potassium
carbonates soaked
in a matrix
600-700degC
1112-1292degF
300
k W- 3 M
W
300 kW
module
45 ndash 50
bull Electric utility
bull Distributed
generation
bull High efficiency
bull Fuel flexibility
bull Can use a variety of catalysts
bull Suitable for CHP
bull High temperature
corrosion and breakdown
of cell components
bull Long start up time
bull Low power density
Solid Oxide
(SOFC)
Yttria stabilized
zirconia
700-1000degC
1202-1832degF
1 kW ndash 2
MW 60
bull Auxiliary power
bull Electric utility
bull Distributed
generation
bull High efficiency
bull Fuel flexibility
bull Can use a variety of catalysts
bull Solid electrolyte
bull Suitable f o r CHP amp CHHP
bull HybridGT cycle
bull High temperature
corrosion and breakdown
of cell components
bull High temperature
operation requires long
start up
time and limits
Polymer Electrolyte is no longer a single category row Data shown does not take into account High Temperature PEM which operates in the range of 160oC to 180
oC It solves
virtually all of the disadvantages listed under PEM It is not sensitive to impurities It has usable heat Stack efficiencies of 52 on the high side are realized HTPEM is not a
PAFC fuel cell and should not be confused with one
104 US Department of Energy Fuel Cells Technology Program httpwww1eereenergygovhydrogenandfuelcellsfuelcellspdfsfc_comparison_chartpdf August 5 2011 105
Ballard ldquoCLEARgen Multi-MY Systemsrdquo httpwwwballardcomfuel-cell-productscleargen-multi-mw-systemsaspx November 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
45
Appendix VII ndashAnalysis of Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities and Threats for Maine
Strengths
Stationary Power ndash Strong market drivers including high
electricity cost cold climate reliance on oil for space heating
strong CHP and district heating market strong environmental
and green energy awareness) capable core of fuel cell CHP
installers energy storage demand to serve MErsquos aggressive
wind-power industry strong ongoing expansion of natural gas
servicedistribution
Transportation Power - Strong market drivers including a
dispersed population highly reliant on truck and auto
transportation receptive and environmentally conscious
alternative fuelstransportation market relatively low income
population in need of relief from automobile fuel costs strong
Navy shipbuilding industry as potential user of H2FC auxiliary
power system strongly interested in fleet-based hydrogen
fueling station development (SunHydro model) strong interest
in municipal transit and fuel cell -powered rail
Economic Development Factors ndash Brunswick Renewable
Energy Park emphasis on skills development and technology
synergies aggressive state level policy to policy to develop
renewable wind and biomass energy technologies skilled and
well organized network of precision manufacturing firms tied
into aerospace and communications equipment industries
strong labor force at relatively low wages RampDbusiness
infrastructure for advanced biofuels and composite material
structures growing University of Maine commitment to fuel
cell and biomass RampD state funding source familiaritycomfort
with H2FC technology
Weaknesses
Stationary Power ndash No technologyindustrial momentum at the
OEM level geographically distant from OEMs for component-
supply opportunities
Transportation Power ndash No technologyindustrial base at the
OEM level lack of infrastructure funding relatively dispersed
population for transportation services
Economic Development Factors ndash limited state incentives
somewhat sluggish overall state economy relatively
undeveloped core of technology skillsknowledge base
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
46
Opportunities
Stationary Power ndash Opportunity as an ldquoearly adaptor marketrdquo
some supply chain buildup opportunities around SP deployment
Linkage between H2FC technologies and advanced biofuels
RampD Dispersed population amp economy needs distributed
solutions Major need for power storage in conjunction with
Maines planned offshore wind-power RampD and development
Transportation Power ndash Hydrogen refueling station plans Early-
stage potential for major roll-out in marine auxiliary power (US
Navy) Commuter rail expansion
Portable Power ndash Little currently-identified opportunity
Economic Development Factors ndash Brunswick ldquoRenewable Energy
Industrial Parkrdquo can be significant seed nucleus for both
deployment amp development Machine-tool industry pursuing
H2FC components supply-chain opportunities
Threats
Stationary Power ndash The regionrsquos favorable market
needsdemand could be met by other technologiessources ndash
Canadian hydro amp nuclear wind geothermal direct biomass
and power-storage alternatives ndash batteries solid state ammonia
etc
Transportation Power ndash The regionrsquos favorable market
characteristics and needs could be met by other electric
vehicles particularly in the absence of a hydrogen
infrastructure
Economic Development Factors ndash competition from more fully-
equipped statesregions wind and other renewables grab Maine
energy industry momentum lack of funding to sustain
University of MErsquos momentum in storage and fuel cell
technologies related to biomass and wind hesitation of state
government to support alternative energy incentives
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
47
Appendix VIII ndash Partial list of Fuel Cell Deployment in the Northeast region
Manufacturer Site Name Site Location Year Installed
Plug Power T-Mobile cell tower Storrs CT 2008
Plug Power Albany International Airport Albany NY 2004
FuelCell Energy Pepperidge Farms Plant Bloomfield CT 2005
FuelCell Energy Peabody Museum New Haven CT 2003
FuelCell Energy Sheraton New York Hotel amp Towers Manhattan NY 2004
FuelCell Energy Sheraton Hotel Edison NJ 2003
FuelCell Energy Sheraton Hotel Parsippany NJ 2003
UTC Power Cabelas Sporting Goods East Hartford CT 2008
UTC Power Whole Foods Market Glastonbury CT 2008
UTC Power Connecticut Science Center Hartford CT 2009
UTC Power St Francis Hospital Hartford CT 2003
UTC Power Middletown High School Middletown CT 2008
UTC Power Connecticut Juvenile Training School Middletown CT 2001
UTC Power 360 State Street Apartment Building New Haven CT 2010
UTC Power South Windsor High School South Windsor CT 2002
UTC Power Mohegan Sun Casino Hotel Uncasville CT 2002
UTC Power CTTransit Fuel Cell Bus Hartford CT 2007
UTC Power Whole Foods Market Dedham MA 2009
UTC Power Bronx Zoo Bronx NY 2008
UTC Power North Central Bronx Hospital Bronx NY 2000
UTC Power Hunts Point Water Pollution Control Plant Bronx NY 2005
UTC Power Price Chopper Supermarket Colonie NY 2010
UTC Power East Rochester High School East Rochester NY 2007
UTC Power Coca-Cola Refreshments Production Facility Elmsford NY 2010
UTC Power Verizon Call Center and Communications Building Garden City NY 2005
UTC Power State Office Building Hauppauge NY 2009
UTC Power Liverpool High School Liverpool NY 2000
UTC Power New York Hilton Hotel New York City NY 2007
UTC Power Central Park Police Station New York City NY 1999
UTC Power Rochester Institute of Technology Rochester NY 1993
UTC Power NYPA office building White Plains NY 2010
UTC Power Wastewater treatment plant Yonkers NY 1997
UTC Power The Octagon Roosevelt Island NY 2011
UTC Power Johnson amp Johnson World Headquarters New Brunswick NJ 2003
UTC Power CTTRANSIT (Fuel Cell Powered Buses) Hartford CT 2007 - Present
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
48
Appendix IX ndash Partial list of Fuel Cell-Powered Forklifts in North America106
Company CityTown State Site Year
Deployed
Fuel Cell
Manufacturer
of
forklifts
Coca-Cola San Leandro CA
Bottling and
distribution center 2011 Plug Power 37
Charlotte NC Bottling facility 2011 Plug Power 40
EARP
Distribution Kansas City KS Distribution center 2011
Oorja
Protonics 24
Golden State
Foods Lemont IL Distribution facility 2011
Oorja
Protonics 20
Kroger Co Compton CA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 161
Sysco
Riverside CA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 80
Boston MA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 160
Long Island NY Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 42
San Antonio TX Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 113
Front Royal VA Redistribution
facility 2011 Plug Power 100
Baldor
Specialty Foods Bronx NY Facility
Planned
in 2012
Oorja
Protonics 50
BMW
Manufacturing
Co
Spartanburg SC Manufacturing
plant 2010 Plug Power 86
Defense
Logistics
Agency US
Department of
Defense
San Joaquin CA Distribution facility 2011 Plug Power 20
Fort Lewis WA Distribution depot 2011 Plug Power 19
Warner
Robins GA Distribution depot 2010 Hydrogenics 20
Susquehanna PA Distribution depot 2010 Plug Power 15
2009 Nuvera 40
Martin-Brower Stockton CA Food distribution
center 2010
Oorja
Protonics 15
United Natural
Foods Inc
(UNFI)
Sarasota FL Distribution center 2010 Plug Power 65
Wal-Mart
Balzac Al
Canada
Refrigerated
distribution center 2010 Plug Power 80
Washington
Court House OH
Food distribution
center 2007 Plug Power 55
Wegmans Pottsville PA Warehouse 2010 Plug Power 136
Whole Foods
Market Landover MD Distribution center 2010 Plug Power 61
106
FuelCell2000 ldquoFuel Cell-Powered Forklifts in North Americardquo httpwwwfuelcellsorginfochartsforkliftspdf November
2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
49
Appendix X ndash Comparison of PEM Fuel Cell and Battery-Powered Material Handling
Equipment
3 kW PEM Fuel Cell-Powered
Pallet Trucks
3 kW Battery-powered
(2 batteries per truck)
Total Fuel Cycle Energy Use
(total energy consumedkWh
delivered to the wheels) -12000 BtukWh 14000 BtukWh
Fuel Cycle GHG Emissions
(in g CO2 equivalent 820 gkWh 1200 gkWh
Estimated Product Life 8-10 years 4-5 years No Emissions at Point of Use
Quiet Operation
Wide Ambient Operating
Temperature range
Constant Power Available
over Shift
Routine Maintenance Costs
($YR) $1250 - $1500year $2000year
Time for RefuelingChanging
Batteries 4 ndash 8 minday 45-60 minday (for battery change-outs)
8 hours (for battery recharging amp cooling) Cost of FuelElectricity $6000year $1300year Labor Cost of
refuelingRecharging $1100year $8750year
Net Present Value of Capital
Cost $12600
($18000 wo incentive) $14000
Net Present Value of OampM
costs (including fuel) $52000 $128000
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
50
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
22
MAINE
63 percent less emissions of GHG (Appendix X provides a comparison of PEM fuel cell and
battery-powered material handling equipment)
Fuel cell powered material handling equipment is already in use at dozens of warehouses distribution
centers and manufacturing plants in North America80
Large corporations that are currently using or
planning to use fuel cell powered material handling equipment include CVS Coca-Cola BMW Central
Grocers and Wal-Mart (Refer to Appendix IX for a partial list of companies in North America that using
fuel cell powered forklifts)81
There are approximately five distribution centerswarehouse sites that have
been identified in Maine that may benefit from the use of fuel cell powered material handling equipment
(Appendix I ndash Figure 13 Distribution CentersWarehouses amp Ports)
Ground Support Equipment
Ground support equipment (GSE) such as catering trucks deicers and airport tugs can be battery
operated or more commonly run on diesel or gasoline As an alternative hydrogen-powered tugs are
being developed for both military and commercial applications While their performance is similar to that
of other battery-powered equipment a fuel cell-powered GSE remains fully charged (provided there is
hydrogen fuel available) and do not experience performance lag at the end of a shift like battery-powered
GSEs82
Potential large end-users of GSE that serve Mainersquos largest airports include Air Canada Delta
Airlines Continental JetBlue United and US Airways83
(Appendix I ndash Figure 11 Commercial
Airports)
Ports
Maine has 3480 miles of coastline with six cargo ports and 13 cruise ship ports The ports of Portland
and Bath Maine which service large vessels such as container ships tankers bulk carriers and cruise
ships may be candidates for improved energy management Commercial marine vessels (cargo ships
entering and leaving Marine ports) contribute approximately 166 tons of volatile organic compounds
(VOC) 1134 tons of NOX 374 tons of CO 124 tons of sulfur dioxide SO2 and 91 tons of particulate
matter (PM10) per year84
In one year a single large container ship can emit pollutants equivalent to that of 50 million cars The
low grade bunker fuel used by the worlds 90000 cargo ships contains up to 2000 times the amount of
sulfur compared to diesel fuel used in automobiles85
Furthermore diesel emissions from cruise ships
while at port are a significant source of air pollution While docked vessels shut off their main engines
but use auxiliary diesel and steam engines to power refrigeration lights pumps and other functions a
process called ldquocold-ironing An estimated one-third of ship emissions occur while they are idling at
berth Replacing auxiliary engines with on-shore electric power could significantly reduce emissions
The applications of fuel cell technology at ports may also provide electric and thermal energy for
improving energy management for warehouses and equipment operated between terminals (Appendix I ndash
Figure 13 Distribution CentersWarehouses amp Ports)86
80 DOE EERE ldquoEarly Markets Fuel Cells for Material Handling Equipmentrdquo
www1eereenergygovhydrogenandfuelcellseducationpdfsearly_markets_forkliftspdf February 2011 81 Plug Power ldquoPlug Power Celebrates Successful year for Companyrsquos Manufacturing and Sales Activityrdquo
wwwplugpowercom January 4 2011 82 Battelle ldquoIdentification and Characterization of Near-Term Direct Hydrogen Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Marketsrdquo
April 2007 www1eereenergygovhydrogenandfuelcellspdfspemfc_econ_2006_report_final_0407pdf 83 PWM ldquoAirlinesrdquo httpwwwportlandjetportorgairlines August 24 2011 84
Maine Department of Environmental Protection ldquoAir Emission from Marine Vesselsrdquo
httpwwwmainegovdepblwqtopicvesselairemissionsreportpdf January 15 2005 85
ldquoBig polluters one massive container ship equals 50 million carsrdquo Paul Evans httpwwwgizmagcomshipping-
pollution11526 April 232009 86
Savemayportvillagenet ldquoCruise Ship Pollutionrdquo httpwwwsavemayportvillagenetid20html October 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
23
MAINE
Table 18 -Ports Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
42
(35)
2
(11)
2
(11)
06
(11)
4730
(11)
12741
(11)
908
(9)
CONCLUSION
Hydrogen and fuel cell technology offers significant opportunities for improved energy reliability energy
efficiency and emission reductions Large fuel cell units (gt300 kW) may be appropriate for applications
that serve large electric and thermal loads Smaller fuel cell units (lt 300 kW) may provide back-up power
for telecommunication sites restaurantsfast food outlets and smaller sized public facilities at this time
Table 19 ndashSummary of Potential Fuel Cell Applications
Category Total Sites Potential
Sites
Number of Fuel
Cells
lt 300 kW
Number of
Fuel Cells
gt300 kW
CB
EC
S D
ata
Education 964 6587
23 42
Food Sales 1800+ 4588
45
Food Services 2100+ 1589
15
Inpatient Healthcare 181 4290
42
Lodging 837 1891
18
Public Order amp Safety 216 1092
10
Energy Intensive Industries 156 693
6
Government Operated
Buildings 114 4
94
4
Wireless
Telecommunication
Towers
50995
5196
51
WWTPs 111 197
1
Landfills 25 198
1
Airports (w AASF) 103 5 (1)99
5
87 65 high schools andor college and universities located in communities serviced by natural gas 88 45 food sale facilities located in communities serviced by natural gas 89 Ten percent of the 97 food service facilities located in communities serviced by natural gas 90 Eight Hospitals located in communities serviced by natural gas and occupying 150+ or more beds onsite 91 15 hotel facilities with 100+ rooms onsite and three convalescent homes with 150+ bed onsite located in communities serviced
by natural gas 92 Correctional facilities andor other public order and safety facilities with 212 workers or more 93 Ten percent of the 64 energy intensive industry facilities located in communities serviced with natural gas 94 Four actively owned federal government operated building located in communities serviced by natural gas 95
The Federal Communications Commission regulates interstate and international communications by radio television wire
satellite and cable in all 50 states the District of Columbia and US territories 96 Ten percent of the 509 wireless telecommunication sites in Mainersquos targeted for back-up PEM fuel cell deployment 97 Ten percent of Maine WWTP with average flows of 30+ MGD 98 Ten percent of the landfills targeted based on LMOP data
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
24
MAINE
Military 1 1 1
Ports 42 2 2
Total 7159+ 266 74 192
As shown in Table 5 the analysis provided here estimates that there are approximately 266 potential
locations which may be favorable candidates for the application of a fuel cell to provide heat and power
Assuming the demand for electricity was uniform throughout the year approximately 150 to 192 fuel cell
units with a capacity of 300 ndash 400 kW could be deployed for a total fuel cell capacity of 58 to 77 MWs
If opportunities for fuel cell use in Maine identified in this report are met with 300 kW units a minimum
of 473040 MWh electric and 127 million MMBTUs (equivalent to 373404 MWh) of thermal energy
would be produced which could reduce CO2 emissions by at least 90824 tons per year 100
Maine can also benefit from the use of hydrogen and fuel cell technology for transportation such as
passenger fleets transit district fleets municipal fleets and state department fleets The application of
hydrogen and fuel cell technology for transportation would reduce the dependence on oil improve
environmental performance and provide greater efficiencies than conventional transportation
technologies
bull Replacement of a gasoline-fueled passenger vehicle with FCEVs could result in annual CO2
emission reductions (per vehicle) of approximately 10170 pounds annual energy savings of 230
gallons of gasoline and annual fuel cost savings of $885
bull Replacement of a gasoline-fueled light duty truck with FCEVs could result in annual CO2
emission reductions (per light duty truck) of approximately 15770 pounds annual energy savings
of 485 gallons of gasoline and annual fuel cost savings of $1866
bull Replacement of a diesel-fueled transit bus with a fuel cell powered bus could result in annual CO2
emission reductions (per bus) of approximately 182984 pounds annual energy savings of 4390
gallons of fuel and annual fuel cost savings of $17560
Hydrogen and fuel cell technology also provides significant opportunities for job creation andor
economic development Realizing over $2 million in revenue and investment in 2010 the hydrogen and
fuel cell industry in Maine is estimated to have contributed approximately $113000 in state and local tax
revenue and over $29 million in gross state product Currently there are at least 30 Maine companies
that are part of the growing hydrogen and fuel cell industry supply chain in the Northeast region If
neweremerging hydrogen and fuel cell technology were to gain momentum the number of companies
and employment for the industry could grow substantially
99 Airport facilities with 2500+ annual Enplanement Counts andor AASF 100
If opportunities for fuel cell use in Maine identified in this report are met with 400 kW units a minimum of 665760 MWh
electric and 312 million MMBTUs (equivalent to 915127 MWh) of thermal energy would be produced which could reduce CO2
emissions by at least 127826 tons per year
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
25
MAINE
APPENDICES
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
26
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 1 Education
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
27
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 2 Food Sales
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
28
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 3 Food Services
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
29
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 4 Inpatient Healthcare
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
30
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 5 Lodging
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
31
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 6 Public Order and Safety
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
32
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 7 Energy Intensive Industries
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
33
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 8 Federal Government Operated Buildings
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
34
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 9 Telecommunication Sites
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
35
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 10 Solid and Liquid Waste Sites
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
36
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 11 Commercial Airports
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
37
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 12 Alternative Fueling Stations
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
38
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 13 Distribution CentersWarehouses amp Ports
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
39
MAINE
Appendix II ndash Maine Estimated Electrical Consumption per Sector
Category Total Site
Electric Consumption per Building
(1000 kWh)101
kWh Consumed per Sector
New England
Education 925 161844 149705700
Food Sales 1800 319821 575677800
Food Services 2100 128 269199000
Inpatient Healthcare 181 603863 1092991125
Lodging 837 21312 178379766
Public Order amp Safety 262 77855 20398010
Total 6105 2286351401
Residential102
4503000000
Industrial 3702000000
Commercial 4503000000
Other Commercial 2286351401
101
EIA Electricity consumption and expenditure intensities for Non-Mall Building 2003 102
DOE EERE ldquoElectric Power and Renewable Energy in Mainerdquo httpapps1eereenergygovstateselectricitycfmstate=ME
August 25 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
40
MAINE
Appendix III ndash Key Stakeholders
Organization CityTown State Website Hydrogen Energy Center Portland ME wwwhydrogenenergycenterorg
University of Maine School of
Engineering Technology Orono ME httpwwwumaineeduset
University of Maine Advanced
Manufacturing Center Orono
ME wwwumaineeduamc
University of Maine Advanced
Structures and Composites Center Orono
ME httpwww2umaineeduaewc
Manufacturers Association of Maine Westbrook ME
wwwmainemfgcom
Maine Manufacturing Extension
Partnership Augusta
ME httpwwwmainemeporg
Mid-Coast Regional Redevelopment
Authority Brunswick
ME wwwmrraus
Manufacturing Applications Center Gorham ME
httpwwwusmmaineedu
Maine Center for Enterprise
Development University of Southern
Maine
Portland ME
wwwmcedbiz
Maine Small Business Development
Center Portland
ME httpwwwmainesbdcorg
Southern Maine Community College
Sustainability and Energy Alternatives
Center
South
Portland ME httpwwwsmccmeedubusiness-a-
communitycomunity-resourcessustainability-
centerhtml
Environment and Energy Technology
Council of Maine Portland
ME wwwE2Techorg
Maine Technology Institute Gardiner ME
wwwmainetechnologyorg
Maine Innovation Economy advisory
Board Maine DECD Augusta ME httpwwwmainegovdecd
Governorrsquos Office of Energy
Independence and Security Augusta ME httpmainegovoeis
Utility Companies
Unitil httpwwwunitilcomcustomer-configuration
Bangor Gas Co httpwwwbangorgascom
Central Maine Power Co httpwwwcmpcocom
Bangor Hydro-Electric Co httpwwwbhecom
Maine Public Service Co httpwwwmainepublicservicecom
Appendix IV ndash Maine State Incentives and Programs
Funding Source Maine Public Utilities Commission
Program Title Community-based Renewable Energy Pilot Program
Applicable EnergiesTechnologies Solar Thermal Electric Photovoltaic Landfill Gas Wind
Biomass Hydroelectric Geothermal Electric Fuel Cells Anaerobic Digestion Tidal Energy
Fuel Cells using Renewable Fuels
Summary The Maine Utilities Commission (PUC) finalized the rule in February 2010 Legislation
mandates that up 10 50 MW of generating capacity will be permitted uned this program and
individual participants may not exceed 10 MW Of the 50 MW cap 10 must be reserved
specifically for small program participants or for participants located in a service territory of a
cooperative transmission and distribution utility
Restrictions
The PUC may require investor-owned utilities to enter into long-term contracts for energy capacity
resources or renewable energy credits (RECs) produced by the community-based project The
contacts term may not exceed 20 year the PUC will conduct long-term contract solicitations for
ldquolarge generatorsrdquo
Timing The Maine Public Utilities Commission is seeking proposals from suppliers of energy
capacity or renewable energy credits (RECs) for the development of community-based renewable
energy projects over 1 MW The docket number for this RFP is 2011-150 All inquiries about this
RFP should be directed to christinercookmainegov
Maximum Size Choice of either 15 REC credit multiplier or up to 10 MW DC
Requirements
To be eligible for incentives a generating facility must be 51 percent locally owned use renewable
energy resources be no larger than 10 MW in generating capacity and be located in the State
httpwwwstatemeusmpucelectricitycommunity_pilotshtml
Rebate amount $010kWh or cost fo the project whichever is lower
For further information please visit
httpwwwstatemeusmpucelectricitycommunity_pilotshtml
Source
Maine Public Utilities Commission ldquoCommunity-based Renewable Energy Pilot Programrdquo August 10 2011
DSIRE ldquoCommunity-based Renewable Energy Production Incentive (Pilot Program)rdquo August 10 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
42
Funding Source Voluntary Renewable Resource Grants
Program Title Voluntary Renewable Resources Fund
Applicable EnergiesTechnologies Solar Thermal Electric Photovoltaics Wind Biomass
Hydroelectric Geothermal Electric Fuel Cells Municipal Solid Waste Tidal Energy Fuel
Cells using Renewable Fuels
Summary Supported by the state Voluntary Renewable resource Fund and administered by the
Efficient Maine provide funding for small-scale demonstration projects designed to educate
communities on the value oand cost effectiveness of renewable energy
Restrictions To Qualify for grant funding renewable-energy resources generally must qualify as a
small power production facility un Federal Energy Regulatory Commission rules or must not exceed
100 MW in capacity and use one of more of the applicable energiestechnologies
Timing Start Date of this program occurred 12151998 and no expiration date is given
Maximum Size $50000
Requirements
httpwwwmainegovmpucrecovery
Rebate amount
$50000 Maximu
For further information please visit
httpwwwmainegovmpucrecovery
Source
Maine PUC ldquoFederal Stimulus MPUC and the Federal Recovery Packagerdquo ndash August 10 2011
DSIRE ldquoMaine - Voluntary Renewable Resource Grantsrdquo August 10 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
43
Appendix V ndash Partial Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Supply Chain Companies in Maine103
Organization Name Product or Service Category
1 University of Maine School of
Engineering Technology Research amp Development
2 University of Maine Advanced
Structures and Composites Center Research amp Development
3 Precision Partners-Mid-State Machine
Products Manufacturing Services
4 Ocean Energy Institute EngineeringDesign Services
5 Newfab Inc Manufacturing Services
6 New England Castings Other
7 Mitchell Ledge Farm Components
8 McNabb Marketing Resources Other
9 Maine Oxy Inc Fuel
10 Maine Machine Products Co Manufacturing Services
11 MacTec Inc FCH2 System DistrInstallMaint Services
12 Kennebec Technologies Manufacturing Services
13 Hydrogen Energy Center Service Center Lab or Test ConsultingLegalFinancial
Services
14 Hydrogen Energy Center Other
15 Green Energy Maine Other
16 Fire Risk Management Inc EngineeringDesign Services
17 Fire Risk Management EngineeringDesign Services
18 Fairchild Semiconductor Research amp Development
19 EcoMain Research amp Development
20 Control Point Inc Lab or Test EquipmentServices
21 Colby Company Engineering EngineeringDesign Services
22 Chewonki Foundation Other
23 Burroughs Machine Tool Products Equipment
24 Bernstein Shur ConsultingLegalFinancial Services
25 Bath Iron Works (General Dynamics
Inc) Research amp Development
26 AMEC EngineeringDesign Services
27 Advantages Gases and Tools Fuel
28 Advanced Manufacturing Center-
University of ME Manufacturing Services
103
Northeast Electrochemical Energy Storage Cluster Supply Chain Database Search httpneescorgresourcestype=1 August 11 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
44
Appendix VI ndash Comparison of Fuel Cell Technologies104
Fuel Cell
Type
Common
Electrolyte
Operating
Temperature
Typical
Stack
Size
Efficiency Applications Advantages Disadvantages
Polymer
Electrolyte
Membrane
(PEM)
Perfluoro sulfonic
acid
50-100degC
122-212deg
typically
80degC
lt 1 kW ndash 1
MW105
gt
kW 60
transportation
35
stationary
bull Backup power
bull Portable power
bull Distributed
generation
bull Transportation
bull Specialty vehicle
bull Solid electrolyte reduces
corrosion amp electrolyte
management problems
bull Low temperature
bull Quick start-up
bull Expensive catalysts
bull Sensitive to fuel
impurities
bull Low temperature waste
heat
Alkaline
(AFC)
Aqueous solution
of potassium
hydroxide soaked
in a matrix
90-100degC
194-212degF
10 ndash 100
kW 60
bull Military
bull Space
bull Cathode reaction faster
in alkaline electrolyte
leads to high performance
bull Low cost components
bull Sensitive to CO2
in fuel and air
bull Electrolyte management
Phosphoric
Acid
(PAFC)
Phosphoric acid
soaked in a matrix
150-200degC
302-392degF
400 kW
100 kW
module
40 bull Distributed
generation
bull Higher temperature enables
CHP
bull Increased tolerance to fuel
impurities
bull Pt catalyst
bull Long start up time
bull Low current and power
Molten
Carbonate
(MCFC)
Solution of lithium
sodium andor
potassium
carbonates soaked
in a matrix
600-700degC
1112-1292degF
300
k W- 3 M
W
300 kW
module
45 ndash 50
bull Electric utility
bull Distributed
generation
bull High efficiency
bull Fuel flexibility
bull Can use a variety of catalysts
bull Suitable for CHP
bull High temperature
corrosion and breakdown
of cell components
bull Long start up time
bull Low power density
Solid Oxide
(SOFC)
Yttria stabilized
zirconia
700-1000degC
1202-1832degF
1 kW ndash 2
MW 60
bull Auxiliary power
bull Electric utility
bull Distributed
generation
bull High efficiency
bull Fuel flexibility
bull Can use a variety of catalysts
bull Solid electrolyte
bull Suitable f o r CHP amp CHHP
bull HybridGT cycle
bull High temperature
corrosion and breakdown
of cell components
bull High temperature
operation requires long
start up
time and limits
Polymer Electrolyte is no longer a single category row Data shown does not take into account High Temperature PEM which operates in the range of 160oC to 180
oC It solves
virtually all of the disadvantages listed under PEM It is not sensitive to impurities It has usable heat Stack efficiencies of 52 on the high side are realized HTPEM is not a
PAFC fuel cell and should not be confused with one
104 US Department of Energy Fuel Cells Technology Program httpwww1eereenergygovhydrogenandfuelcellsfuelcellspdfsfc_comparison_chartpdf August 5 2011 105
Ballard ldquoCLEARgen Multi-MY Systemsrdquo httpwwwballardcomfuel-cell-productscleargen-multi-mw-systemsaspx November 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
45
Appendix VII ndashAnalysis of Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities and Threats for Maine
Strengths
Stationary Power ndash Strong market drivers including high
electricity cost cold climate reliance on oil for space heating
strong CHP and district heating market strong environmental
and green energy awareness) capable core of fuel cell CHP
installers energy storage demand to serve MErsquos aggressive
wind-power industry strong ongoing expansion of natural gas
servicedistribution
Transportation Power - Strong market drivers including a
dispersed population highly reliant on truck and auto
transportation receptive and environmentally conscious
alternative fuelstransportation market relatively low income
population in need of relief from automobile fuel costs strong
Navy shipbuilding industry as potential user of H2FC auxiliary
power system strongly interested in fleet-based hydrogen
fueling station development (SunHydro model) strong interest
in municipal transit and fuel cell -powered rail
Economic Development Factors ndash Brunswick Renewable
Energy Park emphasis on skills development and technology
synergies aggressive state level policy to policy to develop
renewable wind and biomass energy technologies skilled and
well organized network of precision manufacturing firms tied
into aerospace and communications equipment industries
strong labor force at relatively low wages RampDbusiness
infrastructure for advanced biofuels and composite material
structures growing University of Maine commitment to fuel
cell and biomass RampD state funding source familiaritycomfort
with H2FC technology
Weaknesses
Stationary Power ndash No technologyindustrial momentum at the
OEM level geographically distant from OEMs for component-
supply opportunities
Transportation Power ndash No technologyindustrial base at the
OEM level lack of infrastructure funding relatively dispersed
population for transportation services
Economic Development Factors ndash limited state incentives
somewhat sluggish overall state economy relatively
undeveloped core of technology skillsknowledge base
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
46
Opportunities
Stationary Power ndash Opportunity as an ldquoearly adaptor marketrdquo
some supply chain buildup opportunities around SP deployment
Linkage between H2FC technologies and advanced biofuels
RampD Dispersed population amp economy needs distributed
solutions Major need for power storage in conjunction with
Maines planned offshore wind-power RampD and development
Transportation Power ndash Hydrogen refueling station plans Early-
stage potential for major roll-out in marine auxiliary power (US
Navy) Commuter rail expansion
Portable Power ndash Little currently-identified opportunity
Economic Development Factors ndash Brunswick ldquoRenewable Energy
Industrial Parkrdquo can be significant seed nucleus for both
deployment amp development Machine-tool industry pursuing
H2FC components supply-chain opportunities
Threats
Stationary Power ndash The regionrsquos favorable market
needsdemand could be met by other technologiessources ndash
Canadian hydro amp nuclear wind geothermal direct biomass
and power-storage alternatives ndash batteries solid state ammonia
etc
Transportation Power ndash The regionrsquos favorable market
characteristics and needs could be met by other electric
vehicles particularly in the absence of a hydrogen
infrastructure
Economic Development Factors ndash competition from more fully-
equipped statesregions wind and other renewables grab Maine
energy industry momentum lack of funding to sustain
University of MErsquos momentum in storage and fuel cell
technologies related to biomass and wind hesitation of state
government to support alternative energy incentives
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
47
Appendix VIII ndash Partial list of Fuel Cell Deployment in the Northeast region
Manufacturer Site Name Site Location Year Installed
Plug Power T-Mobile cell tower Storrs CT 2008
Plug Power Albany International Airport Albany NY 2004
FuelCell Energy Pepperidge Farms Plant Bloomfield CT 2005
FuelCell Energy Peabody Museum New Haven CT 2003
FuelCell Energy Sheraton New York Hotel amp Towers Manhattan NY 2004
FuelCell Energy Sheraton Hotel Edison NJ 2003
FuelCell Energy Sheraton Hotel Parsippany NJ 2003
UTC Power Cabelas Sporting Goods East Hartford CT 2008
UTC Power Whole Foods Market Glastonbury CT 2008
UTC Power Connecticut Science Center Hartford CT 2009
UTC Power St Francis Hospital Hartford CT 2003
UTC Power Middletown High School Middletown CT 2008
UTC Power Connecticut Juvenile Training School Middletown CT 2001
UTC Power 360 State Street Apartment Building New Haven CT 2010
UTC Power South Windsor High School South Windsor CT 2002
UTC Power Mohegan Sun Casino Hotel Uncasville CT 2002
UTC Power CTTransit Fuel Cell Bus Hartford CT 2007
UTC Power Whole Foods Market Dedham MA 2009
UTC Power Bronx Zoo Bronx NY 2008
UTC Power North Central Bronx Hospital Bronx NY 2000
UTC Power Hunts Point Water Pollution Control Plant Bronx NY 2005
UTC Power Price Chopper Supermarket Colonie NY 2010
UTC Power East Rochester High School East Rochester NY 2007
UTC Power Coca-Cola Refreshments Production Facility Elmsford NY 2010
UTC Power Verizon Call Center and Communications Building Garden City NY 2005
UTC Power State Office Building Hauppauge NY 2009
UTC Power Liverpool High School Liverpool NY 2000
UTC Power New York Hilton Hotel New York City NY 2007
UTC Power Central Park Police Station New York City NY 1999
UTC Power Rochester Institute of Technology Rochester NY 1993
UTC Power NYPA office building White Plains NY 2010
UTC Power Wastewater treatment plant Yonkers NY 1997
UTC Power The Octagon Roosevelt Island NY 2011
UTC Power Johnson amp Johnson World Headquarters New Brunswick NJ 2003
UTC Power CTTRANSIT (Fuel Cell Powered Buses) Hartford CT 2007 - Present
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
48
Appendix IX ndash Partial list of Fuel Cell-Powered Forklifts in North America106
Company CityTown State Site Year
Deployed
Fuel Cell
Manufacturer
of
forklifts
Coca-Cola San Leandro CA
Bottling and
distribution center 2011 Plug Power 37
Charlotte NC Bottling facility 2011 Plug Power 40
EARP
Distribution Kansas City KS Distribution center 2011
Oorja
Protonics 24
Golden State
Foods Lemont IL Distribution facility 2011
Oorja
Protonics 20
Kroger Co Compton CA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 161
Sysco
Riverside CA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 80
Boston MA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 160
Long Island NY Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 42
San Antonio TX Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 113
Front Royal VA Redistribution
facility 2011 Plug Power 100
Baldor
Specialty Foods Bronx NY Facility
Planned
in 2012
Oorja
Protonics 50
BMW
Manufacturing
Co
Spartanburg SC Manufacturing
plant 2010 Plug Power 86
Defense
Logistics
Agency US
Department of
Defense
San Joaquin CA Distribution facility 2011 Plug Power 20
Fort Lewis WA Distribution depot 2011 Plug Power 19
Warner
Robins GA Distribution depot 2010 Hydrogenics 20
Susquehanna PA Distribution depot 2010 Plug Power 15
2009 Nuvera 40
Martin-Brower Stockton CA Food distribution
center 2010
Oorja
Protonics 15
United Natural
Foods Inc
(UNFI)
Sarasota FL Distribution center 2010 Plug Power 65
Wal-Mart
Balzac Al
Canada
Refrigerated
distribution center 2010 Plug Power 80
Washington
Court House OH
Food distribution
center 2007 Plug Power 55
Wegmans Pottsville PA Warehouse 2010 Plug Power 136
Whole Foods
Market Landover MD Distribution center 2010 Plug Power 61
106
FuelCell2000 ldquoFuel Cell-Powered Forklifts in North Americardquo httpwwwfuelcellsorginfochartsforkliftspdf November
2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
49
Appendix X ndash Comparison of PEM Fuel Cell and Battery-Powered Material Handling
Equipment
3 kW PEM Fuel Cell-Powered
Pallet Trucks
3 kW Battery-powered
(2 batteries per truck)
Total Fuel Cycle Energy Use
(total energy consumedkWh
delivered to the wheels) -12000 BtukWh 14000 BtukWh
Fuel Cycle GHG Emissions
(in g CO2 equivalent 820 gkWh 1200 gkWh
Estimated Product Life 8-10 years 4-5 years No Emissions at Point of Use
Quiet Operation
Wide Ambient Operating
Temperature range
Constant Power Available
over Shift
Routine Maintenance Costs
($YR) $1250 - $1500year $2000year
Time for RefuelingChanging
Batteries 4 ndash 8 minday 45-60 minday (for battery change-outs)
8 hours (for battery recharging amp cooling) Cost of FuelElectricity $6000year $1300year Labor Cost of
refuelingRecharging $1100year $8750year
Net Present Value of Capital
Cost $12600
($18000 wo incentive) $14000
Net Present Value of OampM
costs (including fuel) $52000 $128000
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
50
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
23
MAINE
Table 18 -Ports Data Breakdown
State Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw) MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
ME
( of Region)
42
(35)
2
(11)
2
(11)
06
(11)
4730
(11)
12741
(11)
908
(9)
CONCLUSION
Hydrogen and fuel cell technology offers significant opportunities for improved energy reliability energy
efficiency and emission reductions Large fuel cell units (gt300 kW) may be appropriate for applications
that serve large electric and thermal loads Smaller fuel cell units (lt 300 kW) may provide back-up power
for telecommunication sites restaurantsfast food outlets and smaller sized public facilities at this time
Table 19 ndashSummary of Potential Fuel Cell Applications
Category Total Sites Potential
Sites
Number of Fuel
Cells
lt 300 kW
Number of
Fuel Cells
gt300 kW
CB
EC
S D
ata
Education 964 6587
23 42
Food Sales 1800+ 4588
45
Food Services 2100+ 1589
15
Inpatient Healthcare 181 4290
42
Lodging 837 1891
18
Public Order amp Safety 216 1092
10
Energy Intensive Industries 156 693
6
Government Operated
Buildings 114 4
94
4
Wireless
Telecommunication
Towers
50995
5196
51
WWTPs 111 197
1
Landfills 25 198
1
Airports (w AASF) 103 5 (1)99
5
87 65 high schools andor college and universities located in communities serviced by natural gas 88 45 food sale facilities located in communities serviced by natural gas 89 Ten percent of the 97 food service facilities located in communities serviced by natural gas 90 Eight Hospitals located in communities serviced by natural gas and occupying 150+ or more beds onsite 91 15 hotel facilities with 100+ rooms onsite and three convalescent homes with 150+ bed onsite located in communities serviced
by natural gas 92 Correctional facilities andor other public order and safety facilities with 212 workers or more 93 Ten percent of the 64 energy intensive industry facilities located in communities serviced with natural gas 94 Four actively owned federal government operated building located in communities serviced by natural gas 95
The Federal Communications Commission regulates interstate and international communications by radio television wire
satellite and cable in all 50 states the District of Columbia and US territories 96 Ten percent of the 509 wireless telecommunication sites in Mainersquos targeted for back-up PEM fuel cell deployment 97 Ten percent of Maine WWTP with average flows of 30+ MGD 98 Ten percent of the landfills targeted based on LMOP data
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
24
MAINE
Military 1 1 1
Ports 42 2 2
Total 7159+ 266 74 192
As shown in Table 5 the analysis provided here estimates that there are approximately 266 potential
locations which may be favorable candidates for the application of a fuel cell to provide heat and power
Assuming the demand for electricity was uniform throughout the year approximately 150 to 192 fuel cell
units with a capacity of 300 ndash 400 kW could be deployed for a total fuel cell capacity of 58 to 77 MWs
If opportunities for fuel cell use in Maine identified in this report are met with 300 kW units a minimum
of 473040 MWh electric and 127 million MMBTUs (equivalent to 373404 MWh) of thermal energy
would be produced which could reduce CO2 emissions by at least 90824 tons per year 100
Maine can also benefit from the use of hydrogen and fuel cell technology for transportation such as
passenger fleets transit district fleets municipal fleets and state department fleets The application of
hydrogen and fuel cell technology for transportation would reduce the dependence on oil improve
environmental performance and provide greater efficiencies than conventional transportation
technologies
bull Replacement of a gasoline-fueled passenger vehicle with FCEVs could result in annual CO2
emission reductions (per vehicle) of approximately 10170 pounds annual energy savings of 230
gallons of gasoline and annual fuel cost savings of $885
bull Replacement of a gasoline-fueled light duty truck with FCEVs could result in annual CO2
emission reductions (per light duty truck) of approximately 15770 pounds annual energy savings
of 485 gallons of gasoline and annual fuel cost savings of $1866
bull Replacement of a diesel-fueled transit bus with a fuel cell powered bus could result in annual CO2
emission reductions (per bus) of approximately 182984 pounds annual energy savings of 4390
gallons of fuel and annual fuel cost savings of $17560
Hydrogen and fuel cell technology also provides significant opportunities for job creation andor
economic development Realizing over $2 million in revenue and investment in 2010 the hydrogen and
fuel cell industry in Maine is estimated to have contributed approximately $113000 in state and local tax
revenue and over $29 million in gross state product Currently there are at least 30 Maine companies
that are part of the growing hydrogen and fuel cell industry supply chain in the Northeast region If
neweremerging hydrogen and fuel cell technology were to gain momentum the number of companies
and employment for the industry could grow substantially
99 Airport facilities with 2500+ annual Enplanement Counts andor AASF 100
If opportunities for fuel cell use in Maine identified in this report are met with 400 kW units a minimum of 665760 MWh
electric and 312 million MMBTUs (equivalent to 915127 MWh) of thermal energy would be produced which could reduce CO2
emissions by at least 127826 tons per year
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
25
MAINE
APPENDICES
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
26
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 1 Education
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
27
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 2 Food Sales
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
28
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 3 Food Services
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
29
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 4 Inpatient Healthcare
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
30
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 5 Lodging
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
31
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 6 Public Order and Safety
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
32
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 7 Energy Intensive Industries
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
33
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 8 Federal Government Operated Buildings
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
34
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 9 Telecommunication Sites
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
35
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 10 Solid and Liquid Waste Sites
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
36
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 11 Commercial Airports
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
37
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 12 Alternative Fueling Stations
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
38
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 13 Distribution CentersWarehouses amp Ports
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
39
MAINE
Appendix II ndash Maine Estimated Electrical Consumption per Sector
Category Total Site
Electric Consumption per Building
(1000 kWh)101
kWh Consumed per Sector
New England
Education 925 161844 149705700
Food Sales 1800 319821 575677800
Food Services 2100 128 269199000
Inpatient Healthcare 181 603863 1092991125
Lodging 837 21312 178379766
Public Order amp Safety 262 77855 20398010
Total 6105 2286351401
Residential102
4503000000
Industrial 3702000000
Commercial 4503000000
Other Commercial 2286351401
101
EIA Electricity consumption and expenditure intensities for Non-Mall Building 2003 102
DOE EERE ldquoElectric Power and Renewable Energy in Mainerdquo httpapps1eereenergygovstateselectricitycfmstate=ME
August 25 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
40
MAINE
Appendix III ndash Key Stakeholders
Organization CityTown State Website Hydrogen Energy Center Portland ME wwwhydrogenenergycenterorg
University of Maine School of
Engineering Technology Orono ME httpwwwumaineeduset
University of Maine Advanced
Manufacturing Center Orono
ME wwwumaineeduamc
University of Maine Advanced
Structures and Composites Center Orono
ME httpwww2umaineeduaewc
Manufacturers Association of Maine Westbrook ME
wwwmainemfgcom
Maine Manufacturing Extension
Partnership Augusta
ME httpwwwmainemeporg
Mid-Coast Regional Redevelopment
Authority Brunswick
ME wwwmrraus
Manufacturing Applications Center Gorham ME
httpwwwusmmaineedu
Maine Center for Enterprise
Development University of Southern
Maine
Portland ME
wwwmcedbiz
Maine Small Business Development
Center Portland
ME httpwwwmainesbdcorg
Southern Maine Community College
Sustainability and Energy Alternatives
Center
South
Portland ME httpwwwsmccmeedubusiness-a-
communitycomunity-resourcessustainability-
centerhtml
Environment and Energy Technology
Council of Maine Portland
ME wwwE2Techorg
Maine Technology Institute Gardiner ME
wwwmainetechnologyorg
Maine Innovation Economy advisory
Board Maine DECD Augusta ME httpwwwmainegovdecd
Governorrsquos Office of Energy
Independence and Security Augusta ME httpmainegovoeis
Utility Companies
Unitil httpwwwunitilcomcustomer-configuration
Bangor Gas Co httpwwwbangorgascom
Central Maine Power Co httpwwwcmpcocom
Bangor Hydro-Electric Co httpwwwbhecom
Maine Public Service Co httpwwwmainepublicservicecom
Appendix IV ndash Maine State Incentives and Programs
Funding Source Maine Public Utilities Commission
Program Title Community-based Renewable Energy Pilot Program
Applicable EnergiesTechnologies Solar Thermal Electric Photovoltaic Landfill Gas Wind
Biomass Hydroelectric Geothermal Electric Fuel Cells Anaerobic Digestion Tidal Energy
Fuel Cells using Renewable Fuels
Summary The Maine Utilities Commission (PUC) finalized the rule in February 2010 Legislation
mandates that up 10 50 MW of generating capacity will be permitted uned this program and
individual participants may not exceed 10 MW Of the 50 MW cap 10 must be reserved
specifically for small program participants or for participants located in a service territory of a
cooperative transmission and distribution utility
Restrictions
The PUC may require investor-owned utilities to enter into long-term contracts for energy capacity
resources or renewable energy credits (RECs) produced by the community-based project The
contacts term may not exceed 20 year the PUC will conduct long-term contract solicitations for
ldquolarge generatorsrdquo
Timing The Maine Public Utilities Commission is seeking proposals from suppliers of energy
capacity or renewable energy credits (RECs) for the development of community-based renewable
energy projects over 1 MW The docket number for this RFP is 2011-150 All inquiries about this
RFP should be directed to christinercookmainegov
Maximum Size Choice of either 15 REC credit multiplier or up to 10 MW DC
Requirements
To be eligible for incentives a generating facility must be 51 percent locally owned use renewable
energy resources be no larger than 10 MW in generating capacity and be located in the State
httpwwwstatemeusmpucelectricitycommunity_pilotshtml
Rebate amount $010kWh or cost fo the project whichever is lower
For further information please visit
httpwwwstatemeusmpucelectricitycommunity_pilotshtml
Source
Maine Public Utilities Commission ldquoCommunity-based Renewable Energy Pilot Programrdquo August 10 2011
DSIRE ldquoCommunity-based Renewable Energy Production Incentive (Pilot Program)rdquo August 10 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
42
Funding Source Voluntary Renewable Resource Grants
Program Title Voluntary Renewable Resources Fund
Applicable EnergiesTechnologies Solar Thermal Electric Photovoltaics Wind Biomass
Hydroelectric Geothermal Electric Fuel Cells Municipal Solid Waste Tidal Energy Fuel
Cells using Renewable Fuels
Summary Supported by the state Voluntary Renewable resource Fund and administered by the
Efficient Maine provide funding for small-scale demonstration projects designed to educate
communities on the value oand cost effectiveness of renewable energy
Restrictions To Qualify for grant funding renewable-energy resources generally must qualify as a
small power production facility un Federal Energy Regulatory Commission rules or must not exceed
100 MW in capacity and use one of more of the applicable energiestechnologies
Timing Start Date of this program occurred 12151998 and no expiration date is given
Maximum Size $50000
Requirements
httpwwwmainegovmpucrecovery
Rebate amount
$50000 Maximu
For further information please visit
httpwwwmainegovmpucrecovery
Source
Maine PUC ldquoFederal Stimulus MPUC and the Federal Recovery Packagerdquo ndash August 10 2011
DSIRE ldquoMaine - Voluntary Renewable Resource Grantsrdquo August 10 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
43
Appendix V ndash Partial Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Supply Chain Companies in Maine103
Organization Name Product or Service Category
1 University of Maine School of
Engineering Technology Research amp Development
2 University of Maine Advanced
Structures and Composites Center Research amp Development
3 Precision Partners-Mid-State Machine
Products Manufacturing Services
4 Ocean Energy Institute EngineeringDesign Services
5 Newfab Inc Manufacturing Services
6 New England Castings Other
7 Mitchell Ledge Farm Components
8 McNabb Marketing Resources Other
9 Maine Oxy Inc Fuel
10 Maine Machine Products Co Manufacturing Services
11 MacTec Inc FCH2 System DistrInstallMaint Services
12 Kennebec Technologies Manufacturing Services
13 Hydrogen Energy Center Service Center Lab or Test ConsultingLegalFinancial
Services
14 Hydrogen Energy Center Other
15 Green Energy Maine Other
16 Fire Risk Management Inc EngineeringDesign Services
17 Fire Risk Management EngineeringDesign Services
18 Fairchild Semiconductor Research amp Development
19 EcoMain Research amp Development
20 Control Point Inc Lab or Test EquipmentServices
21 Colby Company Engineering EngineeringDesign Services
22 Chewonki Foundation Other
23 Burroughs Machine Tool Products Equipment
24 Bernstein Shur ConsultingLegalFinancial Services
25 Bath Iron Works (General Dynamics
Inc) Research amp Development
26 AMEC EngineeringDesign Services
27 Advantages Gases and Tools Fuel
28 Advanced Manufacturing Center-
University of ME Manufacturing Services
103
Northeast Electrochemical Energy Storage Cluster Supply Chain Database Search httpneescorgresourcestype=1 August 11 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
44
Appendix VI ndash Comparison of Fuel Cell Technologies104
Fuel Cell
Type
Common
Electrolyte
Operating
Temperature
Typical
Stack
Size
Efficiency Applications Advantages Disadvantages
Polymer
Electrolyte
Membrane
(PEM)
Perfluoro sulfonic
acid
50-100degC
122-212deg
typically
80degC
lt 1 kW ndash 1
MW105
gt
kW 60
transportation
35
stationary
bull Backup power
bull Portable power
bull Distributed
generation
bull Transportation
bull Specialty vehicle
bull Solid electrolyte reduces
corrosion amp electrolyte
management problems
bull Low temperature
bull Quick start-up
bull Expensive catalysts
bull Sensitive to fuel
impurities
bull Low temperature waste
heat
Alkaline
(AFC)
Aqueous solution
of potassium
hydroxide soaked
in a matrix
90-100degC
194-212degF
10 ndash 100
kW 60
bull Military
bull Space
bull Cathode reaction faster
in alkaline electrolyte
leads to high performance
bull Low cost components
bull Sensitive to CO2
in fuel and air
bull Electrolyte management
Phosphoric
Acid
(PAFC)
Phosphoric acid
soaked in a matrix
150-200degC
302-392degF
400 kW
100 kW
module
40 bull Distributed
generation
bull Higher temperature enables
CHP
bull Increased tolerance to fuel
impurities
bull Pt catalyst
bull Long start up time
bull Low current and power
Molten
Carbonate
(MCFC)
Solution of lithium
sodium andor
potassium
carbonates soaked
in a matrix
600-700degC
1112-1292degF
300
k W- 3 M
W
300 kW
module
45 ndash 50
bull Electric utility
bull Distributed
generation
bull High efficiency
bull Fuel flexibility
bull Can use a variety of catalysts
bull Suitable for CHP
bull High temperature
corrosion and breakdown
of cell components
bull Long start up time
bull Low power density
Solid Oxide
(SOFC)
Yttria stabilized
zirconia
700-1000degC
1202-1832degF
1 kW ndash 2
MW 60
bull Auxiliary power
bull Electric utility
bull Distributed
generation
bull High efficiency
bull Fuel flexibility
bull Can use a variety of catalysts
bull Solid electrolyte
bull Suitable f o r CHP amp CHHP
bull HybridGT cycle
bull High temperature
corrosion and breakdown
of cell components
bull High temperature
operation requires long
start up
time and limits
Polymer Electrolyte is no longer a single category row Data shown does not take into account High Temperature PEM which operates in the range of 160oC to 180
oC It solves
virtually all of the disadvantages listed under PEM It is not sensitive to impurities It has usable heat Stack efficiencies of 52 on the high side are realized HTPEM is not a
PAFC fuel cell and should not be confused with one
104 US Department of Energy Fuel Cells Technology Program httpwww1eereenergygovhydrogenandfuelcellsfuelcellspdfsfc_comparison_chartpdf August 5 2011 105
Ballard ldquoCLEARgen Multi-MY Systemsrdquo httpwwwballardcomfuel-cell-productscleargen-multi-mw-systemsaspx November 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
45
Appendix VII ndashAnalysis of Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities and Threats for Maine
Strengths
Stationary Power ndash Strong market drivers including high
electricity cost cold climate reliance on oil for space heating
strong CHP and district heating market strong environmental
and green energy awareness) capable core of fuel cell CHP
installers energy storage demand to serve MErsquos aggressive
wind-power industry strong ongoing expansion of natural gas
servicedistribution
Transportation Power - Strong market drivers including a
dispersed population highly reliant on truck and auto
transportation receptive and environmentally conscious
alternative fuelstransportation market relatively low income
population in need of relief from automobile fuel costs strong
Navy shipbuilding industry as potential user of H2FC auxiliary
power system strongly interested in fleet-based hydrogen
fueling station development (SunHydro model) strong interest
in municipal transit and fuel cell -powered rail
Economic Development Factors ndash Brunswick Renewable
Energy Park emphasis on skills development and technology
synergies aggressive state level policy to policy to develop
renewable wind and biomass energy technologies skilled and
well organized network of precision manufacturing firms tied
into aerospace and communications equipment industries
strong labor force at relatively low wages RampDbusiness
infrastructure for advanced biofuels and composite material
structures growing University of Maine commitment to fuel
cell and biomass RampD state funding source familiaritycomfort
with H2FC technology
Weaknesses
Stationary Power ndash No technologyindustrial momentum at the
OEM level geographically distant from OEMs for component-
supply opportunities
Transportation Power ndash No technologyindustrial base at the
OEM level lack of infrastructure funding relatively dispersed
population for transportation services
Economic Development Factors ndash limited state incentives
somewhat sluggish overall state economy relatively
undeveloped core of technology skillsknowledge base
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
46
Opportunities
Stationary Power ndash Opportunity as an ldquoearly adaptor marketrdquo
some supply chain buildup opportunities around SP deployment
Linkage between H2FC technologies and advanced biofuels
RampD Dispersed population amp economy needs distributed
solutions Major need for power storage in conjunction with
Maines planned offshore wind-power RampD and development
Transportation Power ndash Hydrogen refueling station plans Early-
stage potential for major roll-out in marine auxiliary power (US
Navy) Commuter rail expansion
Portable Power ndash Little currently-identified opportunity
Economic Development Factors ndash Brunswick ldquoRenewable Energy
Industrial Parkrdquo can be significant seed nucleus for both
deployment amp development Machine-tool industry pursuing
H2FC components supply-chain opportunities
Threats
Stationary Power ndash The regionrsquos favorable market
needsdemand could be met by other technologiessources ndash
Canadian hydro amp nuclear wind geothermal direct biomass
and power-storage alternatives ndash batteries solid state ammonia
etc
Transportation Power ndash The regionrsquos favorable market
characteristics and needs could be met by other electric
vehicles particularly in the absence of a hydrogen
infrastructure
Economic Development Factors ndash competition from more fully-
equipped statesregions wind and other renewables grab Maine
energy industry momentum lack of funding to sustain
University of MErsquos momentum in storage and fuel cell
technologies related to biomass and wind hesitation of state
government to support alternative energy incentives
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
47
Appendix VIII ndash Partial list of Fuel Cell Deployment in the Northeast region
Manufacturer Site Name Site Location Year Installed
Plug Power T-Mobile cell tower Storrs CT 2008
Plug Power Albany International Airport Albany NY 2004
FuelCell Energy Pepperidge Farms Plant Bloomfield CT 2005
FuelCell Energy Peabody Museum New Haven CT 2003
FuelCell Energy Sheraton New York Hotel amp Towers Manhattan NY 2004
FuelCell Energy Sheraton Hotel Edison NJ 2003
FuelCell Energy Sheraton Hotel Parsippany NJ 2003
UTC Power Cabelas Sporting Goods East Hartford CT 2008
UTC Power Whole Foods Market Glastonbury CT 2008
UTC Power Connecticut Science Center Hartford CT 2009
UTC Power St Francis Hospital Hartford CT 2003
UTC Power Middletown High School Middletown CT 2008
UTC Power Connecticut Juvenile Training School Middletown CT 2001
UTC Power 360 State Street Apartment Building New Haven CT 2010
UTC Power South Windsor High School South Windsor CT 2002
UTC Power Mohegan Sun Casino Hotel Uncasville CT 2002
UTC Power CTTransit Fuel Cell Bus Hartford CT 2007
UTC Power Whole Foods Market Dedham MA 2009
UTC Power Bronx Zoo Bronx NY 2008
UTC Power North Central Bronx Hospital Bronx NY 2000
UTC Power Hunts Point Water Pollution Control Plant Bronx NY 2005
UTC Power Price Chopper Supermarket Colonie NY 2010
UTC Power East Rochester High School East Rochester NY 2007
UTC Power Coca-Cola Refreshments Production Facility Elmsford NY 2010
UTC Power Verizon Call Center and Communications Building Garden City NY 2005
UTC Power State Office Building Hauppauge NY 2009
UTC Power Liverpool High School Liverpool NY 2000
UTC Power New York Hilton Hotel New York City NY 2007
UTC Power Central Park Police Station New York City NY 1999
UTC Power Rochester Institute of Technology Rochester NY 1993
UTC Power NYPA office building White Plains NY 2010
UTC Power Wastewater treatment plant Yonkers NY 1997
UTC Power The Octagon Roosevelt Island NY 2011
UTC Power Johnson amp Johnson World Headquarters New Brunswick NJ 2003
UTC Power CTTRANSIT (Fuel Cell Powered Buses) Hartford CT 2007 - Present
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
48
Appendix IX ndash Partial list of Fuel Cell-Powered Forklifts in North America106
Company CityTown State Site Year
Deployed
Fuel Cell
Manufacturer
of
forklifts
Coca-Cola San Leandro CA
Bottling and
distribution center 2011 Plug Power 37
Charlotte NC Bottling facility 2011 Plug Power 40
EARP
Distribution Kansas City KS Distribution center 2011
Oorja
Protonics 24
Golden State
Foods Lemont IL Distribution facility 2011
Oorja
Protonics 20
Kroger Co Compton CA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 161
Sysco
Riverside CA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 80
Boston MA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 160
Long Island NY Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 42
San Antonio TX Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 113
Front Royal VA Redistribution
facility 2011 Plug Power 100
Baldor
Specialty Foods Bronx NY Facility
Planned
in 2012
Oorja
Protonics 50
BMW
Manufacturing
Co
Spartanburg SC Manufacturing
plant 2010 Plug Power 86
Defense
Logistics
Agency US
Department of
Defense
San Joaquin CA Distribution facility 2011 Plug Power 20
Fort Lewis WA Distribution depot 2011 Plug Power 19
Warner
Robins GA Distribution depot 2010 Hydrogenics 20
Susquehanna PA Distribution depot 2010 Plug Power 15
2009 Nuvera 40
Martin-Brower Stockton CA Food distribution
center 2010
Oorja
Protonics 15
United Natural
Foods Inc
(UNFI)
Sarasota FL Distribution center 2010 Plug Power 65
Wal-Mart
Balzac Al
Canada
Refrigerated
distribution center 2010 Plug Power 80
Washington
Court House OH
Food distribution
center 2007 Plug Power 55
Wegmans Pottsville PA Warehouse 2010 Plug Power 136
Whole Foods
Market Landover MD Distribution center 2010 Plug Power 61
106
FuelCell2000 ldquoFuel Cell-Powered Forklifts in North Americardquo httpwwwfuelcellsorginfochartsforkliftspdf November
2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
49
Appendix X ndash Comparison of PEM Fuel Cell and Battery-Powered Material Handling
Equipment
3 kW PEM Fuel Cell-Powered
Pallet Trucks
3 kW Battery-powered
(2 batteries per truck)
Total Fuel Cycle Energy Use
(total energy consumedkWh
delivered to the wheels) -12000 BtukWh 14000 BtukWh
Fuel Cycle GHG Emissions
(in g CO2 equivalent 820 gkWh 1200 gkWh
Estimated Product Life 8-10 years 4-5 years No Emissions at Point of Use
Quiet Operation
Wide Ambient Operating
Temperature range
Constant Power Available
over Shift
Routine Maintenance Costs
($YR) $1250 - $1500year $2000year
Time for RefuelingChanging
Batteries 4 ndash 8 minday 45-60 minday (for battery change-outs)
8 hours (for battery recharging amp cooling) Cost of FuelElectricity $6000year $1300year Labor Cost of
refuelingRecharging $1100year $8750year
Net Present Value of Capital
Cost $12600
($18000 wo incentive) $14000
Net Present Value of OampM
costs (including fuel) $52000 $128000
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
50
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
24
MAINE
Military 1 1 1
Ports 42 2 2
Total 7159+ 266 74 192
As shown in Table 5 the analysis provided here estimates that there are approximately 266 potential
locations which may be favorable candidates for the application of a fuel cell to provide heat and power
Assuming the demand for electricity was uniform throughout the year approximately 150 to 192 fuel cell
units with a capacity of 300 ndash 400 kW could be deployed for a total fuel cell capacity of 58 to 77 MWs
If opportunities for fuel cell use in Maine identified in this report are met with 300 kW units a minimum
of 473040 MWh electric and 127 million MMBTUs (equivalent to 373404 MWh) of thermal energy
would be produced which could reduce CO2 emissions by at least 90824 tons per year 100
Maine can also benefit from the use of hydrogen and fuel cell technology for transportation such as
passenger fleets transit district fleets municipal fleets and state department fleets The application of
hydrogen and fuel cell technology for transportation would reduce the dependence on oil improve
environmental performance and provide greater efficiencies than conventional transportation
technologies
bull Replacement of a gasoline-fueled passenger vehicle with FCEVs could result in annual CO2
emission reductions (per vehicle) of approximately 10170 pounds annual energy savings of 230
gallons of gasoline and annual fuel cost savings of $885
bull Replacement of a gasoline-fueled light duty truck with FCEVs could result in annual CO2
emission reductions (per light duty truck) of approximately 15770 pounds annual energy savings
of 485 gallons of gasoline and annual fuel cost savings of $1866
bull Replacement of a diesel-fueled transit bus with a fuel cell powered bus could result in annual CO2
emission reductions (per bus) of approximately 182984 pounds annual energy savings of 4390
gallons of fuel and annual fuel cost savings of $17560
Hydrogen and fuel cell technology also provides significant opportunities for job creation andor
economic development Realizing over $2 million in revenue and investment in 2010 the hydrogen and
fuel cell industry in Maine is estimated to have contributed approximately $113000 in state and local tax
revenue and over $29 million in gross state product Currently there are at least 30 Maine companies
that are part of the growing hydrogen and fuel cell industry supply chain in the Northeast region If
neweremerging hydrogen and fuel cell technology were to gain momentum the number of companies
and employment for the industry could grow substantially
99 Airport facilities with 2500+ annual Enplanement Counts andor AASF 100
If opportunities for fuel cell use in Maine identified in this report are met with 400 kW units a minimum of 665760 MWh
electric and 312 million MMBTUs (equivalent to 915127 MWh) of thermal energy would be produced which could reduce CO2
emissions by at least 127826 tons per year
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
25
MAINE
APPENDICES
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
26
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 1 Education
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
27
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 2 Food Sales
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
28
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 3 Food Services
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
29
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 4 Inpatient Healthcare
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
30
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 5 Lodging
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
31
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 6 Public Order and Safety
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
32
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 7 Energy Intensive Industries
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
33
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 8 Federal Government Operated Buildings
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
34
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 9 Telecommunication Sites
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
35
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 10 Solid and Liquid Waste Sites
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
36
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 11 Commercial Airports
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
37
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 12 Alternative Fueling Stations
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
38
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 13 Distribution CentersWarehouses amp Ports
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
39
MAINE
Appendix II ndash Maine Estimated Electrical Consumption per Sector
Category Total Site
Electric Consumption per Building
(1000 kWh)101
kWh Consumed per Sector
New England
Education 925 161844 149705700
Food Sales 1800 319821 575677800
Food Services 2100 128 269199000
Inpatient Healthcare 181 603863 1092991125
Lodging 837 21312 178379766
Public Order amp Safety 262 77855 20398010
Total 6105 2286351401
Residential102
4503000000
Industrial 3702000000
Commercial 4503000000
Other Commercial 2286351401
101
EIA Electricity consumption and expenditure intensities for Non-Mall Building 2003 102
DOE EERE ldquoElectric Power and Renewable Energy in Mainerdquo httpapps1eereenergygovstateselectricitycfmstate=ME
August 25 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
40
MAINE
Appendix III ndash Key Stakeholders
Organization CityTown State Website Hydrogen Energy Center Portland ME wwwhydrogenenergycenterorg
University of Maine School of
Engineering Technology Orono ME httpwwwumaineeduset
University of Maine Advanced
Manufacturing Center Orono
ME wwwumaineeduamc
University of Maine Advanced
Structures and Composites Center Orono
ME httpwww2umaineeduaewc
Manufacturers Association of Maine Westbrook ME
wwwmainemfgcom
Maine Manufacturing Extension
Partnership Augusta
ME httpwwwmainemeporg
Mid-Coast Regional Redevelopment
Authority Brunswick
ME wwwmrraus
Manufacturing Applications Center Gorham ME
httpwwwusmmaineedu
Maine Center for Enterprise
Development University of Southern
Maine
Portland ME
wwwmcedbiz
Maine Small Business Development
Center Portland
ME httpwwwmainesbdcorg
Southern Maine Community College
Sustainability and Energy Alternatives
Center
South
Portland ME httpwwwsmccmeedubusiness-a-
communitycomunity-resourcessustainability-
centerhtml
Environment and Energy Technology
Council of Maine Portland
ME wwwE2Techorg
Maine Technology Institute Gardiner ME
wwwmainetechnologyorg
Maine Innovation Economy advisory
Board Maine DECD Augusta ME httpwwwmainegovdecd
Governorrsquos Office of Energy
Independence and Security Augusta ME httpmainegovoeis
Utility Companies
Unitil httpwwwunitilcomcustomer-configuration
Bangor Gas Co httpwwwbangorgascom
Central Maine Power Co httpwwwcmpcocom
Bangor Hydro-Electric Co httpwwwbhecom
Maine Public Service Co httpwwwmainepublicservicecom
Appendix IV ndash Maine State Incentives and Programs
Funding Source Maine Public Utilities Commission
Program Title Community-based Renewable Energy Pilot Program
Applicable EnergiesTechnologies Solar Thermal Electric Photovoltaic Landfill Gas Wind
Biomass Hydroelectric Geothermal Electric Fuel Cells Anaerobic Digestion Tidal Energy
Fuel Cells using Renewable Fuels
Summary The Maine Utilities Commission (PUC) finalized the rule in February 2010 Legislation
mandates that up 10 50 MW of generating capacity will be permitted uned this program and
individual participants may not exceed 10 MW Of the 50 MW cap 10 must be reserved
specifically for small program participants or for participants located in a service territory of a
cooperative transmission and distribution utility
Restrictions
The PUC may require investor-owned utilities to enter into long-term contracts for energy capacity
resources or renewable energy credits (RECs) produced by the community-based project The
contacts term may not exceed 20 year the PUC will conduct long-term contract solicitations for
ldquolarge generatorsrdquo
Timing The Maine Public Utilities Commission is seeking proposals from suppliers of energy
capacity or renewable energy credits (RECs) for the development of community-based renewable
energy projects over 1 MW The docket number for this RFP is 2011-150 All inquiries about this
RFP should be directed to christinercookmainegov
Maximum Size Choice of either 15 REC credit multiplier or up to 10 MW DC
Requirements
To be eligible for incentives a generating facility must be 51 percent locally owned use renewable
energy resources be no larger than 10 MW in generating capacity and be located in the State
httpwwwstatemeusmpucelectricitycommunity_pilotshtml
Rebate amount $010kWh or cost fo the project whichever is lower
For further information please visit
httpwwwstatemeusmpucelectricitycommunity_pilotshtml
Source
Maine Public Utilities Commission ldquoCommunity-based Renewable Energy Pilot Programrdquo August 10 2011
DSIRE ldquoCommunity-based Renewable Energy Production Incentive (Pilot Program)rdquo August 10 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
42
Funding Source Voluntary Renewable Resource Grants
Program Title Voluntary Renewable Resources Fund
Applicable EnergiesTechnologies Solar Thermal Electric Photovoltaics Wind Biomass
Hydroelectric Geothermal Electric Fuel Cells Municipal Solid Waste Tidal Energy Fuel
Cells using Renewable Fuels
Summary Supported by the state Voluntary Renewable resource Fund and administered by the
Efficient Maine provide funding for small-scale demonstration projects designed to educate
communities on the value oand cost effectiveness of renewable energy
Restrictions To Qualify for grant funding renewable-energy resources generally must qualify as a
small power production facility un Federal Energy Regulatory Commission rules or must not exceed
100 MW in capacity and use one of more of the applicable energiestechnologies
Timing Start Date of this program occurred 12151998 and no expiration date is given
Maximum Size $50000
Requirements
httpwwwmainegovmpucrecovery
Rebate amount
$50000 Maximu
For further information please visit
httpwwwmainegovmpucrecovery
Source
Maine PUC ldquoFederal Stimulus MPUC and the Federal Recovery Packagerdquo ndash August 10 2011
DSIRE ldquoMaine - Voluntary Renewable Resource Grantsrdquo August 10 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
43
Appendix V ndash Partial Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Supply Chain Companies in Maine103
Organization Name Product or Service Category
1 University of Maine School of
Engineering Technology Research amp Development
2 University of Maine Advanced
Structures and Composites Center Research amp Development
3 Precision Partners-Mid-State Machine
Products Manufacturing Services
4 Ocean Energy Institute EngineeringDesign Services
5 Newfab Inc Manufacturing Services
6 New England Castings Other
7 Mitchell Ledge Farm Components
8 McNabb Marketing Resources Other
9 Maine Oxy Inc Fuel
10 Maine Machine Products Co Manufacturing Services
11 MacTec Inc FCH2 System DistrInstallMaint Services
12 Kennebec Technologies Manufacturing Services
13 Hydrogen Energy Center Service Center Lab or Test ConsultingLegalFinancial
Services
14 Hydrogen Energy Center Other
15 Green Energy Maine Other
16 Fire Risk Management Inc EngineeringDesign Services
17 Fire Risk Management EngineeringDesign Services
18 Fairchild Semiconductor Research amp Development
19 EcoMain Research amp Development
20 Control Point Inc Lab or Test EquipmentServices
21 Colby Company Engineering EngineeringDesign Services
22 Chewonki Foundation Other
23 Burroughs Machine Tool Products Equipment
24 Bernstein Shur ConsultingLegalFinancial Services
25 Bath Iron Works (General Dynamics
Inc) Research amp Development
26 AMEC EngineeringDesign Services
27 Advantages Gases and Tools Fuel
28 Advanced Manufacturing Center-
University of ME Manufacturing Services
103
Northeast Electrochemical Energy Storage Cluster Supply Chain Database Search httpneescorgresourcestype=1 August 11 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
44
Appendix VI ndash Comparison of Fuel Cell Technologies104
Fuel Cell
Type
Common
Electrolyte
Operating
Temperature
Typical
Stack
Size
Efficiency Applications Advantages Disadvantages
Polymer
Electrolyte
Membrane
(PEM)
Perfluoro sulfonic
acid
50-100degC
122-212deg
typically
80degC
lt 1 kW ndash 1
MW105
gt
kW 60
transportation
35
stationary
bull Backup power
bull Portable power
bull Distributed
generation
bull Transportation
bull Specialty vehicle
bull Solid electrolyte reduces
corrosion amp electrolyte
management problems
bull Low temperature
bull Quick start-up
bull Expensive catalysts
bull Sensitive to fuel
impurities
bull Low temperature waste
heat
Alkaline
(AFC)
Aqueous solution
of potassium
hydroxide soaked
in a matrix
90-100degC
194-212degF
10 ndash 100
kW 60
bull Military
bull Space
bull Cathode reaction faster
in alkaline electrolyte
leads to high performance
bull Low cost components
bull Sensitive to CO2
in fuel and air
bull Electrolyte management
Phosphoric
Acid
(PAFC)
Phosphoric acid
soaked in a matrix
150-200degC
302-392degF
400 kW
100 kW
module
40 bull Distributed
generation
bull Higher temperature enables
CHP
bull Increased tolerance to fuel
impurities
bull Pt catalyst
bull Long start up time
bull Low current and power
Molten
Carbonate
(MCFC)
Solution of lithium
sodium andor
potassium
carbonates soaked
in a matrix
600-700degC
1112-1292degF
300
k W- 3 M
W
300 kW
module
45 ndash 50
bull Electric utility
bull Distributed
generation
bull High efficiency
bull Fuel flexibility
bull Can use a variety of catalysts
bull Suitable for CHP
bull High temperature
corrosion and breakdown
of cell components
bull Long start up time
bull Low power density
Solid Oxide
(SOFC)
Yttria stabilized
zirconia
700-1000degC
1202-1832degF
1 kW ndash 2
MW 60
bull Auxiliary power
bull Electric utility
bull Distributed
generation
bull High efficiency
bull Fuel flexibility
bull Can use a variety of catalysts
bull Solid electrolyte
bull Suitable f o r CHP amp CHHP
bull HybridGT cycle
bull High temperature
corrosion and breakdown
of cell components
bull High temperature
operation requires long
start up
time and limits
Polymer Electrolyte is no longer a single category row Data shown does not take into account High Temperature PEM which operates in the range of 160oC to 180
oC It solves
virtually all of the disadvantages listed under PEM It is not sensitive to impurities It has usable heat Stack efficiencies of 52 on the high side are realized HTPEM is not a
PAFC fuel cell and should not be confused with one
104 US Department of Energy Fuel Cells Technology Program httpwww1eereenergygovhydrogenandfuelcellsfuelcellspdfsfc_comparison_chartpdf August 5 2011 105
Ballard ldquoCLEARgen Multi-MY Systemsrdquo httpwwwballardcomfuel-cell-productscleargen-multi-mw-systemsaspx November 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
45
Appendix VII ndashAnalysis of Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities and Threats for Maine
Strengths
Stationary Power ndash Strong market drivers including high
electricity cost cold climate reliance on oil for space heating
strong CHP and district heating market strong environmental
and green energy awareness) capable core of fuel cell CHP
installers energy storage demand to serve MErsquos aggressive
wind-power industry strong ongoing expansion of natural gas
servicedistribution
Transportation Power - Strong market drivers including a
dispersed population highly reliant on truck and auto
transportation receptive and environmentally conscious
alternative fuelstransportation market relatively low income
population in need of relief from automobile fuel costs strong
Navy shipbuilding industry as potential user of H2FC auxiliary
power system strongly interested in fleet-based hydrogen
fueling station development (SunHydro model) strong interest
in municipal transit and fuel cell -powered rail
Economic Development Factors ndash Brunswick Renewable
Energy Park emphasis on skills development and technology
synergies aggressive state level policy to policy to develop
renewable wind and biomass energy technologies skilled and
well organized network of precision manufacturing firms tied
into aerospace and communications equipment industries
strong labor force at relatively low wages RampDbusiness
infrastructure for advanced biofuels and composite material
structures growing University of Maine commitment to fuel
cell and biomass RampD state funding source familiaritycomfort
with H2FC technology
Weaknesses
Stationary Power ndash No technologyindustrial momentum at the
OEM level geographically distant from OEMs for component-
supply opportunities
Transportation Power ndash No technologyindustrial base at the
OEM level lack of infrastructure funding relatively dispersed
population for transportation services
Economic Development Factors ndash limited state incentives
somewhat sluggish overall state economy relatively
undeveloped core of technology skillsknowledge base
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
46
Opportunities
Stationary Power ndash Opportunity as an ldquoearly adaptor marketrdquo
some supply chain buildup opportunities around SP deployment
Linkage between H2FC technologies and advanced biofuels
RampD Dispersed population amp economy needs distributed
solutions Major need for power storage in conjunction with
Maines planned offshore wind-power RampD and development
Transportation Power ndash Hydrogen refueling station plans Early-
stage potential for major roll-out in marine auxiliary power (US
Navy) Commuter rail expansion
Portable Power ndash Little currently-identified opportunity
Economic Development Factors ndash Brunswick ldquoRenewable Energy
Industrial Parkrdquo can be significant seed nucleus for both
deployment amp development Machine-tool industry pursuing
H2FC components supply-chain opportunities
Threats
Stationary Power ndash The regionrsquos favorable market
needsdemand could be met by other technologiessources ndash
Canadian hydro amp nuclear wind geothermal direct biomass
and power-storage alternatives ndash batteries solid state ammonia
etc
Transportation Power ndash The regionrsquos favorable market
characteristics and needs could be met by other electric
vehicles particularly in the absence of a hydrogen
infrastructure
Economic Development Factors ndash competition from more fully-
equipped statesregions wind and other renewables grab Maine
energy industry momentum lack of funding to sustain
University of MErsquos momentum in storage and fuel cell
technologies related to biomass and wind hesitation of state
government to support alternative energy incentives
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
47
Appendix VIII ndash Partial list of Fuel Cell Deployment in the Northeast region
Manufacturer Site Name Site Location Year Installed
Plug Power T-Mobile cell tower Storrs CT 2008
Plug Power Albany International Airport Albany NY 2004
FuelCell Energy Pepperidge Farms Plant Bloomfield CT 2005
FuelCell Energy Peabody Museum New Haven CT 2003
FuelCell Energy Sheraton New York Hotel amp Towers Manhattan NY 2004
FuelCell Energy Sheraton Hotel Edison NJ 2003
FuelCell Energy Sheraton Hotel Parsippany NJ 2003
UTC Power Cabelas Sporting Goods East Hartford CT 2008
UTC Power Whole Foods Market Glastonbury CT 2008
UTC Power Connecticut Science Center Hartford CT 2009
UTC Power St Francis Hospital Hartford CT 2003
UTC Power Middletown High School Middletown CT 2008
UTC Power Connecticut Juvenile Training School Middletown CT 2001
UTC Power 360 State Street Apartment Building New Haven CT 2010
UTC Power South Windsor High School South Windsor CT 2002
UTC Power Mohegan Sun Casino Hotel Uncasville CT 2002
UTC Power CTTransit Fuel Cell Bus Hartford CT 2007
UTC Power Whole Foods Market Dedham MA 2009
UTC Power Bronx Zoo Bronx NY 2008
UTC Power North Central Bronx Hospital Bronx NY 2000
UTC Power Hunts Point Water Pollution Control Plant Bronx NY 2005
UTC Power Price Chopper Supermarket Colonie NY 2010
UTC Power East Rochester High School East Rochester NY 2007
UTC Power Coca-Cola Refreshments Production Facility Elmsford NY 2010
UTC Power Verizon Call Center and Communications Building Garden City NY 2005
UTC Power State Office Building Hauppauge NY 2009
UTC Power Liverpool High School Liverpool NY 2000
UTC Power New York Hilton Hotel New York City NY 2007
UTC Power Central Park Police Station New York City NY 1999
UTC Power Rochester Institute of Technology Rochester NY 1993
UTC Power NYPA office building White Plains NY 2010
UTC Power Wastewater treatment plant Yonkers NY 1997
UTC Power The Octagon Roosevelt Island NY 2011
UTC Power Johnson amp Johnson World Headquarters New Brunswick NJ 2003
UTC Power CTTRANSIT (Fuel Cell Powered Buses) Hartford CT 2007 - Present
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
48
Appendix IX ndash Partial list of Fuel Cell-Powered Forklifts in North America106
Company CityTown State Site Year
Deployed
Fuel Cell
Manufacturer
of
forklifts
Coca-Cola San Leandro CA
Bottling and
distribution center 2011 Plug Power 37
Charlotte NC Bottling facility 2011 Plug Power 40
EARP
Distribution Kansas City KS Distribution center 2011
Oorja
Protonics 24
Golden State
Foods Lemont IL Distribution facility 2011
Oorja
Protonics 20
Kroger Co Compton CA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 161
Sysco
Riverside CA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 80
Boston MA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 160
Long Island NY Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 42
San Antonio TX Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 113
Front Royal VA Redistribution
facility 2011 Plug Power 100
Baldor
Specialty Foods Bronx NY Facility
Planned
in 2012
Oorja
Protonics 50
BMW
Manufacturing
Co
Spartanburg SC Manufacturing
plant 2010 Plug Power 86
Defense
Logistics
Agency US
Department of
Defense
San Joaquin CA Distribution facility 2011 Plug Power 20
Fort Lewis WA Distribution depot 2011 Plug Power 19
Warner
Robins GA Distribution depot 2010 Hydrogenics 20
Susquehanna PA Distribution depot 2010 Plug Power 15
2009 Nuvera 40
Martin-Brower Stockton CA Food distribution
center 2010
Oorja
Protonics 15
United Natural
Foods Inc
(UNFI)
Sarasota FL Distribution center 2010 Plug Power 65
Wal-Mart
Balzac Al
Canada
Refrigerated
distribution center 2010 Plug Power 80
Washington
Court House OH
Food distribution
center 2007 Plug Power 55
Wegmans Pottsville PA Warehouse 2010 Plug Power 136
Whole Foods
Market Landover MD Distribution center 2010 Plug Power 61
106
FuelCell2000 ldquoFuel Cell-Powered Forklifts in North Americardquo httpwwwfuelcellsorginfochartsforkliftspdf November
2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
49
Appendix X ndash Comparison of PEM Fuel Cell and Battery-Powered Material Handling
Equipment
3 kW PEM Fuel Cell-Powered
Pallet Trucks
3 kW Battery-powered
(2 batteries per truck)
Total Fuel Cycle Energy Use
(total energy consumedkWh
delivered to the wheels) -12000 BtukWh 14000 BtukWh
Fuel Cycle GHG Emissions
(in g CO2 equivalent 820 gkWh 1200 gkWh
Estimated Product Life 8-10 years 4-5 years No Emissions at Point of Use
Quiet Operation
Wide Ambient Operating
Temperature range
Constant Power Available
over Shift
Routine Maintenance Costs
($YR) $1250 - $1500year $2000year
Time for RefuelingChanging
Batteries 4 ndash 8 minday 45-60 minday (for battery change-outs)
8 hours (for battery recharging amp cooling) Cost of FuelElectricity $6000year $1300year Labor Cost of
refuelingRecharging $1100year $8750year
Net Present Value of Capital
Cost $12600
($18000 wo incentive) $14000
Net Present Value of OampM
costs (including fuel) $52000 $128000
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
50
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
25
MAINE
APPENDICES
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
26
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 1 Education
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
27
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 2 Food Sales
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
28
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 3 Food Services
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
29
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 4 Inpatient Healthcare
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
30
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 5 Lodging
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
31
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 6 Public Order and Safety
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
32
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 7 Energy Intensive Industries
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
33
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 8 Federal Government Operated Buildings
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
34
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 9 Telecommunication Sites
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
35
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 10 Solid and Liquid Waste Sites
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
36
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 11 Commercial Airports
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
37
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 12 Alternative Fueling Stations
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
38
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 13 Distribution CentersWarehouses amp Ports
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
39
MAINE
Appendix II ndash Maine Estimated Electrical Consumption per Sector
Category Total Site
Electric Consumption per Building
(1000 kWh)101
kWh Consumed per Sector
New England
Education 925 161844 149705700
Food Sales 1800 319821 575677800
Food Services 2100 128 269199000
Inpatient Healthcare 181 603863 1092991125
Lodging 837 21312 178379766
Public Order amp Safety 262 77855 20398010
Total 6105 2286351401
Residential102
4503000000
Industrial 3702000000
Commercial 4503000000
Other Commercial 2286351401
101
EIA Electricity consumption and expenditure intensities for Non-Mall Building 2003 102
DOE EERE ldquoElectric Power and Renewable Energy in Mainerdquo httpapps1eereenergygovstateselectricitycfmstate=ME
August 25 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
40
MAINE
Appendix III ndash Key Stakeholders
Organization CityTown State Website Hydrogen Energy Center Portland ME wwwhydrogenenergycenterorg
University of Maine School of
Engineering Technology Orono ME httpwwwumaineeduset
University of Maine Advanced
Manufacturing Center Orono
ME wwwumaineeduamc
University of Maine Advanced
Structures and Composites Center Orono
ME httpwww2umaineeduaewc
Manufacturers Association of Maine Westbrook ME
wwwmainemfgcom
Maine Manufacturing Extension
Partnership Augusta
ME httpwwwmainemeporg
Mid-Coast Regional Redevelopment
Authority Brunswick
ME wwwmrraus
Manufacturing Applications Center Gorham ME
httpwwwusmmaineedu
Maine Center for Enterprise
Development University of Southern
Maine
Portland ME
wwwmcedbiz
Maine Small Business Development
Center Portland
ME httpwwwmainesbdcorg
Southern Maine Community College
Sustainability and Energy Alternatives
Center
South
Portland ME httpwwwsmccmeedubusiness-a-
communitycomunity-resourcessustainability-
centerhtml
Environment and Energy Technology
Council of Maine Portland
ME wwwE2Techorg
Maine Technology Institute Gardiner ME
wwwmainetechnologyorg
Maine Innovation Economy advisory
Board Maine DECD Augusta ME httpwwwmainegovdecd
Governorrsquos Office of Energy
Independence and Security Augusta ME httpmainegovoeis
Utility Companies
Unitil httpwwwunitilcomcustomer-configuration
Bangor Gas Co httpwwwbangorgascom
Central Maine Power Co httpwwwcmpcocom
Bangor Hydro-Electric Co httpwwwbhecom
Maine Public Service Co httpwwwmainepublicservicecom
Appendix IV ndash Maine State Incentives and Programs
Funding Source Maine Public Utilities Commission
Program Title Community-based Renewable Energy Pilot Program
Applicable EnergiesTechnologies Solar Thermal Electric Photovoltaic Landfill Gas Wind
Biomass Hydroelectric Geothermal Electric Fuel Cells Anaerobic Digestion Tidal Energy
Fuel Cells using Renewable Fuels
Summary The Maine Utilities Commission (PUC) finalized the rule in February 2010 Legislation
mandates that up 10 50 MW of generating capacity will be permitted uned this program and
individual participants may not exceed 10 MW Of the 50 MW cap 10 must be reserved
specifically for small program participants or for participants located in a service territory of a
cooperative transmission and distribution utility
Restrictions
The PUC may require investor-owned utilities to enter into long-term contracts for energy capacity
resources or renewable energy credits (RECs) produced by the community-based project The
contacts term may not exceed 20 year the PUC will conduct long-term contract solicitations for
ldquolarge generatorsrdquo
Timing The Maine Public Utilities Commission is seeking proposals from suppliers of energy
capacity or renewable energy credits (RECs) for the development of community-based renewable
energy projects over 1 MW The docket number for this RFP is 2011-150 All inquiries about this
RFP should be directed to christinercookmainegov
Maximum Size Choice of either 15 REC credit multiplier or up to 10 MW DC
Requirements
To be eligible for incentives a generating facility must be 51 percent locally owned use renewable
energy resources be no larger than 10 MW in generating capacity and be located in the State
httpwwwstatemeusmpucelectricitycommunity_pilotshtml
Rebate amount $010kWh or cost fo the project whichever is lower
For further information please visit
httpwwwstatemeusmpucelectricitycommunity_pilotshtml
Source
Maine Public Utilities Commission ldquoCommunity-based Renewable Energy Pilot Programrdquo August 10 2011
DSIRE ldquoCommunity-based Renewable Energy Production Incentive (Pilot Program)rdquo August 10 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
42
Funding Source Voluntary Renewable Resource Grants
Program Title Voluntary Renewable Resources Fund
Applicable EnergiesTechnologies Solar Thermal Electric Photovoltaics Wind Biomass
Hydroelectric Geothermal Electric Fuel Cells Municipal Solid Waste Tidal Energy Fuel
Cells using Renewable Fuels
Summary Supported by the state Voluntary Renewable resource Fund and administered by the
Efficient Maine provide funding for small-scale demonstration projects designed to educate
communities on the value oand cost effectiveness of renewable energy
Restrictions To Qualify for grant funding renewable-energy resources generally must qualify as a
small power production facility un Federal Energy Regulatory Commission rules or must not exceed
100 MW in capacity and use one of more of the applicable energiestechnologies
Timing Start Date of this program occurred 12151998 and no expiration date is given
Maximum Size $50000
Requirements
httpwwwmainegovmpucrecovery
Rebate amount
$50000 Maximu
For further information please visit
httpwwwmainegovmpucrecovery
Source
Maine PUC ldquoFederal Stimulus MPUC and the Federal Recovery Packagerdquo ndash August 10 2011
DSIRE ldquoMaine - Voluntary Renewable Resource Grantsrdquo August 10 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
43
Appendix V ndash Partial Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Supply Chain Companies in Maine103
Organization Name Product or Service Category
1 University of Maine School of
Engineering Technology Research amp Development
2 University of Maine Advanced
Structures and Composites Center Research amp Development
3 Precision Partners-Mid-State Machine
Products Manufacturing Services
4 Ocean Energy Institute EngineeringDesign Services
5 Newfab Inc Manufacturing Services
6 New England Castings Other
7 Mitchell Ledge Farm Components
8 McNabb Marketing Resources Other
9 Maine Oxy Inc Fuel
10 Maine Machine Products Co Manufacturing Services
11 MacTec Inc FCH2 System DistrInstallMaint Services
12 Kennebec Technologies Manufacturing Services
13 Hydrogen Energy Center Service Center Lab or Test ConsultingLegalFinancial
Services
14 Hydrogen Energy Center Other
15 Green Energy Maine Other
16 Fire Risk Management Inc EngineeringDesign Services
17 Fire Risk Management EngineeringDesign Services
18 Fairchild Semiconductor Research amp Development
19 EcoMain Research amp Development
20 Control Point Inc Lab or Test EquipmentServices
21 Colby Company Engineering EngineeringDesign Services
22 Chewonki Foundation Other
23 Burroughs Machine Tool Products Equipment
24 Bernstein Shur ConsultingLegalFinancial Services
25 Bath Iron Works (General Dynamics
Inc) Research amp Development
26 AMEC EngineeringDesign Services
27 Advantages Gases and Tools Fuel
28 Advanced Manufacturing Center-
University of ME Manufacturing Services
103
Northeast Electrochemical Energy Storage Cluster Supply Chain Database Search httpneescorgresourcestype=1 August 11 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
44
Appendix VI ndash Comparison of Fuel Cell Technologies104
Fuel Cell
Type
Common
Electrolyte
Operating
Temperature
Typical
Stack
Size
Efficiency Applications Advantages Disadvantages
Polymer
Electrolyte
Membrane
(PEM)
Perfluoro sulfonic
acid
50-100degC
122-212deg
typically
80degC
lt 1 kW ndash 1
MW105
gt
kW 60
transportation
35
stationary
bull Backup power
bull Portable power
bull Distributed
generation
bull Transportation
bull Specialty vehicle
bull Solid electrolyte reduces
corrosion amp electrolyte
management problems
bull Low temperature
bull Quick start-up
bull Expensive catalysts
bull Sensitive to fuel
impurities
bull Low temperature waste
heat
Alkaline
(AFC)
Aqueous solution
of potassium
hydroxide soaked
in a matrix
90-100degC
194-212degF
10 ndash 100
kW 60
bull Military
bull Space
bull Cathode reaction faster
in alkaline electrolyte
leads to high performance
bull Low cost components
bull Sensitive to CO2
in fuel and air
bull Electrolyte management
Phosphoric
Acid
(PAFC)
Phosphoric acid
soaked in a matrix
150-200degC
302-392degF
400 kW
100 kW
module
40 bull Distributed
generation
bull Higher temperature enables
CHP
bull Increased tolerance to fuel
impurities
bull Pt catalyst
bull Long start up time
bull Low current and power
Molten
Carbonate
(MCFC)
Solution of lithium
sodium andor
potassium
carbonates soaked
in a matrix
600-700degC
1112-1292degF
300
k W- 3 M
W
300 kW
module
45 ndash 50
bull Electric utility
bull Distributed
generation
bull High efficiency
bull Fuel flexibility
bull Can use a variety of catalysts
bull Suitable for CHP
bull High temperature
corrosion and breakdown
of cell components
bull Long start up time
bull Low power density
Solid Oxide
(SOFC)
Yttria stabilized
zirconia
700-1000degC
1202-1832degF
1 kW ndash 2
MW 60
bull Auxiliary power
bull Electric utility
bull Distributed
generation
bull High efficiency
bull Fuel flexibility
bull Can use a variety of catalysts
bull Solid electrolyte
bull Suitable f o r CHP amp CHHP
bull HybridGT cycle
bull High temperature
corrosion and breakdown
of cell components
bull High temperature
operation requires long
start up
time and limits
Polymer Electrolyte is no longer a single category row Data shown does not take into account High Temperature PEM which operates in the range of 160oC to 180
oC It solves
virtually all of the disadvantages listed under PEM It is not sensitive to impurities It has usable heat Stack efficiencies of 52 on the high side are realized HTPEM is not a
PAFC fuel cell and should not be confused with one
104 US Department of Energy Fuel Cells Technology Program httpwww1eereenergygovhydrogenandfuelcellsfuelcellspdfsfc_comparison_chartpdf August 5 2011 105
Ballard ldquoCLEARgen Multi-MY Systemsrdquo httpwwwballardcomfuel-cell-productscleargen-multi-mw-systemsaspx November 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
45
Appendix VII ndashAnalysis of Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities and Threats for Maine
Strengths
Stationary Power ndash Strong market drivers including high
electricity cost cold climate reliance on oil for space heating
strong CHP and district heating market strong environmental
and green energy awareness) capable core of fuel cell CHP
installers energy storage demand to serve MErsquos aggressive
wind-power industry strong ongoing expansion of natural gas
servicedistribution
Transportation Power - Strong market drivers including a
dispersed population highly reliant on truck and auto
transportation receptive and environmentally conscious
alternative fuelstransportation market relatively low income
population in need of relief from automobile fuel costs strong
Navy shipbuilding industry as potential user of H2FC auxiliary
power system strongly interested in fleet-based hydrogen
fueling station development (SunHydro model) strong interest
in municipal transit and fuel cell -powered rail
Economic Development Factors ndash Brunswick Renewable
Energy Park emphasis on skills development and technology
synergies aggressive state level policy to policy to develop
renewable wind and biomass energy technologies skilled and
well organized network of precision manufacturing firms tied
into aerospace and communications equipment industries
strong labor force at relatively low wages RampDbusiness
infrastructure for advanced biofuels and composite material
structures growing University of Maine commitment to fuel
cell and biomass RampD state funding source familiaritycomfort
with H2FC technology
Weaknesses
Stationary Power ndash No technologyindustrial momentum at the
OEM level geographically distant from OEMs for component-
supply opportunities
Transportation Power ndash No technologyindustrial base at the
OEM level lack of infrastructure funding relatively dispersed
population for transportation services
Economic Development Factors ndash limited state incentives
somewhat sluggish overall state economy relatively
undeveloped core of technology skillsknowledge base
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
46
Opportunities
Stationary Power ndash Opportunity as an ldquoearly adaptor marketrdquo
some supply chain buildup opportunities around SP deployment
Linkage between H2FC technologies and advanced biofuels
RampD Dispersed population amp economy needs distributed
solutions Major need for power storage in conjunction with
Maines planned offshore wind-power RampD and development
Transportation Power ndash Hydrogen refueling station plans Early-
stage potential for major roll-out in marine auxiliary power (US
Navy) Commuter rail expansion
Portable Power ndash Little currently-identified opportunity
Economic Development Factors ndash Brunswick ldquoRenewable Energy
Industrial Parkrdquo can be significant seed nucleus for both
deployment amp development Machine-tool industry pursuing
H2FC components supply-chain opportunities
Threats
Stationary Power ndash The regionrsquos favorable market
needsdemand could be met by other technologiessources ndash
Canadian hydro amp nuclear wind geothermal direct biomass
and power-storage alternatives ndash batteries solid state ammonia
etc
Transportation Power ndash The regionrsquos favorable market
characteristics and needs could be met by other electric
vehicles particularly in the absence of a hydrogen
infrastructure
Economic Development Factors ndash competition from more fully-
equipped statesregions wind and other renewables grab Maine
energy industry momentum lack of funding to sustain
University of MErsquos momentum in storage and fuel cell
technologies related to biomass and wind hesitation of state
government to support alternative energy incentives
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
47
Appendix VIII ndash Partial list of Fuel Cell Deployment in the Northeast region
Manufacturer Site Name Site Location Year Installed
Plug Power T-Mobile cell tower Storrs CT 2008
Plug Power Albany International Airport Albany NY 2004
FuelCell Energy Pepperidge Farms Plant Bloomfield CT 2005
FuelCell Energy Peabody Museum New Haven CT 2003
FuelCell Energy Sheraton New York Hotel amp Towers Manhattan NY 2004
FuelCell Energy Sheraton Hotel Edison NJ 2003
FuelCell Energy Sheraton Hotel Parsippany NJ 2003
UTC Power Cabelas Sporting Goods East Hartford CT 2008
UTC Power Whole Foods Market Glastonbury CT 2008
UTC Power Connecticut Science Center Hartford CT 2009
UTC Power St Francis Hospital Hartford CT 2003
UTC Power Middletown High School Middletown CT 2008
UTC Power Connecticut Juvenile Training School Middletown CT 2001
UTC Power 360 State Street Apartment Building New Haven CT 2010
UTC Power South Windsor High School South Windsor CT 2002
UTC Power Mohegan Sun Casino Hotel Uncasville CT 2002
UTC Power CTTransit Fuel Cell Bus Hartford CT 2007
UTC Power Whole Foods Market Dedham MA 2009
UTC Power Bronx Zoo Bronx NY 2008
UTC Power North Central Bronx Hospital Bronx NY 2000
UTC Power Hunts Point Water Pollution Control Plant Bronx NY 2005
UTC Power Price Chopper Supermarket Colonie NY 2010
UTC Power East Rochester High School East Rochester NY 2007
UTC Power Coca-Cola Refreshments Production Facility Elmsford NY 2010
UTC Power Verizon Call Center and Communications Building Garden City NY 2005
UTC Power State Office Building Hauppauge NY 2009
UTC Power Liverpool High School Liverpool NY 2000
UTC Power New York Hilton Hotel New York City NY 2007
UTC Power Central Park Police Station New York City NY 1999
UTC Power Rochester Institute of Technology Rochester NY 1993
UTC Power NYPA office building White Plains NY 2010
UTC Power Wastewater treatment plant Yonkers NY 1997
UTC Power The Octagon Roosevelt Island NY 2011
UTC Power Johnson amp Johnson World Headquarters New Brunswick NJ 2003
UTC Power CTTRANSIT (Fuel Cell Powered Buses) Hartford CT 2007 - Present
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
48
Appendix IX ndash Partial list of Fuel Cell-Powered Forklifts in North America106
Company CityTown State Site Year
Deployed
Fuel Cell
Manufacturer
of
forklifts
Coca-Cola San Leandro CA
Bottling and
distribution center 2011 Plug Power 37
Charlotte NC Bottling facility 2011 Plug Power 40
EARP
Distribution Kansas City KS Distribution center 2011
Oorja
Protonics 24
Golden State
Foods Lemont IL Distribution facility 2011
Oorja
Protonics 20
Kroger Co Compton CA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 161
Sysco
Riverside CA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 80
Boston MA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 160
Long Island NY Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 42
San Antonio TX Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 113
Front Royal VA Redistribution
facility 2011 Plug Power 100
Baldor
Specialty Foods Bronx NY Facility
Planned
in 2012
Oorja
Protonics 50
BMW
Manufacturing
Co
Spartanburg SC Manufacturing
plant 2010 Plug Power 86
Defense
Logistics
Agency US
Department of
Defense
San Joaquin CA Distribution facility 2011 Plug Power 20
Fort Lewis WA Distribution depot 2011 Plug Power 19
Warner
Robins GA Distribution depot 2010 Hydrogenics 20
Susquehanna PA Distribution depot 2010 Plug Power 15
2009 Nuvera 40
Martin-Brower Stockton CA Food distribution
center 2010
Oorja
Protonics 15
United Natural
Foods Inc
(UNFI)
Sarasota FL Distribution center 2010 Plug Power 65
Wal-Mart
Balzac Al
Canada
Refrigerated
distribution center 2010 Plug Power 80
Washington
Court House OH
Food distribution
center 2007 Plug Power 55
Wegmans Pottsville PA Warehouse 2010 Plug Power 136
Whole Foods
Market Landover MD Distribution center 2010 Plug Power 61
106
FuelCell2000 ldquoFuel Cell-Powered Forklifts in North Americardquo httpwwwfuelcellsorginfochartsforkliftspdf November
2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
49
Appendix X ndash Comparison of PEM Fuel Cell and Battery-Powered Material Handling
Equipment
3 kW PEM Fuel Cell-Powered
Pallet Trucks
3 kW Battery-powered
(2 batteries per truck)
Total Fuel Cycle Energy Use
(total energy consumedkWh
delivered to the wheels) -12000 BtukWh 14000 BtukWh
Fuel Cycle GHG Emissions
(in g CO2 equivalent 820 gkWh 1200 gkWh
Estimated Product Life 8-10 years 4-5 years No Emissions at Point of Use
Quiet Operation
Wide Ambient Operating
Temperature range
Constant Power Available
over Shift
Routine Maintenance Costs
($YR) $1250 - $1500year $2000year
Time for RefuelingChanging
Batteries 4 ndash 8 minday 45-60 minday (for battery change-outs)
8 hours (for battery recharging amp cooling) Cost of FuelElectricity $6000year $1300year Labor Cost of
refuelingRecharging $1100year $8750year
Net Present Value of Capital
Cost $12600
($18000 wo incentive) $14000
Net Present Value of OampM
costs (including fuel) $52000 $128000
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
50
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
26
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 1 Education
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
27
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 2 Food Sales
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
28
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 3 Food Services
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
29
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 4 Inpatient Healthcare
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
30
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 5 Lodging
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
31
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 6 Public Order and Safety
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
32
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 7 Energy Intensive Industries
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
33
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 8 Federal Government Operated Buildings
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
34
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 9 Telecommunication Sites
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
35
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 10 Solid and Liquid Waste Sites
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
36
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 11 Commercial Airports
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
37
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 12 Alternative Fueling Stations
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
38
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 13 Distribution CentersWarehouses amp Ports
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
39
MAINE
Appendix II ndash Maine Estimated Electrical Consumption per Sector
Category Total Site
Electric Consumption per Building
(1000 kWh)101
kWh Consumed per Sector
New England
Education 925 161844 149705700
Food Sales 1800 319821 575677800
Food Services 2100 128 269199000
Inpatient Healthcare 181 603863 1092991125
Lodging 837 21312 178379766
Public Order amp Safety 262 77855 20398010
Total 6105 2286351401
Residential102
4503000000
Industrial 3702000000
Commercial 4503000000
Other Commercial 2286351401
101
EIA Electricity consumption and expenditure intensities for Non-Mall Building 2003 102
DOE EERE ldquoElectric Power and Renewable Energy in Mainerdquo httpapps1eereenergygovstateselectricitycfmstate=ME
August 25 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
40
MAINE
Appendix III ndash Key Stakeholders
Organization CityTown State Website Hydrogen Energy Center Portland ME wwwhydrogenenergycenterorg
University of Maine School of
Engineering Technology Orono ME httpwwwumaineeduset
University of Maine Advanced
Manufacturing Center Orono
ME wwwumaineeduamc
University of Maine Advanced
Structures and Composites Center Orono
ME httpwww2umaineeduaewc
Manufacturers Association of Maine Westbrook ME
wwwmainemfgcom
Maine Manufacturing Extension
Partnership Augusta
ME httpwwwmainemeporg
Mid-Coast Regional Redevelopment
Authority Brunswick
ME wwwmrraus
Manufacturing Applications Center Gorham ME
httpwwwusmmaineedu
Maine Center for Enterprise
Development University of Southern
Maine
Portland ME
wwwmcedbiz
Maine Small Business Development
Center Portland
ME httpwwwmainesbdcorg
Southern Maine Community College
Sustainability and Energy Alternatives
Center
South
Portland ME httpwwwsmccmeedubusiness-a-
communitycomunity-resourcessustainability-
centerhtml
Environment and Energy Technology
Council of Maine Portland
ME wwwE2Techorg
Maine Technology Institute Gardiner ME
wwwmainetechnologyorg
Maine Innovation Economy advisory
Board Maine DECD Augusta ME httpwwwmainegovdecd
Governorrsquos Office of Energy
Independence and Security Augusta ME httpmainegovoeis
Utility Companies
Unitil httpwwwunitilcomcustomer-configuration
Bangor Gas Co httpwwwbangorgascom
Central Maine Power Co httpwwwcmpcocom
Bangor Hydro-Electric Co httpwwwbhecom
Maine Public Service Co httpwwwmainepublicservicecom
Appendix IV ndash Maine State Incentives and Programs
Funding Source Maine Public Utilities Commission
Program Title Community-based Renewable Energy Pilot Program
Applicable EnergiesTechnologies Solar Thermal Electric Photovoltaic Landfill Gas Wind
Biomass Hydroelectric Geothermal Electric Fuel Cells Anaerobic Digestion Tidal Energy
Fuel Cells using Renewable Fuels
Summary The Maine Utilities Commission (PUC) finalized the rule in February 2010 Legislation
mandates that up 10 50 MW of generating capacity will be permitted uned this program and
individual participants may not exceed 10 MW Of the 50 MW cap 10 must be reserved
specifically for small program participants or for participants located in a service territory of a
cooperative transmission and distribution utility
Restrictions
The PUC may require investor-owned utilities to enter into long-term contracts for energy capacity
resources or renewable energy credits (RECs) produced by the community-based project The
contacts term may not exceed 20 year the PUC will conduct long-term contract solicitations for
ldquolarge generatorsrdquo
Timing The Maine Public Utilities Commission is seeking proposals from suppliers of energy
capacity or renewable energy credits (RECs) for the development of community-based renewable
energy projects over 1 MW The docket number for this RFP is 2011-150 All inquiries about this
RFP should be directed to christinercookmainegov
Maximum Size Choice of either 15 REC credit multiplier or up to 10 MW DC
Requirements
To be eligible for incentives a generating facility must be 51 percent locally owned use renewable
energy resources be no larger than 10 MW in generating capacity and be located in the State
httpwwwstatemeusmpucelectricitycommunity_pilotshtml
Rebate amount $010kWh or cost fo the project whichever is lower
For further information please visit
httpwwwstatemeusmpucelectricitycommunity_pilotshtml
Source
Maine Public Utilities Commission ldquoCommunity-based Renewable Energy Pilot Programrdquo August 10 2011
DSIRE ldquoCommunity-based Renewable Energy Production Incentive (Pilot Program)rdquo August 10 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
42
Funding Source Voluntary Renewable Resource Grants
Program Title Voluntary Renewable Resources Fund
Applicable EnergiesTechnologies Solar Thermal Electric Photovoltaics Wind Biomass
Hydroelectric Geothermal Electric Fuel Cells Municipal Solid Waste Tidal Energy Fuel
Cells using Renewable Fuels
Summary Supported by the state Voluntary Renewable resource Fund and administered by the
Efficient Maine provide funding for small-scale demonstration projects designed to educate
communities on the value oand cost effectiveness of renewable energy
Restrictions To Qualify for grant funding renewable-energy resources generally must qualify as a
small power production facility un Federal Energy Regulatory Commission rules or must not exceed
100 MW in capacity and use one of more of the applicable energiestechnologies
Timing Start Date of this program occurred 12151998 and no expiration date is given
Maximum Size $50000
Requirements
httpwwwmainegovmpucrecovery
Rebate amount
$50000 Maximu
For further information please visit
httpwwwmainegovmpucrecovery
Source
Maine PUC ldquoFederal Stimulus MPUC and the Federal Recovery Packagerdquo ndash August 10 2011
DSIRE ldquoMaine - Voluntary Renewable Resource Grantsrdquo August 10 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
43
Appendix V ndash Partial Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Supply Chain Companies in Maine103
Organization Name Product or Service Category
1 University of Maine School of
Engineering Technology Research amp Development
2 University of Maine Advanced
Structures and Composites Center Research amp Development
3 Precision Partners-Mid-State Machine
Products Manufacturing Services
4 Ocean Energy Institute EngineeringDesign Services
5 Newfab Inc Manufacturing Services
6 New England Castings Other
7 Mitchell Ledge Farm Components
8 McNabb Marketing Resources Other
9 Maine Oxy Inc Fuel
10 Maine Machine Products Co Manufacturing Services
11 MacTec Inc FCH2 System DistrInstallMaint Services
12 Kennebec Technologies Manufacturing Services
13 Hydrogen Energy Center Service Center Lab or Test ConsultingLegalFinancial
Services
14 Hydrogen Energy Center Other
15 Green Energy Maine Other
16 Fire Risk Management Inc EngineeringDesign Services
17 Fire Risk Management EngineeringDesign Services
18 Fairchild Semiconductor Research amp Development
19 EcoMain Research amp Development
20 Control Point Inc Lab or Test EquipmentServices
21 Colby Company Engineering EngineeringDesign Services
22 Chewonki Foundation Other
23 Burroughs Machine Tool Products Equipment
24 Bernstein Shur ConsultingLegalFinancial Services
25 Bath Iron Works (General Dynamics
Inc) Research amp Development
26 AMEC EngineeringDesign Services
27 Advantages Gases and Tools Fuel
28 Advanced Manufacturing Center-
University of ME Manufacturing Services
103
Northeast Electrochemical Energy Storage Cluster Supply Chain Database Search httpneescorgresourcestype=1 August 11 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
44
Appendix VI ndash Comparison of Fuel Cell Technologies104
Fuel Cell
Type
Common
Electrolyte
Operating
Temperature
Typical
Stack
Size
Efficiency Applications Advantages Disadvantages
Polymer
Electrolyte
Membrane
(PEM)
Perfluoro sulfonic
acid
50-100degC
122-212deg
typically
80degC
lt 1 kW ndash 1
MW105
gt
kW 60
transportation
35
stationary
bull Backup power
bull Portable power
bull Distributed
generation
bull Transportation
bull Specialty vehicle
bull Solid electrolyte reduces
corrosion amp electrolyte
management problems
bull Low temperature
bull Quick start-up
bull Expensive catalysts
bull Sensitive to fuel
impurities
bull Low temperature waste
heat
Alkaline
(AFC)
Aqueous solution
of potassium
hydroxide soaked
in a matrix
90-100degC
194-212degF
10 ndash 100
kW 60
bull Military
bull Space
bull Cathode reaction faster
in alkaline electrolyte
leads to high performance
bull Low cost components
bull Sensitive to CO2
in fuel and air
bull Electrolyte management
Phosphoric
Acid
(PAFC)
Phosphoric acid
soaked in a matrix
150-200degC
302-392degF
400 kW
100 kW
module
40 bull Distributed
generation
bull Higher temperature enables
CHP
bull Increased tolerance to fuel
impurities
bull Pt catalyst
bull Long start up time
bull Low current and power
Molten
Carbonate
(MCFC)
Solution of lithium
sodium andor
potassium
carbonates soaked
in a matrix
600-700degC
1112-1292degF
300
k W- 3 M
W
300 kW
module
45 ndash 50
bull Electric utility
bull Distributed
generation
bull High efficiency
bull Fuel flexibility
bull Can use a variety of catalysts
bull Suitable for CHP
bull High temperature
corrosion and breakdown
of cell components
bull Long start up time
bull Low power density
Solid Oxide
(SOFC)
Yttria stabilized
zirconia
700-1000degC
1202-1832degF
1 kW ndash 2
MW 60
bull Auxiliary power
bull Electric utility
bull Distributed
generation
bull High efficiency
bull Fuel flexibility
bull Can use a variety of catalysts
bull Solid electrolyte
bull Suitable f o r CHP amp CHHP
bull HybridGT cycle
bull High temperature
corrosion and breakdown
of cell components
bull High temperature
operation requires long
start up
time and limits
Polymer Electrolyte is no longer a single category row Data shown does not take into account High Temperature PEM which operates in the range of 160oC to 180
oC It solves
virtually all of the disadvantages listed under PEM It is not sensitive to impurities It has usable heat Stack efficiencies of 52 on the high side are realized HTPEM is not a
PAFC fuel cell and should not be confused with one
104 US Department of Energy Fuel Cells Technology Program httpwww1eereenergygovhydrogenandfuelcellsfuelcellspdfsfc_comparison_chartpdf August 5 2011 105
Ballard ldquoCLEARgen Multi-MY Systemsrdquo httpwwwballardcomfuel-cell-productscleargen-multi-mw-systemsaspx November 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
45
Appendix VII ndashAnalysis of Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities and Threats for Maine
Strengths
Stationary Power ndash Strong market drivers including high
electricity cost cold climate reliance on oil for space heating
strong CHP and district heating market strong environmental
and green energy awareness) capable core of fuel cell CHP
installers energy storage demand to serve MErsquos aggressive
wind-power industry strong ongoing expansion of natural gas
servicedistribution
Transportation Power - Strong market drivers including a
dispersed population highly reliant on truck and auto
transportation receptive and environmentally conscious
alternative fuelstransportation market relatively low income
population in need of relief from automobile fuel costs strong
Navy shipbuilding industry as potential user of H2FC auxiliary
power system strongly interested in fleet-based hydrogen
fueling station development (SunHydro model) strong interest
in municipal transit and fuel cell -powered rail
Economic Development Factors ndash Brunswick Renewable
Energy Park emphasis on skills development and technology
synergies aggressive state level policy to policy to develop
renewable wind and biomass energy technologies skilled and
well organized network of precision manufacturing firms tied
into aerospace and communications equipment industries
strong labor force at relatively low wages RampDbusiness
infrastructure for advanced biofuels and composite material
structures growing University of Maine commitment to fuel
cell and biomass RampD state funding source familiaritycomfort
with H2FC technology
Weaknesses
Stationary Power ndash No technologyindustrial momentum at the
OEM level geographically distant from OEMs for component-
supply opportunities
Transportation Power ndash No technologyindustrial base at the
OEM level lack of infrastructure funding relatively dispersed
population for transportation services
Economic Development Factors ndash limited state incentives
somewhat sluggish overall state economy relatively
undeveloped core of technology skillsknowledge base
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
46
Opportunities
Stationary Power ndash Opportunity as an ldquoearly adaptor marketrdquo
some supply chain buildup opportunities around SP deployment
Linkage between H2FC technologies and advanced biofuels
RampD Dispersed population amp economy needs distributed
solutions Major need for power storage in conjunction with
Maines planned offshore wind-power RampD and development
Transportation Power ndash Hydrogen refueling station plans Early-
stage potential for major roll-out in marine auxiliary power (US
Navy) Commuter rail expansion
Portable Power ndash Little currently-identified opportunity
Economic Development Factors ndash Brunswick ldquoRenewable Energy
Industrial Parkrdquo can be significant seed nucleus for both
deployment amp development Machine-tool industry pursuing
H2FC components supply-chain opportunities
Threats
Stationary Power ndash The regionrsquos favorable market
needsdemand could be met by other technologiessources ndash
Canadian hydro amp nuclear wind geothermal direct biomass
and power-storage alternatives ndash batteries solid state ammonia
etc
Transportation Power ndash The regionrsquos favorable market
characteristics and needs could be met by other electric
vehicles particularly in the absence of a hydrogen
infrastructure
Economic Development Factors ndash competition from more fully-
equipped statesregions wind and other renewables grab Maine
energy industry momentum lack of funding to sustain
University of MErsquos momentum in storage and fuel cell
technologies related to biomass and wind hesitation of state
government to support alternative energy incentives
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
47
Appendix VIII ndash Partial list of Fuel Cell Deployment in the Northeast region
Manufacturer Site Name Site Location Year Installed
Plug Power T-Mobile cell tower Storrs CT 2008
Plug Power Albany International Airport Albany NY 2004
FuelCell Energy Pepperidge Farms Plant Bloomfield CT 2005
FuelCell Energy Peabody Museum New Haven CT 2003
FuelCell Energy Sheraton New York Hotel amp Towers Manhattan NY 2004
FuelCell Energy Sheraton Hotel Edison NJ 2003
FuelCell Energy Sheraton Hotel Parsippany NJ 2003
UTC Power Cabelas Sporting Goods East Hartford CT 2008
UTC Power Whole Foods Market Glastonbury CT 2008
UTC Power Connecticut Science Center Hartford CT 2009
UTC Power St Francis Hospital Hartford CT 2003
UTC Power Middletown High School Middletown CT 2008
UTC Power Connecticut Juvenile Training School Middletown CT 2001
UTC Power 360 State Street Apartment Building New Haven CT 2010
UTC Power South Windsor High School South Windsor CT 2002
UTC Power Mohegan Sun Casino Hotel Uncasville CT 2002
UTC Power CTTransit Fuel Cell Bus Hartford CT 2007
UTC Power Whole Foods Market Dedham MA 2009
UTC Power Bronx Zoo Bronx NY 2008
UTC Power North Central Bronx Hospital Bronx NY 2000
UTC Power Hunts Point Water Pollution Control Plant Bronx NY 2005
UTC Power Price Chopper Supermarket Colonie NY 2010
UTC Power East Rochester High School East Rochester NY 2007
UTC Power Coca-Cola Refreshments Production Facility Elmsford NY 2010
UTC Power Verizon Call Center and Communications Building Garden City NY 2005
UTC Power State Office Building Hauppauge NY 2009
UTC Power Liverpool High School Liverpool NY 2000
UTC Power New York Hilton Hotel New York City NY 2007
UTC Power Central Park Police Station New York City NY 1999
UTC Power Rochester Institute of Technology Rochester NY 1993
UTC Power NYPA office building White Plains NY 2010
UTC Power Wastewater treatment plant Yonkers NY 1997
UTC Power The Octagon Roosevelt Island NY 2011
UTC Power Johnson amp Johnson World Headquarters New Brunswick NJ 2003
UTC Power CTTRANSIT (Fuel Cell Powered Buses) Hartford CT 2007 - Present
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
48
Appendix IX ndash Partial list of Fuel Cell-Powered Forklifts in North America106
Company CityTown State Site Year
Deployed
Fuel Cell
Manufacturer
of
forklifts
Coca-Cola San Leandro CA
Bottling and
distribution center 2011 Plug Power 37
Charlotte NC Bottling facility 2011 Plug Power 40
EARP
Distribution Kansas City KS Distribution center 2011
Oorja
Protonics 24
Golden State
Foods Lemont IL Distribution facility 2011
Oorja
Protonics 20
Kroger Co Compton CA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 161
Sysco
Riverside CA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 80
Boston MA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 160
Long Island NY Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 42
San Antonio TX Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 113
Front Royal VA Redistribution
facility 2011 Plug Power 100
Baldor
Specialty Foods Bronx NY Facility
Planned
in 2012
Oorja
Protonics 50
BMW
Manufacturing
Co
Spartanburg SC Manufacturing
plant 2010 Plug Power 86
Defense
Logistics
Agency US
Department of
Defense
San Joaquin CA Distribution facility 2011 Plug Power 20
Fort Lewis WA Distribution depot 2011 Plug Power 19
Warner
Robins GA Distribution depot 2010 Hydrogenics 20
Susquehanna PA Distribution depot 2010 Plug Power 15
2009 Nuvera 40
Martin-Brower Stockton CA Food distribution
center 2010
Oorja
Protonics 15
United Natural
Foods Inc
(UNFI)
Sarasota FL Distribution center 2010 Plug Power 65
Wal-Mart
Balzac Al
Canada
Refrigerated
distribution center 2010 Plug Power 80
Washington
Court House OH
Food distribution
center 2007 Plug Power 55
Wegmans Pottsville PA Warehouse 2010 Plug Power 136
Whole Foods
Market Landover MD Distribution center 2010 Plug Power 61
106
FuelCell2000 ldquoFuel Cell-Powered Forklifts in North Americardquo httpwwwfuelcellsorginfochartsforkliftspdf November
2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
49
Appendix X ndash Comparison of PEM Fuel Cell and Battery-Powered Material Handling
Equipment
3 kW PEM Fuel Cell-Powered
Pallet Trucks
3 kW Battery-powered
(2 batteries per truck)
Total Fuel Cycle Energy Use
(total energy consumedkWh
delivered to the wheels) -12000 BtukWh 14000 BtukWh
Fuel Cycle GHG Emissions
(in g CO2 equivalent 820 gkWh 1200 gkWh
Estimated Product Life 8-10 years 4-5 years No Emissions at Point of Use
Quiet Operation
Wide Ambient Operating
Temperature range
Constant Power Available
over Shift
Routine Maintenance Costs
($YR) $1250 - $1500year $2000year
Time for RefuelingChanging
Batteries 4 ndash 8 minday 45-60 minday (for battery change-outs)
8 hours (for battery recharging amp cooling) Cost of FuelElectricity $6000year $1300year Labor Cost of
refuelingRecharging $1100year $8750year
Net Present Value of Capital
Cost $12600
($18000 wo incentive) $14000
Net Present Value of OampM
costs (including fuel) $52000 $128000
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
50
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
27
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 2 Food Sales
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
28
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 3 Food Services
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
29
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 4 Inpatient Healthcare
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
30
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 5 Lodging
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
31
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 6 Public Order and Safety
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
32
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 7 Energy Intensive Industries
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
33
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 8 Federal Government Operated Buildings
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
34
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 9 Telecommunication Sites
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
35
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 10 Solid and Liquid Waste Sites
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
36
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 11 Commercial Airports
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
37
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 12 Alternative Fueling Stations
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
38
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 13 Distribution CentersWarehouses amp Ports
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
39
MAINE
Appendix II ndash Maine Estimated Electrical Consumption per Sector
Category Total Site
Electric Consumption per Building
(1000 kWh)101
kWh Consumed per Sector
New England
Education 925 161844 149705700
Food Sales 1800 319821 575677800
Food Services 2100 128 269199000
Inpatient Healthcare 181 603863 1092991125
Lodging 837 21312 178379766
Public Order amp Safety 262 77855 20398010
Total 6105 2286351401
Residential102
4503000000
Industrial 3702000000
Commercial 4503000000
Other Commercial 2286351401
101
EIA Electricity consumption and expenditure intensities for Non-Mall Building 2003 102
DOE EERE ldquoElectric Power and Renewable Energy in Mainerdquo httpapps1eereenergygovstateselectricitycfmstate=ME
August 25 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
40
MAINE
Appendix III ndash Key Stakeholders
Organization CityTown State Website Hydrogen Energy Center Portland ME wwwhydrogenenergycenterorg
University of Maine School of
Engineering Technology Orono ME httpwwwumaineeduset
University of Maine Advanced
Manufacturing Center Orono
ME wwwumaineeduamc
University of Maine Advanced
Structures and Composites Center Orono
ME httpwww2umaineeduaewc
Manufacturers Association of Maine Westbrook ME
wwwmainemfgcom
Maine Manufacturing Extension
Partnership Augusta
ME httpwwwmainemeporg
Mid-Coast Regional Redevelopment
Authority Brunswick
ME wwwmrraus
Manufacturing Applications Center Gorham ME
httpwwwusmmaineedu
Maine Center for Enterprise
Development University of Southern
Maine
Portland ME
wwwmcedbiz
Maine Small Business Development
Center Portland
ME httpwwwmainesbdcorg
Southern Maine Community College
Sustainability and Energy Alternatives
Center
South
Portland ME httpwwwsmccmeedubusiness-a-
communitycomunity-resourcessustainability-
centerhtml
Environment and Energy Technology
Council of Maine Portland
ME wwwE2Techorg
Maine Technology Institute Gardiner ME
wwwmainetechnologyorg
Maine Innovation Economy advisory
Board Maine DECD Augusta ME httpwwwmainegovdecd
Governorrsquos Office of Energy
Independence and Security Augusta ME httpmainegovoeis
Utility Companies
Unitil httpwwwunitilcomcustomer-configuration
Bangor Gas Co httpwwwbangorgascom
Central Maine Power Co httpwwwcmpcocom
Bangor Hydro-Electric Co httpwwwbhecom
Maine Public Service Co httpwwwmainepublicservicecom
Appendix IV ndash Maine State Incentives and Programs
Funding Source Maine Public Utilities Commission
Program Title Community-based Renewable Energy Pilot Program
Applicable EnergiesTechnologies Solar Thermal Electric Photovoltaic Landfill Gas Wind
Biomass Hydroelectric Geothermal Electric Fuel Cells Anaerobic Digestion Tidal Energy
Fuel Cells using Renewable Fuels
Summary The Maine Utilities Commission (PUC) finalized the rule in February 2010 Legislation
mandates that up 10 50 MW of generating capacity will be permitted uned this program and
individual participants may not exceed 10 MW Of the 50 MW cap 10 must be reserved
specifically for small program participants or for participants located in a service territory of a
cooperative transmission and distribution utility
Restrictions
The PUC may require investor-owned utilities to enter into long-term contracts for energy capacity
resources or renewable energy credits (RECs) produced by the community-based project The
contacts term may not exceed 20 year the PUC will conduct long-term contract solicitations for
ldquolarge generatorsrdquo
Timing The Maine Public Utilities Commission is seeking proposals from suppliers of energy
capacity or renewable energy credits (RECs) for the development of community-based renewable
energy projects over 1 MW The docket number for this RFP is 2011-150 All inquiries about this
RFP should be directed to christinercookmainegov
Maximum Size Choice of either 15 REC credit multiplier or up to 10 MW DC
Requirements
To be eligible for incentives a generating facility must be 51 percent locally owned use renewable
energy resources be no larger than 10 MW in generating capacity and be located in the State
httpwwwstatemeusmpucelectricitycommunity_pilotshtml
Rebate amount $010kWh or cost fo the project whichever is lower
For further information please visit
httpwwwstatemeusmpucelectricitycommunity_pilotshtml
Source
Maine Public Utilities Commission ldquoCommunity-based Renewable Energy Pilot Programrdquo August 10 2011
DSIRE ldquoCommunity-based Renewable Energy Production Incentive (Pilot Program)rdquo August 10 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
42
Funding Source Voluntary Renewable Resource Grants
Program Title Voluntary Renewable Resources Fund
Applicable EnergiesTechnologies Solar Thermal Electric Photovoltaics Wind Biomass
Hydroelectric Geothermal Electric Fuel Cells Municipal Solid Waste Tidal Energy Fuel
Cells using Renewable Fuels
Summary Supported by the state Voluntary Renewable resource Fund and administered by the
Efficient Maine provide funding for small-scale demonstration projects designed to educate
communities on the value oand cost effectiveness of renewable energy
Restrictions To Qualify for grant funding renewable-energy resources generally must qualify as a
small power production facility un Federal Energy Regulatory Commission rules or must not exceed
100 MW in capacity and use one of more of the applicable energiestechnologies
Timing Start Date of this program occurred 12151998 and no expiration date is given
Maximum Size $50000
Requirements
httpwwwmainegovmpucrecovery
Rebate amount
$50000 Maximu
For further information please visit
httpwwwmainegovmpucrecovery
Source
Maine PUC ldquoFederal Stimulus MPUC and the Federal Recovery Packagerdquo ndash August 10 2011
DSIRE ldquoMaine - Voluntary Renewable Resource Grantsrdquo August 10 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
43
Appendix V ndash Partial Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Supply Chain Companies in Maine103
Organization Name Product or Service Category
1 University of Maine School of
Engineering Technology Research amp Development
2 University of Maine Advanced
Structures and Composites Center Research amp Development
3 Precision Partners-Mid-State Machine
Products Manufacturing Services
4 Ocean Energy Institute EngineeringDesign Services
5 Newfab Inc Manufacturing Services
6 New England Castings Other
7 Mitchell Ledge Farm Components
8 McNabb Marketing Resources Other
9 Maine Oxy Inc Fuel
10 Maine Machine Products Co Manufacturing Services
11 MacTec Inc FCH2 System DistrInstallMaint Services
12 Kennebec Technologies Manufacturing Services
13 Hydrogen Energy Center Service Center Lab or Test ConsultingLegalFinancial
Services
14 Hydrogen Energy Center Other
15 Green Energy Maine Other
16 Fire Risk Management Inc EngineeringDesign Services
17 Fire Risk Management EngineeringDesign Services
18 Fairchild Semiconductor Research amp Development
19 EcoMain Research amp Development
20 Control Point Inc Lab or Test EquipmentServices
21 Colby Company Engineering EngineeringDesign Services
22 Chewonki Foundation Other
23 Burroughs Machine Tool Products Equipment
24 Bernstein Shur ConsultingLegalFinancial Services
25 Bath Iron Works (General Dynamics
Inc) Research amp Development
26 AMEC EngineeringDesign Services
27 Advantages Gases and Tools Fuel
28 Advanced Manufacturing Center-
University of ME Manufacturing Services
103
Northeast Electrochemical Energy Storage Cluster Supply Chain Database Search httpneescorgresourcestype=1 August 11 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
44
Appendix VI ndash Comparison of Fuel Cell Technologies104
Fuel Cell
Type
Common
Electrolyte
Operating
Temperature
Typical
Stack
Size
Efficiency Applications Advantages Disadvantages
Polymer
Electrolyte
Membrane
(PEM)
Perfluoro sulfonic
acid
50-100degC
122-212deg
typically
80degC
lt 1 kW ndash 1
MW105
gt
kW 60
transportation
35
stationary
bull Backup power
bull Portable power
bull Distributed
generation
bull Transportation
bull Specialty vehicle
bull Solid electrolyte reduces
corrosion amp electrolyte
management problems
bull Low temperature
bull Quick start-up
bull Expensive catalysts
bull Sensitive to fuel
impurities
bull Low temperature waste
heat
Alkaline
(AFC)
Aqueous solution
of potassium
hydroxide soaked
in a matrix
90-100degC
194-212degF
10 ndash 100
kW 60
bull Military
bull Space
bull Cathode reaction faster
in alkaline electrolyte
leads to high performance
bull Low cost components
bull Sensitive to CO2
in fuel and air
bull Electrolyte management
Phosphoric
Acid
(PAFC)
Phosphoric acid
soaked in a matrix
150-200degC
302-392degF
400 kW
100 kW
module
40 bull Distributed
generation
bull Higher temperature enables
CHP
bull Increased tolerance to fuel
impurities
bull Pt catalyst
bull Long start up time
bull Low current and power
Molten
Carbonate
(MCFC)
Solution of lithium
sodium andor
potassium
carbonates soaked
in a matrix
600-700degC
1112-1292degF
300
k W- 3 M
W
300 kW
module
45 ndash 50
bull Electric utility
bull Distributed
generation
bull High efficiency
bull Fuel flexibility
bull Can use a variety of catalysts
bull Suitable for CHP
bull High temperature
corrosion and breakdown
of cell components
bull Long start up time
bull Low power density
Solid Oxide
(SOFC)
Yttria stabilized
zirconia
700-1000degC
1202-1832degF
1 kW ndash 2
MW 60
bull Auxiliary power
bull Electric utility
bull Distributed
generation
bull High efficiency
bull Fuel flexibility
bull Can use a variety of catalysts
bull Solid electrolyte
bull Suitable f o r CHP amp CHHP
bull HybridGT cycle
bull High temperature
corrosion and breakdown
of cell components
bull High temperature
operation requires long
start up
time and limits
Polymer Electrolyte is no longer a single category row Data shown does not take into account High Temperature PEM which operates in the range of 160oC to 180
oC It solves
virtually all of the disadvantages listed under PEM It is not sensitive to impurities It has usable heat Stack efficiencies of 52 on the high side are realized HTPEM is not a
PAFC fuel cell and should not be confused with one
104 US Department of Energy Fuel Cells Technology Program httpwww1eereenergygovhydrogenandfuelcellsfuelcellspdfsfc_comparison_chartpdf August 5 2011 105
Ballard ldquoCLEARgen Multi-MY Systemsrdquo httpwwwballardcomfuel-cell-productscleargen-multi-mw-systemsaspx November 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
45
Appendix VII ndashAnalysis of Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities and Threats for Maine
Strengths
Stationary Power ndash Strong market drivers including high
electricity cost cold climate reliance on oil for space heating
strong CHP and district heating market strong environmental
and green energy awareness) capable core of fuel cell CHP
installers energy storage demand to serve MErsquos aggressive
wind-power industry strong ongoing expansion of natural gas
servicedistribution
Transportation Power - Strong market drivers including a
dispersed population highly reliant on truck and auto
transportation receptive and environmentally conscious
alternative fuelstransportation market relatively low income
population in need of relief from automobile fuel costs strong
Navy shipbuilding industry as potential user of H2FC auxiliary
power system strongly interested in fleet-based hydrogen
fueling station development (SunHydro model) strong interest
in municipal transit and fuel cell -powered rail
Economic Development Factors ndash Brunswick Renewable
Energy Park emphasis on skills development and technology
synergies aggressive state level policy to policy to develop
renewable wind and biomass energy technologies skilled and
well organized network of precision manufacturing firms tied
into aerospace and communications equipment industries
strong labor force at relatively low wages RampDbusiness
infrastructure for advanced biofuels and composite material
structures growing University of Maine commitment to fuel
cell and biomass RampD state funding source familiaritycomfort
with H2FC technology
Weaknesses
Stationary Power ndash No technologyindustrial momentum at the
OEM level geographically distant from OEMs for component-
supply opportunities
Transportation Power ndash No technologyindustrial base at the
OEM level lack of infrastructure funding relatively dispersed
population for transportation services
Economic Development Factors ndash limited state incentives
somewhat sluggish overall state economy relatively
undeveloped core of technology skillsknowledge base
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
46
Opportunities
Stationary Power ndash Opportunity as an ldquoearly adaptor marketrdquo
some supply chain buildup opportunities around SP deployment
Linkage between H2FC technologies and advanced biofuels
RampD Dispersed population amp economy needs distributed
solutions Major need for power storage in conjunction with
Maines planned offshore wind-power RampD and development
Transportation Power ndash Hydrogen refueling station plans Early-
stage potential for major roll-out in marine auxiliary power (US
Navy) Commuter rail expansion
Portable Power ndash Little currently-identified opportunity
Economic Development Factors ndash Brunswick ldquoRenewable Energy
Industrial Parkrdquo can be significant seed nucleus for both
deployment amp development Machine-tool industry pursuing
H2FC components supply-chain opportunities
Threats
Stationary Power ndash The regionrsquos favorable market
needsdemand could be met by other technologiessources ndash
Canadian hydro amp nuclear wind geothermal direct biomass
and power-storage alternatives ndash batteries solid state ammonia
etc
Transportation Power ndash The regionrsquos favorable market
characteristics and needs could be met by other electric
vehicles particularly in the absence of a hydrogen
infrastructure
Economic Development Factors ndash competition from more fully-
equipped statesregions wind and other renewables grab Maine
energy industry momentum lack of funding to sustain
University of MErsquos momentum in storage and fuel cell
technologies related to biomass and wind hesitation of state
government to support alternative energy incentives
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
47
Appendix VIII ndash Partial list of Fuel Cell Deployment in the Northeast region
Manufacturer Site Name Site Location Year Installed
Plug Power T-Mobile cell tower Storrs CT 2008
Plug Power Albany International Airport Albany NY 2004
FuelCell Energy Pepperidge Farms Plant Bloomfield CT 2005
FuelCell Energy Peabody Museum New Haven CT 2003
FuelCell Energy Sheraton New York Hotel amp Towers Manhattan NY 2004
FuelCell Energy Sheraton Hotel Edison NJ 2003
FuelCell Energy Sheraton Hotel Parsippany NJ 2003
UTC Power Cabelas Sporting Goods East Hartford CT 2008
UTC Power Whole Foods Market Glastonbury CT 2008
UTC Power Connecticut Science Center Hartford CT 2009
UTC Power St Francis Hospital Hartford CT 2003
UTC Power Middletown High School Middletown CT 2008
UTC Power Connecticut Juvenile Training School Middletown CT 2001
UTC Power 360 State Street Apartment Building New Haven CT 2010
UTC Power South Windsor High School South Windsor CT 2002
UTC Power Mohegan Sun Casino Hotel Uncasville CT 2002
UTC Power CTTransit Fuel Cell Bus Hartford CT 2007
UTC Power Whole Foods Market Dedham MA 2009
UTC Power Bronx Zoo Bronx NY 2008
UTC Power North Central Bronx Hospital Bronx NY 2000
UTC Power Hunts Point Water Pollution Control Plant Bronx NY 2005
UTC Power Price Chopper Supermarket Colonie NY 2010
UTC Power East Rochester High School East Rochester NY 2007
UTC Power Coca-Cola Refreshments Production Facility Elmsford NY 2010
UTC Power Verizon Call Center and Communications Building Garden City NY 2005
UTC Power State Office Building Hauppauge NY 2009
UTC Power Liverpool High School Liverpool NY 2000
UTC Power New York Hilton Hotel New York City NY 2007
UTC Power Central Park Police Station New York City NY 1999
UTC Power Rochester Institute of Technology Rochester NY 1993
UTC Power NYPA office building White Plains NY 2010
UTC Power Wastewater treatment plant Yonkers NY 1997
UTC Power The Octagon Roosevelt Island NY 2011
UTC Power Johnson amp Johnson World Headquarters New Brunswick NJ 2003
UTC Power CTTRANSIT (Fuel Cell Powered Buses) Hartford CT 2007 - Present
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
48
Appendix IX ndash Partial list of Fuel Cell-Powered Forklifts in North America106
Company CityTown State Site Year
Deployed
Fuel Cell
Manufacturer
of
forklifts
Coca-Cola San Leandro CA
Bottling and
distribution center 2011 Plug Power 37
Charlotte NC Bottling facility 2011 Plug Power 40
EARP
Distribution Kansas City KS Distribution center 2011
Oorja
Protonics 24
Golden State
Foods Lemont IL Distribution facility 2011
Oorja
Protonics 20
Kroger Co Compton CA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 161
Sysco
Riverside CA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 80
Boston MA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 160
Long Island NY Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 42
San Antonio TX Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 113
Front Royal VA Redistribution
facility 2011 Plug Power 100
Baldor
Specialty Foods Bronx NY Facility
Planned
in 2012
Oorja
Protonics 50
BMW
Manufacturing
Co
Spartanburg SC Manufacturing
plant 2010 Plug Power 86
Defense
Logistics
Agency US
Department of
Defense
San Joaquin CA Distribution facility 2011 Plug Power 20
Fort Lewis WA Distribution depot 2011 Plug Power 19
Warner
Robins GA Distribution depot 2010 Hydrogenics 20
Susquehanna PA Distribution depot 2010 Plug Power 15
2009 Nuvera 40
Martin-Brower Stockton CA Food distribution
center 2010
Oorja
Protonics 15
United Natural
Foods Inc
(UNFI)
Sarasota FL Distribution center 2010 Plug Power 65
Wal-Mart
Balzac Al
Canada
Refrigerated
distribution center 2010 Plug Power 80
Washington
Court House OH
Food distribution
center 2007 Plug Power 55
Wegmans Pottsville PA Warehouse 2010 Plug Power 136
Whole Foods
Market Landover MD Distribution center 2010 Plug Power 61
106
FuelCell2000 ldquoFuel Cell-Powered Forklifts in North Americardquo httpwwwfuelcellsorginfochartsforkliftspdf November
2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
49
Appendix X ndash Comparison of PEM Fuel Cell and Battery-Powered Material Handling
Equipment
3 kW PEM Fuel Cell-Powered
Pallet Trucks
3 kW Battery-powered
(2 batteries per truck)
Total Fuel Cycle Energy Use
(total energy consumedkWh
delivered to the wheels) -12000 BtukWh 14000 BtukWh
Fuel Cycle GHG Emissions
(in g CO2 equivalent 820 gkWh 1200 gkWh
Estimated Product Life 8-10 years 4-5 years No Emissions at Point of Use
Quiet Operation
Wide Ambient Operating
Temperature range
Constant Power Available
over Shift
Routine Maintenance Costs
($YR) $1250 - $1500year $2000year
Time for RefuelingChanging
Batteries 4 ndash 8 minday 45-60 minday (for battery change-outs)
8 hours (for battery recharging amp cooling) Cost of FuelElectricity $6000year $1300year Labor Cost of
refuelingRecharging $1100year $8750year
Net Present Value of Capital
Cost $12600
($18000 wo incentive) $14000
Net Present Value of OampM
costs (including fuel) $52000 $128000
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
50
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
28
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 3 Food Services
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
29
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 4 Inpatient Healthcare
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
30
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 5 Lodging
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
31
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 6 Public Order and Safety
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
32
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 7 Energy Intensive Industries
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
33
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 8 Federal Government Operated Buildings
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
34
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 9 Telecommunication Sites
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
35
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 10 Solid and Liquid Waste Sites
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
36
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 11 Commercial Airports
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
37
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 12 Alternative Fueling Stations
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
38
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 13 Distribution CentersWarehouses amp Ports
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
39
MAINE
Appendix II ndash Maine Estimated Electrical Consumption per Sector
Category Total Site
Electric Consumption per Building
(1000 kWh)101
kWh Consumed per Sector
New England
Education 925 161844 149705700
Food Sales 1800 319821 575677800
Food Services 2100 128 269199000
Inpatient Healthcare 181 603863 1092991125
Lodging 837 21312 178379766
Public Order amp Safety 262 77855 20398010
Total 6105 2286351401
Residential102
4503000000
Industrial 3702000000
Commercial 4503000000
Other Commercial 2286351401
101
EIA Electricity consumption and expenditure intensities for Non-Mall Building 2003 102
DOE EERE ldquoElectric Power and Renewable Energy in Mainerdquo httpapps1eereenergygovstateselectricitycfmstate=ME
August 25 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
40
MAINE
Appendix III ndash Key Stakeholders
Organization CityTown State Website Hydrogen Energy Center Portland ME wwwhydrogenenergycenterorg
University of Maine School of
Engineering Technology Orono ME httpwwwumaineeduset
University of Maine Advanced
Manufacturing Center Orono
ME wwwumaineeduamc
University of Maine Advanced
Structures and Composites Center Orono
ME httpwww2umaineeduaewc
Manufacturers Association of Maine Westbrook ME
wwwmainemfgcom
Maine Manufacturing Extension
Partnership Augusta
ME httpwwwmainemeporg
Mid-Coast Regional Redevelopment
Authority Brunswick
ME wwwmrraus
Manufacturing Applications Center Gorham ME
httpwwwusmmaineedu
Maine Center for Enterprise
Development University of Southern
Maine
Portland ME
wwwmcedbiz
Maine Small Business Development
Center Portland
ME httpwwwmainesbdcorg
Southern Maine Community College
Sustainability and Energy Alternatives
Center
South
Portland ME httpwwwsmccmeedubusiness-a-
communitycomunity-resourcessustainability-
centerhtml
Environment and Energy Technology
Council of Maine Portland
ME wwwE2Techorg
Maine Technology Institute Gardiner ME
wwwmainetechnologyorg
Maine Innovation Economy advisory
Board Maine DECD Augusta ME httpwwwmainegovdecd
Governorrsquos Office of Energy
Independence and Security Augusta ME httpmainegovoeis
Utility Companies
Unitil httpwwwunitilcomcustomer-configuration
Bangor Gas Co httpwwwbangorgascom
Central Maine Power Co httpwwwcmpcocom
Bangor Hydro-Electric Co httpwwwbhecom
Maine Public Service Co httpwwwmainepublicservicecom
Appendix IV ndash Maine State Incentives and Programs
Funding Source Maine Public Utilities Commission
Program Title Community-based Renewable Energy Pilot Program
Applicable EnergiesTechnologies Solar Thermal Electric Photovoltaic Landfill Gas Wind
Biomass Hydroelectric Geothermal Electric Fuel Cells Anaerobic Digestion Tidal Energy
Fuel Cells using Renewable Fuels
Summary The Maine Utilities Commission (PUC) finalized the rule in February 2010 Legislation
mandates that up 10 50 MW of generating capacity will be permitted uned this program and
individual participants may not exceed 10 MW Of the 50 MW cap 10 must be reserved
specifically for small program participants or for participants located in a service territory of a
cooperative transmission and distribution utility
Restrictions
The PUC may require investor-owned utilities to enter into long-term contracts for energy capacity
resources or renewable energy credits (RECs) produced by the community-based project The
contacts term may not exceed 20 year the PUC will conduct long-term contract solicitations for
ldquolarge generatorsrdquo
Timing The Maine Public Utilities Commission is seeking proposals from suppliers of energy
capacity or renewable energy credits (RECs) for the development of community-based renewable
energy projects over 1 MW The docket number for this RFP is 2011-150 All inquiries about this
RFP should be directed to christinercookmainegov
Maximum Size Choice of either 15 REC credit multiplier or up to 10 MW DC
Requirements
To be eligible for incentives a generating facility must be 51 percent locally owned use renewable
energy resources be no larger than 10 MW in generating capacity and be located in the State
httpwwwstatemeusmpucelectricitycommunity_pilotshtml
Rebate amount $010kWh or cost fo the project whichever is lower
For further information please visit
httpwwwstatemeusmpucelectricitycommunity_pilotshtml
Source
Maine Public Utilities Commission ldquoCommunity-based Renewable Energy Pilot Programrdquo August 10 2011
DSIRE ldquoCommunity-based Renewable Energy Production Incentive (Pilot Program)rdquo August 10 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
42
Funding Source Voluntary Renewable Resource Grants
Program Title Voluntary Renewable Resources Fund
Applicable EnergiesTechnologies Solar Thermal Electric Photovoltaics Wind Biomass
Hydroelectric Geothermal Electric Fuel Cells Municipal Solid Waste Tidal Energy Fuel
Cells using Renewable Fuels
Summary Supported by the state Voluntary Renewable resource Fund and administered by the
Efficient Maine provide funding for small-scale demonstration projects designed to educate
communities on the value oand cost effectiveness of renewable energy
Restrictions To Qualify for grant funding renewable-energy resources generally must qualify as a
small power production facility un Federal Energy Regulatory Commission rules or must not exceed
100 MW in capacity and use one of more of the applicable energiestechnologies
Timing Start Date of this program occurred 12151998 and no expiration date is given
Maximum Size $50000
Requirements
httpwwwmainegovmpucrecovery
Rebate amount
$50000 Maximu
For further information please visit
httpwwwmainegovmpucrecovery
Source
Maine PUC ldquoFederal Stimulus MPUC and the Federal Recovery Packagerdquo ndash August 10 2011
DSIRE ldquoMaine - Voluntary Renewable Resource Grantsrdquo August 10 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
43
Appendix V ndash Partial Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Supply Chain Companies in Maine103
Organization Name Product or Service Category
1 University of Maine School of
Engineering Technology Research amp Development
2 University of Maine Advanced
Structures and Composites Center Research amp Development
3 Precision Partners-Mid-State Machine
Products Manufacturing Services
4 Ocean Energy Institute EngineeringDesign Services
5 Newfab Inc Manufacturing Services
6 New England Castings Other
7 Mitchell Ledge Farm Components
8 McNabb Marketing Resources Other
9 Maine Oxy Inc Fuel
10 Maine Machine Products Co Manufacturing Services
11 MacTec Inc FCH2 System DistrInstallMaint Services
12 Kennebec Technologies Manufacturing Services
13 Hydrogen Energy Center Service Center Lab or Test ConsultingLegalFinancial
Services
14 Hydrogen Energy Center Other
15 Green Energy Maine Other
16 Fire Risk Management Inc EngineeringDesign Services
17 Fire Risk Management EngineeringDesign Services
18 Fairchild Semiconductor Research amp Development
19 EcoMain Research amp Development
20 Control Point Inc Lab or Test EquipmentServices
21 Colby Company Engineering EngineeringDesign Services
22 Chewonki Foundation Other
23 Burroughs Machine Tool Products Equipment
24 Bernstein Shur ConsultingLegalFinancial Services
25 Bath Iron Works (General Dynamics
Inc) Research amp Development
26 AMEC EngineeringDesign Services
27 Advantages Gases and Tools Fuel
28 Advanced Manufacturing Center-
University of ME Manufacturing Services
103
Northeast Electrochemical Energy Storage Cluster Supply Chain Database Search httpneescorgresourcestype=1 August 11 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
44
Appendix VI ndash Comparison of Fuel Cell Technologies104
Fuel Cell
Type
Common
Electrolyte
Operating
Temperature
Typical
Stack
Size
Efficiency Applications Advantages Disadvantages
Polymer
Electrolyte
Membrane
(PEM)
Perfluoro sulfonic
acid
50-100degC
122-212deg
typically
80degC
lt 1 kW ndash 1
MW105
gt
kW 60
transportation
35
stationary
bull Backup power
bull Portable power
bull Distributed
generation
bull Transportation
bull Specialty vehicle
bull Solid electrolyte reduces
corrosion amp electrolyte
management problems
bull Low temperature
bull Quick start-up
bull Expensive catalysts
bull Sensitive to fuel
impurities
bull Low temperature waste
heat
Alkaline
(AFC)
Aqueous solution
of potassium
hydroxide soaked
in a matrix
90-100degC
194-212degF
10 ndash 100
kW 60
bull Military
bull Space
bull Cathode reaction faster
in alkaline electrolyte
leads to high performance
bull Low cost components
bull Sensitive to CO2
in fuel and air
bull Electrolyte management
Phosphoric
Acid
(PAFC)
Phosphoric acid
soaked in a matrix
150-200degC
302-392degF
400 kW
100 kW
module
40 bull Distributed
generation
bull Higher temperature enables
CHP
bull Increased tolerance to fuel
impurities
bull Pt catalyst
bull Long start up time
bull Low current and power
Molten
Carbonate
(MCFC)
Solution of lithium
sodium andor
potassium
carbonates soaked
in a matrix
600-700degC
1112-1292degF
300
k W- 3 M
W
300 kW
module
45 ndash 50
bull Electric utility
bull Distributed
generation
bull High efficiency
bull Fuel flexibility
bull Can use a variety of catalysts
bull Suitable for CHP
bull High temperature
corrosion and breakdown
of cell components
bull Long start up time
bull Low power density
Solid Oxide
(SOFC)
Yttria stabilized
zirconia
700-1000degC
1202-1832degF
1 kW ndash 2
MW 60
bull Auxiliary power
bull Electric utility
bull Distributed
generation
bull High efficiency
bull Fuel flexibility
bull Can use a variety of catalysts
bull Solid electrolyte
bull Suitable f o r CHP amp CHHP
bull HybridGT cycle
bull High temperature
corrosion and breakdown
of cell components
bull High temperature
operation requires long
start up
time and limits
Polymer Electrolyte is no longer a single category row Data shown does not take into account High Temperature PEM which operates in the range of 160oC to 180
oC It solves
virtually all of the disadvantages listed under PEM It is not sensitive to impurities It has usable heat Stack efficiencies of 52 on the high side are realized HTPEM is not a
PAFC fuel cell and should not be confused with one
104 US Department of Energy Fuel Cells Technology Program httpwww1eereenergygovhydrogenandfuelcellsfuelcellspdfsfc_comparison_chartpdf August 5 2011 105
Ballard ldquoCLEARgen Multi-MY Systemsrdquo httpwwwballardcomfuel-cell-productscleargen-multi-mw-systemsaspx November 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
45
Appendix VII ndashAnalysis of Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities and Threats for Maine
Strengths
Stationary Power ndash Strong market drivers including high
electricity cost cold climate reliance on oil for space heating
strong CHP and district heating market strong environmental
and green energy awareness) capable core of fuel cell CHP
installers energy storage demand to serve MErsquos aggressive
wind-power industry strong ongoing expansion of natural gas
servicedistribution
Transportation Power - Strong market drivers including a
dispersed population highly reliant on truck and auto
transportation receptive and environmentally conscious
alternative fuelstransportation market relatively low income
population in need of relief from automobile fuel costs strong
Navy shipbuilding industry as potential user of H2FC auxiliary
power system strongly interested in fleet-based hydrogen
fueling station development (SunHydro model) strong interest
in municipal transit and fuel cell -powered rail
Economic Development Factors ndash Brunswick Renewable
Energy Park emphasis on skills development and technology
synergies aggressive state level policy to policy to develop
renewable wind and biomass energy technologies skilled and
well organized network of precision manufacturing firms tied
into aerospace and communications equipment industries
strong labor force at relatively low wages RampDbusiness
infrastructure for advanced biofuels and composite material
structures growing University of Maine commitment to fuel
cell and biomass RampD state funding source familiaritycomfort
with H2FC technology
Weaknesses
Stationary Power ndash No technologyindustrial momentum at the
OEM level geographically distant from OEMs for component-
supply opportunities
Transportation Power ndash No technologyindustrial base at the
OEM level lack of infrastructure funding relatively dispersed
population for transportation services
Economic Development Factors ndash limited state incentives
somewhat sluggish overall state economy relatively
undeveloped core of technology skillsknowledge base
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
46
Opportunities
Stationary Power ndash Opportunity as an ldquoearly adaptor marketrdquo
some supply chain buildup opportunities around SP deployment
Linkage between H2FC technologies and advanced biofuels
RampD Dispersed population amp economy needs distributed
solutions Major need for power storage in conjunction with
Maines planned offshore wind-power RampD and development
Transportation Power ndash Hydrogen refueling station plans Early-
stage potential for major roll-out in marine auxiliary power (US
Navy) Commuter rail expansion
Portable Power ndash Little currently-identified opportunity
Economic Development Factors ndash Brunswick ldquoRenewable Energy
Industrial Parkrdquo can be significant seed nucleus for both
deployment amp development Machine-tool industry pursuing
H2FC components supply-chain opportunities
Threats
Stationary Power ndash The regionrsquos favorable market
needsdemand could be met by other technologiessources ndash
Canadian hydro amp nuclear wind geothermal direct biomass
and power-storage alternatives ndash batteries solid state ammonia
etc
Transportation Power ndash The regionrsquos favorable market
characteristics and needs could be met by other electric
vehicles particularly in the absence of a hydrogen
infrastructure
Economic Development Factors ndash competition from more fully-
equipped statesregions wind and other renewables grab Maine
energy industry momentum lack of funding to sustain
University of MErsquos momentum in storage and fuel cell
technologies related to biomass and wind hesitation of state
government to support alternative energy incentives
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
47
Appendix VIII ndash Partial list of Fuel Cell Deployment in the Northeast region
Manufacturer Site Name Site Location Year Installed
Plug Power T-Mobile cell tower Storrs CT 2008
Plug Power Albany International Airport Albany NY 2004
FuelCell Energy Pepperidge Farms Plant Bloomfield CT 2005
FuelCell Energy Peabody Museum New Haven CT 2003
FuelCell Energy Sheraton New York Hotel amp Towers Manhattan NY 2004
FuelCell Energy Sheraton Hotel Edison NJ 2003
FuelCell Energy Sheraton Hotel Parsippany NJ 2003
UTC Power Cabelas Sporting Goods East Hartford CT 2008
UTC Power Whole Foods Market Glastonbury CT 2008
UTC Power Connecticut Science Center Hartford CT 2009
UTC Power St Francis Hospital Hartford CT 2003
UTC Power Middletown High School Middletown CT 2008
UTC Power Connecticut Juvenile Training School Middletown CT 2001
UTC Power 360 State Street Apartment Building New Haven CT 2010
UTC Power South Windsor High School South Windsor CT 2002
UTC Power Mohegan Sun Casino Hotel Uncasville CT 2002
UTC Power CTTransit Fuel Cell Bus Hartford CT 2007
UTC Power Whole Foods Market Dedham MA 2009
UTC Power Bronx Zoo Bronx NY 2008
UTC Power North Central Bronx Hospital Bronx NY 2000
UTC Power Hunts Point Water Pollution Control Plant Bronx NY 2005
UTC Power Price Chopper Supermarket Colonie NY 2010
UTC Power East Rochester High School East Rochester NY 2007
UTC Power Coca-Cola Refreshments Production Facility Elmsford NY 2010
UTC Power Verizon Call Center and Communications Building Garden City NY 2005
UTC Power State Office Building Hauppauge NY 2009
UTC Power Liverpool High School Liverpool NY 2000
UTC Power New York Hilton Hotel New York City NY 2007
UTC Power Central Park Police Station New York City NY 1999
UTC Power Rochester Institute of Technology Rochester NY 1993
UTC Power NYPA office building White Plains NY 2010
UTC Power Wastewater treatment plant Yonkers NY 1997
UTC Power The Octagon Roosevelt Island NY 2011
UTC Power Johnson amp Johnson World Headquarters New Brunswick NJ 2003
UTC Power CTTRANSIT (Fuel Cell Powered Buses) Hartford CT 2007 - Present
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
48
Appendix IX ndash Partial list of Fuel Cell-Powered Forklifts in North America106
Company CityTown State Site Year
Deployed
Fuel Cell
Manufacturer
of
forklifts
Coca-Cola San Leandro CA
Bottling and
distribution center 2011 Plug Power 37
Charlotte NC Bottling facility 2011 Plug Power 40
EARP
Distribution Kansas City KS Distribution center 2011
Oorja
Protonics 24
Golden State
Foods Lemont IL Distribution facility 2011
Oorja
Protonics 20
Kroger Co Compton CA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 161
Sysco
Riverside CA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 80
Boston MA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 160
Long Island NY Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 42
San Antonio TX Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 113
Front Royal VA Redistribution
facility 2011 Plug Power 100
Baldor
Specialty Foods Bronx NY Facility
Planned
in 2012
Oorja
Protonics 50
BMW
Manufacturing
Co
Spartanburg SC Manufacturing
plant 2010 Plug Power 86
Defense
Logistics
Agency US
Department of
Defense
San Joaquin CA Distribution facility 2011 Plug Power 20
Fort Lewis WA Distribution depot 2011 Plug Power 19
Warner
Robins GA Distribution depot 2010 Hydrogenics 20
Susquehanna PA Distribution depot 2010 Plug Power 15
2009 Nuvera 40
Martin-Brower Stockton CA Food distribution
center 2010
Oorja
Protonics 15
United Natural
Foods Inc
(UNFI)
Sarasota FL Distribution center 2010 Plug Power 65
Wal-Mart
Balzac Al
Canada
Refrigerated
distribution center 2010 Plug Power 80
Washington
Court House OH
Food distribution
center 2007 Plug Power 55
Wegmans Pottsville PA Warehouse 2010 Plug Power 136
Whole Foods
Market Landover MD Distribution center 2010 Plug Power 61
106
FuelCell2000 ldquoFuel Cell-Powered Forklifts in North Americardquo httpwwwfuelcellsorginfochartsforkliftspdf November
2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
49
Appendix X ndash Comparison of PEM Fuel Cell and Battery-Powered Material Handling
Equipment
3 kW PEM Fuel Cell-Powered
Pallet Trucks
3 kW Battery-powered
(2 batteries per truck)
Total Fuel Cycle Energy Use
(total energy consumedkWh
delivered to the wheels) -12000 BtukWh 14000 BtukWh
Fuel Cycle GHG Emissions
(in g CO2 equivalent 820 gkWh 1200 gkWh
Estimated Product Life 8-10 years 4-5 years No Emissions at Point of Use
Quiet Operation
Wide Ambient Operating
Temperature range
Constant Power Available
over Shift
Routine Maintenance Costs
($YR) $1250 - $1500year $2000year
Time for RefuelingChanging
Batteries 4 ndash 8 minday 45-60 minday (for battery change-outs)
8 hours (for battery recharging amp cooling) Cost of FuelElectricity $6000year $1300year Labor Cost of
refuelingRecharging $1100year $8750year
Net Present Value of Capital
Cost $12600
($18000 wo incentive) $14000
Net Present Value of OampM
costs (including fuel) $52000 $128000
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
50
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
29
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 4 Inpatient Healthcare
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
30
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 5 Lodging
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
31
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 6 Public Order and Safety
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
32
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 7 Energy Intensive Industries
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
33
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 8 Federal Government Operated Buildings
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
34
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 9 Telecommunication Sites
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
35
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 10 Solid and Liquid Waste Sites
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
36
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 11 Commercial Airports
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
37
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 12 Alternative Fueling Stations
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
38
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 13 Distribution CentersWarehouses amp Ports
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
39
MAINE
Appendix II ndash Maine Estimated Electrical Consumption per Sector
Category Total Site
Electric Consumption per Building
(1000 kWh)101
kWh Consumed per Sector
New England
Education 925 161844 149705700
Food Sales 1800 319821 575677800
Food Services 2100 128 269199000
Inpatient Healthcare 181 603863 1092991125
Lodging 837 21312 178379766
Public Order amp Safety 262 77855 20398010
Total 6105 2286351401
Residential102
4503000000
Industrial 3702000000
Commercial 4503000000
Other Commercial 2286351401
101
EIA Electricity consumption and expenditure intensities for Non-Mall Building 2003 102
DOE EERE ldquoElectric Power and Renewable Energy in Mainerdquo httpapps1eereenergygovstateselectricitycfmstate=ME
August 25 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
40
MAINE
Appendix III ndash Key Stakeholders
Organization CityTown State Website Hydrogen Energy Center Portland ME wwwhydrogenenergycenterorg
University of Maine School of
Engineering Technology Orono ME httpwwwumaineeduset
University of Maine Advanced
Manufacturing Center Orono
ME wwwumaineeduamc
University of Maine Advanced
Structures and Composites Center Orono
ME httpwww2umaineeduaewc
Manufacturers Association of Maine Westbrook ME
wwwmainemfgcom
Maine Manufacturing Extension
Partnership Augusta
ME httpwwwmainemeporg
Mid-Coast Regional Redevelopment
Authority Brunswick
ME wwwmrraus
Manufacturing Applications Center Gorham ME
httpwwwusmmaineedu
Maine Center for Enterprise
Development University of Southern
Maine
Portland ME
wwwmcedbiz
Maine Small Business Development
Center Portland
ME httpwwwmainesbdcorg
Southern Maine Community College
Sustainability and Energy Alternatives
Center
South
Portland ME httpwwwsmccmeedubusiness-a-
communitycomunity-resourcessustainability-
centerhtml
Environment and Energy Technology
Council of Maine Portland
ME wwwE2Techorg
Maine Technology Institute Gardiner ME
wwwmainetechnologyorg
Maine Innovation Economy advisory
Board Maine DECD Augusta ME httpwwwmainegovdecd
Governorrsquos Office of Energy
Independence and Security Augusta ME httpmainegovoeis
Utility Companies
Unitil httpwwwunitilcomcustomer-configuration
Bangor Gas Co httpwwwbangorgascom
Central Maine Power Co httpwwwcmpcocom
Bangor Hydro-Electric Co httpwwwbhecom
Maine Public Service Co httpwwwmainepublicservicecom
Appendix IV ndash Maine State Incentives and Programs
Funding Source Maine Public Utilities Commission
Program Title Community-based Renewable Energy Pilot Program
Applicable EnergiesTechnologies Solar Thermal Electric Photovoltaic Landfill Gas Wind
Biomass Hydroelectric Geothermal Electric Fuel Cells Anaerobic Digestion Tidal Energy
Fuel Cells using Renewable Fuels
Summary The Maine Utilities Commission (PUC) finalized the rule in February 2010 Legislation
mandates that up 10 50 MW of generating capacity will be permitted uned this program and
individual participants may not exceed 10 MW Of the 50 MW cap 10 must be reserved
specifically for small program participants or for participants located in a service territory of a
cooperative transmission and distribution utility
Restrictions
The PUC may require investor-owned utilities to enter into long-term contracts for energy capacity
resources or renewable energy credits (RECs) produced by the community-based project The
contacts term may not exceed 20 year the PUC will conduct long-term contract solicitations for
ldquolarge generatorsrdquo
Timing The Maine Public Utilities Commission is seeking proposals from suppliers of energy
capacity or renewable energy credits (RECs) for the development of community-based renewable
energy projects over 1 MW The docket number for this RFP is 2011-150 All inquiries about this
RFP should be directed to christinercookmainegov
Maximum Size Choice of either 15 REC credit multiplier or up to 10 MW DC
Requirements
To be eligible for incentives a generating facility must be 51 percent locally owned use renewable
energy resources be no larger than 10 MW in generating capacity and be located in the State
httpwwwstatemeusmpucelectricitycommunity_pilotshtml
Rebate amount $010kWh or cost fo the project whichever is lower
For further information please visit
httpwwwstatemeusmpucelectricitycommunity_pilotshtml
Source
Maine Public Utilities Commission ldquoCommunity-based Renewable Energy Pilot Programrdquo August 10 2011
DSIRE ldquoCommunity-based Renewable Energy Production Incentive (Pilot Program)rdquo August 10 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
42
Funding Source Voluntary Renewable Resource Grants
Program Title Voluntary Renewable Resources Fund
Applicable EnergiesTechnologies Solar Thermal Electric Photovoltaics Wind Biomass
Hydroelectric Geothermal Electric Fuel Cells Municipal Solid Waste Tidal Energy Fuel
Cells using Renewable Fuels
Summary Supported by the state Voluntary Renewable resource Fund and administered by the
Efficient Maine provide funding for small-scale demonstration projects designed to educate
communities on the value oand cost effectiveness of renewable energy
Restrictions To Qualify for grant funding renewable-energy resources generally must qualify as a
small power production facility un Federal Energy Regulatory Commission rules or must not exceed
100 MW in capacity and use one of more of the applicable energiestechnologies
Timing Start Date of this program occurred 12151998 and no expiration date is given
Maximum Size $50000
Requirements
httpwwwmainegovmpucrecovery
Rebate amount
$50000 Maximu
For further information please visit
httpwwwmainegovmpucrecovery
Source
Maine PUC ldquoFederal Stimulus MPUC and the Federal Recovery Packagerdquo ndash August 10 2011
DSIRE ldquoMaine - Voluntary Renewable Resource Grantsrdquo August 10 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
43
Appendix V ndash Partial Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Supply Chain Companies in Maine103
Organization Name Product or Service Category
1 University of Maine School of
Engineering Technology Research amp Development
2 University of Maine Advanced
Structures and Composites Center Research amp Development
3 Precision Partners-Mid-State Machine
Products Manufacturing Services
4 Ocean Energy Institute EngineeringDesign Services
5 Newfab Inc Manufacturing Services
6 New England Castings Other
7 Mitchell Ledge Farm Components
8 McNabb Marketing Resources Other
9 Maine Oxy Inc Fuel
10 Maine Machine Products Co Manufacturing Services
11 MacTec Inc FCH2 System DistrInstallMaint Services
12 Kennebec Technologies Manufacturing Services
13 Hydrogen Energy Center Service Center Lab or Test ConsultingLegalFinancial
Services
14 Hydrogen Energy Center Other
15 Green Energy Maine Other
16 Fire Risk Management Inc EngineeringDesign Services
17 Fire Risk Management EngineeringDesign Services
18 Fairchild Semiconductor Research amp Development
19 EcoMain Research amp Development
20 Control Point Inc Lab or Test EquipmentServices
21 Colby Company Engineering EngineeringDesign Services
22 Chewonki Foundation Other
23 Burroughs Machine Tool Products Equipment
24 Bernstein Shur ConsultingLegalFinancial Services
25 Bath Iron Works (General Dynamics
Inc) Research amp Development
26 AMEC EngineeringDesign Services
27 Advantages Gases and Tools Fuel
28 Advanced Manufacturing Center-
University of ME Manufacturing Services
103
Northeast Electrochemical Energy Storage Cluster Supply Chain Database Search httpneescorgresourcestype=1 August 11 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
44
Appendix VI ndash Comparison of Fuel Cell Technologies104
Fuel Cell
Type
Common
Electrolyte
Operating
Temperature
Typical
Stack
Size
Efficiency Applications Advantages Disadvantages
Polymer
Electrolyte
Membrane
(PEM)
Perfluoro sulfonic
acid
50-100degC
122-212deg
typically
80degC
lt 1 kW ndash 1
MW105
gt
kW 60
transportation
35
stationary
bull Backup power
bull Portable power
bull Distributed
generation
bull Transportation
bull Specialty vehicle
bull Solid electrolyte reduces
corrosion amp electrolyte
management problems
bull Low temperature
bull Quick start-up
bull Expensive catalysts
bull Sensitive to fuel
impurities
bull Low temperature waste
heat
Alkaline
(AFC)
Aqueous solution
of potassium
hydroxide soaked
in a matrix
90-100degC
194-212degF
10 ndash 100
kW 60
bull Military
bull Space
bull Cathode reaction faster
in alkaline electrolyte
leads to high performance
bull Low cost components
bull Sensitive to CO2
in fuel and air
bull Electrolyte management
Phosphoric
Acid
(PAFC)
Phosphoric acid
soaked in a matrix
150-200degC
302-392degF
400 kW
100 kW
module
40 bull Distributed
generation
bull Higher temperature enables
CHP
bull Increased tolerance to fuel
impurities
bull Pt catalyst
bull Long start up time
bull Low current and power
Molten
Carbonate
(MCFC)
Solution of lithium
sodium andor
potassium
carbonates soaked
in a matrix
600-700degC
1112-1292degF
300
k W- 3 M
W
300 kW
module
45 ndash 50
bull Electric utility
bull Distributed
generation
bull High efficiency
bull Fuel flexibility
bull Can use a variety of catalysts
bull Suitable for CHP
bull High temperature
corrosion and breakdown
of cell components
bull Long start up time
bull Low power density
Solid Oxide
(SOFC)
Yttria stabilized
zirconia
700-1000degC
1202-1832degF
1 kW ndash 2
MW 60
bull Auxiliary power
bull Electric utility
bull Distributed
generation
bull High efficiency
bull Fuel flexibility
bull Can use a variety of catalysts
bull Solid electrolyte
bull Suitable f o r CHP amp CHHP
bull HybridGT cycle
bull High temperature
corrosion and breakdown
of cell components
bull High temperature
operation requires long
start up
time and limits
Polymer Electrolyte is no longer a single category row Data shown does not take into account High Temperature PEM which operates in the range of 160oC to 180
oC It solves
virtually all of the disadvantages listed under PEM It is not sensitive to impurities It has usable heat Stack efficiencies of 52 on the high side are realized HTPEM is not a
PAFC fuel cell and should not be confused with one
104 US Department of Energy Fuel Cells Technology Program httpwww1eereenergygovhydrogenandfuelcellsfuelcellspdfsfc_comparison_chartpdf August 5 2011 105
Ballard ldquoCLEARgen Multi-MY Systemsrdquo httpwwwballardcomfuel-cell-productscleargen-multi-mw-systemsaspx November 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
45
Appendix VII ndashAnalysis of Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities and Threats for Maine
Strengths
Stationary Power ndash Strong market drivers including high
electricity cost cold climate reliance on oil for space heating
strong CHP and district heating market strong environmental
and green energy awareness) capable core of fuel cell CHP
installers energy storage demand to serve MErsquos aggressive
wind-power industry strong ongoing expansion of natural gas
servicedistribution
Transportation Power - Strong market drivers including a
dispersed population highly reliant on truck and auto
transportation receptive and environmentally conscious
alternative fuelstransportation market relatively low income
population in need of relief from automobile fuel costs strong
Navy shipbuilding industry as potential user of H2FC auxiliary
power system strongly interested in fleet-based hydrogen
fueling station development (SunHydro model) strong interest
in municipal transit and fuel cell -powered rail
Economic Development Factors ndash Brunswick Renewable
Energy Park emphasis on skills development and technology
synergies aggressive state level policy to policy to develop
renewable wind and biomass energy technologies skilled and
well organized network of precision manufacturing firms tied
into aerospace and communications equipment industries
strong labor force at relatively low wages RampDbusiness
infrastructure for advanced biofuels and composite material
structures growing University of Maine commitment to fuel
cell and biomass RampD state funding source familiaritycomfort
with H2FC technology
Weaknesses
Stationary Power ndash No technologyindustrial momentum at the
OEM level geographically distant from OEMs for component-
supply opportunities
Transportation Power ndash No technologyindustrial base at the
OEM level lack of infrastructure funding relatively dispersed
population for transportation services
Economic Development Factors ndash limited state incentives
somewhat sluggish overall state economy relatively
undeveloped core of technology skillsknowledge base
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
46
Opportunities
Stationary Power ndash Opportunity as an ldquoearly adaptor marketrdquo
some supply chain buildup opportunities around SP deployment
Linkage between H2FC technologies and advanced biofuels
RampD Dispersed population amp economy needs distributed
solutions Major need for power storage in conjunction with
Maines planned offshore wind-power RampD and development
Transportation Power ndash Hydrogen refueling station plans Early-
stage potential for major roll-out in marine auxiliary power (US
Navy) Commuter rail expansion
Portable Power ndash Little currently-identified opportunity
Economic Development Factors ndash Brunswick ldquoRenewable Energy
Industrial Parkrdquo can be significant seed nucleus for both
deployment amp development Machine-tool industry pursuing
H2FC components supply-chain opportunities
Threats
Stationary Power ndash The regionrsquos favorable market
needsdemand could be met by other technologiessources ndash
Canadian hydro amp nuclear wind geothermal direct biomass
and power-storage alternatives ndash batteries solid state ammonia
etc
Transportation Power ndash The regionrsquos favorable market
characteristics and needs could be met by other electric
vehicles particularly in the absence of a hydrogen
infrastructure
Economic Development Factors ndash competition from more fully-
equipped statesregions wind and other renewables grab Maine
energy industry momentum lack of funding to sustain
University of MErsquos momentum in storage and fuel cell
technologies related to biomass and wind hesitation of state
government to support alternative energy incentives
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
47
Appendix VIII ndash Partial list of Fuel Cell Deployment in the Northeast region
Manufacturer Site Name Site Location Year Installed
Plug Power T-Mobile cell tower Storrs CT 2008
Plug Power Albany International Airport Albany NY 2004
FuelCell Energy Pepperidge Farms Plant Bloomfield CT 2005
FuelCell Energy Peabody Museum New Haven CT 2003
FuelCell Energy Sheraton New York Hotel amp Towers Manhattan NY 2004
FuelCell Energy Sheraton Hotel Edison NJ 2003
FuelCell Energy Sheraton Hotel Parsippany NJ 2003
UTC Power Cabelas Sporting Goods East Hartford CT 2008
UTC Power Whole Foods Market Glastonbury CT 2008
UTC Power Connecticut Science Center Hartford CT 2009
UTC Power St Francis Hospital Hartford CT 2003
UTC Power Middletown High School Middletown CT 2008
UTC Power Connecticut Juvenile Training School Middletown CT 2001
UTC Power 360 State Street Apartment Building New Haven CT 2010
UTC Power South Windsor High School South Windsor CT 2002
UTC Power Mohegan Sun Casino Hotel Uncasville CT 2002
UTC Power CTTransit Fuel Cell Bus Hartford CT 2007
UTC Power Whole Foods Market Dedham MA 2009
UTC Power Bronx Zoo Bronx NY 2008
UTC Power North Central Bronx Hospital Bronx NY 2000
UTC Power Hunts Point Water Pollution Control Plant Bronx NY 2005
UTC Power Price Chopper Supermarket Colonie NY 2010
UTC Power East Rochester High School East Rochester NY 2007
UTC Power Coca-Cola Refreshments Production Facility Elmsford NY 2010
UTC Power Verizon Call Center and Communications Building Garden City NY 2005
UTC Power State Office Building Hauppauge NY 2009
UTC Power Liverpool High School Liverpool NY 2000
UTC Power New York Hilton Hotel New York City NY 2007
UTC Power Central Park Police Station New York City NY 1999
UTC Power Rochester Institute of Technology Rochester NY 1993
UTC Power NYPA office building White Plains NY 2010
UTC Power Wastewater treatment plant Yonkers NY 1997
UTC Power The Octagon Roosevelt Island NY 2011
UTC Power Johnson amp Johnson World Headquarters New Brunswick NJ 2003
UTC Power CTTRANSIT (Fuel Cell Powered Buses) Hartford CT 2007 - Present
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
48
Appendix IX ndash Partial list of Fuel Cell-Powered Forklifts in North America106
Company CityTown State Site Year
Deployed
Fuel Cell
Manufacturer
of
forklifts
Coca-Cola San Leandro CA
Bottling and
distribution center 2011 Plug Power 37
Charlotte NC Bottling facility 2011 Plug Power 40
EARP
Distribution Kansas City KS Distribution center 2011
Oorja
Protonics 24
Golden State
Foods Lemont IL Distribution facility 2011
Oorja
Protonics 20
Kroger Co Compton CA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 161
Sysco
Riverside CA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 80
Boston MA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 160
Long Island NY Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 42
San Antonio TX Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 113
Front Royal VA Redistribution
facility 2011 Plug Power 100
Baldor
Specialty Foods Bronx NY Facility
Planned
in 2012
Oorja
Protonics 50
BMW
Manufacturing
Co
Spartanburg SC Manufacturing
plant 2010 Plug Power 86
Defense
Logistics
Agency US
Department of
Defense
San Joaquin CA Distribution facility 2011 Plug Power 20
Fort Lewis WA Distribution depot 2011 Plug Power 19
Warner
Robins GA Distribution depot 2010 Hydrogenics 20
Susquehanna PA Distribution depot 2010 Plug Power 15
2009 Nuvera 40
Martin-Brower Stockton CA Food distribution
center 2010
Oorja
Protonics 15
United Natural
Foods Inc
(UNFI)
Sarasota FL Distribution center 2010 Plug Power 65
Wal-Mart
Balzac Al
Canada
Refrigerated
distribution center 2010 Plug Power 80
Washington
Court House OH
Food distribution
center 2007 Plug Power 55
Wegmans Pottsville PA Warehouse 2010 Plug Power 136
Whole Foods
Market Landover MD Distribution center 2010 Plug Power 61
106
FuelCell2000 ldquoFuel Cell-Powered Forklifts in North Americardquo httpwwwfuelcellsorginfochartsforkliftspdf November
2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
49
Appendix X ndash Comparison of PEM Fuel Cell and Battery-Powered Material Handling
Equipment
3 kW PEM Fuel Cell-Powered
Pallet Trucks
3 kW Battery-powered
(2 batteries per truck)
Total Fuel Cycle Energy Use
(total energy consumedkWh
delivered to the wheels) -12000 BtukWh 14000 BtukWh
Fuel Cycle GHG Emissions
(in g CO2 equivalent 820 gkWh 1200 gkWh
Estimated Product Life 8-10 years 4-5 years No Emissions at Point of Use
Quiet Operation
Wide Ambient Operating
Temperature range
Constant Power Available
over Shift
Routine Maintenance Costs
($YR) $1250 - $1500year $2000year
Time for RefuelingChanging
Batteries 4 ndash 8 minday 45-60 minday (for battery change-outs)
8 hours (for battery recharging amp cooling) Cost of FuelElectricity $6000year $1300year Labor Cost of
refuelingRecharging $1100year $8750year
Net Present Value of Capital
Cost $12600
($18000 wo incentive) $14000
Net Present Value of OampM
costs (including fuel) $52000 $128000
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
50
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
30
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 5 Lodging
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
31
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 6 Public Order and Safety
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
32
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 7 Energy Intensive Industries
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
33
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 8 Federal Government Operated Buildings
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
34
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 9 Telecommunication Sites
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
35
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 10 Solid and Liquid Waste Sites
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
36
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 11 Commercial Airports
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
37
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 12 Alternative Fueling Stations
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
38
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 13 Distribution CentersWarehouses amp Ports
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
39
MAINE
Appendix II ndash Maine Estimated Electrical Consumption per Sector
Category Total Site
Electric Consumption per Building
(1000 kWh)101
kWh Consumed per Sector
New England
Education 925 161844 149705700
Food Sales 1800 319821 575677800
Food Services 2100 128 269199000
Inpatient Healthcare 181 603863 1092991125
Lodging 837 21312 178379766
Public Order amp Safety 262 77855 20398010
Total 6105 2286351401
Residential102
4503000000
Industrial 3702000000
Commercial 4503000000
Other Commercial 2286351401
101
EIA Electricity consumption and expenditure intensities for Non-Mall Building 2003 102
DOE EERE ldquoElectric Power and Renewable Energy in Mainerdquo httpapps1eereenergygovstateselectricitycfmstate=ME
August 25 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
40
MAINE
Appendix III ndash Key Stakeholders
Organization CityTown State Website Hydrogen Energy Center Portland ME wwwhydrogenenergycenterorg
University of Maine School of
Engineering Technology Orono ME httpwwwumaineeduset
University of Maine Advanced
Manufacturing Center Orono
ME wwwumaineeduamc
University of Maine Advanced
Structures and Composites Center Orono
ME httpwww2umaineeduaewc
Manufacturers Association of Maine Westbrook ME
wwwmainemfgcom
Maine Manufacturing Extension
Partnership Augusta
ME httpwwwmainemeporg
Mid-Coast Regional Redevelopment
Authority Brunswick
ME wwwmrraus
Manufacturing Applications Center Gorham ME
httpwwwusmmaineedu
Maine Center for Enterprise
Development University of Southern
Maine
Portland ME
wwwmcedbiz
Maine Small Business Development
Center Portland
ME httpwwwmainesbdcorg
Southern Maine Community College
Sustainability and Energy Alternatives
Center
South
Portland ME httpwwwsmccmeedubusiness-a-
communitycomunity-resourcessustainability-
centerhtml
Environment and Energy Technology
Council of Maine Portland
ME wwwE2Techorg
Maine Technology Institute Gardiner ME
wwwmainetechnologyorg
Maine Innovation Economy advisory
Board Maine DECD Augusta ME httpwwwmainegovdecd
Governorrsquos Office of Energy
Independence and Security Augusta ME httpmainegovoeis
Utility Companies
Unitil httpwwwunitilcomcustomer-configuration
Bangor Gas Co httpwwwbangorgascom
Central Maine Power Co httpwwwcmpcocom
Bangor Hydro-Electric Co httpwwwbhecom
Maine Public Service Co httpwwwmainepublicservicecom
Appendix IV ndash Maine State Incentives and Programs
Funding Source Maine Public Utilities Commission
Program Title Community-based Renewable Energy Pilot Program
Applicable EnergiesTechnologies Solar Thermal Electric Photovoltaic Landfill Gas Wind
Biomass Hydroelectric Geothermal Electric Fuel Cells Anaerobic Digestion Tidal Energy
Fuel Cells using Renewable Fuels
Summary The Maine Utilities Commission (PUC) finalized the rule in February 2010 Legislation
mandates that up 10 50 MW of generating capacity will be permitted uned this program and
individual participants may not exceed 10 MW Of the 50 MW cap 10 must be reserved
specifically for small program participants or for participants located in a service territory of a
cooperative transmission and distribution utility
Restrictions
The PUC may require investor-owned utilities to enter into long-term contracts for energy capacity
resources or renewable energy credits (RECs) produced by the community-based project The
contacts term may not exceed 20 year the PUC will conduct long-term contract solicitations for
ldquolarge generatorsrdquo
Timing The Maine Public Utilities Commission is seeking proposals from suppliers of energy
capacity or renewable energy credits (RECs) for the development of community-based renewable
energy projects over 1 MW The docket number for this RFP is 2011-150 All inquiries about this
RFP should be directed to christinercookmainegov
Maximum Size Choice of either 15 REC credit multiplier or up to 10 MW DC
Requirements
To be eligible for incentives a generating facility must be 51 percent locally owned use renewable
energy resources be no larger than 10 MW in generating capacity and be located in the State
httpwwwstatemeusmpucelectricitycommunity_pilotshtml
Rebate amount $010kWh or cost fo the project whichever is lower
For further information please visit
httpwwwstatemeusmpucelectricitycommunity_pilotshtml
Source
Maine Public Utilities Commission ldquoCommunity-based Renewable Energy Pilot Programrdquo August 10 2011
DSIRE ldquoCommunity-based Renewable Energy Production Incentive (Pilot Program)rdquo August 10 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
42
Funding Source Voluntary Renewable Resource Grants
Program Title Voluntary Renewable Resources Fund
Applicable EnergiesTechnologies Solar Thermal Electric Photovoltaics Wind Biomass
Hydroelectric Geothermal Electric Fuel Cells Municipal Solid Waste Tidal Energy Fuel
Cells using Renewable Fuels
Summary Supported by the state Voluntary Renewable resource Fund and administered by the
Efficient Maine provide funding for small-scale demonstration projects designed to educate
communities on the value oand cost effectiveness of renewable energy
Restrictions To Qualify for grant funding renewable-energy resources generally must qualify as a
small power production facility un Federal Energy Regulatory Commission rules or must not exceed
100 MW in capacity and use one of more of the applicable energiestechnologies
Timing Start Date of this program occurred 12151998 and no expiration date is given
Maximum Size $50000
Requirements
httpwwwmainegovmpucrecovery
Rebate amount
$50000 Maximu
For further information please visit
httpwwwmainegovmpucrecovery
Source
Maine PUC ldquoFederal Stimulus MPUC and the Federal Recovery Packagerdquo ndash August 10 2011
DSIRE ldquoMaine - Voluntary Renewable Resource Grantsrdquo August 10 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
43
Appendix V ndash Partial Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Supply Chain Companies in Maine103
Organization Name Product or Service Category
1 University of Maine School of
Engineering Technology Research amp Development
2 University of Maine Advanced
Structures and Composites Center Research amp Development
3 Precision Partners-Mid-State Machine
Products Manufacturing Services
4 Ocean Energy Institute EngineeringDesign Services
5 Newfab Inc Manufacturing Services
6 New England Castings Other
7 Mitchell Ledge Farm Components
8 McNabb Marketing Resources Other
9 Maine Oxy Inc Fuel
10 Maine Machine Products Co Manufacturing Services
11 MacTec Inc FCH2 System DistrInstallMaint Services
12 Kennebec Technologies Manufacturing Services
13 Hydrogen Energy Center Service Center Lab or Test ConsultingLegalFinancial
Services
14 Hydrogen Energy Center Other
15 Green Energy Maine Other
16 Fire Risk Management Inc EngineeringDesign Services
17 Fire Risk Management EngineeringDesign Services
18 Fairchild Semiconductor Research amp Development
19 EcoMain Research amp Development
20 Control Point Inc Lab or Test EquipmentServices
21 Colby Company Engineering EngineeringDesign Services
22 Chewonki Foundation Other
23 Burroughs Machine Tool Products Equipment
24 Bernstein Shur ConsultingLegalFinancial Services
25 Bath Iron Works (General Dynamics
Inc) Research amp Development
26 AMEC EngineeringDesign Services
27 Advantages Gases and Tools Fuel
28 Advanced Manufacturing Center-
University of ME Manufacturing Services
103
Northeast Electrochemical Energy Storage Cluster Supply Chain Database Search httpneescorgresourcestype=1 August 11 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
44
Appendix VI ndash Comparison of Fuel Cell Technologies104
Fuel Cell
Type
Common
Electrolyte
Operating
Temperature
Typical
Stack
Size
Efficiency Applications Advantages Disadvantages
Polymer
Electrolyte
Membrane
(PEM)
Perfluoro sulfonic
acid
50-100degC
122-212deg
typically
80degC
lt 1 kW ndash 1
MW105
gt
kW 60
transportation
35
stationary
bull Backup power
bull Portable power
bull Distributed
generation
bull Transportation
bull Specialty vehicle
bull Solid electrolyte reduces
corrosion amp electrolyte
management problems
bull Low temperature
bull Quick start-up
bull Expensive catalysts
bull Sensitive to fuel
impurities
bull Low temperature waste
heat
Alkaline
(AFC)
Aqueous solution
of potassium
hydroxide soaked
in a matrix
90-100degC
194-212degF
10 ndash 100
kW 60
bull Military
bull Space
bull Cathode reaction faster
in alkaline electrolyte
leads to high performance
bull Low cost components
bull Sensitive to CO2
in fuel and air
bull Electrolyte management
Phosphoric
Acid
(PAFC)
Phosphoric acid
soaked in a matrix
150-200degC
302-392degF
400 kW
100 kW
module
40 bull Distributed
generation
bull Higher temperature enables
CHP
bull Increased tolerance to fuel
impurities
bull Pt catalyst
bull Long start up time
bull Low current and power
Molten
Carbonate
(MCFC)
Solution of lithium
sodium andor
potassium
carbonates soaked
in a matrix
600-700degC
1112-1292degF
300
k W- 3 M
W
300 kW
module
45 ndash 50
bull Electric utility
bull Distributed
generation
bull High efficiency
bull Fuel flexibility
bull Can use a variety of catalysts
bull Suitable for CHP
bull High temperature
corrosion and breakdown
of cell components
bull Long start up time
bull Low power density
Solid Oxide
(SOFC)
Yttria stabilized
zirconia
700-1000degC
1202-1832degF
1 kW ndash 2
MW 60
bull Auxiliary power
bull Electric utility
bull Distributed
generation
bull High efficiency
bull Fuel flexibility
bull Can use a variety of catalysts
bull Solid electrolyte
bull Suitable f o r CHP amp CHHP
bull HybridGT cycle
bull High temperature
corrosion and breakdown
of cell components
bull High temperature
operation requires long
start up
time and limits
Polymer Electrolyte is no longer a single category row Data shown does not take into account High Temperature PEM which operates in the range of 160oC to 180
oC It solves
virtually all of the disadvantages listed under PEM It is not sensitive to impurities It has usable heat Stack efficiencies of 52 on the high side are realized HTPEM is not a
PAFC fuel cell and should not be confused with one
104 US Department of Energy Fuel Cells Technology Program httpwww1eereenergygovhydrogenandfuelcellsfuelcellspdfsfc_comparison_chartpdf August 5 2011 105
Ballard ldquoCLEARgen Multi-MY Systemsrdquo httpwwwballardcomfuel-cell-productscleargen-multi-mw-systemsaspx November 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
45
Appendix VII ndashAnalysis of Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities and Threats for Maine
Strengths
Stationary Power ndash Strong market drivers including high
electricity cost cold climate reliance on oil for space heating
strong CHP and district heating market strong environmental
and green energy awareness) capable core of fuel cell CHP
installers energy storage demand to serve MErsquos aggressive
wind-power industry strong ongoing expansion of natural gas
servicedistribution
Transportation Power - Strong market drivers including a
dispersed population highly reliant on truck and auto
transportation receptive and environmentally conscious
alternative fuelstransportation market relatively low income
population in need of relief from automobile fuel costs strong
Navy shipbuilding industry as potential user of H2FC auxiliary
power system strongly interested in fleet-based hydrogen
fueling station development (SunHydro model) strong interest
in municipal transit and fuel cell -powered rail
Economic Development Factors ndash Brunswick Renewable
Energy Park emphasis on skills development and technology
synergies aggressive state level policy to policy to develop
renewable wind and biomass energy technologies skilled and
well organized network of precision manufacturing firms tied
into aerospace and communications equipment industries
strong labor force at relatively low wages RampDbusiness
infrastructure for advanced biofuels and composite material
structures growing University of Maine commitment to fuel
cell and biomass RampD state funding source familiaritycomfort
with H2FC technology
Weaknesses
Stationary Power ndash No technologyindustrial momentum at the
OEM level geographically distant from OEMs for component-
supply opportunities
Transportation Power ndash No technologyindustrial base at the
OEM level lack of infrastructure funding relatively dispersed
population for transportation services
Economic Development Factors ndash limited state incentives
somewhat sluggish overall state economy relatively
undeveloped core of technology skillsknowledge base
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
46
Opportunities
Stationary Power ndash Opportunity as an ldquoearly adaptor marketrdquo
some supply chain buildup opportunities around SP deployment
Linkage between H2FC technologies and advanced biofuels
RampD Dispersed population amp economy needs distributed
solutions Major need for power storage in conjunction with
Maines planned offshore wind-power RampD and development
Transportation Power ndash Hydrogen refueling station plans Early-
stage potential for major roll-out in marine auxiliary power (US
Navy) Commuter rail expansion
Portable Power ndash Little currently-identified opportunity
Economic Development Factors ndash Brunswick ldquoRenewable Energy
Industrial Parkrdquo can be significant seed nucleus for both
deployment amp development Machine-tool industry pursuing
H2FC components supply-chain opportunities
Threats
Stationary Power ndash The regionrsquos favorable market
needsdemand could be met by other technologiessources ndash
Canadian hydro amp nuclear wind geothermal direct biomass
and power-storage alternatives ndash batteries solid state ammonia
etc
Transportation Power ndash The regionrsquos favorable market
characteristics and needs could be met by other electric
vehicles particularly in the absence of a hydrogen
infrastructure
Economic Development Factors ndash competition from more fully-
equipped statesregions wind and other renewables grab Maine
energy industry momentum lack of funding to sustain
University of MErsquos momentum in storage and fuel cell
technologies related to biomass and wind hesitation of state
government to support alternative energy incentives
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
47
Appendix VIII ndash Partial list of Fuel Cell Deployment in the Northeast region
Manufacturer Site Name Site Location Year Installed
Plug Power T-Mobile cell tower Storrs CT 2008
Plug Power Albany International Airport Albany NY 2004
FuelCell Energy Pepperidge Farms Plant Bloomfield CT 2005
FuelCell Energy Peabody Museum New Haven CT 2003
FuelCell Energy Sheraton New York Hotel amp Towers Manhattan NY 2004
FuelCell Energy Sheraton Hotel Edison NJ 2003
FuelCell Energy Sheraton Hotel Parsippany NJ 2003
UTC Power Cabelas Sporting Goods East Hartford CT 2008
UTC Power Whole Foods Market Glastonbury CT 2008
UTC Power Connecticut Science Center Hartford CT 2009
UTC Power St Francis Hospital Hartford CT 2003
UTC Power Middletown High School Middletown CT 2008
UTC Power Connecticut Juvenile Training School Middletown CT 2001
UTC Power 360 State Street Apartment Building New Haven CT 2010
UTC Power South Windsor High School South Windsor CT 2002
UTC Power Mohegan Sun Casino Hotel Uncasville CT 2002
UTC Power CTTransit Fuel Cell Bus Hartford CT 2007
UTC Power Whole Foods Market Dedham MA 2009
UTC Power Bronx Zoo Bronx NY 2008
UTC Power North Central Bronx Hospital Bronx NY 2000
UTC Power Hunts Point Water Pollution Control Plant Bronx NY 2005
UTC Power Price Chopper Supermarket Colonie NY 2010
UTC Power East Rochester High School East Rochester NY 2007
UTC Power Coca-Cola Refreshments Production Facility Elmsford NY 2010
UTC Power Verizon Call Center and Communications Building Garden City NY 2005
UTC Power State Office Building Hauppauge NY 2009
UTC Power Liverpool High School Liverpool NY 2000
UTC Power New York Hilton Hotel New York City NY 2007
UTC Power Central Park Police Station New York City NY 1999
UTC Power Rochester Institute of Technology Rochester NY 1993
UTC Power NYPA office building White Plains NY 2010
UTC Power Wastewater treatment plant Yonkers NY 1997
UTC Power The Octagon Roosevelt Island NY 2011
UTC Power Johnson amp Johnson World Headquarters New Brunswick NJ 2003
UTC Power CTTRANSIT (Fuel Cell Powered Buses) Hartford CT 2007 - Present
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
48
Appendix IX ndash Partial list of Fuel Cell-Powered Forklifts in North America106
Company CityTown State Site Year
Deployed
Fuel Cell
Manufacturer
of
forklifts
Coca-Cola San Leandro CA
Bottling and
distribution center 2011 Plug Power 37
Charlotte NC Bottling facility 2011 Plug Power 40
EARP
Distribution Kansas City KS Distribution center 2011
Oorja
Protonics 24
Golden State
Foods Lemont IL Distribution facility 2011
Oorja
Protonics 20
Kroger Co Compton CA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 161
Sysco
Riverside CA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 80
Boston MA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 160
Long Island NY Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 42
San Antonio TX Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 113
Front Royal VA Redistribution
facility 2011 Plug Power 100
Baldor
Specialty Foods Bronx NY Facility
Planned
in 2012
Oorja
Protonics 50
BMW
Manufacturing
Co
Spartanburg SC Manufacturing
plant 2010 Plug Power 86
Defense
Logistics
Agency US
Department of
Defense
San Joaquin CA Distribution facility 2011 Plug Power 20
Fort Lewis WA Distribution depot 2011 Plug Power 19
Warner
Robins GA Distribution depot 2010 Hydrogenics 20
Susquehanna PA Distribution depot 2010 Plug Power 15
2009 Nuvera 40
Martin-Brower Stockton CA Food distribution
center 2010
Oorja
Protonics 15
United Natural
Foods Inc
(UNFI)
Sarasota FL Distribution center 2010 Plug Power 65
Wal-Mart
Balzac Al
Canada
Refrigerated
distribution center 2010 Plug Power 80
Washington
Court House OH
Food distribution
center 2007 Plug Power 55
Wegmans Pottsville PA Warehouse 2010 Plug Power 136
Whole Foods
Market Landover MD Distribution center 2010 Plug Power 61
106
FuelCell2000 ldquoFuel Cell-Powered Forklifts in North Americardquo httpwwwfuelcellsorginfochartsforkliftspdf November
2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
49
Appendix X ndash Comparison of PEM Fuel Cell and Battery-Powered Material Handling
Equipment
3 kW PEM Fuel Cell-Powered
Pallet Trucks
3 kW Battery-powered
(2 batteries per truck)
Total Fuel Cycle Energy Use
(total energy consumedkWh
delivered to the wheels) -12000 BtukWh 14000 BtukWh
Fuel Cycle GHG Emissions
(in g CO2 equivalent 820 gkWh 1200 gkWh
Estimated Product Life 8-10 years 4-5 years No Emissions at Point of Use
Quiet Operation
Wide Ambient Operating
Temperature range
Constant Power Available
over Shift
Routine Maintenance Costs
($YR) $1250 - $1500year $2000year
Time for RefuelingChanging
Batteries 4 ndash 8 minday 45-60 minday (for battery change-outs)
8 hours (for battery recharging amp cooling) Cost of FuelElectricity $6000year $1300year Labor Cost of
refuelingRecharging $1100year $8750year
Net Present Value of Capital
Cost $12600
($18000 wo incentive) $14000
Net Present Value of OampM
costs (including fuel) $52000 $128000
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
50
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
31
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 6 Public Order and Safety
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
32
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 7 Energy Intensive Industries
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
33
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 8 Federal Government Operated Buildings
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
34
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 9 Telecommunication Sites
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
35
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 10 Solid and Liquid Waste Sites
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
36
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 11 Commercial Airports
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
37
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 12 Alternative Fueling Stations
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
38
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 13 Distribution CentersWarehouses amp Ports
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
39
MAINE
Appendix II ndash Maine Estimated Electrical Consumption per Sector
Category Total Site
Electric Consumption per Building
(1000 kWh)101
kWh Consumed per Sector
New England
Education 925 161844 149705700
Food Sales 1800 319821 575677800
Food Services 2100 128 269199000
Inpatient Healthcare 181 603863 1092991125
Lodging 837 21312 178379766
Public Order amp Safety 262 77855 20398010
Total 6105 2286351401
Residential102
4503000000
Industrial 3702000000
Commercial 4503000000
Other Commercial 2286351401
101
EIA Electricity consumption and expenditure intensities for Non-Mall Building 2003 102
DOE EERE ldquoElectric Power and Renewable Energy in Mainerdquo httpapps1eereenergygovstateselectricitycfmstate=ME
August 25 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
40
MAINE
Appendix III ndash Key Stakeholders
Organization CityTown State Website Hydrogen Energy Center Portland ME wwwhydrogenenergycenterorg
University of Maine School of
Engineering Technology Orono ME httpwwwumaineeduset
University of Maine Advanced
Manufacturing Center Orono
ME wwwumaineeduamc
University of Maine Advanced
Structures and Composites Center Orono
ME httpwww2umaineeduaewc
Manufacturers Association of Maine Westbrook ME
wwwmainemfgcom
Maine Manufacturing Extension
Partnership Augusta
ME httpwwwmainemeporg
Mid-Coast Regional Redevelopment
Authority Brunswick
ME wwwmrraus
Manufacturing Applications Center Gorham ME
httpwwwusmmaineedu
Maine Center for Enterprise
Development University of Southern
Maine
Portland ME
wwwmcedbiz
Maine Small Business Development
Center Portland
ME httpwwwmainesbdcorg
Southern Maine Community College
Sustainability and Energy Alternatives
Center
South
Portland ME httpwwwsmccmeedubusiness-a-
communitycomunity-resourcessustainability-
centerhtml
Environment and Energy Technology
Council of Maine Portland
ME wwwE2Techorg
Maine Technology Institute Gardiner ME
wwwmainetechnologyorg
Maine Innovation Economy advisory
Board Maine DECD Augusta ME httpwwwmainegovdecd
Governorrsquos Office of Energy
Independence and Security Augusta ME httpmainegovoeis
Utility Companies
Unitil httpwwwunitilcomcustomer-configuration
Bangor Gas Co httpwwwbangorgascom
Central Maine Power Co httpwwwcmpcocom
Bangor Hydro-Electric Co httpwwwbhecom
Maine Public Service Co httpwwwmainepublicservicecom
Appendix IV ndash Maine State Incentives and Programs
Funding Source Maine Public Utilities Commission
Program Title Community-based Renewable Energy Pilot Program
Applicable EnergiesTechnologies Solar Thermal Electric Photovoltaic Landfill Gas Wind
Biomass Hydroelectric Geothermal Electric Fuel Cells Anaerobic Digestion Tidal Energy
Fuel Cells using Renewable Fuels
Summary The Maine Utilities Commission (PUC) finalized the rule in February 2010 Legislation
mandates that up 10 50 MW of generating capacity will be permitted uned this program and
individual participants may not exceed 10 MW Of the 50 MW cap 10 must be reserved
specifically for small program participants or for participants located in a service territory of a
cooperative transmission and distribution utility
Restrictions
The PUC may require investor-owned utilities to enter into long-term contracts for energy capacity
resources or renewable energy credits (RECs) produced by the community-based project The
contacts term may not exceed 20 year the PUC will conduct long-term contract solicitations for
ldquolarge generatorsrdquo
Timing The Maine Public Utilities Commission is seeking proposals from suppliers of energy
capacity or renewable energy credits (RECs) for the development of community-based renewable
energy projects over 1 MW The docket number for this RFP is 2011-150 All inquiries about this
RFP should be directed to christinercookmainegov
Maximum Size Choice of either 15 REC credit multiplier or up to 10 MW DC
Requirements
To be eligible for incentives a generating facility must be 51 percent locally owned use renewable
energy resources be no larger than 10 MW in generating capacity and be located in the State
httpwwwstatemeusmpucelectricitycommunity_pilotshtml
Rebate amount $010kWh or cost fo the project whichever is lower
For further information please visit
httpwwwstatemeusmpucelectricitycommunity_pilotshtml
Source
Maine Public Utilities Commission ldquoCommunity-based Renewable Energy Pilot Programrdquo August 10 2011
DSIRE ldquoCommunity-based Renewable Energy Production Incentive (Pilot Program)rdquo August 10 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
42
Funding Source Voluntary Renewable Resource Grants
Program Title Voluntary Renewable Resources Fund
Applicable EnergiesTechnologies Solar Thermal Electric Photovoltaics Wind Biomass
Hydroelectric Geothermal Electric Fuel Cells Municipal Solid Waste Tidal Energy Fuel
Cells using Renewable Fuels
Summary Supported by the state Voluntary Renewable resource Fund and administered by the
Efficient Maine provide funding for small-scale demonstration projects designed to educate
communities on the value oand cost effectiveness of renewable energy
Restrictions To Qualify for grant funding renewable-energy resources generally must qualify as a
small power production facility un Federal Energy Regulatory Commission rules or must not exceed
100 MW in capacity and use one of more of the applicable energiestechnologies
Timing Start Date of this program occurred 12151998 and no expiration date is given
Maximum Size $50000
Requirements
httpwwwmainegovmpucrecovery
Rebate amount
$50000 Maximu
For further information please visit
httpwwwmainegovmpucrecovery
Source
Maine PUC ldquoFederal Stimulus MPUC and the Federal Recovery Packagerdquo ndash August 10 2011
DSIRE ldquoMaine - Voluntary Renewable Resource Grantsrdquo August 10 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
43
Appendix V ndash Partial Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Supply Chain Companies in Maine103
Organization Name Product or Service Category
1 University of Maine School of
Engineering Technology Research amp Development
2 University of Maine Advanced
Structures and Composites Center Research amp Development
3 Precision Partners-Mid-State Machine
Products Manufacturing Services
4 Ocean Energy Institute EngineeringDesign Services
5 Newfab Inc Manufacturing Services
6 New England Castings Other
7 Mitchell Ledge Farm Components
8 McNabb Marketing Resources Other
9 Maine Oxy Inc Fuel
10 Maine Machine Products Co Manufacturing Services
11 MacTec Inc FCH2 System DistrInstallMaint Services
12 Kennebec Technologies Manufacturing Services
13 Hydrogen Energy Center Service Center Lab or Test ConsultingLegalFinancial
Services
14 Hydrogen Energy Center Other
15 Green Energy Maine Other
16 Fire Risk Management Inc EngineeringDesign Services
17 Fire Risk Management EngineeringDesign Services
18 Fairchild Semiconductor Research amp Development
19 EcoMain Research amp Development
20 Control Point Inc Lab or Test EquipmentServices
21 Colby Company Engineering EngineeringDesign Services
22 Chewonki Foundation Other
23 Burroughs Machine Tool Products Equipment
24 Bernstein Shur ConsultingLegalFinancial Services
25 Bath Iron Works (General Dynamics
Inc) Research amp Development
26 AMEC EngineeringDesign Services
27 Advantages Gases and Tools Fuel
28 Advanced Manufacturing Center-
University of ME Manufacturing Services
103
Northeast Electrochemical Energy Storage Cluster Supply Chain Database Search httpneescorgresourcestype=1 August 11 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
44
Appendix VI ndash Comparison of Fuel Cell Technologies104
Fuel Cell
Type
Common
Electrolyte
Operating
Temperature
Typical
Stack
Size
Efficiency Applications Advantages Disadvantages
Polymer
Electrolyte
Membrane
(PEM)
Perfluoro sulfonic
acid
50-100degC
122-212deg
typically
80degC
lt 1 kW ndash 1
MW105
gt
kW 60
transportation
35
stationary
bull Backup power
bull Portable power
bull Distributed
generation
bull Transportation
bull Specialty vehicle
bull Solid electrolyte reduces
corrosion amp electrolyte
management problems
bull Low temperature
bull Quick start-up
bull Expensive catalysts
bull Sensitive to fuel
impurities
bull Low temperature waste
heat
Alkaline
(AFC)
Aqueous solution
of potassium
hydroxide soaked
in a matrix
90-100degC
194-212degF
10 ndash 100
kW 60
bull Military
bull Space
bull Cathode reaction faster
in alkaline electrolyte
leads to high performance
bull Low cost components
bull Sensitive to CO2
in fuel and air
bull Electrolyte management
Phosphoric
Acid
(PAFC)
Phosphoric acid
soaked in a matrix
150-200degC
302-392degF
400 kW
100 kW
module
40 bull Distributed
generation
bull Higher temperature enables
CHP
bull Increased tolerance to fuel
impurities
bull Pt catalyst
bull Long start up time
bull Low current and power
Molten
Carbonate
(MCFC)
Solution of lithium
sodium andor
potassium
carbonates soaked
in a matrix
600-700degC
1112-1292degF
300
k W- 3 M
W
300 kW
module
45 ndash 50
bull Electric utility
bull Distributed
generation
bull High efficiency
bull Fuel flexibility
bull Can use a variety of catalysts
bull Suitable for CHP
bull High temperature
corrosion and breakdown
of cell components
bull Long start up time
bull Low power density
Solid Oxide
(SOFC)
Yttria stabilized
zirconia
700-1000degC
1202-1832degF
1 kW ndash 2
MW 60
bull Auxiliary power
bull Electric utility
bull Distributed
generation
bull High efficiency
bull Fuel flexibility
bull Can use a variety of catalysts
bull Solid electrolyte
bull Suitable f o r CHP amp CHHP
bull HybridGT cycle
bull High temperature
corrosion and breakdown
of cell components
bull High temperature
operation requires long
start up
time and limits
Polymer Electrolyte is no longer a single category row Data shown does not take into account High Temperature PEM which operates in the range of 160oC to 180
oC It solves
virtually all of the disadvantages listed under PEM It is not sensitive to impurities It has usable heat Stack efficiencies of 52 on the high side are realized HTPEM is not a
PAFC fuel cell and should not be confused with one
104 US Department of Energy Fuel Cells Technology Program httpwww1eereenergygovhydrogenandfuelcellsfuelcellspdfsfc_comparison_chartpdf August 5 2011 105
Ballard ldquoCLEARgen Multi-MY Systemsrdquo httpwwwballardcomfuel-cell-productscleargen-multi-mw-systemsaspx November 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
45
Appendix VII ndashAnalysis of Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities and Threats for Maine
Strengths
Stationary Power ndash Strong market drivers including high
electricity cost cold climate reliance on oil for space heating
strong CHP and district heating market strong environmental
and green energy awareness) capable core of fuel cell CHP
installers energy storage demand to serve MErsquos aggressive
wind-power industry strong ongoing expansion of natural gas
servicedistribution
Transportation Power - Strong market drivers including a
dispersed population highly reliant on truck and auto
transportation receptive and environmentally conscious
alternative fuelstransportation market relatively low income
population in need of relief from automobile fuel costs strong
Navy shipbuilding industry as potential user of H2FC auxiliary
power system strongly interested in fleet-based hydrogen
fueling station development (SunHydro model) strong interest
in municipal transit and fuel cell -powered rail
Economic Development Factors ndash Brunswick Renewable
Energy Park emphasis on skills development and technology
synergies aggressive state level policy to policy to develop
renewable wind and biomass energy technologies skilled and
well organized network of precision manufacturing firms tied
into aerospace and communications equipment industries
strong labor force at relatively low wages RampDbusiness
infrastructure for advanced biofuels and composite material
structures growing University of Maine commitment to fuel
cell and biomass RampD state funding source familiaritycomfort
with H2FC technology
Weaknesses
Stationary Power ndash No technologyindustrial momentum at the
OEM level geographically distant from OEMs for component-
supply opportunities
Transportation Power ndash No technologyindustrial base at the
OEM level lack of infrastructure funding relatively dispersed
population for transportation services
Economic Development Factors ndash limited state incentives
somewhat sluggish overall state economy relatively
undeveloped core of technology skillsknowledge base
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
46
Opportunities
Stationary Power ndash Opportunity as an ldquoearly adaptor marketrdquo
some supply chain buildup opportunities around SP deployment
Linkage between H2FC technologies and advanced biofuels
RampD Dispersed population amp economy needs distributed
solutions Major need for power storage in conjunction with
Maines planned offshore wind-power RampD and development
Transportation Power ndash Hydrogen refueling station plans Early-
stage potential for major roll-out in marine auxiliary power (US
Navy) Commuter rail expansion
Portable Power ndash Little currently-identified opportunity
Economic Development Factors ndash Brunswick ldquoRenewable Energy
Industrial Parkrdquo can be significant seed nucleus for both
deployment amp development Machine-tool industry pursuing
H2FC components supply-chain opportunities
Threats
Stationary Power ndash The regionrsquos favorable market
needsdemand could be met by other technologiessources ndash
Canadian hydro amp nuclear wind geothermal direct biomass
and power-storage alternatives ndash batteries solid state ammonia
etc
Transportation Power ndash The regionrsquos favorable market
characteristics and needs could be met by other electric
vehicles particularly in the absence of a hydrogen
infrastructure
Economic Development Factors ndash competition from more fully-
equipped statesregions wind and other renewables grab Maine
energy industry momentum lack of funding to sustain
University of MErsquos momentum in storage and fuel cell
technologies related to biomass and wind hesitation of state
government to support alternative energy incentives
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
47
Appendix VIII ndash Partial list of Fuel Cell Deployment in the Northeast region
Manufacturer Site Name Site Location Year Installed
Plug Power T-Mobile cell tower Storrs CT 2008
Plug Power Albany International Airport Albany NY 2004
FuelCell Energy Pepperidge Farms Plant Bloomfield CT 2005
FuelCell Energy Peabody Museum New Haven CT 2003
FuelCell Energy Sheraton New York Hotel amp Towers Manhattan NY 2004
FuelCell Energy Sheraton Hotel Edison NJ 2003
FuelCell Energy Sheraton Hotel Parsippany NJ 2003
UTC Power Cabelas Sporting Goods East Hartford CT 2008
UTC Power Whole Foods Market Glastonbury CT 2008
UTC Power Connecticut Science Center Hartford CT 2009
UTC Power St Francis Hospital Hartford CT 2003
UTC Power Middletown High School Middletown CT 2008
UTC Power Connecticut Juvenile Training School Middletown CT 2001
UTC Power 360 State Street Apartment Building New Haven CT 2010
UTC Power South Windsor High School South Windsor CT 2002
UTC Power Mohegan Sun Casino Hotel Uncasville CT 2002
UTC Power CTTransit Fuel Cell Bus Hartford CT 2007
UTC Power Whole Foods Market Dedham MA 2009
UTC Power Bronx Zoo Bronx NY 2008
UTC Power North Central Bronx Hospital Bronx NY 2000
UTC Power Hunts Point Water Pollution Control Plant Bronx NY 2005
UTC Power Price Chopper Supermarket Colonie NY 2010
UTC Power East Rochester High School East Rochester NY 2007
UTC Power Coca-Cola Refreshments Production Facility Elmsford NY 2010
UTC Power Verizon Call Center and Communications Building Garden City NY 2005
UTC Power State Office Building Hauppauge NY 2009
UTC Power Liverpool High School Liverpool NY 2000
UTC Power New York Hilton Hotel New York City NY 2007
UTC Power Central Park Police Station New York City NY 1999
UTC Power Rochester Institute of Technology Rochester NY 1993
UTC Power NYPA office building White Plains NY 2010
UTC Power Wastewater treatment plant Yonkers NY 1997
UTC Power The Octagon Roosevelt Island NY 2011
UTC Power Johnson amp Johnson World Headquarters New Brunswick NJ 2003
UTC Power CTTRANSIT (Fuel Cell Powered Buses) Hartford CT 2007 - Present
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
48
Appendix IX ndash Partial list of Fuel Cell-Powered Forklifts in North America106
Company CityTown State Site Year
Deployed
Fuel Cell
Manufacturer
of
forklifts
Coca-Cola San Leandro CA
Bottling and
distribution center 2011 Plug Power 37
Charlotte NC Bottling facility 2011 Plug Power 40
EARP
Distribution Kansas City KS Distribution center 2011
Oorja
Protonics 24
Golden State
Foods Lemont IL Distribution facility 2011
Oorja
Protonics 20
Kroger Co Compton CA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 161
Sysco
Riverside CA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 80
Boston MA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 160
Long Island NY Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 42
San Antonio TX Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 113
Front Royal VA Redistribution
facility 2011 Plug Power 100
Baldor
Specialty Foods Bronx NY Facility
Planned
in 2012
Oorja
Protonics 50
BMW
Manufacturing
Co
Spartanburg SC Manufacturing
plant 2010 Plug Power 86
Defense
Logistics
Agency US
Department of
Defense
San Joaquin CA Distribution facility 2011 Plug Power 20
Fort Lewis WA Distribution depot 2011 Plug Power 19
Warner
Robins GA Distribution depot 2010 Hydrogenics 20
Susquehanna PA Distribution depot 2010 Plug Power 15
2009 Nuvera 40
Martin-Brower Stockton CA Food distribution
center 2010
Oorja
Protonics 15
United Natural
Foods Inc
(UNFI)
Sarasota FL Distribution center 2010 Plug Power 65
Wal-Mart
Balzac Al
Canada
Refrigerated
distribution center 2010 Plug Power 80
Washington
Court House OH
Food distribution
center 2007 Plug Power 55
Wegmans Pottsville PA Warehouse 2010 Plug Power 136
Whole Foods
Market Landover MD Distribution center 2010 Plug Power 61
106
FuelCell2000 ldquoFuel Cell-Powered Forklifts in North Americardquo httpwwwfuelcellsorginfochartsforkliftspdf November
2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
49
Appendix X ndash Comparison of PEM Fuel Cell and Battery-Powered Material Handling
Equipment
3 kW PEM Fuel Cell-Powered
Pallet Trucks
3 kW Battery-powered
(2 batteries per truck)
Total Fuel Cycle Energy Use
(total energy consumedkWh
delivered to the wheels) -12000 BtukWh 14000 BtukWh
Fuel Cycle GHG Emissions
(in g CO2 equivalent 820 gkWh 1200 gkWh
Estimated Product Life 8-10 years 4-5 years No Emissions at Point of Use
Quiet Operation
Wide Ambient Operating
Temperature range
Constant Power Available
over Shift
Routine Maintenance Costs
($YR) $1250 - $1500year $2000year
Time for RefuelingChanging
Batteries 4 ndash 8 minday 45-60 minday (for battery change-outs)
8 hours (for battery recharging amp cooling) Cost of FuelElectricity $6000year $1300year Labor Cost of
refuelingRecharging $1100year $8750year
Net Present Value of Capital
Cost $12600
($18000 wo incentive) $14000
Net Present Value of OampM
costs (including fuel) $52000 $128000
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
50
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
32
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 7 Energy Intensive Industries
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
33
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 8 Federal Government Operated Buildings
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
34
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 9 Telecommunication Sites
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
35
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 10 Solid and Liquid Waste Sites
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
36
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 11 Commercial Airports
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
37
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 12 Alternative Fueling Stations
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
38
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 13 Distribution CentersWarehouses amp Ports
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
39
MAINE
Appendix II ndash Maine Estimated Electrical Consumption per Sector
Category Total Site
Electric Consumption per Building
(1000 kWh)101
kWh Consumed per Sector
New England
Education 925 161844 149705700
Food Sales 1800 319821 575677800
Food Services 2100 128 269199000
Inpatient Healthcare 181 603863 1092991125
Lodging 837 21312 178379766
Public Order amp Safety 262 77855 20398010
Total 6105 2286351401
Residential102
4503000000
Industrial 3702000000
Commercial 4503000000
Other Commercial 2286351401
101
EIA Electricity consumption and expenditure intensities for Non-Mall Building 2003 102
DOE EERE ldquoElectric Power and Renewable Energy in Mainerdquo httpapps1eereenergygovstateselectricitycfmstate=ME
August 25 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
40
MAINE
Appendix III ndash Key Stakeholders
Organization CityTown State Website Hydrogen Energy Center Portland ME wwwhydrogenenergycenterorg
University of Maine School of
Engineering Technology Orono ME httpwwwumaineeduset
University of Maine Advanced
Manufacturing Center Orono
ME wwwumaineeduamc
University of Maine Advanced
Structures and Composites Center Orono
ME httpwww2umaineeduaewc
Manufacturers Association of Maine Westbrook ME
wwwmainemfgcom
Maine Manufacturing Extension
Partnership Augusta
ME httpwwwmainemeporg
Mid-Coast Regional Redevelopment
Authority Brunswick
ME wwwmrraus
Manufacturing Applications Center Gorham ME
httpwwwusmmaineedu
Maine Center for Enterprise
Development University of Southern
Maine
Portland ME
wwwmcedbiz
Maine Small Business Development
Center Portland
ME httpwwwmainesbdcorg
Southern Maine Community College
Sustainability and Energy Alternatives
Center
South
Portland ME httpwwwsmccmeedubusiness-a-
communitycomunity-resourcessustainability-
centerhtml
Environment and Energy Technology
Council of Maine Portland
ME wwwE2Techorg
Maine Technology Institute Gardiner ME
wwwmainetechnologyorg
Maine Innovation Economy advisory
Board Maine DECD Augusta ME httpwwwmainegovdecd
Governorrsquos Office of Energy
Independence and Security Augusta ME httpmainegovoeis
Utility Companies
Unitil httpwwwunitilcomcustomer-configuration
Bangor Gas Co httpwwwbangorgascom
Central Maine Power Co httpwwwcmpcocom
Bangor Hydro-Electric Co httpwwwbhecom
Maine Public Service Co httpwwwmainepublicservicecom
Appendix IV ndash Maine State Incentives and Programs
Funding Source Maine Public Utilities Commission
Program Title Community-based Renewable Energy Pilot Program
Applicable EnergiesTechnologies Solar Thermal Electric Photovoltaic Landfill Gas Wind
Biomass Hydroelectric Geothermal Electric Fuel Cells Anaerobic Digestion Tidal Energy
Fuel Cells using Renewable Fuels
Summary The Maine Utilities Commission (PUC) finalized the rule in February 2010 Legislation
mandates that up 10 50 MW of generating capacity will be permitted uned this program and
individual participants may not exceed 10 MW Of the 50 MW cap 10 must be reserved
specifically for small program participants or for participants located in a service territory of a
cooperative transmission and distribution utility
Restrictions
The PUC may require investor-owned utilities to enter into long-term contracts for energy capacity
resources or renewable energy credits (RECs) produced by the community-based project The
contacts term may not exceed 20 year the PUC will conduct long-term contract solicitations for
ldquolarge generatorsrdquo
Timing The Maine Public Utilities Commission is seeking proposals from suppliers of energy
capacity or renewable energy credits (RECs) for the development of community-based renewable
energy projects over 1 MW The docket number for this RFP is 2011-150 All inquiries about this
RFP should be directed to christinercookmainegov
Maximum Size Choice of either 15 REC credit multiplier or up to 10 MW DC
Requirements
To be eligible for incentives a generating facility must be 51 percent locally owned use renewable
energy resources be no larger than 10 MW in generating capacity and be located in the State
httpwwwstatemeusmpucelectricitycommunity_pilotshtml
Rebate amount $010kWh or cost fo the project whichever is lower
For further information please visit
httpwwwstatemeusmpucelectricitycommunity_pilotshtml
Source
Maine Public Utilities Commission ldquoCommunity-based Renewable Energy Pilot Programrdquo August 10 2011
DSIRE ldquoCommunity-based Renewable Energy Production Incentive (Pilot Program)rdquo August 10 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
42
Funding Source Voluntary Renewable Resource Grants
Program Title Voluntary Renewable Resources Fund
Applicable EnergiesTechnologies Solar Thermal Electric Photovoltaics Wind Biomass
Hydroelectric Geothermal Electric Fuel Cells Municipal Solid Waste Tidal Energy Fuel
Cells using Renewable Fuels
Summary Supported by the state Voluntary Renewable resource Fund and administered by the
Efficient Maine provide funding for small-scale demonstration projects designed to educate
communities on the value oand cost effectiveness of renewable energy
Restrictions To Qualify for grant funding renewable-energy resources generally must qualify as a
small power production facility un Federal Energy Regulatory Commission rules or must not exceed
100 MW in capacity and use one of more of the applicable energiestechnologies
Timing Start Date of this program occurred 12151998 and no expiration date is given
Maximum Size $50000
Requirements
httpwwwmainegovmpucrecovery
Rebate amount
$50000 Maximu
For further information please visit
httpwwwmainegovmpucrecovery
Source
Maine PUC ldquoFederal Stimulus MPUC and the Federal Recovery Packagerdquo ndash August 10 2011
DSIRE ldquoMaine - Voluntary Renewable Resource Grantsrdquo August 10 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
43
Appendix V ndash Partial Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Supply Chain Companies in Maine103
Organization Name Product or Service Category
1 University of Maine School of
Engineering Technology Research amp Development
2 University of Maine Advanced
Structures and Composites Center Research amp Development
3 Precision Partners-Mid-State Machine
Products Manufacturing Services
4 Ocean Energy Institute EngineeringDesign Services
5 Newfab Inc Manufacturing Services
6 New England Castings Other
7 Mitchell Ledge Farm Components
8 McNabb Marketing Resources Other
9 Maine Oxy Inc Fuel
10 Maine Machine Products Co Manufacturing Services
11 MacTec Inc FCH2 System DistrInstallMaint Services
12 Kennebec Technologies Manufacturing Services
13 Hydrogen Energy Center Service Center Lab or Test ConsultingLegalFinancial
Services
14 Hydrogen Energy Center Other
15 Green Energy Maine Other
16 Fire Risk Management Inc EngineeringDesign Services
17 Fire Risk Management EngineeringDesign Services
18 Fairchild Semiconductor Research amp Development
19 EcoMain Research amp Development
20 Control Point Inc Lab or Test EquipmentServices
21 Colby Company Engineering EngineeringDesign Services
22 Chewonki Foundation Other
23 Burroughs Machine Tool Products Equipment
24 Bernstein Shur ConsultingLegalFinancial Services
25 Bath Iron Works (General Dynamics
Inc) Research amp Development
26 AMEC EngineeringDesign Services
27 Advantages Gases and Tools Fuel
28 Advanced Manufacturing Center-
University of ME Manufacturing Services
103
Northeast Electrochemical Energy Storage Cluster Supply Chain Database Search httpneescorgresourcestype=1 August 11 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
44
Appendix VI ndash Comparison of Fuel Cell Technologies104
Fuel Cell
Type
Common
Electrolyte
Operating
Temperature
Typical
Stack
Size
Efficiency Applications Advantages Disadvantages
Polymer
Electrolyte
Membrane
(PEM)
Perfluoro sulfonic
acid
50-100degC
122-212deg
typically
80degC
lt 1 kW ndash 1
MW105
gt
kW 60
transportation
35
stationary
bull Backup power
bull Portable power
bull Distributed
generation
bull Transportation
bull Specialty vehicle
bull Solid electrolyte reduces
corrosion amp electrolyte
management problems
bull Low temperature
bull Quick start-up
bull Expensive catalysts
bull Sensitive to fuel
impurities
bull Low temperature waste
heat
Alkaline
(AFC)
Aqueous solution
of potassium
hydroxide soaked
in a matrix
90-100degC
194-212degF
10 ndash 100
kW 60
bull Military
bull Space
bull Cathode reaction faster
in alkaline electrolyte
leads to high performance
bull Low cost components
bull Sensitive to CO2
in fuel and air
bull Electrolyte management
Phosphoric
Acid
(PAFC)
Phosphoric acid
soaked in a matrix
150-200degC
302-392degF
400 kW
100 kW
module
40 bull Distributed
generation
bull Higher temperature enables
CHP
bull Increased tolerance to fuel
impurities
bull Pt catalyst
bull Long start up time
bull Low current and power
Molten
Carbonate
(MCFC)
Solution of lithium
sodium andor
potassium
carbonates soaked
in a matrix
600-700degC
1112-1292degF
300
k W- 3 M
W
300 kW
module
45 ndash 50
bull Electric utility
bull Distributed
generation
bull High efficiency
bull Fuel flexibility
bull Can use a variety of catalysts
bull Suitable for CHP
bull High temperature
corrosion and breakdown
of cell components
bull Long start up time
bull Low power density
Solid Oxide
(SOFC)
Yttria stabilized
zirconia
700-1000degC
1202-1832degF
1 kW ndash 2
MW 60
bull Auxiliary power
bull Electric utility
bull Distributed
generation
bull High efficiency
bull Fuel flexibility
bull Can use a variety of catalysts
bull Solid electrolyte
bull Suitable f o r CHP amp CHHP
bull HybridGT cycle
bull High temperature
corrosion and breakdown
of cell components
bull High temperature
operation requires long
start up
time and limits
Polymer Electrolyte is no longer a single category row Data shown does not take into account High Temperature PEM which operates in the range of 160oC to 180
oC It solves
virtually all of the disadvantages listed under PEM It is not sensitive to impurities It has usable heat Stack efficiencies of 52 on the high side are realized HTPEM is not a
PAFC fuel cell and should not be confused with one
104 US Department of Energy Fuel Cells Technology Program httpwww1eereenergygovhydrogenandfuelcellsfuelcellspdfsfc_comparison_chartpdf August 5 2011 105
Ballard ldquoCLEARgen Multi-MY Systemsrdquo httpwwwballardcomfuel-cell-productscleargen-multi-mw-systemsaspx November 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
45
Appendix VII ndashAnalysis of Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities and Threats for Maine
Strengths
Stationary Power ndash Strong market drivers including high
electricity cost cold climate reliance on oil for space heating
strong CHP and district heating market strong environmental
and green energy awareness) capable core of fuel cell CHP
installers energy storage demand to serve MErsquos aggressive
wind-power industry strong ongoing expansion of natural gas
servicedistribution
Transportation Power - Strong market drivers including a
dispersed population highly reliant on truck and auto
transportation receptive and environmentally conscious
alternative fuelstransportation market relatively low income
population in need of relief from automobile fuel costs strong
Navy shipbuilding industry as potential user of H2FC auxiliary
power system strongly interested in fleet-based hydrogen
fueling station development (SunHydro model) strong interest
in municipal transit and fuel cell -powered rail
Economic Development Factors ndash Brunswick Renewable
Energy Park emphasis on skills development and technology
synergies aggressive state level policy to policy to develop
renewable wind and biomass energy technologies skilled and
well organized network of precision manufacturing firms tied
into aerospace and communications equipment industries
strong labor force at relatively low wages RampDbusiness
infrastructure for advanced biofuels and composite material
structures growing University of Maine commitment to fuel
cell and biomass RampD state funding source familiaritycomfort
with H2FC technology
Weaknesses
Stationary Power ndash No technologyindustrial momentum at the
OEM level geographically distant from OEMs for component-
supply opportunities
Transportation Power ndash No technologyindustrial base at the
OEM level lack of infrastructure funding relatively dispersed
population for transportation services
Economic Development Factors ndash limited state incentives
somewhat sluggish overall state economy relatively
undeveloped core of technology skillsknowledge base
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
46
Opportunities
Stationary Power ndash Opportunity as an ldquoearly adaptor marketrdquo
some supply chain buildup opportunities around SP deployment
Linkage between H2FC technologies and advanced biofuels
RampD Dispersed population amp economy needs distributed
solutions Major need for power storage in conjunction with
Maines planned offshore wind-power RampD and development
Transportation Power ndash Hydrogen refueling station plans Early-
stage potential for major roll-out in marine auxiliary power (US
Navy) Commuter rail expansion
Portable Power ndash Little currently-identified opportunity
Economic Development Factors ndash Brunswick ldquoRenewable Energy
Industrial Parkrdquo can be significant seed nucleus for both
deployment amp development Machine-tool industry pursuing
H2FC components supply-chain opportunities
Threats
Stationary Power ndash The regionrsquos favorable market
needsdemand could be met by other technologiessources ndash
Canadian hydro amp nuclear wind geothermal direct biomass
and power-storage alternatives ndash batteries solid state ammonia
etc
Transportation Power ndash The regionrsquos favorable market
characteristics and needs could be met by other electric
vehicles particularly in the absence of a hydrogen
infrastructure
Economic Development Factors ndash competition from more fully-
equipped statesregions wind and other renewables grab Maine
energy industry momentum lack of funding to sustain
University of MErsquos momentum in storage and fuel cell
technologies related to biomass and wind hesitation of state
government to support alternative energy incentives
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
47
Appendix VIII ndash Partial list of Fuel Cell Deployment in the Northeast region
Manufacturer Site Name Site Location Year Installed
Plug Power T-Mobile cell tower Storrs CT 2008
Plug Power Albany International Airport Albany NY 2004
FuelCell Energy Pepperidge Farms Plant Bloomfield CT 2005
FuelCell Energy Peabody Museum New Haven CT 2003
FuelCell Energy Sheraton New York Hotel amp Towers Manhattan NY 2004
FuelCell Energy Sheraton Hotel Edison NJ 2003
FuelCell Energy Sheraton Hotel Parsippany NJ 2003
UTC Power Cabelas Sporting Goods East Hartford CT 2008
UTC Power Whole Foods Market Glastonbury CT 2008
UTC Power Connecticut Science Center Hartford CT 2009
UTC Power St Francis Hospital Hartford CT 2003
UTC Power Middletown High School Middletown CT 2008
UTC Power Connecticut Juvenile Training School Middletown CT 2001
UTC Power 360 State Street Apartment Building New Haven CT 2010
UTC Power South Windsor High School South Windsor CT 2002
UTC Power Mohegan Sun Casino Hotel Uncasville CT 2002
UTC Power CTTransit Fuel Cell Bus Hartford CT 2007
UTC Power Whole Foods Market Dedham MA 2009
UTC Power Bronx Zoo Bronx NY 2008
UTC Power North Central Bronx Hospital Bronx NY 2000
UTC Power Hunts Point Water Pollution Control Plant Bronx NY 2005
UTC Power Price Chopper Supermarket Colonie NY 2010
UTC Power East Rochester High School East Rochester NY 2007
UTC Power Coca-Cola Refreshments Production Facility Elmsford NY 2010
UTC Power Verizon Call Center and Communications Building Garden City NY 2005
UTC Power State Office Building Hauppauge NY 2009
UTC Power Liverpool High School Liverpool NY 2000
UTC Power New York Hilton Hotel New York City NY 2007
UTC Power Central Park Police Station New York City NY 1999
UTC Power Rochester Institute of Technology Rochester NY 1993
UTC Power NYPA office building White Plains NY 2010
UTC Power Wastewater treatment plant Yonkers NY 1997
UTC Power The Octagon Roosevelt Island NY 2011
UTC Power Johnson amp Johnson World Headquarters New Brunswick NJ 2003
UTC Power CTTRANSIT (Fuel Cell Powered Buses) Hartford CT 2007 - Present
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
48
Appendix IX ndash Partial list of Fuel Cell-Powered Forklifts in North America106
Company CityTown State Site Year
Deployed
Fuel Cell
Manufacturer
of
forklifts
Coca-Cola San Leandro CA
Bottling and
distribution center 2011 Plug Power 37
Charlotte NC Bottling facility 2011 Plug Power 40
EARP
Distribution Kansas City KS Distribution center 2011
Oorja
Protonics 24
Golden State
Foods Lemont IL Distribution facility 2011
Oorja
Protonics 20
Kroger Co Compton CA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 161
Sysco
Riverside CA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 80
Boston MA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 160
Long Island NY Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 42
San Antonio TX Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 113
Front Royal VA Redistribution
facility 2011 Plug Power 100
Baldor
Specialty Foods Bronx NY Facility
Planned
in 2012
Oorja
Protonics 50
BMW
Manufacturing
Co
Spartanburg SC Manufacturing
plant 2010 Plug Power 86
Defense
Logistics
Agency US
Department of
Defense
San Joaquin CA Distribution facility 2011 Plug Power 20
Fort Lewis WA Distribution depot 2011 Plug Power 19
Warner
Robins GA Distribution depot 2010 Hydrogenics 20
Susquehanna PA Distribution depot 2010 Plug Power 15
2009 Nuvera 40
Martin-Brower Stockton CA Food distribution
center 2010
Oorja
Protonics 15
United Natural
Foods Inc
(UNFI)
Sarasota FL Distribution center 2010 Plug Power 65
Wal-Mart
Balzac Al
Canada
Refrigerated
distribution center 2010 Plug Power 80
Washington
Court House OH
Food distribution
center 2007 Plug Power 55
Wegmans Pottsville PA Warehouse 2010 Plug Power 136
Whole Foods
Market Landover MD Distribution center 2010 Plug Power 61
106
FuelCell2000 ldquoFuel Cell-Powered Forklifts in North Americardquo httpwwwfuelcellsorginfochartsforkliftspdf November
2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
49
Appendix X ndash Comparison of PEM Fuel Cell and Battery-Powered Material Handling
Equipment
3 kW PEM Fuel Cell-Powered
Pallet Trucks
3 kW Battery-powered
(2 batteries per truck)
Total Fuel Cycle Energy Use
(total energy consumedkWh
delivered to the wheels) -12000 BtukWh 14000 BtukWh
Fuel Cycle GHG Emissions
(in g CO2 equivalent 820 gkWh 1200 gkWh
Estimated Product Life 8-10 years 4-5 years No Emissions at Point of Use
Quiet Operation
Wide Ambient Operating
Temperature range
Constant Power Available
over Shift
Routine Maintenance Costs
($YR) $1250 - $1500year $2000year
Time for RefuelingChanging
Batteries 4 ndash 8 minday 45-60 minday (for battery change-outs)
8 hours (for battery recharging amp cooling) Cost of FuelElectricity $6000year $1300year Labor Cost of
refuelingRecharging $1100year $8750year
Net Present Value of Capital
Cost $12600
($18000 wo incentive) $14000
Net Present Value of OampM
costs (including fuel) $52000 $128000
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
50
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
33
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 8 Federal Government Operated Buildings
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
34
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 9 Telecommunication Sites
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
35
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 10 Solid and Liquid Waste Sites
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
36
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 11 Commercial Airports
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
37
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 12 Alternative Fueling Stations
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
38
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 13 Distribution CentersWarehouses amp Ports
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
39
MAINE
Appendix II ndash Maine Estimated Electrical Consumption per Sector
Category Total Site
Electric Consumption per Building
(1000 kWh)101
kWh Consumed per Sector
New England
Education 925 161844 149705700
Food Sales 1800 319821 575677800
Food Services 2100 128 269199000
Inpatient Healthcare 181 603863 1092991125
Lodging 837 21312 178379766
Public Order amp Safety 262 77855 20398010
Total 6105 2286351401
Residential102
4503000000
Industrial 3702000000
Commercial 4503000000
Other Commercial 2286351401
101
EIA Electricity consumption and expenditure intensities for Non-Mall Building 2003 102
DOE EERE ldquoElectric Power and Renewable Energy in Mainerdquo httpapps1eereenergygovstateselectricitycfmstate=ME
August 25 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
40
MAINE
Appendix III ndash Key Stakeholders
Organization CityTown State Website Hydrogen Energy Center Portland ME wwwhydrogenenergycenterorg
University of Maine School of
Engineering Technology Orono ME httpwwwumaineeduset
University of Maine Advanced
Manufacturing Center Orono
ME wwwumaineeduamc
University of Maine Advanced
Structures and Composites Center Orono
ME httpwww2umaineeduaewc
Manufacturers Association of Maine Westbrook ME
wwwmainemfgcom
Maine Manufacturing Extension
Partnership Augusta
ME httpwwwmainemeporg
Mid-Coast Regional Redevelopment
Authority Brunswick
ME wwwmrraus
Manufacturing Applications Center Gorham ME
httpwwwusmmaineedu
Maine Center for Enterprise
Development University of Southern
Maine
Portland ME
wwwmcedbiz
Maine Small Business Development
Center Portland
ME httpwwwmainesbdcorg
Southern Maine Community College
Sustainability and Energy Alternatives
Center
South
Portland ME httpwwwsmccmeedubusiness-a-
communitycomunity-resourcessustainability-
centerhtml
Environment and Energy Technology
Council of Maine Portland
ME wwwE2Techorg
Maine Technology Institute Gardiner ME
wwwmainetechnologyorg
Maine Innovation Economy advisory
Board Maine DECD Augusta ME httpwwwmainegovdecd
Governorrsquos Office of Energy
Independence and Security Augusta ME httpmainegovoeis
Utility Companies
Unitil httpwwwunitilcomcustomer-configuration
Bangor Gas Co httpwwwbangorgascom
Central Maine Power Co httpwwwcmpcocom
Bangor Hydro-Electric Co httpwwwbhecom
Maine Public Service Co httpwwwmainepublicservicecom
Appendix IV ndash Maine State Incentives and Programs
Funding Source Maine Public Utilities Commission
Program Title Community-based Renewable Energy Pilot Program
Applicable EnergiesTechnologies Solar Thermal Electric Photovoltaic Landfill Gas Wind
Biomass Hydroelectric Geothermal Electric Fuel Cells Anaerobic Digestion Tidal Energy
Fuel Cells using Renewable Fuels
Summary The Maine Utilities Commission (PUC) finalized the rule in February 2010 Legislation
mandates that up 10 50 MW of generating capacity will be permitted uned this program and
individual participants may not exceed 10 MW Of the 50 MW cap 10 must be reserved
specifically for small program participants or for participants located in a service territory of a
cooperative transmission and distribution utility
Restrictions
The PUC may require investor-owned utilities to enter into long-term contracts for energy capacity
resources or renewable energy credits (RECs) produced by the community-based project The
contacts term may not exceed 20 year the PUC will conduct long-term contract solicitations for
ldquolarge generatorsrdquo
Timing The Maine Public Utilities Commission is seeking proposals from suppliers of energy
capacity or renewable energy credits (RECs) for the development of community-based renewable
energy projects over 1 MW The docket number for this RFP is 2011-150 All inquiries about this
RFP should be directed to christinercookmainegov
Maximum Size Choice of either 15 REC credit multiplier or up to 10 MW DC
Requirements
To be eligible for incentives a generating facility must be 51 percent locally owned use renewable
energy resources be no larger than 10 MW in generating capacity and be located in the State
httpwwwstatemeusmpucelectricitycommunity_pilotshtml
Rebate amount $010kWh or cost fo the project whichever is lower
For further information please visit
httpwwwstatemeusmpucelectricitycommunity_pilotshtml
Source
Maine Public Utilities Commission ldquoCommunity-based Renewable Energy Pilot Programrdquo August 10 2011
DSIRE ldquoCommunity-based Renewable Energy Production Incentive (Pilot Program)rdquo August 10 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
42
Funding Source Voluntary Renewable Resource Grants
Program Title Voluntary Renewable Resources Fund
Applicable EnergiesTechnologies Solar Thermal Electric Photovoltaics Wind Biomass
Hydroelectric Geothermal Electric Fuel Cells Municipal Solid Waste Tidal Energy Fuel
Cells using Renewable Fuels
Summary Supported by the state Voluntary Renewable resource Fund and administered by the
Efficient Maine provide funding for small-scale demonstration projects designed to educate
communities on the value oand cost effectiveness of renewable energy
Restrictions To Qualify for grant funding renewable-energy resources generally must qualify as a
small power production facility un Federal Energy Regulatory Commission rules or must not exceed
100 MW in capacity and use one of more of the applicable energiestechnologies
Timing Start Date of this program occurred 12151998 and no expiration date is given
Maximum Size $50000
Requirements
httpwwwmainegovmpucrecovery
Rebate amount
$50000 Maximu
For further information please visit
httpwwwmainegovmpucrecovery
Source
Maine PUC ldquoFederal Stimulus MPUC and the Federal Recovery Packagerdquo ndash August 10 2011
DSIRE ldquoMaine - Voluntary Renewable Resource Grantsrdquo August 10 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
43
Appendix V ndash Partial Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Supply Chain Companies in Maine103
Organization Name Product or Service Category
1 University of Maine School of
Engineering Technology Research amp Development
2 University of Maine Advanced
Structures and Composites Center Research amp Development
3 Precision Partners-Mid-State Machine
Products Manufacturing Services
4 Ocean Energy Institute EngineeringDesign Services
5 Newfab Inc Manufacturing Services
6 New England Castings Other
7 Mitchell Ledge Farm Components
8 McNabb Marketing Resources Other
9 Maine Oxy Inc Fuel
10 Maine Machine Products Co Manufacturing Services
11 MacTec Inc FCH2 System DistrInstallMaint Services
12 Kennebec Technologies Manufacturing Services
13 Hydrogen Energy Center Service Center Lab or Test ConsultingLegalFinancial
Services
14 Hydrogen Energy Center Other
15 Green Energy Maine Other
16 Fire Risk Management Inc EngineeringDesign Services
17 Fire Risk Management EngineeringDesign Services
18 Fairchild Semiconductor Research amp Development
19 EcoMain Research amp Development
20 Control Point Inc Lab or Test EquipmentServices
21 Colby Company Engineering EngineeringDesign Services
22 Chewonki Foundation Other
23 Burroughs Machine Tool Products Equipment
24 Bernstein Shur ConsultingLegalFinancial Services
25 Bath Iron Works (General Dynamics
Inc) Research amp Development
26 AMEC EngineeringDesign Services
27 Advantages Gases and Tools Fuel
28 Advanced Manufacturing Center-
University of ME Manufacturing Services
103
Northeast Electrochemical Energy Storage Cluster Supply Chain Database Search httpneescorgresourcestype=1 August 11 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
44
Appendix VI ndash Comparison of Fuel Cell Technologies104
Fuel Cell
Type
Common
Electrolyte
Operating
Temperature
Typical
Stack
Size
Efficiency Applications Advantages Disadvantages
Polymer
Electrolyte
Membrane
(PEM)
Perfluoro sulfonic
acid
50-100degC
122-212deg
typically
80degC
lt 1 kW ndash 1
MW105
gt
kW 60
transportation
35
stationary
bull Backup power
bull Portable power
bull Distributed
generation
bull Transportation
bull Specialty vehicle
bull Solid electrolyte reduces
corrosion amp electrolyte
management problems
bull Low temperature
bull Quick start-up
bull Expensive catalysts
bull Sensitive to fuel
impurities
bull Low temperature waste
heat
Alkaline
(AFC)
Aqueous solution
of potassium
hydroxide soaked
in a matrix
90-100degC
194-212degF
10 ndash 100
kW 60
bull Military
bull Space
bull Cathode reaction faster
in alkaline electrolyte
leads to high performance
bull Low cost components
bull Sensitive to CO2
in fuel and air
bull Electrolyte management
Phosphoric
Acid
(PAFC)
Phosphoric acid
soaked in a matrix
150-200degC
302-392degF
400 kW
100 kW
module
40 bull Distributed
generation
bull Higher temperature enables
CHP
bull Increased tolerance to fuel
impurities
bull Pt catalyst
bull Long start up time
bull Low current and power
Molten
Carbonate
(MCFC)
Solution of lithium
sodium andor
potassium
carbonates soaked
in a matrix
600-700degC
1112-1292degF
300
k W- 3 M
W
300 kW
module
45 ndash 50
bull Electric utility
bull Distributed
generation
bull High efficiency
bull Fuel flexibility
bull Can use a variety of catalysts
bull Suitable for CHP
bull High temperature
corrosion and breakdown
of cell components
bull Long start up time
bull Low power density
Solid Oxide
(SOFC)
Yttria stabilized
zirconia
700-1000degC
1202-1832degF
1 kW ndash 2
MW 60
bull Auxiliary power
bull Electric utility
bull Distributed
generation
bull High efficiency
bull Fuel flexibility
bull Can use a variety of catalysts
bull Solid electrolyte
bull Suitable f o r CHP amp CHHP
bull HybridGT cycle
bull High temperature
corrosion and breakdown
of cell components
bull High temperature
operation requires long
start up
time and limits
Polymer Electrolyte is no longer a single category row Data shown does not take into account High Temperature PEM which operates in the range of 160oC to 180
oC It solves
virtually all of the disadvantages listed under PEM It is not sensitive to impurities It has usable heat Stack efficiencies of 52 on the high side are realized HTPEM is not a
PAFC fuel cell and should not be confused with one
104 US Department of Energy Fuel Cells Technology Program httpwww1eereenergygovhydrogenandfuelcellsfuelcellspdfsfc_comparison_chartpdf August 5 2011 105
Ballard ldquoCLEARgen Multi-MY Systemsrdquo httpwwwballardcomfuel-cell-productscleargen-multi-mw-systemsaspx November 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
45
Appendix VII ndashAnalysis of Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities and Threats for Maine
Strengths
Stationary Power ndash Strong market drivers including high
electricity cost cold climate reliance on oil for space heating
strong CHP and district heating market strong environmental
and green energy awareness) capable core of fuel cell CHP
installers energy storage demand to serve MErsquos aggressive
wind-power industry strong ongoing expansion of natural gas
servicedistribution
Transportation Power - Strong market drivers including a
dispersed population highly reliant on truck and auto
transportation receptive and environmentally conscious
alternative fuelstransportation market relatively low income
population in need of relief from automobile fuel costs strong
Navy shipbuilding industry as potential user of H2FC auxiliary
power system strongly interested in fleet-based hydrogen
fueling station development (SunHydro model) strong interest
in municipal transit and fuel cell -powered rail
Economic Development Factors ndash Brunswick Renewable
Energy Park emphasis on skills development and technology
synergies aggressive state level policy to policy to develop
renewable wind and biomass energy technologies skilled and
well organized network of precision manufacturing firms tied
into aerospace and communications equipment industries
strong labor force at relatively low wages RampDbusiness
infrastructure for advanced biofuels and composite material
structures growing University of Maine commitment to fuel
cell and biomass RampD state funding source familiaritycomfort
with H2FC technology
Weaknesses
Stationary Power ndash No technologyindustrial momentum at the
OEM level geographically distant from OEMs for component-
supply opportunities
Transportation Power ndash No technologyindustrial base at the
OEM level lack of infrastructure funding relatively dispersed
population for transportation services
Economic Development Factors ndash limited state incentives
somewhat sluggish overall state economy relatively
undeveloped core of technology skillsknowledge base
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
46
Opportunities
Stationary Power ndash Opportunity as an ldquoearly adaptor marketrdquo
some supply chain buildup opportunities around SP deployment
Linkage between H2FC technologies and advanced biofuels
RampD Dispersed population amp economy needs distributed
solutions Major need for power storage in conjunction with
Maines planned offshore wind-power RampD and development
Transportation Power ndash Hydrogen refueling station plans Early-
stage potential for major roll-out in marine auxiliary power (US
Navy) Commuter rail expansion
Portable Power ndash Little currently-identified opportunity
Economic Development Factors ndash Brunswick ldquoRenewable Energy
Industrial Parkrdquo can be significant seed nucleus for both
deployment amp development Machine-tool industry pursuing
H2FC components supply-chain opportunities
Threats
Stationary Power ndash The regionrsquos favorable market
needsdemand could be met by other technologiessources ndash
Canadian hydro amp nuclear wind geothermal direct biomass
and power-storage alternatives ndash batteries solid state ammonia
etc
Transportation Power ndash The regionrsquos favorable market
characteristics and needs could be met by other electric
vehicles particularly in the absence of a hydrogen
infrastructure
Economic Development Factors ndash competition from more fully-
equipped statesregions wind and other renewables grab Maine
energy industry momentum lack of funding to sustain
University of MErsquos momentum in storage and fuel cell
technologies related to biomass and wind hesitation of state
government to support alternative energy incentives
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
47
Appendix VIII ndash Partial list of Fuel Cell Deployment in the Northeast region
Manufacturer Site Name Site Location Year Installed
Plug Power T-Mobile cell tower Storrs CT 2008
Plug Power Albany International Airport Albany NY 2004
FuelCell Energy Pepperidge Farms Plant Bloomfield CT 2005
FuelCell Energy Peabody Museum New Haven CT 2003
FuelCell Energy Sheraton New York Hotel amp Towers Manhattan NY 2004
FuelCell Energy Sheraton Hotel Edison NJ 2003
FuelCell Energy Sheraton Hotel Parsippany NJ 2003
UTC Power Cabelas Sporting Goods East Hartford CT 2008
UTC Power Whole Foods Market Glastonbury CT 2008
UTC Power Connecticut Science Center Hartford CT 2009
UTC Power St Francis Hospital Hartford CT 2003
UTC Power Middletown High School Middletown CT 2008
UTC Power Connecticut Juvenile Training School Middletown CT 2001
UTC Power 360 State Street Apartment Building New Haven CT 2010
UTC Power South Windsor High School South Windsor CT 2002
UTC Power Mohegan Sun Casino Hotel Uncasville CT 2002
UTC Power CTTransit Fuel Cell Bus Hartford CT 2007
UTC Power Whole Foods Market Dedham MA 2009
UTC Power Bronx Zoo Bronx NY 2008
UTC Power North Central Bronx Hospital Bronx NY 2000
UTC Power Hunts Point Water Pollution Control Plant Bronx NY 2005
UTC Power Price Chopper Supermarket Colonie NY 2010
UTC Power East Rochester High School East Rochester NY 2007
UTC Power Coca-Cola Refreshments Production Facility Elmsford NY 2010
UTC Power Verizon Call Center and Communications Building Garden City NY 2005
UTC Power State Office Building Hauppauge NY 2009
UTC Power Liverpool High School Liverpool NY 2000
UTC Power New York Hilton Hotel New York City NY 2007
UTC Power Central Park Police Station New York City NY 1999
UTC Power Rochester Institute of Technology Rochester NY 1993
UTC Power NYPA office building White Plains NY 2010
UTC Power Wastewater treatment plant Yonkers NY 1997
UTC Power The Octagon Roosevelt Island NY 2011
UTC Power Johnson amp Johnson World Headquarters New Brunswick NJ 2003
UTC Power CTTRANSIT (Fuel Cell Powered Buses) Hartford CT 2007 - Present
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
48
Appendix IX ndash Partial list of Fuel Cell-Powered Forklifts in North America106
Company CityTown State Site Year
Deployed
Fuel Cell
Manufacturer
of
forklifts
Coca-Cola San Leandro CA
Bottling and
distribution center 2011 Plug Power 37
Charlotte NC Bottling facility 2011 Plug Power 40
EARP
Distribution Kansas City KS Distribution center 2011
Oorja
Protonics 24
Golden State
Foods Lemont IL Distribution facility 2011
Oorja
Protonics 20
Kroger Co Compton CA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 161
Sysco
Riverside CA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 80
Boston MA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 160
Long Island NY Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 42
San Antonio TX Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 113
Front Royal VA Redistribution
facility 2011 Plug Power 100
Baldor
Specialty Foods Bronx NY Facility
Planned
in 2012
Oorja
Protonics 50
BMW
Manufacturing
Co
Spartanburg SC Manufacturing
plant 2010 Plug Power 86
Defense
Logistics
Agency US
Department of
Defense
San Joaquin CA Distribution facility 2011 Plug Power 20
Fort Lewis WA Distribution depot 2011 Plug Power 19
Warner
Robins GA Distribution depot 2010 Hydrogenics 20
Susquehanna PA Distribution depot 2010 Plug Power 15
2009 Nuvera 40
Martin-Brower Stockton CA Food distribution
center 2010
Oorja
Protonics 15
United Natural
Foods Inc
(UNFI)
Sarasota FL Distribution center 2010 Plug Power 65
Wal-Mart
Balzac Al
Canada
Refrigerated
distribution center 2010 Plug Power 80
Washington
Court House OH
Food distribution
center 2007 Plug Power 55
Wegmans Pottsville PA Warehouse 2010 Plug Power 136
Whole Foods
Market Landover MD Distribution center 2010 Plug Power 61
106
FuelCell2000 ldquoFuel Cell-Powered Forklifts in North Americardquo httpwwwfuelcellsorginfochartsforkliftspdf November
2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
49
Appendix X ndash Comparison of PEM Fuel Cell and Battery-Powered Material Handling
Equipment
3 kW PEM Fuel Cell-Powered
Pallet Trucks
3 kW Battery-powered
(2 batteries per truck)
Total Fuel Cycle Energy Use
(total energy consumedkWh
delivered to the wheels) -12000 BtukWh 14000 BtukWh
Fuel Cycle GHG Emissions
(in g CO2 equivalent 820 gkWh 1200 gkWh
Estimated Product Life 8-10 years 4-5 years No Emissions at Point of Use
Quiet Operation
Wide Ambient Operating
Temperature range
Constant Power Available
over Shift
Routine Maintenance Costs
($YR) $1250 - $1500year $2000year
Time for RefuelingChanging
Batteries 4 ndash 8 minday 45-60 minday (for battery change-outs)
8 hours (for battery recharging amp cooling) Cost of FuelElectricity $6000year $1300year Labor Cost of
refuelingRecharging $1100year $8750year
Net Present Value of Capital
Cost $12600
($18000 wo incentive) $14000
Net Present Value of OampM
costs (including fuel) $52000 $128000
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
50
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
34
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 9 Telecommunication Sites
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
35
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 10 Solid and Liquid Waste Sites
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
36
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 11 Commercial Airports
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
37
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 12 Alternative Fueling Stations
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
38
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 13 Distribution CentersWarehouses amp Ports
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
39
MAINE
Appendix II ndash Maine Estimated Electrical Consumption per Sector
Category Total Site
Electric Consumption per Building
(1000 kWh)101
kWh Consumed per Sector
New England
Education 925 161844 149705700
Food Sales 1800 319821 575677800
Food Services 2100 128 269199000
Inpatient Healthcare 181 603863 1092991125
Lodging 837 21312 178379766
Public Order amp Safety 262 77855 20398010
Total 6105 2286351401
Residential102
4503000000
Industrial 3702000000
Commercial 4503000000
Other Commercial 2286351401
101
EIA Electricity consumption and expenditure intensities for Non-Mall Building 2003 102
DOE EERE ldquoElectric Power and Renewable Energy in Mainerdquo httpapps1eereenergygovstateselectricitycfmstate=ME
August 25 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
40
MAINE
Appendix III ndash Key Stakeholders
Organization CityTown State Website Hydrogen Energy Center Portland ME wwwhydrogenenergycenterorg
University of Maine School of
Engineering Technology Orono ME httpwwwumaineeduset
University of Maine Advanced
Manufacturing Center Orono
ME wwwumaineeduamc
University of Maine Advanced
Structures and Composites Center Orono
ME httpwww2umaineeduaewc
Manufacturers Association of Maine Westbrook ME
wwwmainemfgcom
Maine Manufacturing Extension
Partnership Augusta
ME httpwwwmainemeporg
Mid-Coast Regional Redevelopment
Authority Brunswick
ME wwwmrraus
Manufacturing Applications Center Gorham ME
httpwwwusmmaineedu
Maine Center for Enterprise
Development University of Southern
Maine
Portland ME
wwwmcedbiz
Maine Small Business Development
Center Portland
ME httpwwwmainesbdcorg
Southern Maine Community College
Sustainability and Energy Alternatives
Center
South
Portland ME httpwwwsmccmeedubusiness-a-
communitycomunity-resourcessustainability-
centerhtml
Environment and Energy Technology
Council of Maine Portland
ME wwwE2Techorg
Maine Technology Institute Gardiner ME
wwwmainetechnologyorg
Maine Innovation Economy advisory
Board Maine DECD Augusta ME httpwwwmainegovdecd
Governorrsquos Office of Energy
Independence and Security Augusta ME httpmainegovoeis
Utility Companies
Unitil httpwwwunitilcomcustomer-configuration
Bangor Gas Co httpwwwbangorgascom
Central Maine Power Co httpwwwcmpcocom
Bangor Hydro-Electric Co httpwwwbhecom
Maine Public Service Co httpwwwmainepublicservicecom
Appendix IV ndash Maine State Incentives and Programs
Funding Source Maine Public Utilities Commission
Program Title Community-based Renewable Energy Pilot Program
Applicable EnergiesTechnologies Solar Thermal Electric Photovoltaic Landfill Gas Wind
Biomass Hydroelectric Geothermal Electric Fuel Cells Anaerobic Digestion Tidal Energy
Fuel Cells using Renewable Fuels
Summary The Maine Utilities Commission (PUC) finalized the rule in February 2010 Legislation
mandates that up 10 50 MW of generating capacity will be permitted uned this program and
individual participants may not exceed 10 MW Of the 50 MW cap 10 must be reserved
specifically for small program participants or for participants located in a service territory of a
cooperative transmission and distribution utility
Restrictions
The PUC may require investor-owned utilities to enter into long-term contracts for energy capacity
resources or renewable energy credits (RECs) produced by the community-based project The
contacts term may not exceed 20 year the PUC will conduct long-term contract solicitations for
ldquolarge generatorsrdquo
Timing The Maine Public Utilities Commission is seeking proposals from suppliers of energy
capacity or renewable energy credits (RECs) for the development of community-based renewable
energy projects over 1 MW The docket number for this RFP is 2011-150 All inquiries about this
RFP should be directed to christinercookmainegov
Maximum Size Choice of either 15 REC credit multiplier or up to 10 MW DC
Requirements
To be eligible for incentives a generating facility must be 51 percent locally owned use renewable
energy resources be no larger than 10 MW in generating capacity and be located in the State
httpwwwstatemeusmpucelectricitycommunity_pilotshtml
Rebate amount $010kWh or cost fo the project whichever is lower
For further information please visit
httpwwwstatemeusmpucelectricitycommunity_pilotshtml
Source
Maine Public Utilities Commission ldquoCommunity-based Renewable Energy Pilot Programrdquo August 10 2011
DSIRE ldquoCommunity-based Renewable Energy Production Incentive (Pilot Program)rdquo August 10 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
42
Funding Source Voluntary Renewable Resource Grants
Program Title Voluntary Renewable Resources Fund
Applicable EnergiesTechnologies Solar Thermal Electric Photovoltaics Wind Biomass
Hydroelectric Geothermal Electric Fuel Cells Municipal Solid Waste Tidal Energy Fuel
Cells using Renewable Fuels
Summary Supported by the state Voluntary Renewable resource Fund and administered by the
Efficient Maine provide funding for small-scale demonstration projects designed to educate
communities on the value oand cost effectiveness of renewable energy
Restrictions To Qualify for grant funding renewable-energy resources generally must qualify as a
small power production facility un Federal Energy Regulatory Commission rules or must not exceed
100 MW in capacity and use one of more of the applicable energiestechnologies
Timing Start Date of this program occurred 12151998 and no expiration date is given
Maximum Size $50000
Requirements
httpwwwmainegovmpucrecovery
Rebate amount
$50000 Maximu
For further information please visit
httpwwwmainegovmpucrecovery
Source
Maine PUC ldquoFederal Stimulus MPUC and the Federal Recovery Packagerdquo ndash August 10 2011
DSIRE ldquoMaine - Voluntary Renewable Resource Grantsrdquo August 10 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
43
Appendix V ndash Partial Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Supply Chain Companies in Maine103
Organization Name Product or Service Category
1 University of Maine School of
Engineering Technology Research amp Development
2 University of Maine Advanced
Structures and Composites Center Research amp Development
3 Precision Partners-Mid-State Machine
Products Manufacturing Services
4 Ocean Energy Institute EngineeringDesign Services
5 Newfab Inc Manufacturing Services
6 New England Castings Other
7 Mitchell Ledge Farm Components
8 McNabb Marketing Resources Other
9 Maine Oxy Inc Fuel
10 Maine Machine Products Co Manufacturing Services
11 MacTec Inc FCH2 System DistrInstallMaint Services
12 Kennebec Technologies Manufacturing Services
13 Hydrogen Energy Center Service Center Lab or Test ConsultingLegalFinancial
Services
14 Hydrogen Energy Center Other
15 Green Energy Maine Other
16 Fire Risk Management Inc EngineeringDesign Services
17 Fire Risk Management EngineeringDesign Services
18 Fairchild Semiconductor Research amp Development
19 EcoMain Research amp Development
20 Control Point Inc Lab or Test EquipmentServices
21 Colby Company Engineering EngineeringDesign Services
22 Chewonki Foundation Other
23 Burroughs Machine Tool Products Equipment
24 Bernstein Shur ConsultingLegalFinancial Services
25 Bath Iron Works (General Dynamics
Inc) Research amp Development
26 AMEC EngineeringDesign Services
27 Advantages Gases and Tools Fuel
28 Advanced Manufacturing Center-
University of ME Manufacturing Services
103
Northeast Electrochemical Energy Storage Cluster Supply Chain Database Search httpneescorgresourcestype=1 August 11 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
44
Appendix VI ndash Comparison of Fuel Cell Technologies104
Fuel Cell
Type
Common
Electrolyte
Operating
Temperature
Typical
Stack
Size
Efficiency Applications Advantages Disadvantages
Polymer
Electrolyte
Membrane
(PEM)
Perfluoro sulfonic
acid
50-100degC
122-212deg
typically
80degC
lt 1 kW ndash 1
MW105
gt
kW 60
transportation
35
stationary
bull Backup power
bull Portable power
bull Distributed
generation
bull Transportation
bull Specialty vehicle
bull Solid electrolyte reduces
corrosion amp electrolyte
management problems
bull Low temperature
bull Quick start-up
bull Expensive catalysts
bull Sensitive to fuel
impurities
bull Low temperature waste
heat
Alkaline
(AFC)
Aqueous solution
of potassium
hydroxide soaked
in a matrix
90-100degC
194-212degF
10 ndash 100
kW 60
bull Military
bull Space
bull Cathode reaction faster
in alkaline electrolyte
leads to high performance
bull Low cost components
bull Sensitive to CO2
in fuel and air
bull Electrolyte management
Phosphoric
Acid
(PAFC)
Phosphoric acid
soaked in a matrix
150-200degC
302-392degF
400 kW
100 kW
module
40 bull Distributed
generation
bull Higher temperature enables
CHP
bull Increased tolerance to fuel
impurities
bull Pt catalyst
bull Long start up time
bull Low current and power
Molten
Carbonate
(MCFC)
Solution of lithium
sodium andor
potassium
carbonates soaked
in a matrix
600-700degC
1112-1292degF
300
k W- 3 M
W
300 kW
module
45 ndash 50
bull Electric utility
bull Distributed
generation
bull High efficiency
bull Fuel flexibility
bull Can use a variety of catalysts
bull Suitable for CHP
bull High temperature
corrosion and breakdown
of cell components
bull Long start up time
bull Low power density
Solid Oxide
(SOFC)
Yttria stabilized
zirconia
700-1000degC
1202-1832degF
1 kW ndash 2
MW 60
bull Auxiliary power
bull Electric utility
bull Distributed
generation
bull High efficiency
bull Fuel flexibility
bull Can use a variety of catalysts
bull Solid electrolyte
bull Suitable f o r CHP amp CHHP
bull HybridGT cycle
bull High temperature
corrosion and breakdown
of cell components
bull High temperature
operation requires long
start up
time and limits
Polymer Electrolyte is no longer a single category row Data shown does not take into account High Temperature PEM which operates in the range of 160oC to 180
oC It solves
virtually all of the disadvantages listed under PEM It is not sensitive to impurities It has usable heat Stack efficiencies of 52 on the high side are realized HTPEM is not a
PAFC fuel cell and should not be confused with one
104 US Department of Energy Fuel Cells Technology Program httpwww1eereenergygovhydrogenandfuelcellsfuelcellspdfsfc_comparison_chartpdf August 5 2011 105
Ballard ldquoCLEARgen Multi-MY Systemsrdquo httpwwwballardcomfuel-cell-productscleargen-multi-mw-systemsaspx November 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
45
Appendix VII ndashAnalysis of Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities and Threats for Maine
Strengths
Stationary Power ndash Strong market drivers including high
electricity cost cold climate reliance on oil for space heating
strong CHP and district heating market strong environmental
and green energy awareness) capable core of fuel cell CHP
installers energy storage demand to serve MErsquos aggressive
wind-power industry strong ongoing expansion of natural gas
servicedistribution
Transportation Power - Strong market drivers including a
dispersed population highly reliant on truck and auto
transportation receptive and environmentally conscious
alternative fuelstransportation market relatively low income
population in need of relief from automobile fuel costs strong
Navy shipbuilding industry as potential user of H2FC auxiliary
power system strongly interested in fleet-based hydrogen
fueling station development (SunHydro model) strong interest
in municipal transit and fuel cell -powered rail
Economic Development Factors ndash Brunswick Renewable
Energy Park emphasis on skills development and technology
synergies aggressive state level policy to policy to develop
renewable wind and biomass energy technologies skilled and
well organized network of precision manufacturing firms tied
into aerospace and communications equipment industries
strong labor force at relatively low wages RampDbusiness
infrastructure for advanced biofuels and composite material
structures growing University of Maine commitment to fuel
cell and biomass RampD state funding source familiaritycomfort
with H2FC technology
Weaknesses
Stationary Power ndash No technologyindustrial momentum at the
OEM level geographically distant from OEMs for component-
supply opportunities
Transportation Power ndash No technologyindustrial base at the
OEM level lack of infrastructure funding relatively dispersed
population for transportation services
Economic Development Factors ndash limited state incentives
somewhat sluggish overall state economy relatively
undeveloped core of technology skillsknowledge base
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
46
Opportunities
Stationary Power ndash Opportunity as an ldquoearly adaptor marketrdquo
some supply chain buildup opportunities around SP deployment
Linkage between H2FC technologies and advanced biofuels
RampD Dispersed population amp economy needs distributed
solutions Major need for power storage in conjunction with
Maines planned offshore wind-power RampD and development
Transportation Power ndash Hydrogen refueling station plans Early-
stage potential for major roll-out in marine auxiliary power (US
Navy) Commuter rail expansion
Portable Power ndash Little currently-identified opportunity
Economic Development Factors ndash Brunswick ldquoRenewable Energy
Industrial Parkrdquo can be significant seed nucleus for both
deployment amp development Machine-tool industry pursuing
H2FC components supply-chain opportunities
Threats
Stationary Power ndash The regionrsquos favorable market
needsdemand could be met by other technologiessources ndash
Canadian hydro amp nuclear wind geothermal direct biomass
and power-storage alternatives ndash batteries solid state ammonia
etc
Transportation Power ndash The regionrsquos favorable market
characteristics and needs could be met by other electric
vehicles particularly in the absence of a hydrogen
infrastructure
Economic Development Factors ndash competition from more fully-
equipped statesregions wind and other renewables grab Maine
energy industry momentum lack of funding to sustain
University of MErsquos momentum in storage and fuel cell
technologies related to biomass and wind hesitation of state
government to support alternative energy incentives
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
47
Appendix VIII ndash Partial list of Fuel Cell Deployment in the Northeast region
Manufacturer Site Name Site Location Year Installed
Plug Power T-Mobile cell tower Storrs CT 2008
Plug Power Albany International Airport Albany NY 2004
FuelCell Energy Pepperidge Farms Plant Bloomfield CT 2005
FuelCell Energy Peabody Museum New Haven CT 2003
FuelCell Energy Sheraton New York Hotel amp Towers Manhattan NY 2004
FuelCell Energy Sheraton Hotel Edison NJ 2003
FuelCell Energy Sheraton Hotel Parsippany NJ 2003
UTC Power Cabelas Sporting Goods East Hartford CT 2008
UTC Power Whole Foods Market Glastonbury CT 2008
UTC Power Connecticut Science Center Hartford CT 2009
UTC Power St Francis Hospital Hartford CT 2003
UTC Power Middletown High School Middletown CT 2008
UTC Power Connecticut Juvenile Training School Middletown CT 2001
UTC Power 360 State Street Apartment Building New Haven CT 2010
UTC Power South Windsor High School South Windsor CT 2002
UTC Power Mohegan Sun Casino Hotel Uncasville CT 2002
UTC Power CTTransit Fuel Cell Bus Hartford CT 2007
UTC Power Whole Foods Market Dedham MA 2009
UTC Power Bronx Zoo Bronx NY 2008
UTC Power North Central Bronx Hospital Bronx NY 2000
UTC Power Hunts Point Water Pollution Control Plant Bronx NY 2005
UTC Power Price Chopper Supermarket Colonie NY 2010
UTC Power East Rochester High School East Rochester NY 2007
UTC Power Coca-Cola Refreshments Production Facility Elmsford NY 2010
UTC Power Verizon Call Center and Communications Building Garden City NY 2005
UTC Power State Office Building Hauppauge NY 2009
UTC Power Liverpool High School Liverpool NY 2000
UTC Power New York Hilton Hotel New York City NY 2007
UTC Power Central Park Police Station New York City NY 1999
UTC Power Rochester Institute of Technology Rochester NY 1993
UTC Power NYPA office building White Plains NY 2010
UTC Power Wastewater treatment plant Yonkers NY 1997
UTC Power The Octagon Roosevelt Island NY 2011
UTC Power Johnson amp Johnson World Headquarters New Brunswick NJ 2003
UTC Power CTTRANSIT (Fuel Cell Powered Buses) Hartford CT 2007 - Present
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
48
Appendix IX ndash Partial list of Fuel Cell-Powered Forklifts in North America106
Company CityTown State Site Year
Deployed
Fuel Cell
Manufacturer
of
forklifts
Coca-Cola San Leandro CA
Bottling and
distribution center 2011 Plug Power 37
Charlotte NC Bottling facility 2011 Plug Power 40
EARP
Distribution Kansas City KS Distribution center 2011
Oorja
Protonics 24
Golden State
Foods Lemont IL Distribution facility 2011
Oorja
Protonics 20
Kroger Co Compton CA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 161
Sysco
Riverside CA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 80
Boston MA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 160
Long Island NY Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 42
San Antonio TX Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 113
Front Royal VA Redistribution
facility 2011 Plug Power 100
Baldor
Specialty Foods Bronx NY Facility
Planned
in 2012
Oorja
Protonics 50
BMW
Manufacturing
Co
Spartanburg SC Manufacturing
plant 2010 Plug Power 86
Defense
Logistics
Agency US
Department of
Defense
San Joaquin CA Distribution facility 2011 Plug Power 20
Fort Lewis WA Distribution depot 2011 Plug Power 19
Warner
Robins GA Distribution depot 2010 Hydrogenics 20
Susquehanna PA Distribution depot 2010 Plug Power 15
2009 Nuvera 40
Martin-Brower Stockton CA Food distribution
center 2010
Oorja
Protonics 15
United Natural
Foods Inc
(UNFI)
Sarasota FL Distribution center 2010 Plug Power 65
Wal-Mart
Balzac Al
Canada
Refrigerated
distribution center 2010 Plug Power 80
Washington
Court House OH
Food distribution
center 2007 Plug Power 55
Wegmans Pottsville PA Warehouse 2010 Plug Power 136
Whole Foods
Market Landover MD Distribution center 2010 Plug Power 61
106
FuelCell2000 ldquoFuel Cell-Powered Forklifts in North Americardquo httpwwwfuelcellsorginfochartsforkliftspdf November
2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
49
Appendix X ndash Comparison of PEM Fuel Cell and Battery-Powered Material Handling
Equipment
3 kW PEM Fuel Cell-Powered
Pallet Trucks
3 kW Battery-powered
(2 batteries per truck)
Total Fuel Cycle Energy Use
(total energy consumedkWh
delivered to the wheels) -12000 BtukWh 14000 BtukWh
Fuel Cycle GHG Emissions
(in g CO2 equivalent 820 gkWh 1200 gkWh
Estimated Product Life 8-10 years 4-5 years No Emissions at Point of Use
Quiet Operation
Wide Ambient Operating
Temperature range
Constant Power Available
over Shift
Routine Maintenance Costs
($YR) $1250 - $1500year $2000year
Time for RefuelingChanging
Batteries 4 ndash 8 minday 45-60 minday (for battery change-outs)
8 hours (for battery recharging amp cooling) Cost of FuelElectricity $6000year $1300year Labor Cost of
refuelingRecharging $1100year $8750year
Net Present Value of Capital
Cost $12600
($18000 wo incentive) $14000
Net Present Value of OampM
costs (including fuel) $52000 $128000
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
50
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
35
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 10 Solid and Liquid Waste Sites
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
36
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 11 Commercial Airports
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
37
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 12 Alternative Fueling Stations
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
38
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 13 Distribution CentersWarehouses amp Ports
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
39
MAINE
Appendix II ndash Maine Estimated Electrical Consumption per Sector
Category Total Site
Electric Consumption per Building
(1000 kWh)101
kWh Consumed per Sector
New England
Education 925 161844 149705700
Food Sales 1800 319821 575677800
Food Services 2100 128 269199000
Inpatient Healthcare 181 603863 1092991125
Lodging 837 21312 178379766
Public Order amp Safety 262 77855 20398010
Total 6105 2286351401
Residential102
4503000000
Industrial 3702000000
Commercial 4503000000
Other Commercial 2286351401
101
EIA Electricity consumption and expenditure intensities for Non-Mall Building 2003 102
DOE EERE ldquoElectric Power and Renewable Energy in Mainerdquo httpapps1eereenergygovstateselectricitycfmstate=ME
August 25 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
40
MAINE
Appendix III ndash Key Stakeholders
Organization CityTown State Website Hydrogen Energy Center Portland ME wwwhydrogenenergycenterorg
University of Maine School of
Engineering Technology Orono ME httpwwwumaineeduset
University of Maine Advanced
Manufacturing Center Orono
ME wwwumaineeduamc
University of Maine Advanced
Structures and Composites Center Orono
ME httpwww2umaineeduaewc
Manufacturers Association of Maine Westbrook ME
wwwmainemfgcom
Maine Manufacturing Extension
Partnership Augusta
ME httpwwwmainemeporg
Mid-Coast Regional Redevelopment
Authority Brunswick
ME wwwmrraus
Manufacturing Applications Center Gorham ME
httpwwwusmmaineedu
Maine Center for Enterprise
Development University of Southern
Maine
Portland ME
wwwmcedbiz
Maine Small Business Development
Center Portland
ME httpwwwmainesbdcorg
Southern Maine Community College
Sustainability and Energy Alternatives
Center
South
Portland ME httpwwwsmccmeedubusiness-a-
communitycomunity-resourcessustainability-
centerhtml
Environment and Energy Technology
Council of Maine Portland
ME wwwE2Techorg
Maine Technology Institute Gardiner ME
wwwmainetechnologyorg
Maine Innovation Economy advisory
Board Maine DECD Augusta ME httpwwwmainegovdecd
Governorrsquos Office of Energy
Independence and Security Augusta ME httpmainegovoeis
Utility Companies
Unitil httpwwwunitilcomcustomer-configuration
Bangor Gas Co httpwwwbangorgascom
Central Maine Power Co httpwwwcmpcocom
Bangor Hydro-Electric Co httpwwwbhecom
Maine Public Service Co httpwwwmainepublicservicecom
Appendix IV ndash Maine State Incentives and Programs
Funding Source Maine Public Utilities Commission
Program Title Community-based Renewable Energy Pilot Program
Applicable EnergiesTechnologies Solar Thermal Electric Photovoltaic Landfill Gas Wind
Biomass Hydroelectric Geothermal Electric Fuel Cells Anaerobic Digestion Tidal Energy
Fuel Cells using Renewable Fuels
Summary The Maine Utilities Commission (PUC) finalized the rule in February 2010 Legislation
mandates that up 10 50 MW of generating capacity will be permitted uned this program and
individual participants may not exceed 10 MW Of the 50 MW cap 10 must be reserved
specifically for small program participants or for participants located in a service territory of a
cooperative transmission and distribution utility
Restrictions
The PUC may require investor-owned utilities to enter into long-term contracts for energy capacity
resources or renewable energy credits (RECs) produced by the community-based project The
contacts term may not exceed 20 year the PUC will conduct long-term contract solicitations for
ldquolarge generatorsrdquo
Timing The Maine Public Utilities Commission is seeking proposals from suppliers of energy
capacity or renewable energy credits (RECs) for the development of community-based renewable
energy projects over 1 MW The docket number for this RFP is 2011-150 All inquiries about this
RFP should be directed to christinercookmainegov
Maximum Size Choice of either 15 REC credit multiplier or up to 10 MW DC
Requirements
To be eligible for incentives a generating facility must be 51 percent locally owned use renewable
energy resources be no larger than 10 MW in generating capacity and be located in the State
httpwwwstatemeusmpucelectricitycommunity_pilotshtml
Rebate amount $010kWh or cost fo the project whichever is lower
For further information please visit
httpwwwstatemeusmpucelectricitycommunity_pilotshtml
Source
Maine Public Utilities Commission ldquoCommunity-based Renewable Energy Pilot Programrdquo August 10 2011
DSIRE ldquoCommunity-based Renewable Energy Production Incentive (Pilot Program)rdquo August 10 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
42
Funding Source Voluntary Renewable Resource Grants
Program Title Voluntary Renewable Resources Fund
Applicable EnergiesTechnologies Solar Thermal Electric Photovoltaics Wind Biomass
Hydroelectric Geothermal Electric Fuel Cells Municipal Solid Waste Tidal Energy Fuel
Cells using Renewable Fuels
Summary Supported by the state Voluntary Renewable resource Fund and administered by the
Efficient Maine provide funding for small-scale demonstration projects designed to educate
communities on the value oand cost effectiveness of renewable energy
Restrictions To Qualify for grant funding renewable-energy resources generally must qualify as a
small power production facility un Federal Energy Regulatory Commission rules or must not exceed
100 MW in capacity and use one of more of the applicable energiestechnologies
Timing Start Date of this program occurred 12151998 and no expiration date is given
Maximum Size $50000
Requirements
httpwwwmainegovmpucrecovery
Rebate amount
$50000 Maximu
For further information please visit
httpwwwmainegovmpucrecovery
Source
Maine PUC ldquoFederal Stimulus MPUC and the Federal Recovery Packagerdquo ndash August 10 2011
DSIRE ldquoMaine - Voluntary Renewable Resource Grantsrdquo August 10 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
43
Appendix V ndash Partial Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Supply Chain Companies in Maine103
Organization Name Product or Service Category
1 University of Maine School of
Engineering Technology Research amp Development
2 University of Maine Advanced
Structures and Composites Center Research amp Development
3 Precision Partners-Mid-State Machine
Products Manufacturing Services
4 Ocean Energy Institute EngineeringDesign Services
5 Newfab Inc Manufacturing Services
6 New England Castings Other
7 Mitchell Ledge Farm Components
8 McNabb Marketing Resources Other
9 Maine Oxy Inc Fuel
10 Maine Machine Products Co Manufacturing Services
11 MacTec Inc FCH2 System DistrInstallMaint Services
12 Kennebec Technologies Manufacturing Services
13 Hydrogen Energy Center Service Center Lab or Test ConsultingLegalFinancial
Services
14 Hydrogen Energy Center Other
15 Green Energy Maine Other
16 Fire Risk Management Inc EngineeringDesign Services
17 Fire Risk Management EngineeringDesign Services
18 Fairchild Semiconductor Research amp Development
19 EcoMain Research amp Development
20 Control Point Inc Lab or Test EquipmentServices
21 Colby Company Engineering EngineeringDesign Services
22 Chewonki Foundation Other
23 Burroughs Machine Tool Products Equipment
24 Bernstein Shur ConsultingLegalFinancial Services
25 Bath Iron Works (General Dynamics
Inc) Research amp Development
26 AMEC EngineeringDesign Services
27 Advantages Gases and Tools Fuel
28 Advanced Manufacturing Center-
University of ME Manufacturing Services
103
Northeast Electrochemical Energy Storage Cluster Supply Chain Database Search httpneescorgresourcestype=1 August 11 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
44
Appendix VI ndash Comparison of Fuel Cell Technologies104
Fuel Cell
Type
Common
Electrolyte
Operating
Temperature
Typical
Stack
Size
Efficiency Applications Advantages Disadvantages
Polymer
Electrolyte
Membrane
(PEM)
Perfluoro sulfonic
acid
50-100degC
122-212deg
typically
80degC
lt 1 kW ndash 1
MW105
gt
kW 60
transportation
35
stationary
bull Backup power
bull Portable power
bull Distributed
generation
bull Transportation
bull Specialty vehicle
bull Solid electrolyte reduces
corrosion amp electrolyte
management problems
bull Low temperature
bull Quick start-up
bull Expensive catalysts
bull Sensitive to fuel
impurities
bull Low temperature waste
heat
Alkaline
(AFC)
Aqueous solution
of potassium
hydroxide soaked
in a matrix
90-100degC
194-212degF
10 ndash 100
kW 60
bull Military
bull Space
bull Cathode reaction faster
in alkaline electrolyte
leads to high performance
bull Low cost components
bull Sensitive to CO2
in fuel and air
bull Electrolyte management
Phosphoric
Acid
(PAFC)
Phosphoric acid
soaked in a matrix
150-200degC
302-392degF
400 kW
100 kW
module
40 bull Distributed
generation
bull Higher temperature enables
CHP
bull Increased tolerance to fuel
impurities
bull Pt catalyst
bull Long start up time
bull Low current and power
Molten
Carbonate
(MCFC)
Solution of lithium
sodium andor
potassium
carbonates soaked
in a matrix
600-700degC
1112-1292degF
300
k W- 3 M
W
300 kW
module
45 ndash 50
bull Electric utility
bull Distributed
generation
bull High efficiency
bull Fuel flexibility
bull Can use a variety of catalysts
bull Suitable for CHP
bull High temperature
corrosion and breakdown
of cell components
bull Long start up time
bull Low power density
Solid Oxide
(SOFC)
Yttria stabilized
zirconia
700-1000degC
1202-1832degF
1 kW ndash 2
MW 60
bull Auxiliary power
bull Electric utility
bull Distributed
generation
bull High efficiency
bull Fuel flexibility
bull Can use a variety of catalysts
bull Solid electrolyte
bull Suitable f o r CHP amp CHHP
bull HybridGT cycle
bull High temperature
corrosion and breakdown
of cell components
bull High temperature
operation requires long
start up
time and limits
Polymer Electrolyte is no longer a single category row Data shown does not take into account High Temperature PEM which operates in the range of 160oC to 180
oC It solves
virtually all of the disadvantages listed under PEM It is not sensitive to impurities It has usable heat Stack efficiencies of 52 on the high side are realized HTPEM is not a
PAFC fuel cell and should not be confused with one
104 US Department of Energy Fuel Cells Technology Program httpwww1eereenergygovhydrogenandfuelcellsfuelcellspdfsfc_comparison_chartpdf August 5 2011 105
Ballard ldquoCLEARgen Multi-MY Systemsrdquo httpwwwballardcomfuel-cell-productscleargen-multi-mw-systemsaspx November 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
45
Appendix VII ndashAnalysis of Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities and Threats for Maine
Strengths
Stationary Power ndash Strong market drivers including high
electricity cost cold climate reliance on oil for space heating
strong CHP and district heating market strong environmental
and green energy awareness) capable core of fuel cell CHP
installers energy storage demand to serve MErsquos aggressive
wind-power industry strong ongoing expansion of natural gas
servicedistribution
Transportation Power - Strong market drivers including a
dispersed population highly reliant on truck and auto
transportation receptive and environmentally conscious
alternative fuelstransportation market relatively low income
population in need of relief from automobile fuel costs strong
Navy shipbuilding industry as potential user of H2FC auxiliary
power system strongly interested in fleet-based hydrogen
fueling station development (SunHydro model) strong interest
in municipal transit and fuel cell -powered rail
Economic Development Factors ndash Brunswick Renewable
Energy Park emphasis on skills development and technology
synergies aggressive state level policy to policy to develop
renewable wind and biomass energy technologies skilled and
well organized network of precision manufacturing firms tied
into aerospace and communications equipment industries
strong labor force at relatively low wages RampDbusiness
infrastructure for advanced biofuels and composite material
structures growing University of Maine commitment to fuel
cell and biomass RampD state funding source familiaritycomfort
with H2FC technology
Weaknesses
Stationary Power ndash No technologyindustrial momentum at the
OEM level geographically distant from OEMs for component-
supply opportunities
Transportation Power ndash No technologyindustrial base at the
OEM level lack of infrastructure funding relatively dispersed
population for transportation services
Economic Development Factors ndash limited state incentives
somewhat sluggish overall state economy relatively
undeveloped core of technology skillsknowledge base
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
46
Opportunities
Stationary Power ndash Opportunity as an ldquoearly adaptor marketrdquo
some supply chain buildup opportunities around SP deployment
Linkage between H2FC technologies and advanced biofuels
RampD Dispersed population amp economy needs distributed
solutions Major need for power storage in conjunction with
Maines planned offshore wind-power RampD and development
Transportation Power ndash Hydrogen refueling station plans Early-
stage potential for major roll-out in marine auxiliary power (US
Navy) Commuter rail expansion
Portable Power ndash Little currently-identified opportunity
Economic Development Factors ndash Brunswick ldquoRenewable Energy
Industrial Parkrdquo can be significant seed nucleus for both
deployment amp development Machine-tool industry pursuing
H2FC components supply-chain opportunities
Threats
Stationary Power ndash The regionrsquos favorable market
needsdemand could be met by other technologiessources ndash
Canadian hydro amp nuclear wind geothermal direct biomass
and power-storage alternatives ndash batteries solid state ammonia
etc
Transportation Power ndash The regionrsquos favorable market
characteristics and needs could be met by other electric
vehicles particularly in the absence of a hydrogen
infrastructure
Economic Development Factors ndash competition from more fully-
equipped statesregions wind and other renewables grab Maine
energy industry momentum lack of funding to sustain
University of MErsquos momentum in storage and fuel cell
technologies related to biomass and wind hesitation of state
government to support alternative energy incentives
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
47
Appendix VIII ndash Partial list of Fuel Cell Deployment in the Northeast region
Manufacturer Site Name Site Location Year Installed
Plug Power T-Mobile cell tower Storrs CT 2008
Plug Power Albany International Airport Albany NY 2004
FuelCell Energy Pepperidge Farms Plant Bloomfield CT 2005
FuelCell Energy Peabody Museum New Haven CT 2003
FuelCell Energy Sheraton New York Hotel amp Towers Manhattan NY 2004
FuelCell Energy Sheraton Hotel Edison NJ 2003
FuelCell Energy Sheraton Hotel Parsippany NJ 2003
UTC Power Cabelas Sporting Goods East Hartford CT 2008
UTC Power Whole Foods Market Glastonbury CT 2008
UTC Power Connecticut Science Center Hartford CT 2009
UTC Power St Francis Hospital Hartford CT 2003
UTC Power Middletown High School Middletown CT 2008
UTC Power Connecticut Juvenile Training School Middletown CT 2001
UTC Power 360 State Street Apartment Building New Haven CT 2010
UTC Power South Windsor High School South Windsor CT 2002
UTC Power Mohegan Sun Casino Hotel Uncasville CT 2002
UTC Power CTTransit Fuel Cell Bus Hartford CT 2007
UTC Power Whole Foods Market Dedham MA 2009
UTC Power Bronx Zoo Bronx NY 2008
UTC Power North Central Bronx Hospital Bronx NY 2000
UTC Power Hunts Point Water Pollution Control Plant Bronx NY 2005
UTC Power Price Chopper Supermarket Colonie NY 2010
UTC Power East Rochester High School East Rochester NY 2007
UTC Power Coca-Cola Refreshments Production Facility Elmsford NY 2010
UTC Power Verizon Call Center and Communications Building Garden City NY 2005
UTC Power State Office Building Hauppauge NY 2009
UTC Power Liverpool High School Liverpool NY 2000
UTC Power New York Hilton Hotel New York City NY 2007
UTC Power Central Park Police Station New York City NY 1999
UTC Power Rochester Institute of Technology Rochester NY 1993
UTC Power NYPA office building White Plains NY 2010
UTC Power Wastewater treatment plant Yonkers NY 1997
UTC Power The Octagon Roosevelt Island NY 2011
UTC Power Johnson amp Johnson World Headquarters New Brunswick NJ 2003
UTC Power CTTRANSIT (Fuel Cell Powered Buses) Hartford CT 2007 - Present
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
48
Appendix IX ndash Partial list of Fuel Cell-Powered Forklifts in North America106
Company CityTown State Site Year
Deployed
Fuel Cell
Manufacturer
of
forklifts
Coca-Cola San Leandro CA
Bottling and
distribution center 2011 Plug Power 37
Charlotte NC Bottling facility 2011 Plug Power 40
EARP
Distribution Kansas City KS Distribution center 2011
Oorja
Protonics 24
Golden State
Foods Lemont IL Distribution facility 2011
Oorja
Protonics 20
Kroger Co Compton CA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 161
Sysco
Riverside CA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 80
Boston MA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 160
Long Island NY Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 42
San Antonio TX Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 113
Front Royal VA Redistribution
facility 2011 Plug Power 100
Baldor
Specialty Foods Bronx NY Facility
Planned
in 2012
Oorja
Protonics 50
BMW
Manufacturing
Co
Spartanburg SC Manufacturing
plant 2010 Plug Power 86
Defense
Logistics
Agency US
Department of
Defense
San Joaquin CA Distribution facility 2011 Plug Power 20
Fort Lewis WA Distribution depot 2011 Plug Power 19
Warner
Robins GA Distribution depot 2010 Hydrogenics 20
Susquehanna PA Distribution depot 2010 Plug Power 15
2009 Nuvera 40
Martin-Brower Stockton CA Food distribution
center 2010
Oorja
Protonics 15
United Natural
Foods Inc
(UNFI)
Sarasota FL Distribution center 2010 Plug Power 65
Wal-Mart
Balzac Al
Canada
Refrigerated
distribution center 2010 Plug Power 80
Washington
Court House OH
Food distribution
center 2007 Plug Power 55
Wegmans Pottsville PA Warehouse 2010 Plug Power 136
Whole Foods
Market Landover MD Distribution center 2010 Plug Power 61
106
FuelCell2000 ldquoFuel Cell-Powered Forklifts in North Americardquo httpwwwfuelcellsorginfochartsforkliftspdf November
2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
49
Appendix X ndash Comparison of PEM Fuel Cell and Battery-Powered Material Handling
Equipment
3 kW PEM Fuel Cell-Powered
Pallet Trucks
3 kW Battery-powered
(2 batteries per truck)
Total Fuel Cycle Energy Use
(total energy consumedkWh
delivered to the wheels) -12000 BtukWh 14000 BtukWh
Fuel Cycle GHG Emissions
(in g CO2 equivalent 820 gkWh 1200 gkWh
Estimated Product Life 8-10 years 4-5 years No Emissions at Point of Use
Quiet Operation
Wide Ambient Operating
Temperature range
Constant Power Available
over Shift
Routine Maintenance Costs
($YR) $1250 - $1500year $2000year
Time for RefuelingChanging
Batteries 4 ndash 8 minday 45-60 minday (for battery change-outs)
8 hours (for battery recharging amp cooling) Cost of FuelElectricity $6000year $1300year Labor Cost of
refuelingRecharging $1100year $8750year
Net Present Value of Capital
Cost $12600
($18000 wo incentive) $14000
Net Present Value of OampM
costs (including fuel) $52000 $128000
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
50
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
36
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 11 Commercial Airports
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
37
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 12 Alternative Fueling Stations
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
38
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 13 Distribution CentersWarehouses amp Ports
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
39
MAINE
Appendix II ndash Maine Estimated Electrical Consumption per Sector
Category Total Site
Electric Consumption per Building
(1000 kWh)101
kWh Consumed per Sector
New England
Education 925 161844 149705700
Food Sales 1800 319821 575677800
Food Services 2100 128 269199000
Inpatient Healthcare 181 603863 1092991125
Lodging 837 21312 178379766
Public Order amp Safety 262 77855 20398010
Total 6105 2286351401
Residential102
4503000000
Industrial 3702000000
Commercial 4503000000
Other Commercial 2286351401
101
EIA Electricity consumption and expenditure intensities for Non-Mall Building 2003 102
DOE EERE ldquoElectric Power and Renewable Energy in Mainerdquo httpapps1eereenergygovstateselectricitycfmstate=ME
August 25 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
40
MAINE
Appendix III ndash Key Stakeholders
Organization CityTown State Website Hydrogen Energy Center Portland ME wwwhydrogenenergycenterorg
University of Maine School of
Engineering Technology Orono ME httpwwwumaineeduset
University of Maine Advanced
Manufacturing Center Orono
ME wwwumaineeduamc
University of Maine Advanced
Structures and Composites Center Orono
ME httpwww2umaineeduaewc
Manufacturers Association of Maine Westbrook ME
wwwmainemfgcom
Maine Manufacturing Extension
Partnership Augusta
ME httpwwwmainemeporg
Mid-Coast Regional Redevelopment
Authority Brunswick
ME wwwmrraus
Manufacturing Applications Center Gorham ME
httpwwwusmmaineedu
Maine Center for Enterprise
Development University of Southern
Maine
Portland ME
wwwmcedbiz
Maine Small Business Development
Center Portland
ME httpwwwmainesbdcorg
Southern Maine Community College
Sustainability and Energy Alternatives
Center
South
Portland ME httpwwwsmccmeedubusiness-a-
communitycomunity-resourcessustainability-
centerhtml
Environment and Energy Technology
Council of Maine Portland
ME wwwE2Techorg
Maine Technology Institute Gardiner ME
wwwmainetechnologyorg
Maine Innovation Economy advisory
Board Maine DECD Augusta ME httpwwwmainegovdecd
Governorrsquos Office of Energy
Independence and Security Augusta ME httpmainegovoeis
Utility Companies
Unitil httpwwwunitilcomcustomer-configuration
Bangor Gas Co httpwwwbangorgascom
Central Maine Power Co httpwwwcmpcocom
Bangor Hydro-Electric Co httpwwwbhecom
Maine Public Service Co httpwwwmainepublicservicecom
Appendix IV ndash Maine State Incentives and Programs
Funding Source Maine Public Utilities Commission
Program Title Community-based Renewable Energy Pilot Program
Applicable EnergiesTechnologies Solar Thermal Electric Photovoltaic Landfill Gas Wind
Biomass Hydroelectric Geothermal Electric Fuel Cells Anaerobic Digestion Tidal Energy
Fuel Cells using Renewable Fuels
Summary The Maine Utilities Commission (PUC) finalized the rule in February 2010 Legislation
mandates that up 10 50 MW of generating capacity will be permitted uned this program and
individual participants may not exceed 10 MW Of the 50 MW cap 10 must be reserved
specifically for small program participants or for participants located in a service territory of a
cooperative transmission and distribution utility
Restrictions
The PUC may require investor-owned utilities to enter into long-term contracts for energy capacity
resources or renewable energy credits (RECs) produced by the community-based project The
contacts term may not exceed 20 year the PUC will conduct long-term contract solicitations for
ldquolarge generatorsrdquo
Timing The Maine Public Utilities Commission is seeking proposals from suppliers of energy
capacity or renewable energy credits (RECs) for the development of community-based renewable
energy projects over 1 MW The docket number for this RFP is 2011-150 All inquiries about this
RFP should be directed to christinercookmainegov
Maximum Size Choice of either 15 REC credit multiplier or up to 10 MW DC
Requirements
To be eligible for incentives a generating facility must be 51 percent locally owned use renewable
energy resources be no larger than 10 MW in generating capacity and be located in the State
httpwwwstatemeusmpucelectricitycommunity_pilotshtml
Rebate amount $010kWh or cost fo the project whichever is lower
For further information please visit
httpwwwstatemeusmpucelectricitycommunity_pilotshtml
Source
Maine Public Utilities Commission ldquoCommunity-based Renewable Energy Pilot Programrdquo August 10 2011
DSIRE ldquoCommunity-based Renewable Energy Production Incentive (Pilot Program)rdquo August 10 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
42
Funding Source Voluntary Renewable Resource Grants
Program Title Voluntary Renewable Resources Fund
Applicable EnergiesTechnologies Solar Thermal Electric Photovoltaics Wind Biomass
Hydroelectric Geothermal Electric Fuel Cells Municipal Solid Waste Tidal Energy Fuel
Cells using Renewable Fuels
Summary Supported by the state Voluntary Renewable resource Fund and administered by the
Efficient Maine provide funding for small-scale demonstration projects designed to educate
communities on the value oand cost effectiveness of renewable energy
Restrictions To Qualify for grant funding renewable-energy resources generally must qualify as a
small power production facility un Federal Energy Regulatory Commission rules or must not exceed
100 MW in capacity and use one of more of the applicable energiestechnologies
Timing Start Date of this program occurred 12151998 and no expiration date is given
Maximum Size $50000
Requirements
httpwwwmainegovmpucrecovery
Rebate amount
$50000 Maximu
For further information please visit
httpwwwmainegovmpucrecovery
Source
Maine PUC ldquoFederal Stimulus MPUC and the Federal Recovery Packagerdquo ndash August 10 2011
DSIRE ldquoMaine - Voluntary Renewable Resource Grantsrdquo August 10 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
43
Appendix V ndash Partial Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Supply Chain Companies in Maine103
Organization Name Product or Service Category
1 University of Maine School of
Engineering Technology Research amp Development
2 University of Maine Advanced
Structures and Composites Center Research amp Development
3 Precision Partners-Mid-State Machine
Products Manufacturing Services
4 Ocean Energy Institute EngineeringDesign Services
5 Newfab Inc Manufacturing Services
6 New England Castings Other
7 Mitchell Ledge Farm Components
8 McNabb Marketing Resources Other
9 Maine Oxy Inc Fuel
10 Maine Machine Products Co Manufacturing Services
11 MacTec Inc FCH2 System DistrInstallMaint Services
12 Kennebec Technologies Manufacturing Services
13 Hydrogen Energy Center Service Center Lab or Test ConsultingLegalFinancial
Services
14 Hydrogen Energy Center Other
15 Green Energy Maine Other
16 Fire Risk Management Inc EngineeringDesign Services
17 Fire Risk Management EngineeringDesign Services
18 Fairchild Semiconductor Research amp Development
19 EcoMain Research amp Development
20 Control Point Inc Lab or Test EquipmentServices
21 Colby Company Engineering EngineeringDesign Services
22 Chewonki Foundation Other
23 Burroughs Machine Tool Products Equipment
24 Bernstein Shur ConsultingLegalFinancial Services
25 Bath Iron Works (General Dynamics
Inc) Research amp Development
26 AMEC EngineeringDesign Services
27 Advantages Gases and Tools Fuel
28 Advanced Manufacturing Center-
University of ME Manufacturing Services
103
Northeast Electrochemical Energy Storage Cluster Supply Chain Database Search httpneescorgresourcestype=1 August 11 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
44
Appendix VI ndash Comparison of Fuel Cell Technologies104
Fuel Cell
Type
Common
Electrolyte
Operating
Temperature
Typical
Stack
Size
Efficiency Applications Advantages Disadvantages
Polymer
Electrolyte
Membrane
(PEM)
Perfluoro sulfonic
acid
50-100degC
122-212deg
typically
80degC
lt 1 kW ndash 1
MW105
gt
kW 60
transportation
35
stationary
bull Backup power
bull Portable power
bull Distributed
generation
bull Transportation
bull Specialty vehicle
bull Solid electrolyte reduces
corrosion amp electrolyte
management problems
bull Low temperature
bull Quick start-up
bull Expensive catalysts
bull Sensitive to fuel
impurities
bull Low temperature waste
heat
Alkaline
(AFC)
Aqueous solution
of potassium
hydroxide soaked
in a matrix
90-100degC
194-212degF
10 ndash 100
kW 60
bull Military
bull Space
bull Cathode reaction faster
in alkaline electrolyte
leads to high performance
bull Low cost components
bull Sensitive to CO2
in fuel and air
bull Electrolyte management
Phosphoric
Acid
(PAFC)
Phosphoric acid
soaked in a matrix
150-200degC
302-392degF
400 kW
100 kW
module
40 bull Distributed
generation
bull Higher temperature enables
CHP
bull Increased tolerance to fuel
impurities
bull Pt catalyst
bull Long start up time
bull Low current and power
Molten
Carbonate
(MCFC)
Solution of lithium
sodium andor
potassium
carbonates soaked
in a matrix
600-700degC
1112-1292degF
300
k W- 3 M
W
300 kW
module
45 ndash 50
bull Electric utility
bull Distributed
generation
bull High efficiency
bull Fuel flexibility
bull Can use a variety of catalysts
bull Suitable for CHP
bull High temperature
corrosion and breakdown
of cell components
bull Long start up time
bull Low power density
Solid Oxide
(SOFC)
Yttria stabilized
zirconia
700-1000degC
1202-1832degF
1 kW ndash 2
MW 60
bull Auxiliary power
bull Electric utility
bull Distributed
generation
bull High efficiency
bull Fuel flexibility
bull Can use a variety of catalysts
bull Solid electrolyte
bull Suitable f o r CHP amp CHHP
bull HybridGT cycle
bull High temperature
corrosion and breakdown
of cell components
bull High temperature
operation requires long
start up
time and limits
Polymer Electrolyte is no longer a single category row Data shown does not take into account High Temperature PEM which operates in the range of 160oC to 180
oC It solves
virtually all of the disadvantages listed under PEM It is not sensitive to impurities It has usable heat Stack efficiencies of 52 on the high side are realized HTPEM is not a
PAFC fuel cell and should not be confused with one
104 US Department of Energy Fuel Cells Technology Program httpwww1eereenergygovhydrogenandfuelcellsfuelcellspdfsfc_comparison_chartpdf August 5 2011 105
Ballard ldquoCLEARgen Multi-MY Systemsrdquo httpwwwballardcomfuel-cell-productscleargen-multi-mw-systemsaspx November 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
45
Appendix VII ndashAnalysis of Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities and Threats for Maine
Strengths
Stationary Power ndash Strong market drivers including high
electricity cost cold climate reliance on oil for space heating
strong CHP and district heating market strong environmental
and green energy awareness) capable core of fuel cell CHP
installers energy storage demand to serve MErsquos aggressive
wind-power industry strong ongoing expansion of natural gas
servicedistribution
Transportation Power - Strong market drivers including a
dispersed population highly reliant on truck and auto
transportation receptive and environmentally conscious
alternative fuelstransportation market relatively low income
population in need of relief from automobile fuel costs strong
Navy shipbuilding industry as potential user of H2FC auxiliary
power system strongly interested in fleet-based hydrogen
fueling station development (SunHydro model) strong interest
in municipal transit and fuel cell -powered rail
Economic Development Factors ndash Brunswick Renewable
Energy Park emphasis on skills development and technology
synergies aggressive state level policy to policy to develop
renewable wind and biomass energy technologies skilled and
well organized network of precision manufacturing firms tied
into aerospace and communications equipment industries
strong labor force at relatively low wages RampDbusiness
infrastructure for advanced biofuels and composite material
structures growing University of Maine commitment to fuel
cell and biomass RampD state funding source familiaritycomfort
with H2FC technology
Weaknesses
Stationary Power ndash No technologyindustrial momentum at the
OEM level geographically distant from OEMs for component-
supply opportunities
Transportation Power ndash No technologyindustrial base at the
OEM level lack of infrastructure funding relatively dispersed
population for transportation services
Economic Development Factors ndash limited state incentives
somewhat sluggish overall state economy relatively
undeveloped core of technology skillsknowledge base
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
46
Opportunities
Stationary Power ndash Opportunity as an ldquoearly adaptor marketrdquo
some supply chain buildup opportunities around SP deployment
Linkage between H2FC technologies and advanced biofuels
RampD Dispersed population amp economy needs distributed
solutions Major need for power storage in conjunction with
Maines planned offshore wind-power RampD and development
Transportation Power ndash Hydrogen refueling station plans Early-
stage potential for major roll-out in marine auxiliary power (US
Navy) Commuter rail expansion
Portable Power ndash Little currently-identified opportunity
Economic Development Factors ndash Brunswick ldquoRenewable Energy
Industrial Parkrdquo can be significant seed nucleus for both
deployment amp development Machine-tool industry pursuing
H2FC components supply-chain opportunities
Threats
Stationary Power ndash The regionrsquos favorable market
needsdemand could be met by other technologiessources ndash
Canadian hydro amp nuclear wind geothermal direct biomass
and power-storage alternatives ndash batteries solid state ammonia
etc
Transportation Power ndash The regionrsquos favorable market
characteristics and needs could be met by other electric
vehicles particularly in the absence of a hydrogen
infrastructure
Economic Development Factors ndash competition from more fully-
equipped statesregions wind and other renewables grab Maine
energy industry momentum lack of funding to sustain
University of MErsquos momentum in storage and fuel cell
technologies related to biomass and wind hesitation of state
government to support alternative energy incentives
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
47
Appendix VIII ndash Partial list of Fuel Cell Deployment in the Northeast region
Manufacturer Site Name Site Location Year Installed
Plug Power T-Mobile cell tower Storrs CT 2008
Plug Power Albany International Airport Albany NY 2004
FuelCell Energy Pepperidge Farms Plant Bloomfield CT 2005
FuelCell Energy Peabody Museum New Haven CT 2003
FuelCell Energy Sheraton New York Hotel amp Towers Manhattan NY 2004
FuelCell Energy Sheraton Hotel Edison NJ 2003
FuelCell Energy Sheraton Hotel Parsippany NJ 2003
UTC Power Cabelas Sporting Goods East Hartford CT 2008
UTC Power Whole Foods Market Glastonbury CT 2008
UTC Power Connecticut Science Center Hartford CT 2009
UTC Power St Francis Hospital Hartford CT 2003
UTC Power Middletown High School Middletown CT 2008
UTC Power Connecticut Juvenile Training School Middletown CT 2001
UTC Power 360 State Street Apartment Building New Haven CT 2010
UTC Power South Windsor High School South Windsor CT 2002
UTC Power Mohegan Sun Casino Hotel Uncasville CT 2002
UTC Power CTTransit Fuel Cell Bus Hartford CT 2007
UTC Power Whole Foods Market Dedham MA 2009
UTC Power Bronx Zoo Bronx NY 2008
UTC Power North Central Bronx Hospital Bronx NY 2000
UTC Power Hunts Point Water Pollution Control Plant Bronx NY 2005
UTC Power Price Chopper Supermarket Colonie NY 2010
UTC Power East Rochester High School East Rochester NY 2007
UTC Power Coca-Cola Refreshments Production Facility Elmsford NY 2010
UTC Power Verizon Call Center and Communications Building Garden City NY 2005
UTC Power State Office Building Hauppauge NY 2009
UTC Power Liverpool High School Liverpool NY 2000
UTC Power New York Hilton Hotel New York City NY 2007
UTC Power Central Park Police Station New York City NY 1999
UTC Power Rochester Institute of Technology Rochester NY 1993
UTC Power NYPA office building White Plains NY 2010
UTC Power Wastewater treatment plant Yonkers NY 1997
UTC Power The Octagon Roosevelt Island NY 2011
UTC Power Johnson amp Johnson World Headquarters New Brunswick NJ 2003
UTC Power CTTRANSIT (Fuel Cell Powered Buses) Hartford CT 2007 - Present
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
48
Appendix IX ndash Partial list of Fuel Cell-Powered Forklifts in North America106
Company CityTown State Site Year
Deployed
Fuel Cell
Manufacturer
of
forklifts
Coca-Cola San Leandro CA
Bottling and
distribution center 2011 Plug Power 37
Charlotte NC Bottling facility 2011 Plug Power 40
EARP
Distribution Kansas City KS Distribution center 2011
Oorja
Protonics 24
Golden State
Foods Lemont IL Distribution facility 2011
Oorja
Protonics 20
Kroger Co Compton CA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 161
Sysco
Riverside CA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 80
Boston MA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 160
Long Island NY Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 42
San Antonio TX Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 113
Front Royal VA Redistribution
facility 2011 Plug Power 100
Baldor
Specialty Foods Bronx NY Facility
Planned
in 2012
Oorja
Protonics 50
BMW
Manufacturing
Co
Spartanburg SC Manufacturing
plant 2010 Plug Power 86
Defense
Logistics
Agency US
Department of
Defense
San Joaquin CA Distribution facility 2011 Plug Power 20
Fort Lewis WA Distribution depot 2011 Plug Power 19
Warner
Robins GA Distribution depot 2010 Hydrogenics 20
Susquehanna PA Distribution depot 2010 Plug Power 15
2009 Nuvera 40
Martin-Brower Stockton CA Food distribution
center 2010
Oorja
Protonics 15
United Natural
Foods Inc
(UNFI)
Sarasota FL Distribution center 2010 Plug Power 65
Wal-Mart
Balzac Al
Canada
Refrigerated
distribution center 2010 Plug Power 80
Washington
Court House OH
Food distribution
center 2007 Plug Power 55
Wegmans Pottsville PA Warehouse 2010 Plug Power 136
Whole Foods
Market Landover MD Distribution center 2010 Plug Power 61
106
FuelCell2000 ldquoFuel Cell-Powered Forklifts in North Americardquo httpwwwfuelcellsorginfochartsforkliftspdf November
2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
49
Appendix X ndash Comparison of PEM Fuel Cell and Battery-Powered Material Handling
Equipment
3 kW PEM Fuel Cell-Powered
Pallet Trucks
3 kW Battery-powered
(2 batteries per truck)
Total Fuel Cycle Energy Use
(total energy consumedkWh
delivered to the wheels) -12000 BtukWh 14000 BtukWh
Fuel Cycle GHG Emissions
(in g CO2 equivalent 820 gkWh 1200 gkWh
Estimated Product Life 8-10 years 4-5 years No Emissions at Point of Use
Quiet Operation
Wide Ambient Operating
Temperature range
Constant Power Available
over Shift
Routine Maintenance Costs
($YR) $1250 - $1500year $2000year
Time for RefuelingChanging
Batteries 4 ndash 8 minday 45-60 minday (for battery change-outs)
8 hours (for battery recharging amp cooling) Cost of FuelElectricity $6000year $1300year Labor Cost of
refuelingRecharging $1100year $8750year
Net Present Value of Capital
Cost $12600
($18000 wo incentive) $14000
Net Present Value of OampM
costs (including fuel) $52000 $128000
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
50
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
37
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 12 Alternative Fueling Stations
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
38
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 13 Distribution CentersWarehouses amp Ports
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
39
MAINE
Appendix II ndash Maine Estimated Electrical Consumption per Sector
Category Total Site
Electric Consumption per Building
(1000 kWh)101
kWh Consumed per Sector
New England
Education 925 161844 149705700
Food Sales 1800 319821 575677800
Food Services 2100 128 269199000
Inpatient Healthcare 181 603863 1092991125
Lodging 837 21312 178379766
Public Order amp Safety 262 77855 20398010
Total 6105 2286351401
Residential102
4503000000
Industrial 3702000000
Commercial 4503000000
Other Commercial 2286351401
101
EIA Electricity consumption and expenditure intensities for Non-Mall Building 2003 102
DOE EERE ldquoElectric Power and Renewable Energy in Mainerdquo httpapps1eereenergygovstateselectricitycfmstate=ME
August 25 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
40
MAINE
Appendix III ndash Key Stakeholders
Organization CityTown State Website Hydrogen Energy Center Portland ME wwwhydrogenenergycenterorg
University of Maine School of
Engineering Technology Orono ME httpwwwumaineeduset
University of Maine Advanced
Manufacturing Center Orono
ME wwwumaineeduamc
University of Maine Advanced
Structures and Composites Center Orono
ME httpwww2umaineeduaewc
Manufacturers Association of Maine Westbrook ME
wwwmainemfgcom
Maine Manufacturing Extension
Partnership Augusta
ME httpwwwmainemeporg
Mid-Coast Regional Redevelopment
Authority Brunswick
ME wwwmrraus
Manufacturing Applications Center Gorham ME
httpwwwusmmaineedu
Maine Center for Enterprise
Development University of Southern
Maine
Portland ME
wwwmcedbiz
Maine Small Business Development
Center Portland
ME httpwwwmainesbdcorg
Southern Maine Community College
Sustainability and Energy Alternatives
Center
South
Portland ME httpwwwsmccmeedubusiness-a-
communitycomunity-resourcessustainability-
centerhtml
Environment and Energy Technology
Council of Maine Portland
ME wwwE2Techorg
Maine Technology Institute Gardiner ME
wwwmainetechnologyorg
Maine Innovation Economy advisory
Board Maine DECD Augusta ME httpwwwmainegovdecd
Governorrsquos Office of Energy
Independence and Security Augusta ME httpmainegovoeis
Utility Companies
Unitil httpwwwunitilcomcustomer-configuration
Bangor Gas Co httpwwwbangorgascom
Central Maine Power Co httpwwwcmpcocom
Bangor Hydro-Electric Co httpwwwbhecom
Maine Public Service Co httpwwwmainepublicservicecom
Appendix IV ndash Maine State Incentives and Programs
Funding Source Maine Public Utilities Commission
Program Title Community-based Renewable Energy Pilot Program
Applicable EnergiesTechnologies Solar Thermal Electric Photovoltaic Landfill Gas Wind
Biomass Hydroelectric Geothermal Electric Fuel Cells Anaerobic Digestion Tidal Energy
Fuel Cells using Renewable Fuels
Summary The Maine Utilities Commission (PUC) finalized the rule in February 2010 Legislation
mandates that up 10 50 MW of generating capacity will be permitted uned this program and
individual participants may not exceed 10 MW Of the 50 MW cap 10 must be reserved
specifically for small program participants or for participants located in a service territory of a
cooperative transmission and distribution utility
Restrictions
The PUC may require investor-owned utilities to enter into long-term contracts for energy capacity
resources or renewable energy credits (RECs) produced by the community-based project The
contacts term may not exceed 20 year the PUC will conduct long-term contract solicitations for
ldquolarge generatorsrdquo
Timing The Maine Public Utilities Commission is seeking proposals from suppliers of energy
capacity or renewable energy credits (RECs) for the development of community-based renewable
energy projects over 1 MW The docket number for this RFP is 2011-150 All inquiries about this
RFP should be directed to christinercookmainegov
Maximum Size Choice of either 15 REC credit multiplier or up to 10 MW DC
Requirements
To be eligible for incentives a generating facility must be 51 percent locally owned use renewable
energy resources be no larger than 10 MW in generating capacity and be located in the State
httpwwwstatemeusmpucelectricitycommunity_pilotshtml
Rebate amount $010kWh or cost fo the project whichever is lower
For further information please visit
httpwwwstatemeusmpucelectricitycommunity_pilotshtml
Source
Maine Public Utilities Commission ldquoCommunity-based Renewable Energy Pilot Programrdquo August 10 2011
DSIRE ldquoCommunity-based Renewable Energy Production Incentive (Pilot Program)rdquo August 10 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
42
Funding Source Voluntary Renewable Resource Grants
Program Title Voluntary Renewable Resources Fund
Applicable EnergiesTechnologies Solar Thermal Electric Photovoltaics Wind Biomass
Hydroelectric Geothermal Electric Fuel Cells Municipal Solid Waste Tidal Energy Fuel
Cells using Renewable Fuels
Summary Supported by the state Voluntary Renewable resource Fund and administered by the
Efficient Maine provide funding for small-scale demonstration projects designed to educate
communities on the value oand cost effectiveness of renewable energy
Restrictions To Qualify for grant funding renewable-energy resources generally must qualify as a
small power production facility un Federal Energy Regulatory Commission rules or must not exceed
100 MW in capacity and use one of more of the applicable energiestechnologies
Timing Start Date of this program occurred 12151998 and no expiration date is given
Maximum Size $50000
Requirements
httpwwwmainegovmpucrecovery
Rebate amount
$50000 Maximu
For further information please visit
httpwwwmainegovmpucrecovery
Source
Maine PUC ldquoFederal Stimulus MPUC and the Federal Recovery Packagerdquo ndash August 10 2011
DSIRE ldquoMaine - Voluntary Renewable Resource Grantsrdquo August 10 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
43
Appendix V ndash Partial Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Supply Chain Companies in Maine103
Organization Name Product or Service Category
1 University of Maine School of
Engineering Technology Research amp Development
2 University of Maine Advanced
Structures and Composites Center Research amp Development
3 Precision Partners-Mid-State Machine
Products Manufacturing Services
4 Ocean Energy Institute EngineeringDesign Services
5 Newfab Inc Manufacturing Services
6 New England Castings Other
7 Mitchell Ledge Farm Components
8 McNabb Marketing Resources Other
9 Maine Oxy Inc Fuel
10 Maine Machine Products Co Manufacturing Services
11 MacTec Inc FCH2 System DistrInstallMaint Services
12 Kennebec Technologies Manufacturing Services
13 Hydrogen Energy Center Service Center Lab or Test ConsultingLegalFinancial
Services
14 Hydrogen Energy Center Other
15 Green Energy Maine Other
16 Fire Risk Management Inc EngineeringDesign Services
17 Fire Risk Management EngineeringDesign Services
18 Fairchild Semiconductor Research amp Development
19 EcoMain Research amp Development
20 Control Point Inc Lab or Test EquipmentServices
21 Colby Company Engineering EngineeringDesign Services
22 Chewonki Foundation Other
23 Burroughs Machine Tool Products Equipment
24 Bernstein Shur ConsultingLegalFinancial Services
25 Bath Iron Works (General Dynamics
Inc) Research amp Development
26 AMEC EngineeringDesign Services
27 Advantages Gases and Tools Fuel
28 Advanced Manufacturing Center-
University of ME Manufacturing Services
103
Northeast Electrochemical Energy Storage Cluster Supply Chain Database Search httpneescorgresourcestype=1 August 11 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
44
Appendix VI ndash Comparison of Fuel Cell Technologies104
Fuel Cell
Type
Common
Electrolyte
Operating
Temperature
Typical
Stack
Size
Efficiency Applications Advantages Disadvantages
Polymer
Electrolyte
Membrane
(PEM)
Perfluoro sulfonic
acid
50-100degC
122-212deg
typically
80degC
lt 1 kW ndash 1
MW105
gt
kW 60
transportation
35
stationary
bull Backup power
bull Portable power
bull Distributed
generation
bull Transportation
bull Specialty vehicle
bull Solid electrolyte reduces
corrosion amp electrolyte
management problems
bull Low temperature
bull Quick start-up
bull Expensive catalysts
bull Sensitive to fuel
impurities
bull Low temperature waste
heat
Alkaline
(AFC)
Aqueous solution
of potassium
hydroxide soaked
in a matrix
90-100degC
194-212degF
10 ndash 100
kW 60
bull Military
bull Space
bull Cathode reaction faster
in alkaline electrolyte
leads to high performance
bull Low cost components
bull Sensitive to CO2
in fuel and air
bull Electrolyte management
Phosphoric
Acid
(PAFC)
Phosphoric acid
soaked in a matrix
150-200degC
302-392degF
400 kW
100 kW
module
40 bull Distributed
generation
bull Higher temperature enables
CHP
bull Increased tolerance to fuel
impurities
bull Pt catalyst
bull Long start up time
bull Low current and power
Molten
Carbonate
(MCFC)
Solution of lithium
sodium andor
potassium
carbonates soaked
in a matrix
600-700degC
1112-1292degF
300
k W- 3 M
W
300 kW
module
45 ndash 50
bull Electric utility
bull Distributed
generation
bull High efficiency
bull Fuel flexibility
bull Can use a variety of catalysts
bull Suitable for CHP
bull High temperature
corrosion and breakdown
of cell components
bull Long start up time
bull Low power density
Solid Oxide
(SOFC)
Yttria stabilized
zirconia
700-1000degC
1202-1832degF
1 kW ndash 2
MW 60
bull Auxiliary power
bull Electric utility
bull Distributed
generation
bull High efficiency
bull Fuel flexibility
bull Can use a variety of catalysts
bull Solid electrolyte
bull Suitable f o r CHP amp CHHP
bull HybridGT cycle
bull High temperature
corrosion and breakdown
of cell components
bull High temperature
operation requires long
start up
time and limits
Polymer Electrolyte is no longer a single category row Data shown does not take into account High Temperature PEM which operates in the range of 160oC to 180
oC It solves
virtually all of the disadvantages listed under PEM It is not sensitive to impurities It has usable heat Stack efficiencies of 52 on the high side are realized HTPEM is not a
PAFC fuel cell and should not be confused with one
104 US Department of Energy Fuel Cells Technology Program httpwww1eereenergygovhydrogenandfuelcellsfuelcellspdfsfc_comparison_chartpdf August 5 2011 105
Ballard ldquoCLEARgen Multi-MY Systemsrdquo httpwwwballardcomfuel-cell-productscleargen-multi-mw-systemsaspx November 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
45
Appendix VII ndashAnalysis of Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities and Threats for Maine
Strengths
Stationary Power ndash Strong market drivers including high
electricity cost cold climate reliance on oil for space heating
strong CHP and district heating market strong environmental
and green energy awareness) capable core of fuel cell CHP
installers energy storage demand to serve MErsquos aggressive
wind-power industry strong ongoing expansion of natural gas
servicedistribution
Transportation Power - Strong market drivers including a
dispersed population highly reliant on truck and auto
transportation receptive and environmentally conscious
alternative fuelstransportation market relatively low income
population in need of relief from automobile fuel costs strong
Navy shipbuilding industry as potential user of H2FC auxiliary
power system strongly interested in fleet-based hydrogen
fueling station development (SunHydro model) strong interest
in municipal transit and fuel cell -powered rail
Economic Development Factors ndash Brunswick Renewable
Energy Park emphasis on skills development and technology
synergies aggressive state level policy to policy to develop
renewable wind and biomass energy technologies skilled and
well organized network of precision manufacturing firms tied
into aerospace and communications equipment industries
strong labor force at relatively low wages RampDbusiness
infrastructure for advanced biofuels and composite material
structures growing University of Maine commitment to fuel
cell and biomass RampD state funding source familiaritycomfort
with H2FC technology
Weaknesses
Stationary Power ndash No technologyindustrial momentum at the
OEM level geographically distant from OEMs for component-
supply opportunities
Transportation Power ndash No technologyindustrial base at the
OEM level lack of infrastructure funding relatively dispersed
population for transportation services
Economic Development Factors ndash limited state incentives
somewhat sluggish overall state economy relatively
undeveloped core of technology skillsknowledge base
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
46
Opportunities
Stationary Power ndash Opportunity as an ldquoearly adaptor marketrdquo
some supply chain buildup opportunities around SP deployment
Linkage between H2FC technologies and advanced biofuels
RampD Dispersed population amp economy needs distributed
solutions Major need for power storage in conjunction with
Maines planned offshore wind-power RampD and development
Transportation Power ndash Hydrogen refueling station plans Early-
stage potential for major roll-out in marine auxiliary power (US
Navy) Commuter rail expansion
Portable Power ndash Little currently-identified opportunity
Economic Development Factors ndash Brunswick ldquoRenewable Energy
Industrial Parkrdquo can be significant seed nucleus for both
deployment amp development Machine-tool industry pursuing
H2FC components supply-chain opportunities
Threats
Stationary Power ndash The regionrsquos favorable market
needsdemand could be met by other technologiessources ndash
Canadian hydro amp nuclear wind geothermal direct biomass
and power-storage alternatives ndash batteries solid state ammonia
etc
Transportation Power ndash The regionrsquos favorable market
characteristics and needs could be met by other electric
vehicles particularly in the absence of a hydrogen
infrastructure
Economic Development Factors ndash competition from more fully-
equipped statesregions wind and other renewables grab Maine
energy industry momentum lack of funding to sustain
University of MErsquos momentum in storage and fuel cell
technologies related to biomass and wind hesitation of state
government to support alternative energy incentives
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
47
Appendix VIII ndash Partial list of Fuel Cell Deployment in the Northeast region
Manufacturer Site Name Site Location Year Installed
Plug Power T-Mobile cell tower Storrs CT 2008
Plug Power Albany International Airport Albany NY 2004
FuelCell Energy Pepperidge Farms Plant Bloomfield CT 2005
FuelCell Energy Peabody Museum New Haven CT 2003
FuelCell Energy Sheraton New York Hotel amp Towers Manhattan NY 2004
FuelCell Energy Sheraton Hotel Edison NJ 2003
FuelCell Energy Sheraton Hotel Parsippany NJ 2003
UTC Power Cabelas Sporting Goods East Hartford CT 2008
UTC Power Whole Foods Market Glastonbury CT 2008
UTC Power Connecticut Science Center Hartford CT 2009
UTC Power St Francis Hospital Hartford CT 2003
UTC Power Middletown High School Middletown CT 2008
UTC Power Connecticut Juvenile Training School Middletown CT 2001
UTC Power 360 State Street Apartment Building New Haven CT 2010
UTC Power South Windsor High School South Windsor CT 2002
UTC Power Mohegan Sun Casino Hotel Uncasville CT 2002
UTC Power CTTransit Fuel Cell Bus Hartford CT 2007
UTC Power Whole Foods Market Dedham MA 2009
UTC Power Bronx Zoo Bronx NY 2008
UTC Power North Central Bronx Hospital Bronx NY 2000
UTC Power Hunts Point Water Pollution Control Plant Bronx NY 2005
UTC Power Price Chopper Supermarket Colonie NY 2010
UTC Power East Rochester High School East Rochester NY 2007
UTC Power Coca-Cola Refreshments Production Facility Elmsford NY 2010
UTC Power Verizon Call Center and Communications Building Garden City NY 2005
UTC Power State Office Building Hauppauge NY 2009
UTC Power Liverpool High School Liverpool NY 2000
UTC Power New York Hilton Hotel New York City NY 2007
UTC Power Central Park Police Station New York City NY 1999
UTC Power Rochester Institute of Technology Rochester NY 1993
UTC Power NYPA office building White Plains NY 2010
UTC Power Wastewater treatment plant Yonkers NY 1997
UTC Power The Octagon Roosevelt Island NY 2011
UTC Power Johnson amp Johnson World Headquarters New Brunswick NJ 2003
UTC Power CTTRANSIT (Fuel Cell Powered Buses) Hartford CT 2007 - Present
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
48
Appendix IX ndash Partial list of Fuel Cell-Powered Forklifts in North America106
Company CityTown State Site Year
Deployed
Fuel Cell
Manufacturer
of
forklifts
Coca-Cola San Leandro CA
Bottling and
distribution center 2011 Plug Power 37
Charlotte NC Bottling facility 2011 Plug Power 40
EARP
Distribution Kansas City KS Distribution center 2011
Oorja
Protonics 24
Golden State
Foods Lemont IL Distribution facility 2011
Oorja
Protonics 20
Kroger Co Compton CA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 161
Sysco
Riverside CA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 80
Boston MA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 160
Long Island NY Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 42
San Antonio TX Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 113
Front Royal VA Redistribution
facility 2011 Plug Power 100
Baldor
Specialty Foods Bronx NY Facility
Planned
in 2012
Oorja
Protonics 50
BMW
Manufacturing
Co
Spartanburg SC Manufacturing
plant 2010 Plug Power 86
Defense
Logistics
Agency US
Department of
Defense
San Joaquin CA Distribution facility 2011 Plug Power 20
Fort Lewis WA Distribution depot 2011 Plug Power 19
Warner
Robins GA Distribution depot 2010 Hydrogenics 20
Susquehanna PA Distribution depot 2010 Plug Power 15
2009 Nuvera 40
Martin-Brower Stockton CA Food distribution
center 2010
Oorja
Protonics 15
United Natural
Foods Inc
(UNFI)
Sarasota FL Distribution center 2010 Plug Power 65
Wal-Mart
Balzac Al
Canada
Refrigerated
distribution center 2010 Plug Power 80
Washington
Court House OH
Food distribution
center 2007 Plug Power 55
Wegmans Pottsville PA Warehouse 2010 Plug Power 136
Whole Foods
Market Landover MD Distribution center 2010 Plug Power 61
106
FuelCell2000 ldquoFuel Cell-Powered Forklifts in North Americardquo httpwwwfuelcellsorginfochartsforkliftspdf November
2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
49
Appendix X ndash Comparison of PEM Fuel Cell and Battery-Powered Material Handling
Equipment
3 kW PEM Fuel Cell-Powered
Pallet Trucks
3 kW Battery-powered
(2 batteries per truck)
Total Fuel Cycle Energy Use
(total energy consumedkWh
delivered to the wheels) -12000 BtukWh 14000 BtukWh
Fuel Cycle GHG Emissions
(in g CO2 equivalent 820 gkWh 1200 gkWh
Estimated Product Life 8-10 years 4-5 years No Emissions at Point of Use
Quiet Operation
Wide Ambient Operating
Temperature range
Constant Power Available
over Shift
Routine Maintenance Costs
($YR) $1250 - $1500year $2000year
Time for RefuelingChanging
Batteries 4 ndash 8 minday 45-60 minday (for battery change-outs)
8 hours (for battery recharging amp cooling) Cost of FuelElectricity $6000year $1300year Labor Cost of
refuelingRecharging $1100year $8750year
Net Present Value of Capital
Cost $12600
($18000 wo incentive) $14000
Net Present Value of OampM
costs (including fuel) $52000 $128000
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
50
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
38
MAINE
Appendix I ndash Figure 13 Distribution CentersWarehouses amp Ports
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
39
MAINE
Appendix II ndash Maine Estimated Electrical Consumption per Sector
Category Total Site
Electric Consumption per Building
(1000 kWh)101
kWh Consumed per Sector
New England
Education 925 161844 149705700
Food Sales 1800 319821 575677800
Food Services 2100 128 269199000
Inpatient Healthcare 181 603863 1092991125
Lodging 837 21312 178379766
Public Order amp Safety 262 77855 20398010
Total 6105 2286351401
Residential102
4503000000
Industrial 3702000000
Commercial 4503000000
Other Commercial 2286351401
101
EIA Electricity consumption and expenditure intensities for Non-Mall Building 2003 102
DOE EERE ldquoElectric Power and Renewable Energy in Mainerdquo httpapps1eereenergygovstateselectricitycfmstate=ME
August 25 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
40
MAINE
Appendix III ndash Key Stakeholders
Organization CityTown State Website Hydrogen Energy Center Portland ME wwwhydrogenenergycenterorg
University of Maine School of
Engineering Technology Orono ME httpwwwumaineeduset
University of Maine Advanced
Manufacturing Center Orono
ME wwwumaineeduamc
University of Maine Advanced
Structures and Composites Center Orono
ME httpwww2umaineeduaewc
Manufacturers Association of Maine Westbrook ME
wwwmainemfgcom
Maine Manufacturing Extension
Partnership Augusta
ME httpwwwmainemeporg
Mid-Coast Regional Redevelopment
Authority Brunswick
ME wwwmrraus
Manufacturing Applications Center Gorham ME
httpwwwusmmaineedu
Maine Center for Enterprise
Development University of Southern
Maine
Portland ME
wwwmcedbiz
Maine Small Business Development
Center Portland
ME httpwwwmainesbdcorg
Southern Maine Community College
Sustainability and Energy Alternatives
Center
South
Portland ME httpwwwsmccmeedubusiness-a-
communitycomunity-resourcessustainability-
centerhtml
Environment and Energy Technology
Council of Maine Portland
ME wwwE2Techorg
Maine Technology Institute Gardiner ME
wwwmainetechnologyorg
Maine Innovation Economy advisory
Board Maine DECD Augusta ME httpwwwmainegovdecd
Governorrsquos Office of Energy
Independence and Security Augusta ME httpmainegovoeis
Utility Companies
Unitil httpwwwunitilcomcustomer-configuration
Bangor Gas Co httpwwwbangorgascom
Central Maine Power Co httpwwwcmpcocom
Bangor Hydro-Electric Co httpwwwbhecom
Maine Public Service Co httpwwwmainepublicservicecom
Appendix IV ndash Maine State Incentives and Programs
Funding Source Maine Public Utilities Commission
Program Title Community-based Renewable Energy Pilot Program
Applicable EnergiesTechnologies Solar Thermal Electric Photovoltaic Landfill Gas Wind
Biomass Hydroelectric Geothermal Electric Fuel Cells Anaerobic Digestion Tidal Energy
Fuel Cells using Renewable Fuels
Summary The Maine Utilities Commission (PUC) finalized the rule in February 2010 Legislation
mandates that up 10 50 MW of generating capacity will be permitted uned this program and
individual participants may not exceed 10 MW Of the 50 MW cap 10 must be reserved
specifically for small program participants or for participants located in a service territory of a
cooperative transmission and distribution utility
Restrictions
The PUC may require investor-owned utilities to enter into long-term contracts for energy capacity
resources or renewable energy credits (RECs) produced by the community-based project The
contacts term may not exceed 20 year the PUC will conduct long-term contract solicitations for
ldquolarge generatorsrdquo
Timing The Maine Public Utilities Commission is seeking proposals from suppliers of energy
capacity or renewable energy credits (RECs) for the development of community-based renewable
energy projects over 1 MW The docket number for this RFP is 2011-150 All inquiries about this
RFP should be directed to christinercookmainegov
Maximum Size Choice of either 15 REC credit multiplier or up to 10 MW DC
Requirements
To be eligible for incentives a generating facility must be 51 percent locally owned use renewable
energy resources be no larger than 10 MW in generating capacity and be located in the State
httpwwwstatemeusmpucelectricitycommunity_pilotshtml
Rebate amount $010kWh or cost fo the project whichever is lower
For further information please visit
httpwwwstatemeusmpucelectricitycommunity_pilotshtml
Source
Maine Public Utilities Commission ldquoCommunity-based Renewable Energy Pilot Programrdquo August 10 2011
DSIRE ldquoCommunity-based Renewable Energy Production Incentive (Pilot Program)rdquo August 10 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
42
Funding Source Voluntary Renewable Resource Grants
Program Title Voluntary Renewable Resources Fund
Applicable EnergiesTechnologies Solar Thermal Electric Photovoltaics Wind Biomass
Hydroelectric Geothermal Electric Fuel Cells Municipal Solid Waste Tidal Energy Fuel
Cells using Renewable Fuels
Summary Supported by the state Voluntary Renewable resource Fund and administered by the
Efficient Maine provide funding for small-scale demonstration projects designed to educate
communities on the value oand cost effectiveness of renewable energy
Restrictions To Qualify for grant funding renewable-energy resources generally must qualify as a
small power production facility un Federal Energy Regulatory Commission rules or must not exceed
100 MW in capacity and use one of more of the applicable energiestechnologies
Timing Start Date of this program occurred 12151998 and no expiration date is given
Maximum Size $50000
Requirements
httpwwwmainegovmpucrecovery
Rebate amount
$50000 Maximu
For further information please visit
httpwwwmainegovmpucrecovery
Source
Maine PUC ldquoFederal Stimulus MPUC and the Federal Recovery Packagerdquo ndash August 10 2011
DSIRE ldquoMaine - Voluntary Renewable Resource Grantsrdquo August 10 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
43
Appendix V ndash Partial Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Supply Chain Companies in Maine103
Organization Name Product or Service Category
1 University of Maine School of
Engineering Technology Research amp Development
2 University of Maine Advanced
Structures and Composites Center Research amp Development
3 Precision Partners-Mid-State Machine
Products Manufacturing Services
4 Ocean Energy Institute EngineeringDesign Services
5 Newfab Inc Manufacturing Services
6 New England Castings Other
7 Mitchell Ledge Farm Components
8 McNabb Marketing Resources Other
9 Maine Oxy Inc Fuel
10 Maine Machine Products Co Manufacturing Services
11 MacTec Inc FCH2 System DistrInstallMaint Services
12 Kennebec Technologies Manufacturing Services
13 Hydrogen Energy Center Service Center Lab or Test ConsultingLegalFinancial
Services
14 Hydrogen Energy Center Other
15 Green Energy Maine Other
16 Fire Risk Management Inc EngineeringDesign Services
17 Fire Risk Management EngineeringDesign Services
18 Fairchild Semiconductor Research amp Development
19 EcoMain Research amp Development
20 Control Point Inc Lab or Test EquipmentServices
21 Colby Company Engineering EngineeringDesign Services
22 Chewonki Foundation Other
23 Burroughs Machine Tool Products Equipment
24 Bernstein Shur ConsultingLegalFinancial Services
25 Bath Iron Works (General Dynamics
Inc) Research amp Development
26 AMEC EngineeringDesign Services
27 Advantages Gases and Tools Fuel
28 Advanced Manufacturing Center-
University of ME Manufacturing Services
103
Northeast Electrochemical Energy Storage Cluster Supply Chain Database Search httpneescorgresourcestype=1 August 11 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
44
Appendix VI ndash Comparison of Fuel Cell Technologies104
Fuel Cell
Type
Common
Electrolyte
Operating
Temperature
Typical
Stack
Size
Efficiency Applications Advantages Disadvantages
Polymer
Electrolyte
Membrane
(PEM)
Perfluoro sulfonic
acid
50-100degC
122-212deg
typically
80degC
lt 1 kW ndash 1
MW105
gt
kW 60
transportation
35
stationary
bull Backup power
bull Portable power
bull Distributed
generation
bull Transportation
bull Specialty vehicle
bull Solid electrolyte reduces
corrosion amp electrolyte
management problems
bull Low temperature
bull Quick start-up
bull Expensive catalysts
bull Sensitive to fuel
impurities
bull Low temperature waste
heat
Alkaline
(AFC)
Aqueous solution
of potassium
hydroxide soaked
in a matrix
90-100degC
194-212degF
10 ndash 100
kW 60
bull Military
bull Space
bull Cathode reaction faster
in alkaline electrolyte
leads to high performance
bull Low cost components
bull Sensitive to CO2
in fuel and air
bull Electrolyte management
Phosphoric
Acid
(PAFC)
Phosphoric acid
soaked in a matrix
150-200degC
302-392degF
400 kW
100 kW
module
40 bull Distributed
generation
bull Higher temperature enables
CHP
bull Increased tolerance to fuel
impurities
bull Pt catalyst
bull Long start up time
bull Low current and power
Molten
Carbonate
(MCFC)
Solution of lithium
sodium andor
potassium
carbonates soaked
in a matrix
600-700degC
1112-1292degF
300
k W- 3 M
W
300 kW
module
45 ndash 50
bull Electric utility
bull Distributed
generation
bull High efficiency
bull Fuel flexibility
bull Can use a variety of catalysts
bull Suitable for CHP
bull High temperature
corrosion and breakdown
of cell components
bull Long start up time
bull Low power density
Solid Oxide
(SOFC)
Yttria stabilized
zirconia
700-1000degC
1202-1832degF
1 kW ndash 2
MW 60
bull Auxiliary power
bull Electric utility
bull Distributed
generation
bull High efficiency
bull Fuel flexibility
bull Can use a variety of catalysts
bull Solid electrolyte
bull Suitable f o r CHP amp CHHP
bull HybridGT cycle
bull High temperature
corrosion and breakdown
of cell components
bull High temperature
operation requires long
start up
time and limits
Polymer Electrolyte is no longer a single category row Data shown does not take into account High Temperature PEM which operates in the range of 160oC to 180
oC It solves
virtually all of the disadvantages listed under PEM It is not sensitive to impurities It has usable heat Stack efficiencies of 52 on the high side are realized HTPEM is not a
PAFC fuel cell and should not be confused with one
104 US Department of Energy Fuel Cells Technology Program httpwww1eereenergygovhydrogenandfuelcellsfuelcellspdfsfc_comparison_chartpdf August 5 2011 105
Ballard ldquoCLEARgen Multi-MY Systemsrdquo httpwwwballardcomfuel-cell-productscleargen-multi-mw-systemsaspx November 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
45
Appendix VII ndashAnalysis of Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities and Threats for Maine
Strengths
Stationary Power ndash Strong market drivers including high
electricity cost cold climate reliance on oil for space heating
strong CHP and district heating market strong environmental
and green energy awareness) capable core of fuel cell CHP
installers energy storage demand to serve MErsquos aggressive
wind-power industry strong ongoing expansion of natural gas
servicedistribution
Transportation Power - Strong market drivers including a
dispersed population highly reliant on truck and auto
transportation receptive and environmentally conscious
alternative fuelstransportation market relatively low income
population in need of relief from automobile fuel costs strong
Navy shipbuilding industry as potential user of H2FC auxiliary
power system strongly interested in fleet-based hydrogen
fueling station development (SunHydro model) strong interest
in municipal transit and fuel cell -powered rail
Economic Development Factors ndash Brunswick Renewable
Energy Park emphasis on skills development and technology
synergies aggressive state level policy to policy to develop
renewable wind and biomass energy technologies skilled and
well organized network of precision manufacturing firms tied
into aerospace and communications equipment industries
strong labor force at relatively low wages RampDbusiness
infrastructure for advanced biofuels and composite material
structures growing University of Maine commitment to fuel
cell and biomass RampD state funding source familiaritycomfort
with H2FC technology
Weaknesses
Stationary Power ndash No technologyindustrial momentum at the
OEM level geographically distant from OEMs for component-
supply opportunities
Transportation Power ndash No technologyindustrial base at the
OEM level lack of infrastructure funding relatively dispersed
population for transportation services
Economic Development Factors ndash limited state incentives
somewhat sluggish overall state economy relatively
undeveloped core of technology skillsknowledge base
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
46
Opportunities
Stationary Power ndash Opportunity as an ldquoearly adaptor marketrdquo
some supply chain buildup opportunities around SP deployment
Linkage between H2FC technologies and advanced biofuels
RampD Dispersed population amp economy needs distributed
solutions Major need for power storage in conjunction with
Maines planned offshore wind-power RampD and development
Transportation Power ndash Hydrogen refueling station plans Early-
stage potential for major roll-out in marine auxiliary power (US
Navy) Commuter rail expansion
Portable Power ndash Little currently-identified opportunity
Economic Development Factors ndash Brunswick ldquoRenewable Energy
Industrial Parkrdquo can be significant seed nucleus for both
deployment amp development Machine-tool industry pursuing
H2FC components supply-chain opportunities
Threats
Stationary Power ndash The regionrsquos favorable market
needsdemand could be met by other technologiessources ndash
Canadian hydro amp nuclear wind geothermal direct biomass
and power-storage alternatives ndash batteries solid state ammonia
etc
Transportation Power ndash The regionrsquos favorable market
characteristics and needs could be met by other electric
vehicles particularly in the absence of a hydrogen
infrastructure
Economic Development Factors ndash competition from more fully-
equipped statesregions wind and other renewables grab Maine
energy industry momentum lack of funding to sustain
University of MErsquos momentum in storage and fuel cell
technologies related to biomass and wind hesitation of state
government to support alternative energy incentives
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
47
Appendix VIII ndash Partial list of Fuel Cell Deployment in the Northeast region
Manufacturer Site Name Site Location Year Installed
Plug Power T-Mobile cell tower Storrs CT 2008
Plug Power Albany International Airport Albany NY 2004
FuelCell Energy Pepperidge Farms Plant Bloomfield CT 2005
FuelCell Energy Peabody Museum New Haven CT 2003
FuelCell Energy Sheraton New York Hotel amp Towers Manhattan NY 2004
FuelCell Energy Sheraton Hotel Edison NJ 2003
FuelCell Energy Sheraton Hotel Parsippany NJ 2003
UTC Power Cabelas Sporting Goods East Hartford CT 2008
UTC Power Whole Foods Market Glastonbury CT 2008
UTC Power Connecticut Science Center Hartford CT 2009
UTC Power St Francis Hospital Hartford CT 2003
UTC Power Middletown High School Middletown CT 2008
UTC Power Connecticut Juvenile Training School Middletown CT 2001
UTC Power 360 State Street Apartment Building New Haven CT 2010
UTC Power South Windsor High School South Windsor CT 2002
UTC Power Mohegan Sun Casino Hotel Uncasville CT 2002
UTC Power CTTransit Fuel Cell Bus Hartford CT 2007
UTC Power Whole Foods Market Dedham MA 2009
UTC Power Bronx Zoo Bronx NY 2008
UTC Power North Central Bronx Hospital Bronx NY 2000
UTC Power Hunts Point Water Pollution Control Plant Bronx NY 2005
UTC Power Price Chopper Supermarket Colonie NY 2010
UTC Power East Rochester High School East Rochester NY 2007
UTC Power Coca-Cola Refreshments Production Facility Elmsford NY 2010
UTC Power Verizon Call Center and Communications Building Garden City NY 2005
UTC Power State Office Building Hauppauge NY 2009
UTC Power Liverpool High School Liverpool NY 2000
UTC Power New York Hilton Hotel New York City NY 2007
UTC Power Central Park Police Station New York City NY 1999
UTC Power Rochester Institute of Technology Rochester NY 1993
UTC Power NYPA office building White Plains NY 2010
UTC Power Wastewater treatment plant Yonkers NY 1997
UTC Power The Octagon Roosevelt Island NY 2011
UTC Power Johnson amp Johnson World Headquarters New Brunswick NJ 2003
UTC Power CTTRANSIT (Fuel Cell Powered Buses) Hartford CT 2007 - Present
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
48
Appendix IX ndash Partial list of Fuel Cell-Powered Forklifts in North America106
Company CityTown State Site Year
Deployed
Fuel Cell
Manufacturer
of
forklifts
Coca-Cola San Leandro CA
Bottling and
distribution center 2011 Plug Power 37
Charlotte NC Bottling facility 2011 Plug Power 40
EARP
Distribution Kansas City KS Distribution center 2011
Oorja
Protonics 24
Golden State
Foods Lemont IL Distribution facility 2011
Oorja
Protonics 20
Kroger Co Compton CA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 161
Sysco
Riverside CA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 80
Boston MA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 160
Long Island NY Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 42
San Antonio TX Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 113
Front Royal VA Redistribution
facility 2011 Plug Power 100
Baldor
Specialty Foods Bronx NY Facility
Planned
in 2012
Oorja
Protonics 50
BMW
Manufacturing
Co
Spartanburg SC Manufacturing
plant 2010 Plug Power 86
Defense
Logistics
Agency US
Department of
Defense
San Joaquin CA Distribution facility 2011 Plug Power 20
Fort Lewis WA Distribution depot 2011 Plug Power 19
Warner
Robins GA Distribution depot 2010 Hydrogenics 20
Susquehanna PA Distribution depot 2010 Plug Power 15
2009 Nuvera 40
Martin-Brower Stockton CA Food distribution
center 2010
Oorja
Protonics 15
United Natural
Foods Inc
(UNFI)
Sarasota FL Distribution center 2010 Plug Power 65
Wal-Mart
Balzac Al
Canada
Refrigerated
distribution center 2010 Plug Power 80
Washington
Court House OH
Food distribution
center 2007 Plug Power 55
Wegmans Pottsville PA Warehouse 2010 Plug Power 136
Whole Foods
Market Landover MD Distribution center 2010 Plug Power 61
106
FuelCell2000 ldquoFuel Cell-Powered Forklifts in North Americardquo httpwwwfuelcellsorginfochartsforkliftspdf November
2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
49
Appendix X ndash Comparison of PEM Fuel Cell and Battery-Powered Material Handling
Equipment
3 kW PEM Fuel Cell-Powered
Pallet Trucks
3 kW Battery-powered
(2 batteries per truck)
Total Fuel Cycle Energy Use
(total energy consumedkWh
delivered to the wheels) -12000 BtukWh 14000 BtukWh
Fuel Cycle GHG Emissions
(in g CO2 equivalent 820 gkWh 1200 gkWh
Estimated Product Life 8-10 years 4-5 years No Emissions at Point of Use
Quiet Operation
Wide Ambient Operating
Temperature range
Constant Power Available
over Shift
Routine Maintenance Costs
($YR) $1250 - $1500year $2000year
Time for RefuelingChanging
Batteries 4 ndash 8 minday 45-60 minday (for battery change-outs)
8 hours (for battery recharging amp cooling) Cost of FuelElectricity $6000year $1300year Labor Cost of
refuelingRecharging $1100year $8750year
Net Present Value of Capital
Cost $12600
($18000 wo incentive) $14000
Net Present Value of OampM
costs (including fuel) $52000 $128000
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
50
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
39
MAINE
Appendix II ndash Maine Estimated Electrical Consumption per Sector
Category Total Site
Electric Consumption per Building
(1000 kWh)101
kWh Consumed per Sector
New England
Education 925 161844 149705700
Food Sales 1800 319821 575677800
Food Services 2100 128 269199000
Inpatient Healthcare 181 603863 1092991125
Lodging 837 21312 178379766
Public Order amp Safety 262 77855 20398010
Total 6105 2286351401
Residential102
4503000000
Industrial 3702000000
Commercial 4503000000
Other Commercial 2286351401
101
EIA Electricity consumption and expenditure intensities for Non-Mall Building 2003 102
DOE EERE ldquoElectric Power and Renewable Energy in Mainerdquo httpapps1eereenergygovstateselectricitycfmstate=ME
August 25 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
40
MAINE
Appendix III ndash Key Stakeholders
Organization CityTown State Website Hydrogen Energy Center Portland ME wwwhydrogenenergycenterorg
University of Maine School of
Engineering Technology Orono ME httpwwwumaineeduset
University of Maine Advanced
Manufacturing Center Orono
ME wwwumaineeduamc
University of Maine Advanced
Structures and Composites Center Orono
ME httpwww2umaineeduaewc
Manufacturers Association of Maine Westbrook ME
wwwmainemfgcom
Maine Manufacturing Extension
Partnership Augusta
ME httpwwwmainemeporg
Mid-Coast Regional Redevelopment
Authority Brunswick
ME wwwmrraus
Manufacturing Applications Center Gorham ME
httpwwwusmmaineedu
Maine Center for Enterprise
Development University of Southern
Maine
Portland ME
wwwmcedbiz
Maine Small Business Development
Center Portland
ME httpwwwmainesbdcorg
Southern Maine Community College
Sustainability and Energy Alternatives
Center
South
Portland ME httpwwwsmccmeedubusiness-a-
communitycomunity-resourcessustainability-
centerhtml
Environment and Energy Technology
Council of Maine Portland
ME wwwE2Techorg
Maine Technology Institute Gardiner ME
wwwmainetechnologyorg
Maine Innovation Economy advisory
Board Maine DECD Augusta ME httpwwwmainegovdecd
Governorrsquos Office of Energy
Independence and Security Augusta ME httpmainegovoeis
Utility Companies
Unitil httpwwwunitilcomcustomer-configuration
Bangor Gas Co httpwwwbangorgascom
Central Maine Power Co httpwwwcmpcocom
Bangor Hydro-Electric Co httpwwwbhecom
Maine Public Service Co httpwwwmainepublicservicecom
Appendix IV ndash Maine State Incentives and Programs
Funding Source Maine Public Utilities Commission
Program Title Community-based Renewable Energy Pilot Program
Applicable EnergiesTechnologies Solar Thermal Electric Photovoltaic Landfill Gas Wind
Biomass Hydroelectric Geothermal Electric Fuel Cells Anaerobic Digestion Tidal Energy
Fuel Cells using Renewable Fuels
Summary The Maine Utilities Commission (PUC) finalized the rule in February 2010 Legislation
mandates that up 10 50 MW of generating capacity will be permitted uned this program and
individual participants may not exceed 10 MW Of the 50 MW cap 10 must be reserved
specifically for small program participants or for participants located in a service territory of a
cooperative transmission and distribution utility
Restrictions
The PUC may require investor-owned utilities to enter into long-term contracts for energy capacity
resources or renewable energy credits (RECs) produced by the community-based project The
contacts term may not exceed 20 year the PUC will conduct long-term contract solicitations for
ldquolarge generatorsrdquo
Timing The Maine Public Utilities Commission is seeking proposals from suppliers of energy
capacity or renewable energy credits (RECs) for the development of community-based renewable
energy projects over 1 MW The docket number for this RFP is 2011-150 All inquiries about this
RFP should be directed to christinercookmainegov
Maximum Size Choice of either 15 REC credit multiplier or up to 10 MW DC
Requirements
To be eligible for incentives a generating facility must be 51 percent locally owned use renewable
energy resources be no larger than 10 MW in generating capacity and be located in the State
httpwwwstatemeusmpucelectricitycommunity_pilotshtml
Rebate amount $010kWh or cost fo the project whichever is lower
For further information please visit
httpwwwstatemeusmpucelectricitycommunity_pilotshtml
Source
Maine Public Utilities Commission ldquoCommunity-based Renewable Energy Pilot Programrdquo August 10 2011
DSIRE ldquoCommunity-based Renewable Energy Production Incentive (Pilot Program)rdquo August 10 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
42
Funding Source Voluntary Renewable Resource Grants
Program Title Voluntary Renewable Resources Fund
Applicable EnergiesTechnologies Solar Thermal Electric Photovoltaics Wind Biomass
Hydroelectric Geothermal Electric Fuel Cells Municipal Solid Waste Tidal Energy Fuel
Cells using Renewable Fuels
Summary Supported by the state Voluntary Renewable resource Fund and administered by the
Efficient Maine provide funding for small-scale demonstration projects designed to educate
communities on the value oand cost effectiveness of renewable energy
Restrictions To Qualify for grant funding renewable-energy resources generally must qualify as a
small power production facility un Federal Energy Regulatory Commission rules or must not exceed
100 MW in capacity and use one of more of the applicable energiestechnologies
Timing Start Date of this program occurred 12151998 and no expiration date is given
Maximum Size $50000
Requirements
httpwwwmainegovmpucrecovery
Rebate amount
$50000 Maximu
For further information please visit
httpwwwmainegovmpucrecovery
Source
Maine PUC ldquoFederal Stimulus MPUC and the Federal Recovery Packagerdquo ndash August 10 2011
DSIRE ldquoMaine - Voluntary Renewable Resource Grantsrdquo August 10 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
43
Appendix V ndash Partial Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Supply Chain Companies in Maine103
Organization Name Product or Service Category
1 University of Maine School of
Engineering Technology Research amp Development
2 University of Maine Advanced
Structures and Composites Center Research amp Development
3 Precision Partners-Mid-State Machine
Products Manufacturing Services
4 Ocean Energy Institute EngineeringDesign Services
5 Newfab Inc Manufacturing Services
6 New England Castings Other
7 Mitchell Ledge Farm Components
8 McNabb Marketing Resources Other
9 Maine Oxy Inc Fuel
10 Maine Machine Products Co Manufacturing Services
11 MacTec Inc FCH2 System DistrInstallMaint Services
12 Kennebec Technologies Manufacturing Services
13 Hydrogen Energy Center Service Center Lab or Test ConsultingLegalFinancial
Services
14 Hydrogen Energy Center Other
15 Green Energy Maine Other
16 Fire Risk Management Inc EngineeringDesign Services
17 Fire Risk Management EngineeringDesign Services
18 Fairchild Semiconductor Research amp Development
19 EcoMain Research amp Development
20 Control Point Inc Lab or Test EquipmentServices
21 Colby Company Engineering EngineeringDesign Services
22 Chewonki Foundation Other
23 Burroughs Machine Tool Products Equipment
24 Bernstein Shur ConsultingLegalFinancial Services
25 Bath Iron Works (General Dynamics
Inc) Research amp Development
26 AMEC EngineeringDesign Services
27 Advantages Gases and Tools Fuel
28 Advanced Manufacturing Center-
University of ME Manufacturing Services
103
Northeast Electrochemical Energy Storage Cluster Supply Chain Database Search httpneescorgresourcestype=1 August 11 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
44
Appendix VI ndash Comparison of Fuel Cell Technologies104
Fuel Cell
Type
Common
Electrolyte
Operating
Temperature
Typical
Stack
Size
Efficiency Applications Advantages Disadvantages
Polymer
Electrolyte
Membrane
(PEM)
Perfluoro sulfonic
acid
50-100degC
122-212deg
typically
80degC
lt 1 kW ndash 1
MW105
gt
kW 60
transportation
35
stationary
bull Backup power
bull Portable power
bull Distributed
generation
bull Transportation
bull Specialty vehicle
bull Solid electrolyte reduces
corrosion amp electrolyte
management problems
bull Low temperature
bull Quick start-up
bull Expensive catalysts
bull Sensitive to fuel
impurities
bull Low temperature waste
heat
Alkaline
(AFC)
Aqueous solution
of potassium
hydroxide soaked
in a matrix
90-100degC
194-212degF
10 ndash 100
kW 60
bull Military
bull Space
bull Cathode reaction faster
in alkaline electrolyte
leads to high performance
bull Low cost components
bull Sensitive to CO2
in fuel and air
bull Electrolyte management
Phosphoric
Acid
(PAFC)
Phosphoric acid
soaked in a matrix
150-200degC
302-392degF
400 kW
100 kW
module
40 bull Distributed
generation
bull Higher temperature enables
CHP
bull Increased tolerance to fuel
impurities
bull Pt catalyst
bull Long start up time
bull Low current and power
Molten
Carbonate
(MCFC)
Solution of lithium
sodium andor
potassium
carbonates soaked
in a matrix
600-700degC
1112-1292degF
300
k W- 3 M
W
300 kW
module
45 ndash 50
bull Electric utility
bull Distributed
generation
bull High efficiency
bull Fuel flexibility
bull Can use a variety of catalysts
bull Suitable for CHP
bull High temperature
corrosion and breakdown
of cell components
bull Long start up time
bull Low power density
Solid Oxide
(SOFC)
Yttria stabilized
zirconia
700-1000degC
1202-1832degF
1 kW ndash 2
MW 60
bull Auxiliary power
bull Electric utility
bull Distributed
generation
bull High efficiency
bull Fuel flexibility
bull Can use a variety of catalysts
bull Solid electrolyte
bull Suitable f o r CHP amp CHHP
bull HybridGT cycle
bull High temperature
corrosion and breakdown
of cell components
bull High temperature
operation requires long
start up
time and limits
Polymer Electrolyte is no longer a single category row Data shown does not take into account High Temperature PEM which operates in the range of 160oC to 180
oC It solves
virtually all of the disadvantages listed under PEM It is not sensitive to impurities It has usable heat Stack efficiencies of 52 on the high side are realized HTPEM is not a
PAFC fuel cell and should not be confused with one
104 US Department of Energy Fuel Cells Technology Program httpwww1eereenergygovhydrogenandfuelcellsfuelcellspdfsfc_comparison_chartpdf August 5 2011 105
Ballard ldquoCLEARgen Multi-MY Systemsrdquo httpwwwballardcomfuel-cell-productscleargen-multi-mw-systemsaspx November 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
45
Appendix VII ndashAnalysis of Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities and Threats for Maine
Strengths
Stationary Power ndash Strong market drivers including high
electricity cost cold climate reliance on oil for space heating
strong CHP and district heating market strong environmental
and green energy awareness) capable core of fuel cell CHP
installers energy storage demand to serve MErsquos aggressive
wind-power industry strong ongoing expansion of natural gas
servicedistribution
Transportation Power - Strong market drivers including a
dispersed population highly reliant on truck and auto
transportation receptive and environmentally conscious
alternative fuelstransportation market relatively low income
population in need of relief from automobile fuel costs strong
Navy shipbuilding industry as potential user of H2FC auxiliary
power system strongly interested in fleet-based hydrogen
fueling station development (SunHydro model) strong interest
in municipal transit and fuel cell -powered rail
Economic Development Factors ndash Brunswick Renewable
Energy Park emphasis on skills development and technology
synergies aggressive state level policy to policy to develop
renewable wind and biomass energy technologies skilled and
well organized network of precision manufacturing firms tied
into aerospace and communications equipment industries
strong labor force at relatively low wages RampDbusiness
infrastructure for advanced biofuels and composite material
structures growing University of Maine commitment to fuel
cell and biomass RampD state funding source familiaritycomfort
with H2FC technology
Weaknesses
Stationary Power ndash No technologyindustrial momentum at the
OEM level geographically distant from OEMs for component-
supply opportunities
Transportation Power ndash No technologyindustrial base at the
OEM level lack of infrastructure funding relatively dispersed
population for transportation services
Economic Development Factors ndash limited state incentives
somewhat sluggish overall state economy relatively
undeveloped core of technology skillsknowledge base
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
46
Opportunities
Stationary Power ndash Opportunity as an ldquoearly adaptor marketrdquo
some supply chain buildup opportunities around SP deployment
Linkage between H2FC technologies and advanced biofuels
RampD Dispersed population amp economy needs distributed
solutions Major need for power storage in conjunction with
Maines planned offshore wind-power RampD and development
Transportation Power ndash Hydrogen refueling station plans Early-
stage potential for major roll-out in marine auxiliary power (US
Navy) Commuter rail expansion
Portable Power ndash Little currently-identified opportunity
Economic Development Factors ndash Brunswick ldquoRenewable Energy
Industrial Parkrdquo can be significant seed nucleus for both
deployment amp development Machine-tool industry pursuing
H2FC components supply-chain opportunities
Threats
Stationary Power ndash The regionrsquos favorable market
needsdemand could be met by other technologiessources ndash
Canadian hydro amp nuclear wind geothermal direct biomass
and power-storage alternatives ndash batteries solid state ammonia
etc
Transportation Power ndash The regionrsquos favorable market
characteristics and needs could be met by other electric
vehicles particularly in the absence of a hydrogen
infrastructure
Economic Development Factors ndash competition from more fully-
equipped statesregions wind and other renewables grab Maine
energy industry momentum lack of funding to sustain
University of MErsquos momentum in storage and fuel cell
technologies related to biomass and wind hesitation of state
government to support alternative energy incentives
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
47
Appendix VIII ndash Partial list of Fuel Cell Deployment in the Northeast region
Manufacturer Site Name Site Location Year Installed
Plug Power T-Mobile cell tower Storrs CT 2008
Plug Power Albany International Airport Albany NY 2004
FuelCell Energy Pepperidge Farms Plant Bloomfield CT 2005
FuelCell Energy Peabody Museum New Haven CT 2003
FuelCell Energy Sheraton New York Hotel amp Towers Manhattan NY 2004
FuelCell Energy Sheraton Hotel Edison NJ 2003
FuelCell Energy Sheraton Hotel Parsippany NJ 2003
UTC Power Cabelas Sporting Goods East Hartford CT 2008
UTC Power Whole Foods Market Glastonbury CT 2008
UTC Power Connecticut Science Center Hartford CT 2009
UTC Power St Francis Hospital Hartford CT 2003
UTC Power Middletown High School Middletown CT 2008
UTC Power Connecticut Juvenile Training School Middletown CT 2001
UTC Power 360 State Street Apartment Building New Haven CT 2010
UTC Power South Windsor High School South Windsor CT 2002
UTC Power Mohegan Sun Casino Hotel Uncasville CT 2002
UTC Power CTTransit Fuel Cell Bus Hartford CT 2007
UTC Power Whole Foods Market Dedham MA 2009
UTC Power Bronx Zoo Bronx NY 2008
UTC Power North Central Bronx Hospital Bronx NY 2000
UTC Power Hunts Point Water Pollution Control Plant Bronx NY 2005
UTC Power Price Chopper Supermarket Colonie NY 2010
UTC Power East Rochester High School East Rochester NY 2007
UTC Power Coca-Cola Refreshments Production Facility Elmsford NY 2010
UTC Power Verizon Call Center and Communications Building Garden City NY 2005
UTC Power State Office Building Hauppauge NY 2009
UTC Power Liverpool High School Liverpool NY 2000
UTC Power New York Hilton Hotel New York City NY 2007
UTC Power Central Park Police Station New York City NY 1999
UTC Power Rochester Institute of Technology Rochester NY 1993
UTC Power NYPA office building White Plains NY 2010
UTC Power Wastewater treatment plant Yonkers NY 1997
UTC Power The Octagon Roosevelt Island NY 2011
UTC Power Johnson amp Johnson World Headquarters New Brunswick NJ 2003
UTC Power CTTRANSIT (Fuel Cell Powered Buses) Hartford CT 2007 - Present
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
48
Appendix IX ndash Partial list of Fuel Cell-Powered Forklifts in North America106
Company CityTown State Site Year
Deployed
Fuel Cell
Manufacturer
of
forklifts
Coca-Cola San Leandro CA
Bottling and
distribution center 2011 Plug Power 37
Charlotte NC Bottling facility 2011 Plug Power 40
EARP
Distribution Kansas City KS Distribution center 2011
Oorja
Protonics 24
Golden State
Foods Lemont IL Distribution facility 2011
Oorja
Protonics 20
Kroger Co Compton CA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 161
Sysco
Riverside CA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 80
Boston MA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 160
Long Island NY Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 42
San Antonio TX Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 113
Front Royal VA Redistribution
facility 2011 Plug Power 100
Baldor
Specialty Foods Bronx NY Facility
Planned
in 2012
Oorja
Protonics 50
BMW
Manufacturing
Co
Spartanburg SC Manufacturing
plant 2010 Plug Power 86
Defense
Logistics
Agency US
Department of
Defense
San Joaquin CA Distribution facility 2011 Plug Power 20
Fort Lewis WA Distribution depot 2011 Plug Power 19
Warner
Robins GA Distribution depot 2010 Hydrogenics 20
Susquehanna PA Distribution depot 2010 Plug Power 15
2009 Nuvera 40
Martin-Brower Stockton CA Food distribution
center 2010
Oorja
Protonics 15
United Natural
Foods Inc
(UNFI)
Sarasota FL Distribution center 2010 Plug Power 65
Wal-Mart
Balzac Al
Canada
Refrigerated
distribution center 2010 Plug Power 80
Washington
Court House OH
Food distribution
center 2007 Plug Power 55
Wegmans Pottsville PA Warehouse 2010 Plug Power 136
Whole Foods
Market Landover MD Distribution center 2010 Plug Power 61
106
FuelCell2000 ldquoFuel Cell-Powered Forklifts in North Americardquo httpwwwfuelcellsorginfochartsforkliftspdf November
2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
49
Appendix X ndash Comparison of PEM Fuel Cell and Battery-Powered Material Handling
Equipment
3 kW PEM Fuel Cell-Powered
Pallet Trucks
3 kW Battery-powered
(2 batteries per truck)
Total Fuel Cycle Energy Use
(total energy consumedkWh
delivered to the wheels) -12000 BtukWh 14000 BtukWh
Fuel Cycle GHG Emissions
(in g CO2 equivalent 820 gkWh 1200 gkWh
Estimated Product Life 8-10 years 4-5 years No Emissions at Point of Use
Quiet Operation
Wide Ambient Operating
Temperature range
Constant Power Available
over Shift
Routine Maintenance Costs
($YR) $1250 - $1500year $2000year
Time for RefuelingChanging
Batteries 4 ndash 8 minday 45-60 minday (for battery change-outs)
8 hours (for battery recharging amp cooling) Cost of FuelElectricity $6000year $1300year Labor Cost of
refuelingRecharging $1100year $8750year
Net Present Value of Capital
Cost $12600
($18000 wo incentive) $14000
Net Present Value of OampM
costs (including fuel) $52000 $128000
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
50
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
40
MAINE
Appendix III ndash Key Stakeholders
Organization CityTown State Website Hydrogen Energy Center Portland ME wwwhydrogenenergycenterorg
University of Maine School of
Engineering Technology Orono ME httpwwwumaineeduset
University of Maine Advanced
Manufacturing Center Orono
ME wwwumaineeduamc
University of Maine Advanced
Structures and Composites Center Orono
ME httpwww2umaineeduaewc
Manufacturers Association of Maine Westbrook ME
wwwmainemfgcom
Maine Manufacturing Extension
Partnership Augusta
ME httpwwwmainemeporg
Mid-Coast Regional Redevelopment
Authority Brunswick
ME wwwmrraus
Manufacturing Applications Center Gorham ME
httpwwwusmmaineedu
Maine Center for Enterprise
Development University of Southern
Maine
Portland ME
wwwmcedbiz
Maine Small Business Development
Center Portland
ME httpwwwmainesbdcorg
Southern Maine Community College
Sustainability and Energy Alternatives
Center
South
Portland ME httpwwwsmccmeedubusiness-a-
communitycomunity-resourcessustainability-
centerhtml
Environment and Energy Technology
Council of Maine Portland
ME wwwE2Techorg
Maine Technology Institute Gardiner ME
wwwmainetechnologyorg
Maine Innovation Economy advisory
Board Maine DECD Augusta ME httpwwwmainegovdecd
Governorrsquos Office of Energy
Independence and Security Augusta ME httpmainegovoeis
Utility Companies
Unitil httpwwwunitilcomcustomer-configuration
Bangor Gas Co httpwwwbangorgascom
Central Maine Power Co httpwwwcmpcocom
Bangor Hydro-Electric Co httpwwwbhecom
Maine Public Service Co httpwwwmainepublicservicecom
Appendix IV ndash Maine State Incentives and Programs
Funding Source Maine Public Utilities Commission
Program Title Community-based Renewable Energy Pilot Program
Applicable EnergiesTechnologies Solar Thermal Electric Photovoltaic Landfill Gas Wind
Biomass Hydroelectric Geothermal Electric Fuel Cells Anaerobic Digestion Tidal Energy
Fuel Cells using Renewable Fuels
Summary The Maine Utilities Commission (PUC) finalized the rule in February 2010 Legislation
mandates that up 10 50 MW of generating capacity will be permitted uned this program and
individual participants may not exceed 10 MW Of the 50 MW cap 10 must be reserved
specifically for small program participants or for participants located in a service territory of a
cooperative transmission and distribution utility
Restrictions
The PUC may require investor-owned utilities to enter into long-term contracts for energy capacity
resources or renewable energy credits (RECs) produced by the community-based project The
contacts term may not exceed 20 year the PUC will conduct long-term contract solicitations for
ldquolarge generatorsrdquo
Timing The Maine Public Utilities Commission is seeking proposals from suppliers of energy
capacity or renewable energy credits (RECs) for the development of community-based renewable
energy projects over 1 MW The docket number for this RFP is 2011-150 All inquiries about this
RFP should be directed to christinercookmainegov
Maximum Size Choice of either 15 REC credit multiplier or up to 10 MW DC
Requirements
To be eligible for incentives a generating facility must be 51 percent locally owned use renewable
energy resources be no larger than 10 MW in generating capacity and be located in the State
httpwwwstatemeusmpucelectricitycommunity_pilotshtml
Rebate amount $010kWh or cost fo the project whichever is lower
For further information please visit
httpwwwstatemeusmpucelectricitycommunity_pilotshtml
Source
Maine Public Utilities Commission ldquoCommunity-based Renewable Energy Pilot Programrdquo August 10 2011
DSIRE ldquoCommunity-based Renewable Energy Production Incentive (Pilot Program)rdquo August 10 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
42
Funding Source Voluntary Renewable Resource Grants
Program Title Voluntary Renewable Resources Fund
Applicable EnergiesTechnologies Solar Thermal Electric Photovoltaics Wind Biomass
Hydroelectric Geothermal Electric Fuel Cells Municipal Solid Waste Tidal Energy Fuel
Cells using Renewable Fuels
Summary Supported by the state Voluntary Renewable resource Fund and administered by the
Efficient Maine provide funding for small-scale demonstration projects designed to educate
communities on the value oand cost effectiveness of renewable energy
Restrictions To Qualify for grant funding renewable-energy resources generally must qualify as a
small power production facility un Federal Energy Regulatory Commission rules or must not exceed
100 MW in capacity and use one of more of the applicable energiestechnologies
Timing Start Date of this program occurred 12151998 and no expiration date is given
Maximum Size $50000
Requirements
httpwwwmainegovmpucrecovery
Rebate amount
$50000 Maximu
For further information please visit
httpwwwmainegovmpucrecovery
Source
Maine PUC ldquoFederal Stimulus MPUC and the Federal Recovery Packagerdquo ndash August 10 2011
DSIRE ldquoMaine - Voluntary Renewable Resource Grantsrdquo August 10 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
43
Appendix V ndash Partial Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Supply Chain Companies in Maine103
Organization Name Product or Service Category
1 University of Maine School of
Engineering Technology Research amp Development
2 University of Maine Advanced
Structures and Composites Center Research amp Development
3 Precision Partners-Mid-State Machine
Products Manufacturing Services
4 Ocean Energy Institute EngineeringDesign Services
5 Newfab Inc Manufacturing Services
6 New England Castings Other
7 Mitchell Ledge Farm Components
8 McNabb Marketing Resources Other
9 Maine Oxy Inc Fuel
10 Maine Machine Products Co Manufacturing Services
11 MacTec Inc FCH2 System DistrInstallMaint Services
12 Kennebec Technologies Manufacturing Services
13 Hydrogen Energy Center Service Center Lab or Test ConsultingLegalFinancial
Services
14 Hydrogen Energy Center Other
15 Green Energy Maine Other
16 Fire Risk Management Inc EngineeringDesign Services
17 Fire Risk Management EngineeringDesign Services
18 Fairchild Semiconductor Research amp Development
19 EcoMain Research amp Development
20 Control Point Inc Lab or Test EquipmentServices
21 Colby Company Engineering EngineeringDesign Services
22 Chewonki Foundation Other
23 Burroughs Machine Tool Products Equipment
24 Bernstein Shur ConsultingLegalFinancial Services
25 Bath Iron Works (General Dynamics
Inc) Research amp Development
26 AMEC EngineeringDesign Services
27 Advantages Gases and Tools Fuel
28 Advanced Manufacturing Center-
University of ME Manufacturing Services
103
Northeast Electrochemical Energy Storage Cluster Supply Chain Database Search httpneescorgresourcestype=1 August 11 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
44
Appendix VI ndash Comparison of Fuel Cell Technologies104
Fuel Cell
Type
Common
Electrolyte
Operating
Temperature
Typical
Stack
Size
Efficiency Applications Advantages Disadvantages
Polymer
Electrolyte
Membrane
(PEM)
Perfluoro sulfonic
acid
50-100degC
122-212deg
typically
80degC
lt 1 kW ndash 1
MW105
gt
kW 60
transportation
35
stationary
bull Backup power
bull Portable power
bull Distributed
generation
bull Transportation
bull Specialty vehicle
bull Solid electrolyte reduces
corrosion amp electrolyte
management problems
bull Low temperature
bull Quick start-up
bull Expensive catalysts
bull Sensitive to fuel
impurities
bull Low temperature waste
heat
Alkaline
(AFC)
Aqueous solution
of potassium
hydroxide soaked
in a matrix
90-100degC
194-212degF
10 ndash 100
kW 60
bull Military
bull Space
bull Cathode reaction faster
in alkaline electrolyte
leads to high performance
bull Low cost components
bull Sensitive to CO2
in fuel and air
bull Electrolyte management
Phosphoric
Acid
(PAFC)
Phosphoric acid
soaked in a matrix
150-200degC
302-392degF
400 kW
100 kW
module
40 bull Distributed
generation
bull Higher temperature enables
CHP
bull Increased tolerance to fuel
impurities
bull Pt catalyst
bull Long start up time
bull Low current and power
Molten
Carbonate
(MCFC)
Solution of lithium
sodium andor
potassium
carbonates soaked
in a matrix
600-700degC
1112-1292degF
300
k W- 3 M
W
300 kW
module
45 ndash 50
bull Electric utility
bull Distributed
generation
bull High efficiency
bull Fuel flexibility
bull Can use a variety of catalysts
bull Suitable for CHP
bull High temperature
corrosion and breakdown
of cell components
bull Long start up time
bull Low power density
Solid Oxide
(SOFC)
Yttria stabilized
zirconia
700-1000degC
1202-1832degF
1 kW ndash 2
MW 60
bull Auxiliary power
bull Electric utility
bull Distributed
generation
bull High efficiency
bull Fuel flexibility
bull Can use a variety of catalysts
bull Solid electrolyte
bull Suitable f o r CHP amp CHHP
bull HybridGT cycle
bull High temperature
corrosion and breakdown
of cell components
bull High temperature
operation requires long
start up
time and limits
Polymer Electrolyte is no longer a single category row Data shown does not take into account High Temperature PEM which operates in the range of 160oC to 180
oC It solves
virtually all of the disadvantages listed under PEM It is not sensitive to impurities It has usable heat Stack efficiencies of 52 on the high side are realized HTPEM is not a
PAFC fuel cell and should not be confused with one
104 US Department of Energy Fuel Cells Technology Program httpwww1eereenergygovhydrogenandfuelcellsfuelcellspdfsfc_comparison_chartpdf August 5 2011 105
Ballard ldquoCLEARgen Multi-MY Systemsrdquo httpwwwballardcomfuel-cell-productscleargen-multi-mw-systemsaspx November 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
45
Appendix VII ndashAnalysis of Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities and Threats for Maine
Strengths
Stationary Power ndash Strong market drivers including high
electricity cost cold climate reliance on oil for space heating
strong CHP and district heating market strong environmental
and green energy awareness) capable core of fuel cell CHP
installers energy storage demand to serve MErsquos aggressive
wind-power industry strong ongoing expansion of natural gas
servicedistribution
Transportation Power - Strong market drivers including a
dispersed population highly reliant on truck and auto
transportation receptive and environmentally conscious
alternative fuelstransportation market relatively low income
population in need of relief from automobile fuel costs strong
Navy shipbuilding industry as potential user of H2FC auxiliary
power system strongly interested in fleet-based hydrogen
fueling station development (SunHydro model) strong interest
in municipal transit and fuel cell -powered rail
Economic Development Factors ndash Brunswick Renewable
Energy Park emphasis on skills development and technology
synergies aggressive state level policy to policy to develop
renewable wind and biomass energy technologies skilled and
well organized network of precision manufacturing firms tied
into aerospace and communications equipment industries
strong labor force at relatively low wages RampDbusiness
infrastructure for advanced biofuels and composite material
structures growing University of Maine commitment to fuel
cell and biomass RampD state funding source familiaritycomfort
with H2FC technology
Weaknesses
Stationary Power ndash No technologyindustrial momentum at the
OEM level geographically distant from OEMs for component-
supply opportunities
Transportation Power ndash No technologyindustrial base at the
OEM level lack of infrastructure funding relatively dispersed
population for transportation services
Economic Development Factors ndash limited state incentives
somewhat sluggish overall state economy relatively
undeveloped core of technology skillsknowledge base
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
46
Opportunities
Stationary Power ndash Opportunity as an ldquoearly adaptor marketrdquo
some supply chain buildup opportunities around SP deployment
Linkage between H2FC technologies and advanced biofuels
RampD Dispersed population amp economy needs distributed
solutions Major need for power storage in conjunction with
Maines planned offshore wind-power RampD and development
Transportation Power ndash Hydrogen refueling station plans Early-
stage potential for major roll-out in marine auxiliary power (US
Navy) Commuter rail expansion
Portable Power ndash Little currently-identified opportunity
Economic Development Factors ndash Brunswick ldquoRenewable Energy
Industrial Parkrdquo can be significant seed nucleus for both
deployment amp development Machine-tool industry pursuing
H2FC components supply-chain opportunities
Threats
Stationary Power ndash The regionrsquos favorable market
needsdemand could be met by other technologiessources ndash
Canadian hydro amp nuclear wind geothermal direct biomass
and power-storage alternatives ndash batteries solid state ammonia
etc
Transportation Power ndash The regionrsquos favorable market
characteristics and needs could be met by other electric
vehicles particularly in the absence of a hydrogen
infrastructure
Economic Development Factors ndash competition from more fully-
equipped statesregions wind and other renewables grab Maine
energy industry momentum lack of funding to sustain
University of MErsquos momentum in storage and fuel cell
technologies related to biomass and wind hesitation of state
government to support alternative energy incentives
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
47
Appendix VIII ndash Partial list of Fuel Cell Deployment in the Northeast region
Manufacturer Site Name Site Location Year Installed
Plug Power T-Mobile cell tower Storrs CT 2008
Plug Power Albany International Airport Albany NY 2004
FuelCell Energy Pepperidge Farms Plant Bloomfield CT 2005
FuelCell Energy Peabody Museum New Haven CT 2003
FuelCell Energy Sheraton New York Hotel amp Towers Manhattan NY 2004
FuelCell Energy Sheraton Hotel Edison NJ 2003
FuelCell Energy Sheraton Hotel Parsippany NJ 2003
UTC Power Cabelas Sporting Goods East Hartford CT 2008
UTC Power Whole Foods Market Glastonbury CT 2008
UTC Power Connecticut Science Center Hartford CT 2009
UTC Power St Francis Hospital Hartford CT 2003
UTC Power Middletown High School Middletown CT 2008
UTC Power Connecticut Juvenile Training School Middletown CT 2001
UTC Power 360 State Street Apartment Building New Haven CT 2010
UTC Power South Windsor High School South Windsor CT 2002
UTC Power Mohegan Sun Casino Hotel Uncasville CT 2002
UTC Power CTTransit Fuel Cell Bus Hartford CT 2007
UTC Power Whole Foods Market Dedham MA 2009
UTC Power Bronx Zoo Bronx NY 2008
UTC Power North Central Bronx Hospital Bronx NY 2000
UTC Power Hunts Point Water Pollution Control Plant Bronx NY 2005
UTC Power Price Chopper Supermarket Colonie NY 2010
UTC Power East Rochester High School East Rochester NY 2007
UTC Power Coca-Cola Refreshments Production Facility Elmsford NY 2010
UTC Power Verizon Call Center and Communications Building Garden City NY 2005
UTC Power State Office Building Hauppauge NY 2009
UTC Power Liverpool High School Liverpool NY 2000
UTC Power New York Hilton Hotel New York City NY 2007
UTC Power Central Park Police Station New York City NY 1999
UTC Power Rochester Institute of Technology Rochester NY 1993
UTC Power NYPA office building White Plains NY 2010
UTC Power Wastewater treatment plant Yonkers NY 1997
UTC Power The Octagon Roosevelt Island NY 2011
UTC Power Johnson amp Johnson World Headquarters New Brunswick NJ 2003
UTC Power CTTRANSIT (Fuel Cell Powered Buses) Hartford CT 2007 - Present
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
48
Appendix IX ndash Partial list of Fuel Cell-Powered Forklifts in North America106
Company CityTown State Site Year
Deployed
Fuel Cell
Manufacturer
of
forklifts
Coca-Cola San Leandro CA
Bottling and
distribution center 2011 Plug Power 37
Charlotte NC Bottling facility 2011 Plug Power 40
EARP
Distribution Kansas City KS Distribution center 2011
Oorja
Protonics 24
Golden State
Foods Lemont IL Distribution facility 2011
Oorja
Protonics 20
Kroger Co Compton CA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 161
Sysco
Riverside CA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 80
Boston MA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 160
Long Island NY Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 42
San Antonio TX Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 113
Front Royal VA Redistribution
facility 2011 Plug Power 100
Baldor
Specialty Foods Bronx NY Facility
Planned
in 2012
Oorja
Protonics 50
BMW
Manufacturing
Co
Spartanburg SC Manufacturing
plant 2010 Plug Power 86
Defense
Logistics
Agency US
Department of
Defense
San Joaquin CA Distribution facility 2011 Plug Power 20
Fort Lewis WA Distribution depot 2011 Plug Power 19
Warner
Robins GA Distribution depot 2010 Hydrogenics 20
Susquehanna PA Distribution depot 2010 Plug Power 15
2009 Nuvera 40
Martin-Brower Stockton CA Food distribution
center 2010
Oorja
Protonics 15
United Natural
Foods Inc
(UNFI)
Sarasota FL Distribution center 2010 Plug Power 65
Wal-Mart
Balzac Al
Canada
Refrigerated
distribution center 2010 Plug Power 80
Washington
Court House OH
Food distribution
center 2007 Plug Power 55
Wegmans Pottsville PA Warehouse 2010 Plug Power 136
Whole Foods
Market Landover MD Distribution center 2010 Plug Power 61
106
FuelCell2000 ldquoFuel Cell-Powered Forklifts in North Americardquo httpwwwfuelcellsorginfochartsforkliftspdf November
2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
49
Appendix X ndash Comparison of PEM Fuel Cell and Battery-Powered Material Handling
Equipment
3 kW PEM Fuel Cell-Powered
Pallet Trucks
3 kW Battery-powered
(2 batteries per truck)
Total Fuel Cycle Energy Use
(total energy consumedkWh
delivered to the wheels) -12000 BtukWh 14000 BtukWh
Fuel Cycle GHG Emissions
(in g CO2 equivalent 820 gkWh 1200 gkWh
Estimated Product Life 8-10 years 4-5 years No Emissions at Point of Use
Quiet Operation
Wide Ambient Operating
Temperature range
Constant Power Available
over Shift
Routine Maintenance Costs
($YR) $1250 - $1500year $2000year
Time for RefuelingChanging
Batteries 4 ndash 8 minday 45-60 minday (for battery change-outs)
8 hours (for battery recharging amp cooling) Cost of FuelElectricity $6000year $1300year Labor Cost of
refuelingRecharging $1100year $8750year
Net Present Value of Capital
Cost $12600
($18000 wo incentive) $14000
Net Present Value of OampM
costs (including fuel) $52000 $128000
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
50
Appendix IV ndash Maine State Incentives and Programs
Funding Source Maine Public Utilities Commission
Program Title Community-based Renewable Energy Pilot Program
Applicable EnergiesTechnologies Solar Thermal Electric Photovoltaic Landfill Gas Wind
Biomass Hydroelectric Geothermal Electric Fuel Cells Anaerobic Digestion Tidal Energy
Fuel Cells using Renewable Fuels
Summary The Maine Utilities Commission (PUC) finalized the rule in February 2010 Legislation
mandates that up 10 50 MW of generating capacity will be permitted uned this program and
individual participants may not exceed 10 MW Of the 50 MW cap 10 must be reserved
specifically for small program participants or for participants located in a service territory of a
cooperative transmission and distribution utility
Restrictions
The PUC may require investor-owned utilities to enter into long-term contracts for energy capacity
resources or renewable energy credits (RECs) produced by the community-based project The
contacts term may not exceed 20 year the PUC will conduct long-term contract solicitations for
ldquolarge generatorsrdquo
Timing The Maine Public Utilities Commission is seeking proposals from suppliers of energy
capacity or renewable energy credits (RECs) for the development of community-based renewable
energy projects over 1 MW The docket number for this RFP is 2011-150 All inquiries about this
RFP should be directed to christinercookmainegov
Maximum Size Choice of either 15 REC credit multiplier or up to 10 MW DC
Requirements
To be eligible for incentives a generating facility must be 51 percent locally owned use renewable
energy resources be no larger than 10 MW in generating capacity and be located in the State
httpwwwstatemeusmpucelectricitycommunity_pilotshtml
Rebate amount $010kWh or cost fo the project whichever is lower
For further information please visit
httpwwwstatemeusmpucelectricitycommunity_pilotshtml
Source
Maine Public Utilities Commission ldquoCommunity-based Renewable Energy Pilot Programrdquo August 10 2011
DSIRE ldquoCommunity-based Renewable Energy Production Incentive (Pilot Program)rdquo August 10 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
42
Funding Source Voluntary Renewable Resource Grants
Program Title Voluntary Renewable Resources Fund
Applicable EnergiesTechnologies Solar Thermal Electric Photovoltaics Wind Biomass
Hydroelectric Geothermal Electric Fuel Cells Municipal Solid Waste Tidal Energy Fuel
Cells using Renewable Fuels
Summary Supported by the state Voluntary Renewable resource Fund and administered by the
Efficient Maine provide funding for small-scale demonstration projects designed to educate
communities on the value oand cost effectiveness of renewable energy
Restrictions To Qualify for grant funding renewable-energy resources generally must qualify as a
small power production facility un Federal Energy Regulatory Commission rules or must not exceed
100 MW in capacity and use one of more of the applicable energiestechnologies
Timing Start Date of this program occurred 12151998 and no expiration date is given
Maximum Size $50000
Requirements
httpwwwmainegovmpucrecovery
Rebate amount
$50000 Maximu
For further information please visit
httpwwwmainegovmpucrecovery
Source
Maine PUC ldquoFederal Stimulus MPUC and the Federal Recovery Packagerdquo ndash August 10 2011
DSIRE ldquoMaine - Voluntary Renewable Resource Grantsrdquo August 10 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
43
Appendix V ndash Partial Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Supply Chain Companies in Maine103
Organization Name Product or Service Category
1 University of Maine School of
Engineering Technology Research amp Development
2 University of Maine Advanced
Structures and Composites Center Research amp Development
3 Precision Partners-Mid-State Machine
Products Manufacturing Services
4 Ocean Energy Institute EngineeringDesign Services
5 Newfab Inc Manufacturing Services
6 New England Castings Other
7 Mitchell Ledge Farm Components
8 McNabb Marketing Resources Other
9 Maine Oxy Inc Fuel
10 Maine Machine Products Co Manufacturing Services
11 MacTec Inc FCH2 System DistrInstallMaint Services
12 Kennebec Technologies Manufacturing Services
13 Hydrogen Energy Center Service Center Lab or Test ConsultingLegalFinancial
Services
14 Hydrogen Energy Center Other
15 Green Energy Maine Other
16 Fire Risk Management Inc EngineeringDesign Services
17 Fire Risk Management EngineeringDesign Services
18 Fairchild Semiconductor Research amp Development
19 EcoMain Research amp Development
20 Control Point Inc Lab or Test EquipmentServices
21 Colby Company Engineering EngineeringDesign Services
22 Chewonki Foundation Other
23 Burroughs Machine Tool Products Equipment
24 Bernstein Shur ConsultingLegalFinancial Services
25 Bath Iron Works (General Dynamics
Inc) Research amp Development
26 AMEC EngineeringDesign Services
27 Advantages Gases and Tools Fuel
28 Advanced Manufacturing Center-
University of ME Manufacturing Services
103
Northeast Electrochemical Energy Storage Cluster Supply Chain Database Search httpneescorgresourcestype=1 August 11 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
44
Appendix VI ndash Comparison of Fuel Cell Technologies104
Fuel Cell
Type
Common
Electrolyte
Operating
Temperature
Typical
Stack
Size
Efficiency Applications Advantages Disadvantages
Polymer
Electrolyte
Membrane
(PEM)
Perfluoro sulfonic
acid
50-100degC
122-212deg
typically
80degC
lt 1 kW ndash 1
MW105
gt
kW 60
transportation
35
stationary
bull Backup power
bull Portable power
bull Distributed
generation
bull Transportation
bull Specialty vehicle
bull Solid electrolyte reduces
corrosion amp electrolyte
management problems
bull Low temperature
bull Quick start-up
bull Expensive catalysts
bull Sensitive to fuel
impurities
bull Low temperature waste
heat
Alkaline
(AFC)
Aqueous solution
of potassium
hydroxide soaked
in a matrix
90-100degC
194-212degF
10 ndash 100
kW 60
bull Military
bull Space
bull Cathode reaction faster
in alkaline electrolyte
leads to high performance
bull Low cost components
bull Sensitive to CO2
in fuel and air
bull Electrolyte management
Phosphoric
Acid
(PAFC)
Phosphoric acid
soaked in a matrix
150-200degC
302-392degF
400 kW
100 kW
module
40 bull Distributed
generation
bull Higher temperature enables
CHP
bull Increased tolerance to fuel
impurities
bull Pt catalyst
bull Long start up time
bull Low current and power
Molten
Carbonate
(MCFC)
Solution of lithium
sodium andor
potassium
carbonates soaked
in a matrix
600-700degC
1112-1292degF
300
k W- 3 M
W
300 kW
module
45 ndash 50
bull Electric utility
bull Distributed
generation
bull High efficiency
bull Fuel flexibility
bull Can use a variety of catalysts
bull Suitable for CHP
bull High temperature
corrosion and breakdown
of cell components
bull Long start up time
bull Low power density
Solid Oxide
(SOFC)
Yttria stabilized
zirconia
700-1000degC
1202-1832degF
1 kW ndash 2
MW 60
bull Auxiliary power
bull Electric utility
bull Distributed
generation
bull High efficiency
bull Fuel flexibility
bull Can use a variety of catalysts
bull Solid electrolyte
bull Suitable f o r CHP amp CHHP
bull HybridGT cycle
bull High temperature
corrosion and breakdown
of cell components
bull High temperature
operation requires long
start up
time and limits
Polymer Electrolyte is no longer a single category row Data shown does not take into account High Temperature PEM which operates in the range of 160oC to 180
oC It solves
virtually all of the disadvantages listed under PEM It is not sensitive to impurities It has usable heat Stack efficiencies of 52 on the high side are realized HTPEM is not a
PAFC fuel cell and should not be confused with one
104 US Department of Energy Fuel Cells Technology Program httpwww1eereenergygovhydrogenandfuelcellsfuelcellspdfsfc_comparison_chartpdf August 5 2011 105
Ballard ldquoCLEARgen Multi-MY Systemsrdquo httpwwwballardcomfuel-cell-productscleargen-multi-mw-systemsaspx November 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
45
Appendix VII ndashAnalysis of Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities and Threats for Maine
Strengths
Stationary Power ndash Strong market drivers including high
electricity cost cold climate reliance on oil for space heating
strong CHP and district heating market strong environmental
and green energy awareness) capable core of fuel cell CHP
installers energy storage demand to serve MErsquos aggressive
wind-power industry strong ongoing expansion of natural gas
servicedistribution
Transportation Power - Strong market drivers including a
dispersed population highly reliant on truck and auto
transportation receptive and environmentally conscious
alternative fuelstransportation market relatively low income
population in need of relief from automobile fuel costs strong
Navy shipbuilding industry as potential user of H2FC auxiliary
power system strongly interested in fleet-based hydrogen
fueling station development (SunHydro model) strong interest
in municipal transit and fuel cell -powered rail
Economic Development Factors ndash Brunswick Renewable
Energy Park emphasis on skills development and technology
synergies aggressive state level policy to policy to develop
renewable wind and biomass energy technologies skilled and
well organized network of precision manufacturing firms tied
into aerospace and communications equipment industries
strong labor force at relatively low wages RampDbusiness
infrastructure for advanced biofuels and composite material
structures growing University of Maine commitment to fuel
cell and biomass RampD state funding source familiaritycomfort
with H2FC technology
Weaknesses
Stationary Power ndash No technologyindustrial momentum at the
OEM level geographically distant from OEMs for component-
supply opportunities
Transportation Power ndash No technologyindustrial base at the
OEM level lack of infrastructure funding relatively dispersed
population for transportation services
Economic Development Factors ndash limited state incentives
somewhat sluggish overall state economy relatively
undeveloped core of technology skillsknowledge base
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
46
Opportunities
Stationary Power ndash Opportunity as an ldquoearly adaptor marketrdquo
some supply chain buildup opportunities around SP deployment
Linkage between H2FC technologies and advanced biofuels
RampD Dispersed population amp economy needs distributed
solutions Major need for power storage in conjunction with
Maines planned offshore wind-power RampD and development
Transportation Power ndash Hydrogen refueling station plans Early-
stage potential for major roll-out in marine auxiliary power (US
Navy) Commuter rail expansion
Portable Power ndash Little currently-identified opportunity
Economic Development Factors ndash Brunswick ldquoRenewable Energy
Industrial Parkrdquo can be significant seed nucleus for both
deployment amp development Machine-tool industry pursuing
H2FC components supply-chain opportunities
Threats
Stationary Power ndash The regionrsquos favorable market
needsdemand could be met by other technologiessources ndash
Canadian hydro amp nuclear wind geothermal direct biomass
and power-storage alternatives ndash batteries solid state ammonia
etc
Transportation Power ndash The regionrsquos favorable market
characteristics and needs could be met by other electric
vehicles particularly in the absence of a hydrogen
infrastructure
Economic Development Factors ndash competition from more fully-
equipped statesregions wind and other renewables grab Maine
energy industry momentum lack of funding to sustain
University of MErsquos momentum in storage and fuel cell
technologies related to biomass and wind hesitation of state
government to support alternative energy incentives
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
47
Appendix VIII ndash Partial list of Fuel Cell Deployment in the Northeast region
Manufacturer Site Name Site Location Year Installed
Plug Power T-Mobile cell tower Storrs CT 2008
Plug Power Albany International Airport Albany NY 2004
FuelCell Energy Pepperidge Farms Plant Bloomfield CT 2005
FuelCell Energy Peabody Museum New Haven CT 2003
FuelCell Energy Sheraton New York Hotel amp Towers Manhattan NY 2004
FuelCell Energy Sheraton Hotel Edison NJ 2003
FuelCell Energy Sheraton Hotel Parsippany NJ 2003
UTC Power Cabelas Sporting Goods East Hartford CT 2008
UTC Power Whole Foods Market Glastonbury CT 2008
UTC Power Connecticut Science Center Hartford CT 2009
UTC Power St Francis Hospital Hartford CT 2003
UTC Power Middletown High School Middletown CT 2008
UTC Power Connecticut Juvenile Training School Middletown CT 2001
UTC Power 360 State Street Apartment Building New Haven CT 2010
UTC Power South Windsor High School South Windsor CT 2002
UTC Power Mohegan Sun Casino Hotel Uncasville CT 2002
UTC Power CTTransit Fuel Cell Bus Hartford CT 2007
UTC Power Whole Foods Market Dedham MA 2009
UTC Power Bronx Zoo Bronx NY 2008
UTC Power North Central Bronx Hospital Bronx NY 2000
UTC Power Hunts Point Water Pollution Control Plant Bronx NY 2005
UTC Power Price Chopper Supermarket Colonie NY 2010
UTC Power East Rochester High School East Rochester NY 2007
UTC Power Coca-Cola Refreshments Production Facility Elmsford NY 2010
UTC Power Verizon Call Center and Communications Building Garden City NY 2005
UTC Power State Office Building Hauppauge NY 2009
UTC Power Liverpool High School Liverpool NY 2000
UTC Power New York Hilton Hotel New York City NY 2007
UTC Power Central Park Police Station New York City NY 1999
UTC Power Rochester Institute of Technology Rochester NY 1993
UTC Power NYPA office building White Plains NY 2010
UTC Power Wastewater treatment plant Yonkers NY 1997
UTC Power The Octagon Roosevelt Island NY 2011
UTC Power Johnson amp Johnson World Headquarters New Brunswick NJ 2003
UTC Power CTTRANSIT (Fuel Cell Powered Buses) Hartford CT 2007 - Present
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
48
Appendix IX ndash Partial list of Fuel Cell-Powered Forklifts in North America106
Company CityTown State Site Year
Deployed
Fuel Cell
Manufacturer
of
forklifts
Coca-Cola San Leandro CA
Bottling and
distribution center 2011 Plug Power 37
Charlotte NC Bottling facility 2011 Plug Power 40
EARP
Distribution Kansas City KS Distribution center 2011
Oorja
Protonics 24
Golden State
Foods Lemont IL Distribution facility 2011
Oorja
Protonics 20
Kroger Co Compton CA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 161
Sysco
Riverside CA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 80
Boston MA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 160
Long Island NY Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 42
San Antonio TX Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 113
Front Royal VA Redistribution
facility 2011 Plug Power 100
Baldor
Specialty Foods Bronx NY Facility
Planned
in 2012
Oorja
Protonics 50
BMW
Manufacturing
Co
Spartanburg SC Manufacturing
plant 2010 Plug Power 86
Defense
Logistics
Agency US
Department of
Defense
San Joaquin CA Distribution facility 2011 Plug Power 20
Fort Lewis WA Distribution depot 2011 Plug Power 19
Warner
Robins GA Distribution depot 2010 Hydrogenics 20
Susquehanna PA Distribution depot 2010 Plug Power 15
2009 Nuvera 40
Martin-Brower Stockton CA Food distribution
center 2010
Oorja
Protonics 15
United Natural
Foods Inc
(UNFI)
Sarasota FL Distribution center 2010 Plug Power 65
Wal-Mart
Balzac Al
Canada
Refrigerated
distribution center 2010 Plug Power 80
Washington
Court House OH
Food distribution
center 2007 Plug Power 55
Wegmans Pottsville PA Warehouse 2010 Plug Power 136
Whole Foods
Market Landover MD Distribution center 2010 Plug Power 61
106
FuelCell2000 ldquoFuel Cell-Powered Forklifts in North Americardquo httpwwwfuelcellsorginfochartsforkliftspdf November
2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
49
Appendix X ndash Comparison of PEM Fuel Cell and Battery-Powered Material Handling
Equipment
3 kW PEM Fuel Cell-Powered
Pallet Trucks
3 kW Battery-powered
(2 batteries per truck)
Total Fuel Cycle Energy Use
(total energy consumedkWh
delivered to the wheels) -12000 BtukWh 14000 BtukWh
Fuel Cycle GHG Emissions
(in g CO2 equivalent 820 gkWh 1200 gkWh
Estimated Product Life 8-10 years 4-5 years No Emissions at Point of Use
Quiet Operation
Wide Ambient Operating
Temperature range
Constant Power Available
over Shift
Routine Maintenance Costs
($YR) $1250 - $1500year $2000year
Time for RefuelingChanging
Batteries 4 ndash 8 minday 45-60 minday (for battery change-outs)
8 hours (for battery recharging amp cooling) Cost of FuelElectricity $6000year $1300year Labor Cost of
refuelingRecharging $1100year $8750year
Net Present Value of Capital
Cost $12600
($18000 wo incentive) $14000
Net Present Value of OampM
costs (including fuel) $52000 $128000
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
50
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
42
Funding Source Voluntary Renewable Resource Grants
Program Title Voluntary Renewable Resources Fund
Applicable EnergiesTechnologies Solar Thermal Electric Photovoltaics Wind Biomass
Hydroelectric Geothermal Electric Fuel Cells Municipal Solid Waste Tidal Energy Fuel
Cells using Renewable Fuels
Summary Supported by the state Voluntary Renewable resource Fund and administered by the
Efficient Maine provide funding for small-scale demonstration projects designed to educate
communities on the value oand cost effectiveness of renewable energy
Restrictions To Qualify for grant funding renewable-energy resources generally must qualify as a
small power production facility un Federal Energy Regulatory Commission rules or must not exceed
100 MW in capacity and use one of more of the applicable energiestechnologies
Timing Start Date of this program occurred 12151998 and no expiration date is given
Maximum Size $50000
Requirements
httpwwwmainegovmpucrecovery
Rebate amount
$50000 Maximu
For further information please visit
httpwwwmainegovmpucrecovery
Source
Maine PUC ldquoFederal Stimulus MPUC and the Federal Recovery Packagerdquo ndash August 10 2011
DSIRE ldquoMaine - Voluntary Renewable Resource Grantsrdquo August 10 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
43
Appendix V ndash Partial Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Supply Chain Companies in Maine103
Organization Name Product or Service Category
1 University of Maine School of
Engineering Technology Research amp Development
2 University of Maine Advanced
Structures and Composites Center Research amp Development
3 Precision Partners-Mid-State Machine
Products Manufacturing Services
4 Ocean Energy Institute EngineeringDesign Services
5 Newfab Inc Manufacturing Services
6 New England Castings Other
7 Mitchell Ledge Farm Components
8 McNabb Marketing Resources Other
9 Maine Oxy Inc Fuel
10 Maine Machine Products Co Manufacturing Services
11 MacTec Inc FCH2 System DistrInstallMaint Services
12 Kennebec Technologies Manufacturing Services
13 Hydrogen Energy Center Service Center Lab or Test ConsultingLegalFinancial
Services
14 Hydrogen Energy Center Other
15 Green Energy Maine Other
16 Fire Risk Management Inc EngineeringDesign Services
17 Fire Risk Management EngineeringDesign Services
18 Fairchild Semiconductor Research amp Development
19 EcoMain Research amp Development
20 Control Point Inc Lab or Test EquipmentServices
21 Colby Company Engineering EngineeringDesign Services
22 Chewonki Foundation Other
23 Burroughs Machine Tool Products Equipment
24 Bernstein Shur ConsultingLegalFinancial Services
25 Bath Iron Works (General Dynamics
Inc) Research amp Development
26 AMEC EngineeringDesign Services
27 Advantages Gases and Tools Fuel
28 Advanced Manufacturing Center-
University of ME Manufacturing Services
103
Northeast Electrochemical Energy Storage Cluster Supply Chain Database Search httpneescorgresourcestype=1 August 11 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
44
Appendix VI ndash Comparison of Fuel Cell Technologies104
Fuel Cell
Type
Common
Electrolyte
Operating
Temperature
Typical
Stack
Size
Efficiency Applications Advantages Disadvantages
Polymer
Electrolyte
Membrane
(PEM)
Perfluoro sulfonic
acid
50-100degC
122-212deg
typically
80degC
lt 1 kW ndash 1
MW105
gt
kW 60
transportation
35
stationary
bull Backup power
bull Portable power
bull Distributed
generation
bull Transportation
bull Specialty vehicle
bull Solid electrolyte reduces
corrosion amp electrolyte
management problems
bull Low temperature
bull Quick start-up
bull Expensive catalysts
bull Sensitive to fuel
impurities
bull Low temperature waste
heat
Alkaline
(AFC)
Aqueous solution
of potassium
hydroxide soaked
in a matrix
90-100degC
194-212degF
10 ndash 100
kW 60
bull Military
bull Space
bull Cathode reaction faster
in alkaline electrolyte
leads to high performance
bull Low cost components
bull Sensitive to CO2
in fuel and air
bull Electrolyte management
Phosphoric
Acid
(PAFC)
Phosphoric acid
soaked in a matrix
150-200degC
302-392degF
400 kW
100 kW
module
40 bull Distributed
generation
bull Higher temperature enables
CHP
bull Increased tolerance to fuel
impurities
bull Pt catalyst
bull Long start up time
bull Low current and power
Molten
Carbonate
(MCFC)
Solution of lithium
sodium andor
potassium
carbonates soaked
in a matrix
600-700degC
1112-1292degF
300
k W- 3 M
W
300 kW
module
45 ndash 50
bull Electric utility
bull Distributed
generation
bull High efficiency
bull Fuel flexibility
bull Can use a variety of catalysts
bull Suitable for CHP
bull High temperature
corrosion and breakdown
of cell components
bull Long start up time
bull Low power density
Solid Oxide
(SOFC)
Yttria stabilized
zirconia
700-1000degC
1202-1832degF
1 kW ndash 2
MW 60
bull Auxiliary power
bull Electric utility
bull Distributed
generation
bull High efficiency
bull Fuel flexibility
bull Can use a variety of catalysts
bull Solid electrolyte
bull Suitable f o r CHP amp CHHP
bull HybridGT cycle
bull High temperature
corrosion and breakdown
of cell components
bull High temperature
operation requires long
start up
time and limits
Polymer Electrolyte is no longer a single category row Data shown does not take into account High Temperature PEM which operates in the range of 160oC to 180
oC It solves
virtually all of the disadvantages listed under PEM It is not sensitive to impurities It has usable heat Stack efficiencies of 52 on the high side are realized HTPEM is not a
PAFC fuel cell and should not be confused with one
104 US Department of Energy Fuel Cells Technology Program httpwww1eereenergygovhydrogenandfuelcellsfuelcellspdfsfc_comparison_chartpdf August 5 2011 105
Ballard ldquoCLEARgen Multi-MY Systemsrdquo httpwwwballardcomfuel-cell-productscleargen-multi-mw-systemsaspx November 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
45
Appendix VII ndashAnalysis of Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities and Threats for Maine
Strengths
Stationary Power ndash Strong market drivers including high
electricity cost cold climate reliance on oil for space heating
strong CHP and district heating market strong environmental
and green energy awareness) capable core of fuel cell CHP
installers energy storage demand to serve MErsquos aggressive
wind-power industry strong ongoing expansion of natural gas
servicedistribution
Transportation Power - Strong market drivers including a
dispersed population highly reliant on truck and auto
transportation receptive and environmentally conscious
alternative fuelstransportation market relatively low income
population in need of relief from automobile fuel costs strong
Navy shipbuilding industry as potential user of H2FC auxiliary
power system strongly interested in fleet-based hydrogen
fueling station development (SunHydro model) strong interest
in municipal transit and fuel cell -powered rail
Economic Development Factors ndash Brunswick Renewable
Energy Park emphasis on skills development and technology
synergies aggressive state level policy to policy to develop
renewable wind and biomass energy technologies skilled and
well organized network of precision manufacturing firms tied
into aerospace and communications equipment industries
strong labor force at relatively low wages RampDbusiness
infrastructure for advanced biofuels and composite material
structures growing University of Maine commitment to fuel
cell and biomass RampD state funding source familiaritycomfort
with H2FC technology
Weaknesses
Stationary Power ndash No technologyindustrial momentum at the
OEM level geographically distant from OEMs for component-
supply opportunities
Transportation Power ndash No technologyindustrial base at the
OEM level lack of infrastructure funding relatively dispersed
population for transportation services
Economic Development Factors ndash limited state incentives
somewhat sluggish overall state economy relatively
undeveloped core of technology skillsknowledge base
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
46
Opportunities
Stationary Power ndash Opportunity as an ldquoearly adaptor marketrdquo
some supply chain buildup opportunities around SP deployment
Linkage between H2FC technologies and advanced biofuels
RampD Dispersed population amp economy needs distributed
solutions Major need for power storage in conjunction with
Maines planned offshore wind-power RampD and development
Transportation Power ndash Hydrogen refueling station plans Early-
stage potential for major roll-out in marine auxiliary power (US
Navy) Commuter rail expansion
Portable Power ndash Little currently-identified opportunity
Economic Development Factors ndash Brunswick ldquoRenewable Energy
Industrial Parkrdquo can be significant seed nucleus for both
deployment amp development Machine-tool industry pursuing
H2FC components supply-chain opportunities
Threats
Stationary Power ndash The regionrsquos favorable market
needsdemand could be met by other technologiessources ndash
Canadian hydro amp nuclear wind geothermal direct biomass
and power-storage alternatives ndash batteries solid state ammonia
etc
Transportation Power ndash The regionrsquos favorable market
characteristics and needs could be met by other electric
vehicles particularly in the absence of a hydrogen
infrastructure
Economic Development Factors ndash competition from more fully-
equipped statesregions wind and other renewables grab Maine
energy industry momentum lack of funding to sustain
University of MErsquos momentum in storage and fuel cell
technologies related to biomass and wind hesitation of state
government to support alternative energy incentives
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
47
Appendix VIII ndash Partial list of Fuel Cell Deployment in the Northeast region
Manufacturer Site Name Site Location Year Installed
Plug Power T-Mobile cell tower Storrs CT 2008
Plug Power Albany International Airport Albany NY 2004
FuelCell Energy Pepperidge Farms Plant Bloomfield CT 2005
FuelCell Energy Peabody Museum New Haven CT 2003
FuelCell Energy Sheraton New York Hotel amp Towers Manhattan NY 2004
FuelCell Energy Sheraton Hotel Edison NJ 2003
FuelCell Energy Sheraton Hotel Parsippany NJ 2003
UTC Power Cabelas Sporting Goods East Hartford CT 2008
UTC Power Whole Foods Market Glastonbury CT 2008
UTC Power Connecticut Science Center Hartford CT 2009
UTC Power St Francis Hospital Hartford CT 2003
UTC Power Middletown High School Middletown CT 2008
UTC Power Connecticut Juvenile Training School Middletown CT 2001
UTC Power 360 State Street Apartment Building New Haven CT 2010
UTC Power South Windsor High School South Windsor CT 2002
UTC Power Mohegan Sun Casino Hotel Uncasville CT 2002
UTC Power CTTransit Fuel Cell Bus Hartford CT 2007
UTC Power Whole Foods Market Dedham MA 2009
UTC Power Bronx Zoo Bronx NY 2008
UTC Power North Central Bronx Hospital Bronx NY 2000
UTC Power Hunts Point Water Pollution Control Plant Bronx NY 2005
UTC Power Price Chopper Supermarket Colonie NY 2010
UTC Power East Rochester High School East Rochester NY 2007
UTC Power Coca-Cola Refreshments Production Facility Elmsford NY 2010
UTC Power Verizon Call Center and Communications Building Garden City NY 2005
UTC Power State Office Building Hauppauge NY 2009
UTC Power Liverpool High School Liverpool NY 2000
UTC Power New York Hilton Hotel New York City NY 2007
UTC Power Central Park Police Station New York City NY 1999
UTC Power Rochester Institute of Technology Rochester NY 1993
UTC Power NYPA office building White Plains NY 2010
UTC Power Wastewater treatment plant Yonkers NY 1997
UTC Power The Octagon Roosevelt Island NY 2011
UTC Power Johnson amp Johnson World Headquarters New Brunswick NJ 2003
UTC Power CTTRANSIT (Fuel Cell Powered Buses) Hartford CT 2007 - Present
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
48
Appendix IX ndash Partial list of Fuel Cell-Powered Forklifts in North America106
Company CityTown State Site Year
Deployed
Fuel Cell
Manufacturer
of
forklifts
Coca-Cola San Leandro CA
Bottling and
distribution center 2011 Plug Power 37
Charlotte NC Bottling facility 2011 Plug Power 40
EARP
Distribution Kansas City KS Distribution center 2011
Oorja
Protonics 24
Golden State
Foods Lemont IL Distribution facility 2011
Oorja
Protonics 20
Kroger Co Compton CA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 161
Sysco
Riverside CA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 80
Boston MA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 160
Long Island NY Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 42
San Antonio TX Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 113
Front Royal VA Redistribution
facility 2011 Plug Power 100
Baldor
Specialty Foods Bronx NY Facility
Planned
in 2012
Oorja
Protonics 50
BMW
Manufacturing
Co
Spartanburg SC Manufacturing
plant 2010 Plug Power 86
Defense
Logistics
Agency US
Department of
Defense
San Joaquin CA Distribution facility 2011 Plug Power 20
Fort Lewis WA Distribution depot 2011 Plug Power 19
Warner
Robins GA Distribution depot 2010 Hydrogenics 20
Susquehanna PA Distribution depot 2010 Plug Power 15
2009 Nuvera 40
Martin-Brower Stockton CA Food distribution
center 2010
Oorja
Protonics 15
United Natural
Foods Inc
(UNFI)
Sarasota FL Distribution center 2010 Plug Power 65
Wal-Mart
Balzac Al
Canada
Refrigerated
distribution center 2010 Plug Power 80
Washington
Court House OH
Food distribution
center 2007 Plug Power 55
Wegmans Pottsville PA Warehouse 2010 Plug Power 136
Whole Foods
Market Landover MD Distribution center 2010 Plug Power 61
106
FuelCell2000 ldquoFuel Cell-Powered Forklifts in North Americardquo httpwwwfuelcellsorginfochartsforkliftspdf November
2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
49
Appendix X ndash Comparison of PEM Fuel Cell and Battery-Powered Material Handling
Equipment
3 kW PEM Fuel Cell-Powered
Pallet Trucks
3 kW Battery-powered
(2 batteries per truck)
Total Fuel Cycle Energy Use
(total energy consumedkWh
delivered to the wheels) -12000 BtukWh 14000 BtukWh
Fuel Cycle GHG Emissions
(in g CO2 equivalent 820 gkWh 1200 gkWh
Estimated Product Life 8-10 years 4-5 years No Emissions at Point of Use
Quiet Operation
Wide Ambient Operating
Temperature range
Constant Power Available
over Shift
Routine Maintenance Costs
($YR) $1250 - $1500year $2000year
Time for RefuelingChanging
Batteries 4 ndash 8 minday 45-60 minday (for battery change-outs)
8 hours (for battery recharging amp cooling) Cost of FuelElectricity $6000year $1300year Labor Cost of
refuelingRecharging $1100year $8750year
Net Present Value of Capital
Cost $12600
($18000 wo incentive) $14000
Net Present Value of OampM
costs (including fuel) $52000 $128000
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
50
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
43
Appendix V ndash Partial Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Supply Chain Companies in Maine103
Organization Name Product or Service Category
1 University of Maine School of
Engineering Technology Research amp Development
2 University of Maine Advanced
Structures and Composites Center Research amp Development
3 Precision Partners-Mid-State Machine
Products Manufacturing Services
4 Ocean Energy Institute EngineeringDesign Services
5 Newfab Inc Manufacturing Services
6 New England Castings Other
7 Mitchell Ledge Farm Components
8 McNabb Marketing Resources Other
9 Maine Oxy Inc Fuel
10 Maine Machine Products Co Manufacturing Services
11 MacTec Inc FCH2 System DistrInstallMaint Services
12 Kennebec Technologies Manufacturing Services
13 Hydrogen Energy Center Service Center Lab or Test ConsultingLegalFinancial
Services
14 Hydrogen Energy Center Other
15 Green Energy Maine Other
16 Fire Risk Management Inc EngineeringDesign Services
17 Fire Risk Management EngineeringDesign Services
18 Fairchild Semiconductor Research amp Development
19 EcoMain Research amp Development
20 Control Point Inc Lab or Test EquipmentServices
21 Colby Company Engineering EngineeringDesign Services
22 Chewonki Foundation Other
23 Burroughs Machine Tool Products Equipment
24 Bernstein Shur ConsultingLegalFinancial Services
25 Bath Iron Works (General Dynamics
Inc) Research amp Development
26 AMEC EngineeringDesign Services
27 Advantages Gases and Tools Fuel
28 Advanced Manufacturing Center-
University of ME Manufacturing Services
103
Northeast Electrochemical Energy Storage Cluster Supply Chain Database Search httpneescorgresourcestype=1 August 11 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
44
Appendix VI ndash Comparison of Fuel Cell Technologies104
Fuel Cell
Type
Common
Electrolyte
Operating
Temperature
Typical
Stack
Size
Efficiency Applications Advantages Disadvantages
Polymer
Electrolyte
Membrane
(PEM)
Perfluoro sulfonic
acid
50-100degC
122-212deg
typically
80degC
lt 1 kW ndash 1
MW105
gt
kW 60
transportation
35
stationary
bull Backup power
bull Portable power
bull Distributed
generation
bull Transportation
bull Specialty vehicle
bull Solid electrolyte reduces
corrosion amp electrolyte
management problems
bull Low temperature
bull Quick start-up
bull Expensive catalysts
bull Sensitive to fuel
impurities
bull Low temperature waste
heat
Alkaline
(AFC)
Aqueous solution
of potassium
hydroxide soaked
in a matrix
90-100degC
194-212degF
10 ndash 100
kW 60
bull Military
bull Space
bull Cathode reaction faster
in alkaline electrolyte
leads to high performance
bull Low cost components
bull Sensitive to CO2
in fuel and air
bull Electrolyte management
Phosphoric
Acid
(PAFC)
Phosphoric acid
soaked in a matrix
150-200degC
302-392degF
400 kW
100 kW
module
40 bull Distributed
generation
bull Higher temperature enables
CHP
bull Increased tolerance to fuel
impurities
bull Pt catalyst
bull Long start up time
bull Low current and power
Molten
Carbonate
(MCFC)
Solution of lithium
sodium andor
potassium
carbonates soaked
in a matrix
600-700degC
1112-1292degF
300
k W- 3 M
W
300 kW
module
45 ndash 50
bull Electric utility
bull Distributed
generation
bull High efficiency
bull Fuel flexibility
bull Can use a variety of catalysts
bull Suitable for CHP
bull High temperature
corrosion and breakdown
of cell components
bull Long start up time
bull Low power density
Solid Oxide
(SOFC)
Yttria stabilized
zirconia
700-1000degC
1202-1832degF
1 kW ndash 2
MW 60
bull Auxiliary power
bull Electric utility
bull Distributed
generation
bull High efficiency
bull Fuel flexibility
bull Can use a variety of catalysts
bull Solid electrolyte
bull Suitable f o r CHP amp CHHP
bull HybridGT cycle
bull High temperature
corrosion and breakdown
of cell components
bull High temperature
operation requires long
start up
time and limits
Polymer Electrolyte is no longer a single category row Data shown does not take into account High Temperature PEM which operates in the range of 160oC to 180
oC It solves
virtually all of the disadvantages listed under PEM It is not sensitive to impurities It has usable heat Stack efficiencies of 52 on the high side are realized HTPEM is not a
PAFC fuel cell and should not be confused with one
104 US Department of Energy Fuel Cells Technology Program httpwww1eereenergygovhydrogenandfuelcellsfuelcellspdfsfc_comparison_chartpdf August 5 2011 105
Ballard ldquoCLEARgen Multi-MY Systemsrdquo httpwwwballardcomfuel-cell-productscleargen-multi-mw-systemsaspx November 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
45
Appendix VII ndashAnalysis of Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities and Threats for Maine
Strengths
Stationary Power ndash Strong market drivers including high
electricity cost cold climate reliance on oil for space heating
strong CHP and district heating market strong environmental
and green energy awareness) capable core of fuel cell CHP
installers energy storage demand to serve MErsquos aggressive
wind-power industry strong ongoing expansion of natural gas
servicedistribution
Transportation Power - Strong market drivers including a
dispersed population highly reliant on truck and auto
transportation receptive and environmentally conscious
alternative fuelstransportation market relatively low income
population in need of relief from automobile fuel costs strong
Navy shipbuilding industry as potential user of H2FC auxiliary
power system strongly interested in fleet-based hydrogen
fueling station development (SunHydro model) strong interest
in municipal transit and fuel cell -powered rail
Economic Development Factors ndash Brunswick Renewable
Energy Park emphasis on skills development and technology
synergies aggressive state level policy to policy to develop
renewable wind and biomass energy technologies skilled and
well organized network of precision manufacturing firms tied
into aerospace and communications equipment industries
strong labor force at relatively low wages RampDbusiness
infrastructure for advanced biofuels and composite material
structures growing University of Maine commitment to fuel
cell and biomass RampD state funding source familiaritycomfort
with H2FC technology
Weaknesses
Stationary Power ndash No technologyindustrial momentum at the
OEM level geographically distant from OEMs for component-
supply opportunities
Transportation Power ndash No technologyindustrial base at the
OEM level lack of infrastructure funding relatively dispersed
population for transportation services
Economic Development Factors ndash limited state incentives
somewhat sluggish overall state economy relatively
undeveloped core of technology skillsknowledge base
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
46
Opportunities
Stationary Power ndash Opportunity as an ldquoearly adaptor marketrdquo
some supply chain buildup opportunities around SP deployment
Linkage between H2FC technologies and advanced biofuels
RampD Dispersed population amp economy needs distributed
solutions Major need for power storage in conjunction with
Maines planned offshore wind-power RampD and development
Transportation Power ndash Hydrogen refueling station plans Early-
stage potential for major roll-out in marine auxiliary power (US
Navy) Commuter rail expansion
Portable Power ndash Little currently-identified opportunity
Economic Development Factors ndash Brunswick ldquoRenewable Energy
Industrial Parkrdquo can be significant seed nucleus for both
deployment amp development Machine-tool industry pursuing
H2FC components supply-chain opportunities
Threats
Stationary Power ndash The regionrsquos favorable market
needsdemand could be met by other technologiessources ndash
Canadian hydro amp nuclear wind geothermal direct biomass
and power-storage alternatives ndash batteries solid state ammonia
etc
Transportation Power ndash The regionrsquos favorable market
characteristics and needs could be met by other electric
vehicles particularly in the absence of a hydrogen
infrastructure
Economic Development Factors ndash competition from more fully-
equipped statesregions wind and other renewables grab Maine
energy industry momentum lack of funding to sustain
University of MErsquos momentum in storage and fuel cell
technologies related to biomass and wind hesitation of state
government to support alternative energy incentives
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
47
Appendix VIII ndash Partial list of Fuel Cell Deployment in the Northeast region
Manufacturer Site Name Site Location Year Installed
Plug Power T-Mobile cell tower Storrs CT 2008
Plug Power Albany International Airport Albany NY 2004
FuelCell Energy Pepperidge Farms Plant Bloomfield CT 2005
FuelCell Energy Peabody Museum New Haven CT 2003
FuelCell Energy Sheraton New York Hotel amp Towers Manhattan NY 2004
FuelCell Energy Sheraton Hotel Edison NJ 2003
FuelCell Energy Sheraton Hotel Parsippany NJ 2003
UTC Power Cabelas Sporting Goods East Hartford CT 2008
UTC Power Whole Foods Market Glastonbury CT 2008
UTC Power Connecticut Science Center Hartford CT 2009
UTC Power St Francis Hospital Hartford CT 2003
UTC Power Middletown High School Middletown CT 2008
UTC Power Connecticut Juvenile Training School Middletown CT 2001
UTC Power 360 State Street Apartment Building New Haven CT 2010
UTC Power South Windsor High School South Windsor CT 2002
UTC Power Mohegan Sun Casino Hotel Uncasville CT 2002
UTC Power CTTransit Fuel Cell Bus Hartford CT 2007
UTC Power Whole Foods Market Dedham MA 2009
UTC Power Bronx Zoo Bronx NY 2008
UTC Power North Central Bronx Hospital Bronx NY 2000
UTC Power Hunts Point Water Pollution Control Plant Bronx NY 2005
UTC Power Price Chopper Supermarket Colonie NY 2010
UTC Power East Rochester High School East Rochester NY 2007
UTC Power Coca-Cola Refreshments Production Facility Elmsford NY 2010
UTC Power Verizon Call Center and Communications Building Garden City NY 2005
UTC Power State Office Building Hauppauge NY 2009
UTC Power Liverpool High School Liverpool NY 2000
UTC Power New York Hilton Hotel New York City NY 2007
UTC Power Central Park Police Station New York City NY 1999
UTC Power Rochester Institute of Technology Rochester NY 1993
UTC Power NYPA office building White Plains NY 2010
UTC Power Wastewater treatment plant Yonkers NY 1997
UTC Power The Octagon Roosevelt Island NY 2011
UTC Power Johnson amp Johnson World Headquarters New Brunswick NJ 2003
UTC Power CTTRANSIT (Fuel Cell Powered Buses) Hartford CT 2007 - Present
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
48
Appendix IX ndash Partial list of Fuel Cell-Powered Forklifts in North America106
Company CityTown State Site Year
Deployed
Fuel Cell
Manufacturer
of
forklifts
Coca-Cola San Leandro CA
Bottling and
distribution center 2011 Plug Power 37
Charlotte NC Bottling facility 2011 Plug Power 40
EARP
Distribution Kansas City KS Distribution center 2011
Oorja
Protonics 24
Golden State
Foods Lemont IL Distribution facility 2011
Oorja
Protonics 20
Kroger Co Compton CA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 161
Sysco
Riverside CA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 80
Boston MA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 160
Long Island NY Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 42
San Antonio TX Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 113
Front Royal VA Redistribution
facility 2011 Plug Power 100
Baldor
Specialty Foods Bronx NY Facility
Planned
in 2012
Oorja
Protonics 50
BMW
Manufacturing
Co
Spartanburg SC Manufacturing
plant 2010 Plug Power 86
Defense
Logistics
Agency US
Department of
Defense
San Joaquin CA Distribution facility 2011 Plug Power 20
Fort Lewis WA Distribution depot 2011 Plug Power 19
Warner
Robins GA Distribution depot 2010 Hydrogenics 20
Susquehanna PA Distribution depot 2010 Plug Power 15
2009 Nuvera 40
Martin-Brower Stockton CA Food distribution
center 2010
Oorja
Protonics 15
United Natural
Foods Inc
(UNFI)
Sarasota FL Distribution center 2010 Plug Power 65
Wal-Mart
Balzac Al
Canada
Refrigerated
distribution center 2010 Plug Power 80
Washington
Court House OH
Food distribution
center 2007 Plug Power 55
Wegmans Pottsville PA Warehouse 2010 Plug Power 136
Whole Foods
Market Landover MD Distribution center 2010 Plug Power 61
106
FuelCell2000 ldquoFuel Cell-Powered Forklifts in North Americardquo httpwwwfuelcellsorginfochartsforkliftspdf November
2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
49
Appendix X ndash Comparison of PEM Fuel Cell and Battery-Powered Material Handling
Equipment
3 kW PEM Fuel Cell-Powered
Pallet Trucks
3 kW Battery-powered
(2 batteries per truck)
Total Fuel Cycle Energy Use
(total energy consumedkWh
delivered to the wheels) -12000 BtukWh 14000 BtukWh
Fuel Cycle GHG Emissions
(in g CO2 equivalent 820 gkWh 1200 gkWh
Estimated Product Life 8-10 years 4-5 years No Emissions at Point of Use
Quiet Operation
Wide Ambient Operating
Temperature range
Constant Power Available
over Shift
Routine Maintenance Costs
($YR) $1250 - $1500year $2000year
Time for RefuelingChanging
Batteries 4 ndash 8 minday 45-60 minday (for battery change-outs)
8 hours (for battery recharging amp cooling) Cost of FuelElectricity $6000year $1300year Labor Cost of
refuelingRecharging $1100year $8750year
Net Present Value of Capital
Cost $12600
($18000 wo incentive) $14000
Net Present Value of OampM
costs (including fuel) $52000 $128000
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
50
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
44
Appendix VI ndash Comparison of Fuel Cell Technologies104
Fuel Cell
Type
Common
Electrolyte
Operating
Temperature
Typical
Stack
Size
Efficiency Applications Advantages Disadvantages
Polymer
Electrolyte
Membrane
(PEM)
Perfluoro sulfonic
acid
50-100degC
122-212deg
typically
80degC
lt 1 kW ndash 1
MW105
gt
kW 60
transportation
35
stationary
bull Backup power
bull Portable power
bull Distributed
generation
bull Transportation
bull Specialty vehicle
bull Solid electrolyte reduces
corrosion amp electrolyte
management problems
bull Low temperature
bull Quick start-up
bull Expensive catalysts
bull Sensitive to fuel
impurities
bull Low temperature waste
heat
Alkaline
(AFC)
Aqueous solution
of potassium
hydroxide soaked
in a matrix
90-100degC
194-212degF
10 ndash 100
kW 60
bull Military
bull Space
bull Cathode reaction faster
in alkaline electrolyte
leads to high performance
bull Low cost components
bull Sensitive to CO2
in fuel and air
bull Electrolyte management
Phosphoric
Acid
(PAFC)
Phosphoric acid
soaked in a matrix
150-200degC
302-392degF
400 kW
100 kW
module
40 bull Distributed
generation
bull Higher temperature enables
CHP
bull Increased tolerance to fuel
impurities
bull Pt catalyst
bull Long start up time
bull Low current and power
Molten
Carbonate
(MCFC)
Solution of lithium
sodium andor
potassium
carbonates soaked
in a matrix
600-700degC
1112-1292degF
300
k W- 3 M
W
300 kW
module
45 ndash 50
bull Electric utility
bull Distributed
generation
bull High efficiency
bull Fuel flexibility
bull Can use a variety of catalysts
bull Suitable for CHP
bull High temperature
corrosion and breakdown
of cell components
bull Long start up time
bull Low power density
Solid Oxide
(SOFC)
Yttria stabilized
zirconia
700-1000degC
1202-1832degF
1 kW ndash 2
MW 60
bull Auxiliary power
bull Electric utility
bull Distributed
generation
bull High efficiency
bull Fuel flexibility
bull Can use a variety of catalysts
bull Solid electrolyte
bull Suitable f o r CHP amp CHHP
bull HybridGT cycle
bull High temperature
corrosion and breakdown
of cell components
bull High temperature
operation requires long
start up
time and limits
Polymer Electrolyte is no longer a single category row Data shown does not take into account High Temperature PEM which operates in the range of 160oC to 180
oC It solves
virtually all of the disadvantages listed under PEM It is not sensitive to impurities It has usable heat Stack efficiencies of 52 on the high side are realized HTPEM is not a
PAFC fuel cell and should not be confused with one
104 US Department of Energy Fuel Cells Technology Program httpwww1eereenergygovhydrogenandfuelcellsfuelcellspdfsfc_comparison_chartpdf August 5 2011 105
Ballard ldquoCLEARgen Multi-MY Systemsrdquo httpwwwballardcomfuel-cell-productscleargen-multi-mw-systemsaspx November 2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
45
Appendix VII ndashAnalysis of Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities and Threats for Maine
Strengths
Stationary Power ndash Strong market drivers including high
electricity cost cold climate reliance on oil for space heating
strong CHP and district heating market strong environmental
and green energy awareness) capable core of fuel cell CHP
installers energy storage demand to serve MErsquos aggressive
wind-power industry strong ongoing expansion of natural gas
servicedistribution
Transportation Power - Strong market drivers including a
dispersed population highly reliant on truck and auto
transportation receptive and environmentally conscious
alternative fuelstransportation market relatively low income
population in need of relief from automobile fuel costs strong
Navy shipbuilding industry as potential user of H2FC auxiliary
power system strongly interested in fleet-based hydrogen
fueling station development (SunHydro model) strong interest
in municipal transit and fuel cell -powered rail
Economic Development Factors ndash Brunswick Renewable
Energy Park emphasis on skills development and technology
synergies aggressive state level policy to policy to develop
renewable wind and biomass energy technologies skilled and
well organized network of precision manufacturing firms tied
into aerospace and communications equipment industries
strong labor force at relatively low wages RampDbusiness
infrastructure for advanced biofuels and composite material
structures growing University of Maine commitment to fuel
cell and biomass RampD state funding source familiaritycomfort
with H2FC technology
Weaknesses
Stationary Power ndash No technologyindustrial momentum at the
OEM level geographically distant from OEMs for component-
supply opportunities
Transportation Power ndash No technologyindustrial base at the
OEM level lack of infrastructure funding relatively dispersed
population for transportation services
Economic Development Factors ndash limited state incentives
somewhat sluggish overall state economy relatively
undeveloped core of technology skillsknowledge base
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
46
Opportunities
Stationary Power ndash Opportunity as an ldquoearly adaptor marketrdquo
some supply chain buildup opportunities around SP deployment
Linkage between H2FC technologies and advanced biofuels
RampD Dispersed population amp economy needs distributed
solutions Major need for power storage in conjunction with
Maines planned offshore wind-power RampD and development
Transportation Power ndash Hydrogen refueling station plans Early-
stage potential for major roll-out in marine auxiliary power (US
Navy) Commuter rail expansion
Portable Power ndash Little currently-identified opportunity
Economic Development Factors ndash Brunswick ldquoRenewable Energy
Industrial Parkrdquo can be significant seed nucleus for both
deployment amp development Machine-tool industry pursuing
H2FC components supply-chain opportunities
Threats
Stationary Power ndash The regionrsquos favorable market
needsdemand could be met by other technologiessources ndash
Canadian hydro amp nuclear wind geothermal direct biomass
and power-storage alternatives ndash batteries solid state ammonia
etc
Transportation Power ndash The regionrsquos favorable market
characteristics and needs could be met by other electric
vehicles particularly in the absence of a hydrogen
infrastructure
Economic Development Factors ndash competition from more fully-
equipped statesregions wind and other renewables grab Maine
energy industry momentum lack of funding to sustain
University of MErsquos momentum in storage and fuel cell
technologies related to biomass and wind hesitation of state
government to support alternative energy incentives
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
47
Appendix VIII ndash Partial list of Fuel Cell Deployment in the Northeast region
Manufacturer Site Name Site Location Year Installed
Plug Power T-Mobile cell tower Storrs CT 2008
Plug Power Albany International Airport Albany NY 2004
FuelCell Energy Pepperidge Farms Plant Bloomfield CT 2005
FuelCell Energy Peabody Museum New Haven CT 2003
FuelCell Energy Sheraton New York Hotel amp Towers Manhattan NY 2004
FuelCell Energy Sheraton Hotel Edison NJ 2003
FuelCell Energy Sheraton Hotel Parsippany NJ 2003
UTC Power Cabelas Sporting Goods East Hartford CT 2008
UTC Power Whole Foods Market Glastonbury CT 2008
UTC Power Connecticut Science Center Hartford CT 2009
UTC Power St Francis Hospital Hartford CT 2003
UTC Power Middletown High School Middletown CT 2008
UTC Power Connecticut Juvenile Training School Middletown CT 2001
UTC Power 360 State Street Apartment Building New Haven CT 2010
UTC Power South Windsor High School South Windsor CT 2002
UTC Power Mohegan Sun Casino Hotel Uncasville CT 2002
UTC Power CTTransit Fuel Cell Bus Hartford CT 2007
UTC Power Whole Foods Market Dedham MA 2009
UTC Power Bronx Zoo Bronx NY 2008
UTC Power North Central Bronx Hospital Bronx NY 2000
UTC Power Hunts Point Water Pollution Control Plant Bronx NY 2005
UTC Power Price Chopper Supermarket Colonie NY 2010
UTC Power East Rochester High School East Rochester NY 2007
UTC Power Coca-Cola Refreshments Production Facility Elmsford NY 2010
UTC Power Verizon Call Center and Communications Building Garden City NY 2005
UTC Power State Office Building Hauppauge NY 2009
UTC Power Liverpool High School Liverpool NY 2000
UTC Power New York Hilton Hotel New York City NY 2007
UTC Power Central Park Police Station New York City NY 1999
UTC Power Rochester Institute of Technology Rochester NY 1993
UTC Power NYPA office building White Plains NY 2010
UTC Power Wastewater treatment plant Yonkers NY 1997
UTC Power The Octagon Roosevelt Island NY 2011
UTC Power Johnson amp Johnson World Headquarters New Brunswick NJ 2003
UTC Power CTTRANSIT (Fuel Cell Powered Buses) Hartford CT 2007 - Present
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
48
Appendix IX ndash Partial list of Fuel Cell-Powered Forklifts in North America106
Company CityTown State Site Year
Deployed
Fuel Cell
Manufacturer
of
forklifts
Coca-Cola San Leandro CA
Bottling and
distribution center 2011 Plug Power 37
Charlotte NC Bottling facility 2011 Plug Power 40
EARP
Distribution Kansas City KS Distribution center 2011
Oorja
Protonics 24
Golden State
Foods Lemont IL Distribution facility 2011
Oorja
Protonics 20
Kroger Co Compton CA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 161
Sysco
Riverside CA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 80
Boston MA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 160
Long Island NY Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 42
San Antonio TX Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 113
Front Royal VA Redistribution
facility 2011 Plug Power 100
Baldor
Specialty Foods Bronx NY Facility
Planned
in 2012
Oorja
Protonics 50
BMW
Manufacturing
Co
Spartanburg SC Manufacturing
plant 2010 Plug Power 86
Defense
Logistics
Agency US
Department of
Defense
San Joaquin CA Distribution facility 2011 Plug Power 20
Fort Lewis WA Distribution depot 2011 Plug Power 19
Warner
Robins GA Distribution depot 2010 Hydrogenics 20
Susquehanna PA Distribution depot 2010 Plug Power 15
2009 Nuvera 40
Martin-Brower Stockton CA Food distribution
center 2010
Oorja
Protonics 15
United Natural
Foods Inc
(UNFI)
Sarasota FL Distribution center 2010 Plug Power 65
Wal-Mart
Balzac Al
Canada
Refrigerated
distribution center 2010 Plug Power 80
Washington
Court House OH
Food distribution
center 2007 Plug Power 55
Wegmans Pottsville PA Warehouse 2010 Plug Power 136
Whole Foods
Market Landover MD Distribution center 2010 Plug Power 61
106
FuelCell2000 ldquoFuel Cell-Powered Forklifts in North Americardquo httpwwwfuelcellsorginfochartsforkliftspdf November
2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
49
Appendix X ndash Comparison of PEM Fuel Cell and Battery-Powered Material Handling
Equipment
3 kW PEM Fuel Cell-Powered
Pallet Trucks
3 kW Battery-powered
(2 batteries per truck)
Total Fuel Cycle Energy Use
(total energy consumedkWh
delivered to the wheels) -12000 BtukWh 14000 BtukWh
Fuel Cycle GHG Emissions
(in g CO2 equivalent 820 gkWh 1200 gkWh
Estimated Product Life 8-10 years 4-5 years No Emissions at Point of Use
Quiet Operation
Wide Ambient Operating
Temperature range
Constant Power Available
over Shift
Routine Maintenance Costs
($YR) $1250 - $1500year $2000year
Time for RefuelingChanging
Batteries 4 ndash 8 minday 45-60 minday (for battery change-outs)
8 hours (for battery recharging amp cooling) Cost of FuelElectricity $6000year $1300year Labor Cost of
refuelingRecharging $1100year $8750year
Net Present Value of Capital
Cost $12600
($18000 wo incentive) $14000
Net Present Value of OampM
costs (including fuel) $52000 $128000
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
50
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
45
Appendix VII ndashAnalysis of Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities and Threats for Maine
Strengths
Stationary Power ndash Strong market drivers including high
electricity cost cold climate reliance on oil for space heating
strong CHP and district heating market strong environmental
and green energy awareness) capable core of fuel cell CHP
installers energy storage demand to serve MErsquos aggressive
wind-power industry strong ongoing expansion of natural gas
servicedistribution
Transportation Power - Strong market drivers including a
dispersed population highly reliant on truck and auto
transportation receptive and environmentally conscious
alternative fuelstransportation market relatively low income
population in need of relief from automobile fuel costs strong
Navy shipbuilding industry as potential user of H2FC auxiliary
power system strongly interested in fleet-based hydrogen
fueling station development (SunHydro model) strong interest
in municipal transit and fuel cell -powered rail
Economic Development Factors ndash Brunswick Renewable
Energy Park emphasis on skills development and technology
synergies aggressive state level policy to policy to develop
renewable wind and biomass energy technologies skilled and
well organized network of precision manufacturing firms tied
into aerospace and communications equipment industries
strong labor force at relatively low wages RampDbusiness
infrastructure for advanced biofuels and composite material
structures growing University of Maine commitment to fuel
cell and biomass RampD state funding source familiaritycomfort
with H2FC technology
Weaknesses
Stationary Power ndash No technologyindustrial momentum at the
OEM level geographically distant from OEMs for component-
supply opportunities
Transportation Power ndash No technologyindustrial base at the
OEM level lack of infrastructure funding relatively dispersed
population for transportation services
Economic Development Factors ndash limited state incentives
somewhat sluggish overall state economy relatively
undeveloped core of technology skillsknowledge base
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
46
Opportunities
Stationary Power ndash Opportunity as an ldquoearly adaptor marketrdquo
some supply chain buildup opportunities around SP deployment
Linkage between H2FC technologies and advanced biofuels
RampD Dispersed population amp economy needs distributed
solutions Major need for power storage in conjunction with
Maines planned offshore wind-power RampD and development
Transportation Power ndash Hydrogen refueling station plans Early-
stage potential for major roll-out in marine auxiliary power (US
Navy) Commuter rail expansion
Portable Power ndash Little currently-identified opportunity
Economic Development Factors ndash Brunswick ldquoRenewable Energy
Industrial Parkrdquo can be significant seed nucleus for both
deployment amp development Machine-tool industry pursuing
H2FC components supply-chain opportunities
Threats
Stationary Power ndash The regionrsquos favorable market
needsdemand could be met by other technologiessources ndash
Canadian hydro amp nuclear wind geothermal direct biomass
and power-storage alternatives ndash batteries solid state ammonia
etc
Transportation Power ndash The regionrsquos favorable market
characteristics and needs could be met by other electric
vehicles particularly in the absence of a hydrogen
infrastructure
Economic Development Factors ndash competition from more fully-
equipped statesregions wind and other renewables grab Maine
energy industry momentum lack of funding to sustain
University of MErsquos momentum in storage and fuel cell
technologies related to biomass and wind hesitation of state
government to support alternative energy incentives
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
47
Appendix VIII ndash Partial list of Fuel Cell Deployment in the Northeast region
Manufacturer Site Name Site Location Year Installed
Plug Power T-Mobile cell tower Storrs CT 2008
Plug Power Albany International Airport Albany NY 2004
FuelCell Energy Pepperidge Farms Plant Bloomfield CT 2005
FuelCell Energy Peabody Museum New Haven CT 2003
FuelCell Energy Sheraton New York Hotel amp Towers Manhattan NY 2004
FuelCell Energy Sheraton Hotel Edison NJ 2003
FuelCell Energy Sheraton Hotel Parsippany NJ 2003
UTC Power Cabelas Sporting Goods East Hartford CT 2008
UTC Power Whole Foods Market Glastonbury CT 2008
UTC Power Connecticut Science Center Hartford CT 2009
UTC Power St Francis Hospital Hartford CT 2003
UTC Power Middletown High School Middletown CT 2008
UTC Power Connecticut Juvenile Training School Middletown CT 2001
UTC Power 360 State Street Apartment Building New Haven CT 2010
UTC Power South Windsor High School South Windsor CT 2002
UTC Power Mohegan Sun Casino Hotel Uncasville CT 2002
UTC Power CTTransit Fuel Cell Bus Hartford CT 2007
UTC Power Whole Foods Market Dedham MA 2009
UTC Power Bronx Zoo Bronx NY 2008
UTC Power North Central Bronx Hospital Bronx NY 2000
UTC Power Hunts Point Water Pollution Control Plant Bronx NY 2005
UTC Power Price Chopper Supermarket Colonie NY 2010
UTC Power East Rochester High School East Rochester NY 2007
UTC Power Coca-Cola Refreshments Production Facility Elmsford NY 2010
UTC Power Verizon Call Center and Communications Building Garden City NY 2005
UTC Power State Office Building Hauppauge NY 2009
UTC Power Liverpool High School Liverpool NY 2000
UTC Power New York Hilton Hotel New York City NY 2007
UTC Power Central Park Police Station New York City NY 1999
UTC Power Rochester Institute of Technology Rochester NY 1993
UTC Power NYPA office building White Plains NY 2010
UTC Power Wastewater treatment plant Yonkers NY 1997
UTC Power The Octagon Roosevelt Island NY 2011
UTC Power Johnson amp Johnson World Headquarters New Brunswick NJ 2003
UTC Power CTTRANSIT (Fuel Cell Powered Buses) Hartford CT 2007 - Present
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
48
Appendix IX ndash Partial list of Fuel Cell-Powered Forklifts in North America106
Company CityTown State Site Year
Deployed
Fuel Cell
Manufacturer
of
forklifts
Coca-Cola San Leandro CA
Bottling and
distribution center 2011 Plug Power 37
Charlotte NC Bottling facility 2011 Plug Power 40
EARP
Distribution Kansas City KS Distribution center 2011
Oorja
Protonics 24
Golden State
Foods Lemont IL Distribution facility 2011
Oorja
Protonics 20
Kroger Co Compton CA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 161
Sysco
Riverside CA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 80
Boston MA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 160
Long Island NY Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 42
San Antonio TX Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 113
Front Royal VA Redistribution
facility 2011 Plug Power 100
Baldor
Specialty Foods Bronx NY Facility
Planned
in 2012
Oorja
Protonics 50
BMW
Manufacturing
Co
Spartanburg SC Manufacturing
plant 2010 Plug Power 86
Defense
Logistics
Agency US
Department of
Defense
San Joaquin CA Distribution facility 2011 Plug Power 20
Fort Lewis WA Distribution depot 2011 Plug Power 19
Warner
Robins GA Distribution depot 2010 Hydrogenics 20
Susquehanna PA Distribution depot 2010 Plug Power 15
2009 Nuvera 40
Martin-Brower Stockton CA Food distribution
center 2010
Oorja
Protonics 15
United Natural
Foods Inc
(UNFI)
Sarasota FL Distribution center 2010 Plug Power 65
Wal-Mart
Balzac Al
Canada
Refrigerated
distribution center 2010 Plug Power 80
Washington
Court House OH
Food distribution
center 2007 Plug Power 55
Wegmans Pottsville PA Warehouse 2010 Plug Power 136
Whole Foods
Market Landover MD Distribution center 2010 Plug Power 61
106
FuelCell2000 ldquoFuel Cell-Powered Forklifts in North Americardquo httpwwwfuelcellsorginfochartsforkliftspdf November
2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
49
Appendix X ndash Comparison of PEM Fuel Cell and Battery-Powered Material Handling
Equipment
3 kW PEM Fuel Cell-Powered
Pallet Trucks
3 kW Battery-powered
(2 batteries per truck)
Total Fuel Cycle Energy Use
(total energy consumedkWh
delivered to the wheels) -12000 BtukWh 14000 BtukWh
Fuel Cycle GHG Emissions
(in g CO2 equivalent 820 gkWh 1200 gkWh
Estimated Product Life 8-10 years 4-5 years No Emissions at Point of Use
Quiet Operation
Wide Ambient Operating
Temperature range
Constant Power Available
over Shift
Routine Maintenance Costs
($YR) $1250 - $1500year $2000year
Time for RefuelingChanging
Batteries 4 ndash 8 minday 45-60 minday (for battery change-outs)
8 hours (for battery recharging amp cooling) Cost of FuelElectricity $6000year $1300year Labor Cost of
refuelingRecharging $1100year $8750year
Net Present Value of Capital
Cost $12600
($18000 wo incentive) $14000
Net Present Value of OampM
costs (including fuel) $52000 $128000
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
50
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
46
Opportunities
Stationary Power ndash Opportunity as an ldquoearly adaptor marketrdquo
some supply chain buildup opportunities around SP deployment
Linkage between H2FC technologies and advanced biofuels
RampD Dispersed population amp economy needs distributed
solutions Major need for power storage in conjunction with
Maines planned offshore wind-power RampD and development
Transportation Power ndash Hydrogen refueling station plans Early-
stage potential for major roll-out in marine auxiliary power (US
Navy) Commuter rail expansion
Portable Power ndash Little currently-identified opportunity
Economic Development Factors ndash Brunswick ldquoRenewable Energy
Industrial Parkrdquo can be significant seed nucleus for both
deployment amp development Machine-tool industry pursuing
H2FC components supply-chain opportunities
Threats
Stationary Power ndash The regionrsquos favorable market
needsdemand could be met by other technologiessources ndash
Canadian hydro amp nuclear wind geothermal direct biomass
and power-storage alternatives ndash batteries solid state ammonia
etc
Transportation Power ndash The regionrsquos favorable market
characteristics and needs could be met by other electric
vehicles particularly in the absence of a hydrogen
infrastructure
Economic Development Factors ndash competition from more fully-
equipped statesregions wind and other renewables grab Maine
energy industry momentum lack of funding to sustain
University of MErsquos momentum in storage and fuel cell
technologies related to biomass and wind hesitation of state
government to support alternative energy incentives
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
47
Appendix VIII ndash Partial list of Fuel Cell Deployment in the Northeast region
Manufacturer Site Name Site Location Year Installed
Plug Power T-Mobile cell tower Storrs CT 2008
Plug Power Albany International Airport Albany NY 2004
FuelCell Energy Pepperidge Farms Plant Bloomfield CT 2005
FuelCell Energy Peabody Museum New Haven CT 2003
FuelCell Energy Sheraton New York Hotel amp Towers Manhattan NY 2004
FuelCell Energy Sheraton Hotel Edison NJ 2003
FuelCell Energy Sheraton Hotel Parsippany NJ 2003
UTC Power Cabelas Sporting Goods East Hartford CT 2008
UTC Power Whole Foods Market Glastonbury CT 2008
UTC Power Connecticut Science Center Hartford CT 2009
UTC Power St Francis Hospital Hartford CT 2003
UTC Power Middletown High School Middletown CT 2008
UTC Power Connecticut Juvenile Training School Middletown CT 2001
UTC Power 360 State Street Apartment Building New Haven CT 2010
UTC Power South Windsor High School South Windsor CT 2002
UTC Power Mohegan Sun Casino Hotel Uncasville CT 2002
UTC Power CTTransit Fuel Cell Bus Hartford CT 2007
UTC Power Whole Foods Market Dedham MA 2009
UTC Power Bronx Zoo Bronx NY 2008
UTC Power North Central Bronx Hospital Bronx NY 2000
UTC Power Hunts Point Water Pollution Control Plant Bronx NY 2005
UTC Power Price Chopper Supermarket Colonie NY 2010
UTC Power East Rochester High School East Rochester NY 2007
UTC Power Coca-Cola Refreshments Production Facility Elmsford NY 2010
UTC Power Verizon Call Center and Communications Building Garden City NY 2005
UTC Power State Office Building Hauppauge NY 2009
UTC Power Liverpool High School Liverpool NY 2000
UTC Power New York Hilton Hotel New York City NY 2007
UTC Power Central Park Police Station New York City NY 1999
UTC Power Rochester Institute of Technology Rochester NY 1993
UTC Power NYPA office building White Plains NY 2010
UTC Power Wastewater treatment plant Yonkers NY 1997
UTC Power The Octagon Roosevelt Island NY 2011
UTC Power Johnson amp Johnson World Headquarters New Brunswick NJ 2003
UTC Power CTTRANSIT (Fuel Cell Powered Buses) Hartford CT 2007 - Present
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
48
Appendix IX ndash Partial list of Fuel Cell-Powered Forklifts in North America106
Company CityTown State Site Year
Deployed
Fuel Cell
Manufacturer
of
forklifts
Coca-Cola San Leandro CA
Bottling and
distribution center 2011 Plug Power 37
Charlotte NC Bottling facility 2011 Plug Power 40
EARP
Distribution Kansas City KS Distribution center 2011
Oorja
Protonics 24
Golden State
Foods Lemont IL Distribution facility 2011
Oorja
Protonics 20
Kroger Co Compton CA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 161
Sysco
Riverside CA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 80
Boston MA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 160
Long Island NY Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 42
San Antonio TX Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 113
Front Royal VA Redistribution
facility 2011 Plug Power 100
Baldor
Specialty Foods Bronx NY Facility
Planned
in 2012
Oorja
Protonics 50
BMW
Manufacturing
Co
Spartanburg SC Manufacturing
plant 2010 Plug Power 86
Defense
Logistics
Agency US
Department of
Defense
San Joaquin CA Distribution facility 2011 Plug Power 20
Fort Lewis WA Distribution depot 2011 Plug Power 19
Warner
Robins GA Distribution depot 2010 Hydrogenics 20
Susquehanna PA Distribution depot 2010 Plug Power 15
2009 Nuvera 40
Martin-Brower Stockton CA Food distribution
center 2010
Oorja
Protonics 15
United Natural
Foods Inc
(UNFI)
Sarasota FL Distribution center 2010 Plug Power 65
Wal-Mart
Balzac Al
Canada
Refrigerated
distribution center 2010 Plug Power 80
Washington
Court House OH
Food distribution
center 2007 Plug Power 55
Wegmans Pottsville PA Warehouse 2010 Plug Power 136
Whole Foods
Market Landover MD Distribution center 2010 Plug Power 61
106
FuelCell2000 ldquoFuel Cell-Powered Forklifts in North Americardquo httpwwwfuelcellsorginfochartsforkliftspdf November
2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
49
Appendix X ndash Comparison of PEM Fuel Cell and Battery-Powered Material Handling
Equipment
3 kW PEM Fuel Cell-Powered
Pallet Trucks
3 kW Battery-powered
(2 batteries per truck)
Total Fuel Cycle Energy Use
(total energy consumedkWh
delivered to the wheels) -12000 BtukWh 14000 BtukWh
Fuel Cycle GHG Emissions
(in g CO2 equivalent 820 gkWh 1200 gkWh
Estimated Product Life 8-10 years 4-5 years No Emissions at Point of Use
Quiet Operation
Wide Ambient Operating
Temperature range
Constant Power Available
over Shift
Routine Maintenance Costs
($YR) $1250 - $1500year $2000year
Time for RefuelingChanging
Batteries 4 ndash 8 minday 45-60 minday (for battery change-outs)
8 hours (for battery recharging amp cooling) Cost of FuelElectricity $6000year $1300year Labor Cost of
refuelingRecharging $1100year $8750year
Net Present Value of Capital
Cost $12600
($18000 wo incentive) $14000
Net Present Value of OampM
costs (including fuel) $52000 $128000
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
50
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
47
Appendix VIII ndash Partial list of Fuel Cell Deployment in the Northeast region
Manufacturer Site Name Site Location Year Installed
Plug Power T-Mobile cell tower Storrs CT 2008
Plug Power Albany International Airport Albany NY 2004
FuelCell Energy Pepperidge Farms Plant Bloomfield CT 2005
FuelCell Energy Peabody Museum New Haven CT 2003
FuelCell Energy Sheraton New York Hotel amp Towers Manhattan NY 2004
FuelCell Energy Sheraton Hotel Edison NJ 2003
FuelCell Energy Sheraton Hotel Parsippany NJ 2003
UTC Power Cabelas Sporting Goods East Hartford CT 2008
UTC Power Whole Foods Market Glastonbury CT 2008
UTC Power Connecticut Science Center Hartford CT 2009
UTC Power St Francis Hospital Hartford CT 2003
UTC Power Middletown High School Middletown CT 2008
UTC Power Connecticut Juvenile Training School Middletown CT 2001
UTC Power 360 State Street Apartment Building New Haven CT 2010
UTC Power South Windsor High School South Windsor CT 2002
UTC Power Mohegan Sun Casino Hotel Uncasville CT 2002
UTC Power CTTransit Fuel Cell Bus Hartford CT 2007
UTC Power Whole Foods Market Dedham MA 2009
UTC Power Bronx Zoo Bronx NY 2008
UTC Power North Central Bronx Hospital Bronx NY 2000
UTC Power Hunts Point Water Pollution Control Plant Bronx NY 2005
UTC Power Price Chopper Supermarket Colonie NY 2010
UTC Power East Rochester High School East Rochester NY 2007
UTC Power Coca-Cola Refreshments Production Facility Elmsford NY 2010
UTC Power Verizon Call Center and Communications Building Garden City NY 2005
UTC Power State Office Building Hauppauge NY 2009
UTC Power Liverpool High School Liverpool NY 2000
UTC Power New York Hilton Hotel New York City NY 2007
UTC Power Central Park Police Station New York City NY 1999
UTC Power Rochester Institute of Technology Rochester NY 1993
UTC Power NYPA office building White Plains NY 2010
UTC Power Wastewater treatment plant Yonkers NY 1997
UTC Power The Octagon Roosevelt Island NY 2011
UTC Power Johnson amp Johnson World Headquarters New Brunswick NJ 2003
UTC Power CTTRANSIT (Fuel Cell Powered Buses) Hartford CT 2007 - Present
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
48
Appendix IX ndash Partial list of Fuel Cell-Powered Forklifts in North America106
Company CityTown State Site Year
Deployed
Fuel Cell
Manufacturer
of
forklifts
Coca-Cola San Leandro CA
Bottling and
distribution center 2011 Plug Power 37
Charlotte NC Bottling facility 2011 Plug Power 40
EARP
Distribution Kansas City KS Distribution center 2011
Oorja
Protonics 24
Golden State
Foods Lemont IL Distribution facility 2011
Oorja
Protonics 20
Kroger Co Compton CA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 161
Sysco
Riverside CA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 80
Boston MA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 160
Long Island NY Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 42
San Antonio TX Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 113
Front Royal VA Redistribution
facility 2011 Plug Power 100
Baldor
Specialty Foods Bronx NY Facility
Planned
in 2012
Oorja
Protonics 50
BMW
Manufacturing
Co
Spartanburg SC Manufacturing
plant 2010 Plug Power 86
Defense
Logistics
Agency US
Department of
Defense
San Joaquin CA Distribution facility 2011 Plug Power 20
Fort Lewis WA Distribution depot 2011 Plug Power 19
Warner
Robins GA Distribution depot 2010 Hydrogenics 20
Susquehanna PA Distribution depot 2010 Plug Power 15
2009 Nuvera 40
Martin-Brower Stockton CA Food distribution
center 2010
Oorja
Protonics 15
United Natural
Foods Inc
(UNFI)
Sarasota FL Distribution center 2010 Plug Power 65
Wal-Mart
Balzac Al
Canada
Refrigerated
distribution center 2010 Plug Power 80
Washington
Court House OH
Food distribution
center 2007 Plug Power 55
Wegmans Pottsville PA Warehouse 2010 Plug Power 136
Whole Foods
Market Landover MD Distribution center 2010 Plug Power 61
106
FuelCell2000 ldquoFuel Cell-Powered Forklifts in North Americardquo httpwwwfuelcellsorginfochartsforkliftspdf November
2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
49
Appendix X ndash Comparison of PEM Fuel Cell and Battery-Powered Material Handling
Equipment
3 kW PEM Fuel Cell-Powered
Pallet Trucks
3 kW Battery-powered
(2 batteries per truck)
Total Fuel Cycle Energy Use
(total energy consumedkWh
delivered to the wheels) -12000 BtukWh 14000 BtukWh
Fuel Cycle GHG Emissions
(in g CO2 equivalent 820 gkWh 1200 gkWh
Estimated Product Life 8-10 years 4-5 years No Emissions at Point of Use
Quiet Operation
Wide Ambient Operating
Temperature range
Constant Power Available
over Shift
Routine Maintenance Costs
($YR) $1250 - $1500year $2000year
Time for RefuelingChanging
Batteries 4 ndash 8 minday 45-60 minday (for battery change-outs)
8 hours (for battery recharging amp cooling) Cost of FuelElectricity $6000year $1300year Labor Cost of
refuelingRecharging $1100year $8750year
Net Present Value of Capital
Cost $12600
($18000 wo incentive) $14000
Net Present Value of OampM
costs (including fuel) $52000 $128000
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
50
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
48
Appendix IX ndash Partial list of Fuel Cell-Powered Forklifts in North America106
Company CityTown State Site Year
Deployed
Fuel Cell
Manufacturer
of
forklifts
Coca-Cola San Leandro CA
Bottling and
distribution center 2011 Plug Power 37
Charlotte NC Bottling facility 2011 Plug Power 40
EARP
Distribution Kansas City KS Distribution center 2011
Oorja
Protonics 24
Golden State
Foods Lemont IL Distribution facility 2011
Oorja
Protonics 20
Kroger Co Compton CA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 161
Sysco
Riverside CA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 80
Boston MA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 160
Long Island NY Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 42
San Antonio TX Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 113
Front Royal VA Redistribution
facility 2011 Plug Power 100
Baldor
Specialty Foods Bronx NY Facility
Planned
in 2012
Oorja
Protonics 50
BMW
Manufacturing
Co
Spartanburg SC Manufacturing
plant 2010 Plug Power 86
Defense
Logistics
Agency US
Department of
Defense
San Joaquin CA Distribution facility 2011 Plug Power 20
Fort Lewis WA Distribution depot 2011 Plug Power 19
Warner
Robins GA Distribution depot 2010 Hydrogenics 20
Susquehanna PA Distribution depot 2010 Plug Power 15
2009 Nuvera 40
Martin-Brower Stockton CA Food distribution
center 2010
Oorja
Protonics 15
United Natural
Foods Inc
(UNFI)
Sarasota FL Distribution center 2010 Plug Power 65
Wal-Mart
Balzac Al
Canada
Refrigerated
distribution center 2010 Plug Power 80
Washington
Court House OH
Food distribution
center 2007 Plug Power 55
Wegmans Pottsville PA Warehouse 2010 Plug Power 136
Whole Foods
Market Landover MD Distribution center 2010 Plug Power 61
106
FuelCell2000 ldquoFuel Cell-Powered Forklifts in North Americardquo httpwwwfuelcellsorginfochartsforkliftspdf November
2011
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
49
Appendix X ndash Comparison of PEM Fuel Cell and Battery-Powered Material Handling
Equipment
3 kW PEM Fuel Cell-Powered
Pallet Trucks
3 kW Battery-powered
(2 batteries per truck)
Total Fuel Cycle Energy Use
(total energy consumedkWh
delivered to the wheels) -12000 BtukWh 14000 BtukWh
Fuel Cycle GHG Emissions
(in g CO2 equivalent 820 gkWh 1200 gkWh
Estimated Product Life 8-10 years 4-5 years No Emissions at Point of Use
Quiet Operation
Wide Ambient Operating
Temperature range
Constant Power Available
over Shift
Routine Maintenance Costs
($YR) $1250 - $1500year $2000year
Time for RefuelingChanging
Batteries 4 ndash 8 minday 45-60 minday (for battery change-outs)
8 hours (for battery recharging amp cooling) Cost of FuelElectricity $6000year $1300year Labor Cost of
refuelingRecharging $1100year $8750year
Net Present Value of Capital
Cost $12600
($18000 wo incentive) $14000
Net Present Value of OampM
costs (including fuel) $52000 $128000
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
50
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
49
Appendix X ndash Comparison of PEM Fuel Cell and Battery-Powered Material Handling
Equipment
3 kW PEM Fuel Cell-Powered
Pallet Trucks
3 kW Battery-powered
(2 batteries per truck)
Total Fuel Cycle Energy Use
(total energy consumedkWh
delivered to the wheels) -12000 BtukWh 14000 BtukWh
Fuel Cycle GHG Emissions
(in g CO2 equivalent 820 gkWh 1200 gkWh
Estimated Product Life 8-10 years 4-5 years No Emissions at Point of Use
Quiet Operation
Wide Ambient Operating
Temperature range
Constant Power Available
over Shift
Routine Maintenance Costs
($YR) $1250 - $1500year $2000year
Time for RefuelingChanging
Batteries 4 ndash 8 minday 45-60 minday (for battery change-outs)
8 hours (for battery recharging amp cooling) Cost of FuelElectricity $6000year $1300year Labor Cost of
refuelingRecharging $1100year $8750year
Net Present Value of Capital
Cost $12600
($18000 wo incentive) $14000
Net Present Value of OampM
costs (including fuel) $52000 $128000
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
50
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL ndash APRIL 10 2012
50