MICROSCOPE Revealing Future & window

to the new World

Table of ContentIntroductionTimeline of microscopePrinciple of microscopyHow Stuff work’s?

Construction of Simple microscope(Diagram)Condenser lens systemObjective lens systemOcular lens system

Types of microscopeCompound microscopeX-ray microscopeUltraviolet microscopeFlorescence microscopeElectron microscopeScanning tunneling microscopeTransmission electron microscope

Introduction Microscope In simple language micro

means small and scope means to look or see & has developed a field of Science

called microscopy

Timeline of microscope….• It all Begin close back to around 2000Bc

and was (water microscope)

Timeline……1000 –Unknown inventor.Stone glass

1590 – Two Dutch eye glass makers, Zaccharias Janssen and son Hans Janssen. microscope and the telescope

1665 – English physicist, Robert Hooke looked at cork through a microscope lens and noticed some "pores" or "cells" in it.

1674 – Anton van Leeuwenhoek built a simple microscope with only one lens to examine

1872 – Ernst Abbe, then research director of the Zeiss Optical Works, mathematical formula called the "Abbe Sine Condition".=maximum resolution in microscopes possible.

Timeline……• 1903 Richard Zsigmondy developed the ultra

microscope that could study objects below the wavelength of light. He won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1925.

1931 Ernst Ruska co-invented the electron microscope for which he won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1986.

1981 Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer invented the scanning tunneling microscope that gives three-dimensional images of objects down to the atomic level. Binnig and Rohrer won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1986.

1500-1947 don’t get disappointed being Indian we were the sponsor for all this invention the wealth used during industrial revolution in European nation was looted from India and all other common wealth nation even though we don’t have noble laureates but we were the investor

Principle of microscopyTheoretically a microscope is an array of two lenses.

Objective lens

Tube lens Eyepiece lens

Focal plane Image plane

Classic compound microscope

Image plane

dmin = 1.22 x wavelength / N.A. objective + N.A. condenserWhere Dmin=smallest separating two small object (resolution power)                             N.A =numerical apertureWhich in simple word means light gathering capacity of lens

How Stuff work?

Condenser lens system

Objective lens system

Ocular lens system

Microscope

Transmission electron

microscope

Electron microscope

Florescence microscope

X-ray microscope

Ultraviolet microscope

Scanning tunneling

microscope

Ultra violet microscope

• Ultra violet light employed instead of short wave length

• Fused Quartz lens used instead of glass lens• Image cannot be observed but can be

photographed• Used for Qualitative as well as determination of cellular components

X-Ray microscope

X-rays are used instead of visible lightThey are more accurate and shorter than ultraviolet raysHigh penetration powerAnalysis of 3d structureMolecules can be brought to crystalline stateThe had revealed the structure lysozymes ,Haemoglobin,DNA

Fluorescence microscope

• Fluorescence dyes are used to detect the object and their chemical nature

• Different fluorescent dyes emit different wavelength when exposed to ultraviolet rays

• Different dyes used to stain different object

Electron microscopeA beam of electrons, instead of light, is used with an electron microscope.

Electron microscopes can magnify greater because the wavelengths of electrons are much smaller than those of visible light = 0.005nm as opposed to 500nm (one hundred thousand times smaller)

The best compound light microscopes can magnify 2000x, electron microscopes can magnify up to 100,000x They are of2 types: TEM & SEM

Scanning tunneling microscope

Scanning Electron Microscopes (or SEM), are electron illuminated. The image is seen in 3D. They have high magnification and high resolution. The specimen is coated in gold and the electrons bounce off to give you an exterior view of the specimen. The pictures are in black and white.

Magnification: 1000-10,000x and Depth of Field very high.

Pigeon blood cellCockroach antenna

Transmission Electron microscopeTransmission Electron Microscopes (or TEM) are also electron illuminated. This gives a 2D view. Thin slices of specimen are obtained. The electron beams pass through this. It has a high magnification and a high resolution

Electrons pass directly through the specimen. Magnification: 10,000-100,000x Resolving power: 2.5 nm.

mitochondrionbacillus bacteria

dividing

Difference between SEM & TEM

THANKS

Don’t learn for the sake of mark learn for the sake of humanity, mankind and with an noble thought of making earth better

place to live