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Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Introduction: The Scientific Study of Life
•Biology is the Study of Life.
•What is Life?
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The genetic information in DNA underlies all of the features that distinguish life from nonlife
– Order and regulation
– Growth and development
– Use of energy from the environment
– Response to environmental stimuli
– Ability to reproduce
– Evolutionary change
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Order and Regulation: Feedback Inhibition
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Growth and Development
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Ecosystem: Energy Flow and Material Cycling
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Nearly all the energy that organisms use comes ultimately from sunlight
• It flows through an ecosystem in one direction.
• Chemicals recycle among living organisms and their environment
BCC – 5 – 5
Sunlight energy
Chloroplasts,site of photosynthesis
CO2
+H2O
Glucose+O2
Mitochondriasites of cellular
respiration
(for cellular work)
Heat energy
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Response to Environmental Stimuli
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Asexual Reproduction – Fission
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Eggs
Asexual Reproduction – Budding;Sexual Reproduction – Laying Eggs
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Hermaphroditism
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Eggs
Sexual Reproduction
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Figure 15.1
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• Interactions between different kinds of organisms affect the lives of all
• A structural hierarchy of life, from molecules to ecosystems, defines the scope of biology
• An ecosystem consists of:
– all organisms living in a particular area
– all nonliving physical components of the environment that affect the organisms (soil, water, air, rocks, wind)
THE SCOPE OF BIOLOGY
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Life’s Heirachy – Organizational Levels of Life
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Life’s Heirachy – Organizational Levels of Life (con’d)
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Taxonomy :
– Grouping organisms by fundamental features helps make the vast diversity of life manageable for study
– Scientists classify organisms into a hierarchy of broader and broader groups according to characteristics.
The diversity of life can be arranged into three domains
EVOLUTION, UNITY, AND DIVERSITY
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Taxonomy – Classification of Organisms
• Species: One kind of organism that has similar characteristics and can interbreed.
– Each species has a two-part name
• First part: Genus name
• Combined with the second part, it designates one particular species name
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Domain Bacteria – Kingdom Monera
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Domain Archea – Kingdom Monera
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Domain Eucarya – Kingdom Protista
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Domain Eukarya – Kingdom Fungi
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Domain Eukarya – Kingdom Plantae
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Domain Eukarya – Kingdom Animalia
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• All organisms share a set of common features, signs of unity in life’s vast diversity
• These orchids show the variety possible within one species
Unity with Diversity: All forms of life have common features
BCC – 4 – 1
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Cell Theory
• The cell is the basic unit of life.
• All organisms are made of cells.
• All organisms have DNA as their genetic blueprint.
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• DNA is a nucleic acid, made of chemical units called nucleotides
• Each species has its own nucleotide sequence
BCC – 4 – 1
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Natural selection is the editing mechanism of populations.
• It was Darwin’s way of explaining evolution.
• Evolution happens when populations of organisms with inherited variations are exposed to environmental factors that favor the success of some individuals over others
BCC – 4 – 1
Natural selection
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Charles Darwin is a central figure in biology
• He synthesized the concept of natural selection as a way to explain the theory of evolution
• Evolution is the unifying theme of biology
Evolution explains the unity and diversity of life
BBC – 4 – 1
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• The theory of natural selection explains the main mechanism whereby all species of organisms change, or evolve
BBC – 4 – 1
(1) Population with varied inherited traits
(2) Elimination of individuals with certain traits
(3) Reproduction of survivors
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Evolution is based on adaptations to the environment –
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• The theory of natural selection applies to all levels in life’s hierarchy
• In an ecosystem, these interactions make up a complex web of relationships
– The functional aspects of an ecosystem primarily come from the trophic structure of the ecosystem’s web
Living organisms and their environments form interconnecting webs
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• A web of interactions in a rain forest ecosystem
Figure
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Many technological advances stem from the scientific study of life
• Evaluating everyday reports in the press about a large range of subjects requires critical thinking and some familiarity with many areas of biology
– In order to understand how rain forest destruction impacts global climate, it is important to understand biology from the molecular to the ecosystem level
Figure
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Plants, or plant products, are the ultimate sources of food in an ecosystem
– This African sunbird is consuming nectar, a plant product
Figure
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• The lives of gray-headed flying foxes are closely entwined with the lives of the eucalyptus trees that form their habitat
– Eucalyptus trees provide food and roosting sites for the flying foxes
– Flying foxes aid in eucalyptus pollinationand help disperse the resulting seeds
Life in the Trees
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• Flying foxes are becoming an endangered species, partly because of habitat destruction
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Biology is connected to a great number of important issues
– Environmental problems and solutions
– Genetic engineering
– Medicine
Connection: Biology is connected to our lives in many ways
BIOLOGY AND EVERYDAY LIFE
Figure
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings38
Many technological advances stem from the scientific study of life:
• Evaluating everyday reports in the press about a large range of subjects requires critical thinking and some familiarity with many areas of biology.
– Evolution
– Anatomy/Physiology (Gross/Micro-)
– Ecology
– Botany
– Paleontology