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A presentation prepared by Jolly Kabirizi for the ASARECA/ILRI Workshop on Mitigating the Impact of Napier Grass Smut and Stunt Diseases, Addis Ababa, June 2-3, 2010.
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Napier Stunt and Smut Resistance Project: Key Achievements and Outputs-Uganda
Presented at the ASARECA/ILRI Workshop on Mitigating the Impact of Napier Grass Smut and Stunt Diseases, Addis Ababa, June 2-3, 2010
Dr. J. Kabirizi, Country Coordinator,National Livestock Resources Research Institute, Uganda
Project Research Team - Uganda
Name Institute ResponsibilityDr. Jolly Kabirizi *NaLIRRI Coordinate project activities
Ms. Clementine Namazzi
NaLIRRI Evaluate nutritive quality of Napier grass clones
Dr. Titus Alicai **NaCRRI Plant Virologist/Advisor
Mr. Erasmus Mukiibi (MSc student)
NaCRRI Evaluate biomass yield of Napier grass clones
*NaLIRRI: National Livestock Resources Research Institute**NaCRRI: National Crops Resources Research Institute
Introduction
Napier grass fodder is recommended as a basal forage in smallholder dairy systems (SHD) systems in Uganda.
Napier stunt disease (NSD) reported in >60% of the districts in Uganda (Fig.1), is a threat to the SHD industry.
Figure 1: Spread and level of infection of NSD in Uganda (Kabirizi and Alicai, 2010)
GULU
KOTIDO
LIRA
MUKONO
KITGUM
APAC
MASINDI
PADERARUA
MOROTO
HOIMA
BUGIRI
RAKAI
KALANGALA
MPIGI
MUBENDE
KAMULI
KUMI
MASAKA
KATAKWI
MAYUGE
KIBOGA
KIBAALE
NEBBI
SOROTI
KASESE
BUSHENYI
NAKAPIRIPIRIT
KYENJOJO
WAKISO
YUMBE
IBANDA
NAKASEKE
IGANGA
MOYO
ADJUMANI
ISINGIRO
KIRUHURA
LUWERO
PALLISA
NAKASONGOLA
KABALE
TORORO
MBALE
KAMWENGE
SEMBABULE
MBARARA
NTUNGAMO
KAYUNGA
KABAROLE
BUNDIBUGYO
RUKUNGIRI
JINJA
KAPCHORWA
KANUNGU
BUSIA
SIRONKO
KABERAMAIDO
KISORO
KAMPALA
N
90 0 90 180 Kilometers
Unsurveyed districts
Low
High
Medium
Water bodies
Infection levels
4
No disease
1. Highlights of surveys results
Study districts: Kabalore (highlands), Masaka (districts around Lake Victoria Crescent zone); Soroti (lowlands) & Busia (near Kenya boarder)
Constraints to Napier grass production were: land shortage, low yielding varieties & NSD.
Over 80% (n=120) of sampled Napier grass fields in Masaka district were affected by NSD.
Farmers had a mixture of improved and local varieties in the same field—all varieties affected.
Most widely grown cultivar was Pennisetum 99) (Kawanda 4 x P. Typhoides hybrid).
Key Achievements and Outputs
Highlights of results of survey results (cont)
Over 80% (n=171) of respondents in Kabalore & Soroti were not aware of NSD.
NSD incidence & severity were highest in Masaka & lowest in Busia (Fig. 2).
Farmers in Busia had acquired a new variety from Kenyan farmers.
NSD reduced fodder yield by >60% (Fig. 3).
Rouging was major method of disease control.
No reports of smut in study areas
Studies on biomass yield & nutritive quality conducted (to be presented by Erasmus & Clementine, respectively)
Fig. 2: NSD incidence (%) and severity (1-3) in study areas
1= no stunting, 2 = moderate stunting and 3 = severe stunting
Me
an
he
rba
ge
DM
yie
ld (
t/h
a/y
r)
Fig. 3: Effect of NSD on herbage yield
Districts
2. Current situation: Case of Masaka districtField visits & reports from farmers show a decline (20-40%) in NSD incidence due to:Increasing importance of SHD as a source of income
Awareness creation by NaLIRRI through:Media, local newspapers & farmer-talk-showsFarmers participate in NARO/NaLIRRI scientific
meetings, field days/workshopsPublications (leaflets, posters etc---)On-station trials----demonstrations on NSD symptoms &
control measures
Farmers use recommended agronomic practicesRouging and manure applicationRecommended harvesting techniques, weeding---
Effect of manure application on fodder yield & NSD incidence
Farmer reports & on-station trials have shown manure application most effective control measure----reduces (> 30%) NSD incidence & improves (>40%) fodder yield (Fig. 4).
Manure improves soil fertility----enhances plant growth-----plants become less susceptible to disease stress.
Manure interferes with multiplication & survival of disease organisms (Mugerwa, 2010). through: Modification of the micro-environment or Enhancement of natural enemies to disease
causing organisms
Fig. 4: Effect of manure application on fodder yield and NSD incidence
2008 2009
NaLIRRI
MediaPrivate Sector
Other researchers working on NSD
Schools, DATICs
NARS (Universities &
Research Institutes)
Farmers, CBOs, NGOs
Extension Agents & Dairy Development
Agencies
Policy makers
Donors`
3. Communication and Dissemination
Key boundary partners identified
*Boundary partner
Indicators achieved Evidence and related indicators
Farmers & farmer groups
Reported on NSD incidence
Adopted improved mgt techniques
Recorded a 20-40% improvement in fodder yield
Disseminated information to fellow farmers
Farmers using improved practices increased by >50%.
Increased demand for information, clean planting material &
alternative forages. Over 10,000 farmers attended workshops &
visited agric. shows & project stalls
Behavioural changes in boundary partners
*Boundary Partners are those individuals, groups, or organisations with whom the project interacted directly and with whom we anticipated opportunities for influence.
Boundary partner
Indicators achieved Evidence & related indicators
Extension agents & media
Sensitized farmers & policy makers on NSD control measures.
Participated in workshops & agricultural shows
Farmers reported a reduction (40%) in NSD incidence
Policy makers
Same as above More funding under “Emerging issues”
Universities,DATICs & schools
Trained students on control measures.
Participated in research on NSD & proposal development.
.
> 1,000 students visited trials
100 youths trained 3 MSc + 1 PhD 1 project funded
Behavioural changes in partners (cont.)
Boundary partner
Indicators achieved Evidence and related indicators
Researchers Documented spread, incidence & severity of NSD in Uganda
Screened Napier grass clones for tolerance to NSD.
Conducted feedback workshops.
Sourced for funds
Monitored incidence and severity of NSD in >30 districts
Trials established at NaCRRI, NaLIRRI, DATICS & ZARDIs
Published guidelines & policy briefs
Over US $ 0.8m received
NaLIRRI Hqs Promoted & coordinated linkages
Monitored use of donor funds
Supported project with additional funding
Behavioural changes in partners (cont.)
Packaging & disseminating informationDissemination pathway (2007-2010) Number NaLIRRI Quarterly Reports 12 NaLIRRI Annual Reports 3 NARO Annual Reports 3 Project Semi-Annual reports 2 Project Annual reports 2 Survey reports 2 Posters 6 Leaflets (3 leaflets) 6000 Field days/workshops/Agric. shows 15 News articles 3 Scientific papers (In press) 2 Scientific conferences/workshops 5 Stakeholders’ workshop reports 4 Project Review & planning meetings 3
Stakeholders’ workshop
Agricultural shows
Scientific exhibitions: UNCST- Science Week Exhibition (2009)
Workshops, field days & on-station trials
4. Linkages and collaboration
Organization(s) RoleNAADS, HPI, Send-a-Cow; District extension staff; CBOs & farmer groups
Disseminate information Sensitize farmers on NSD
control methodsDDA & MADDO Milk processing & marketingNaRL-Kawanda Post harvest handling of milk
& milk productsMakerere University Train/Supervise students
Tropical Virus Unit, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK’ NaCRRI
Identification of vectors
East Africa Dairy Development Project
Disseminate information
KARI; ILRI; NBCP; NACRRI Collaboration on project activities
ILRI-Addis Ababa Source Napier grass clones
UNCST/MSI/World Bank/DANIDA Funded new NSD projects
Government of Uganda Additional funding
5. Project outcomes
Farmers’ knowledge on NSD improved----farmers disseminate information in farmer & scientific workshops e.g. Mr. Ddaki
Reduction (20-40%) in NSD incidence--improved >40%) fodder yield.
Increased demand for clean planting materials & alternative feed resources
Increased funding Capacity building
1 PhD + 4 MSc students (includes other NSD projects) Technician trained at ILRI on NIRS (2009) 2 technicians to be trained on Molecular diagnostics Project management ----for scientists
Project outcomes (cont.)
Approved research projects
1. Contributing to the basic understanding & control of NSD in Uganda (UNCST/MSI)-------1 PhD & 2 MSc students
2. Evaluation of Napier grass clones for genetic diversity, herbage dry matter yield and nutritive quality (MSc)- GoU/NaLIRRI
3. Evaluation of nutritive value and legume compatibility of Brachiaria mulato for fodder production in Uganda- DANIDA/World Bank/NaLIRRI---MSc
Approved research projects (cont.)
4. Evaluation and utilisation of sorghum varieties and Tithonia diversifolia as alternative feed resources for smallholder cattle and goat farmers (GoU)
5. Development of Napier grass varieties tolerant to Napier stunt disease –EAAPP/World Bank New
6. On-farm evaluation of low value crop residues with improved diets –EAAPP/World Bank New (PhD)
6. Lessons learned
NSD is still a threat to the dairy sector in Uganda---no tolerant variety—need to continue screening local and introduced varieties & evaluate IPM technologies e.g manure application.
Demand for alternative forages/feed resources has increased---need for more research.
No Napier head smut reported in Uganda---need for more studies.
Lessons learned (cont.)
Good collaboration among research team members is a key to successful implementation of project activities
Developing and managing effective partnership is difficult BUT very important in technology development & dissemination.
Policy makers & local leaders play a key role in the control of NSD---& in sourcing for research funds.
Lessons learned (3) Media is a key stakeholder in technology
development & dissemination
Regular monitoring and feedback is important in improving stakeholders’ skills & knowledge.
Farmer workshops, leaflets, newspaper articles, radio programmes are the most effective tools in disseminating technologies.
Empowering farmer leaders with monitoring skills reduces research costs and increases research outputs
1. The Research Perspective
7. Proposed policy briefs
“Quarantines and movement restrictions of diseased materials would be a good policy tool to supplement recommended control measures BUT lack of enforcement renders it impracticable. This leaves the options: propagation and distribution of clean planting materials”.----Dr. W. N. Nannyenya (Socio-economist, NaLIRRI)
2. The Perspective of the Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries---Directorate of Animal Resource, Uganda
“Pasture and animal feed resources shall be improved through proper management and utilization of existing natural pastures and by introducing pasture and/or animal feeding interventions in existing natural pastures or crop-livestock farming systems while ensuring sustainable use of the feed resources”---- Mrs. (Rev.) S. Mwebaze, Assistant Commissioner, MAAIF)
8. Proposed activities, June 2010
1. Feedback workshops in 2 districts
2. Produce reports Half-Yearly Project report End of project report Feedback reporrs
3. MSc Student to submit Thesis by end of June
4. Disseminate research results (publications etc)
5. Identify partners e,g, NAADS to continue with dissemination of information
6. Source for funding to screen & breed for tolerance to NSD
9. Critical Research Areas1. Screen introduced varieties
(Kakamega?)
2. Breeding Napier grass varieties for resistance to NSD
3. Develop IPM strategies for NSD management
4. Identify & evaluate alternative forages
5. Evaluate effect of manure application & harvesting frequency on NSD incidence.
Brachiaria mulato as alternative forage
Acknowledgements
Financial and technical support from:
Uganda Government
ASARECA & ILRI;
Director of Research, NaLIRRI.
Excellent cooperation from:
Project staff
NSD related project research teams
District extension staff & farmers
Policy makers and local leaders.