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Network EssentialsHossein Zahed
Elec. Eng. – MBA – MCP – MCTS – MCPD – MCDBA – IEEE – ACM - IET
Software Trainer at Sharif University of Tech & Amir Kabir University
http://www.hzahed.com
Sections
• Network Classifications
• Internet Data Transfer Models
• Network Request/Response
• DNS
• IPv4 & IPv6
• TCP
• UDP
• Web Servers
Network Classifications
Network
Range & Coverage Topology
Network Range & Coverage
0 ~ 1m – PAN (Personal Area
Network): Personal1m ~ 1km – LAN (Local Area Network): Room,
Building, Campus1km ~ 10km – MAN (Metropolitan Area
Network): City10km ~ 1000km – WAN (Wide Area
Network): Country, Continent1000km ~ 10000km –
The Internet (International Network)
Network Topology
Internet Data Transfer Models
TCP/IPTransmission Control Protocol / Internet ProtocolFrom 1989 up to now
OSIOpen Systems InterconnectionAlmost absolute
OSI vs. TCP-IP Model
Data Transmission over TCP-IP
Network Request Overview
Network Request Overview
Network Request Overview
DNS (Domain Name System)Popular DNS Records
A: Address (IPv4)
AAAA: Address (IPv6)
NS: Name Server
CNAME: Canonical Name
MX: Mail Exchange
SOA: State Of Authority
IPv4
• Address Space = 2^32 = 4,294,967,296
• We are running out of IPv4 right now!
• Internal IP Addresses: 192.168.1.1
IPv6
• Address Space = 2^128 (2001:0db8:85a3:0042:1000:8a2e:0370:7334)
• 100 IP Addresses for every atom on earth
• World IPv6 Day June 8, 2011
• World IPv6 Launch June 6, 2012
NAT (Network Address Translation)
NAT (Network Address Translation)
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)
UDP (User Datagram Protocol)
UDP (User Datagram Protocol)
UDP (User Datagram Protocol)
UDP (User Datagram Protocol)
TCP & UDP Applications
TCP
WWW
FTP
SSH
Network Tracing Softwares
Microsoft Network Monitor WireShark
Web Servers in Data Centers
Server Operating SystemsOperating System Company Hardware Platform No. of Processors Appropriate for
Windows Server 2003/2008/2012
Standard/Enterprise/Datacentre/Web
Server/Small Business
MicrosoftIntel/AMD & IA-64, Opteron for 64-bit
versions
4 (Standard) Up to 8 (Enterprise)
Minimum 8, Maximum 64 (Datacentre)
Small, medium and large servers
Linux (Red Hat, Mandrake, Debian, SuSE,
etc.)Open Source Many (esp. Intel/AMD)
32 (Linux is readily used on more than 4 CPUs)
Small to large servers
FreeBSD 9.0 Open Sourcex86, Alpha, IA-64, PC-98
and UltraSPARC4 Small to large servers
Mac OSX Server v10.8 ApplePowerPC with a G3, G4, or
G5 processor (Apple)2 (4 available later) Small to medium servers
NetWare Novell Intel/AMD 32 Medium to large servers
Solaris 11.1 Sun Microsystems Sparc, Intel x64 or x86 128Medium to enterprise
servers
HP-UX 11i v1.6 & HP-UX 11i v2
Hewlett-Packard PA-RISC, Intel Itanium 64 Enterprise servers
IRIX 6.5 SGI MIPS 64 Enterprise servers
AIX 5L 5.2 IBM PowerPC (RS/6000) 32 Enterprise servers
Web Server ApplicationsWeb
Server Vendor Web Sites Hosted Percent
Apache Apache 359,441,468 53.42%
IIS Microsoft 112,303,412 16.69%
nginx NGINX Inc. 104,411,087 15.52%
GWS Google 23,029,260 3.42%
IIS (Internet Information Services)
