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My upcoming presentation for Kiev.PM meeting
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Disclaimer
May 29, 2010 - Nginx workshop by Igor Sysoev was organized by SmartMe (http://www.smartme.com.ua/nginx-workshop/)Thanks Igor, thanks SmartMe.Based on workshop, but Nginx was changed, so caching and many other docs are on website now (http://wiki.nginx.org), so I add some things from me. "Scooter is ... ? "
Nginx / Apache - why we need what ?
1. Static files2. Proxying / Slow client (No dialup but Mobile) Why Apache is bad / Nginx is good - size of worker. Apache is prefork / 1 proc/thread per request - it's too expensive.Nginx - Proc/thread also, but event driven.
Nginx is fast?
"Nginx is not fast - but scalable", (c) Igor Sysoev.Tens and hundreds of 1000's requests per worker - quite fast, butApache can do this also - but with much more resources. Nginx also has SCALABLE configuration.What is it means?
How we can configure Apache ?
1. .htaccess / rewrite rules - ugly, but single way on shared hostings ( I hope they all gone now :) ) 2. Virtual hosts - but global (default) server configuration could mess all things. 3. Virtual hosts but default server do nothing (deny all, for example)
locations
location /images/location = /location ^~ /images/ - plain strings, no order location ~ \.phplocation ~* \.php - regexp rules, ordered location @php - named
plain vs regexp
location /location /admin/ VS - no difference !location /admin/location / But regexp is ordered, so ...
location ~* \.(gif|jpe?g|png)$ {root /var/www/images/;
}location ~* \.php$ {
fastcgi_pass ...} location /images/ {
root /var/www/images/;}location /scripts/ {
fastcgi_pass ...}
Real example
location / { if ($uri ~ ^/login\.php$) { ...} if ($uri ~ ^/admin/) {...}
Nested locations
location /images/ {root /var/www/images;
}location /admin/ {
location ^/admin*.\.php$ {fastcgi_pass....
}}...
Directives: declarative vs runtime
Declarative - no ordering, inheritance
proxy_connect_timeout 25s;server {
location / { }location = / {}location = /x {
proxy_pass http://backend;}root /var/www/;
}
Runtime directives
Runs every time, no inheritance ! if (....) {
set ...rewrite ...break
return ....}
Bad examples
location /images/ {root /var/www/images/;
break; # <---- WHY???} if (-e $request_filename) {
expire 1y; break; # totally wrong !!}
Igor says: Do not use rewrites! :)
if (...) {return 403; # good usage
} location ~ ^/images/(.+)$ {
root /var/www/img/$1; # bad} Why ?
Root semantic VS alias semanticGET /images/test/one.jpg location /images/ {
root /var/www/;# path - /var/www/images/test/one.jpg
} location /images/ {
alias /var/www/img/;# path - /var/www/img/test/one.jpg
}
Alias instead of root
location /images/ {alias /var/www/images/;
} location /images/ {
root /var/www;}
Alias and root with variablesGET /images/one.jpg location /images/ {
root /var/www/$host;} # real path - /var/www/SITE/images/one.jpg location ~ ^/images/(.)(.+)$ {
alias /var/www/img/$1/$1$2;} # real path - /var/www/img/o/one.jpg Alias make complete path, no replacementMUST use $1/$2 if location contains captures
proxy_pass semantic
GET /images/test/one.jpg location /images/ {
proxy_path http://backend; # <-- no URI} # Root semantic -GET http://backend/images/test/one.jpg location /images/ {
proxy_path http://backend/img/;} # Alias semanticGhttp://backend/img/test/one.jpg
proxy_pass with variables
GET /images/one.jpg location ^/images/(.)(.+)$ {
proxy_pass http://backend/$1/$1$2;} # --> http://backend/o/one.jpg# Alias semantic, but path is replaced location ^/images/(.).+$ {
proxy_pass $1; # not part of URI} # --> http://o/images/one.jpg# Root semantic
location handlers
proxy_pass, fastcgi_pass, memcached_pass, empty_gif, flv, stub_status, perl trailing slash - random index / index / auto index no trailing slash -gzip static / static
Why "if" is bad - it's "location" too
gzip on;keepalive on;if ($no_gzip) {
gzip off; # gzip off}if ($no_keepalive) { keepalive off; # gzip on, keepalive off}# gzip on, keepalive on
Fix - but it's not recommended
gzip on;keepalive on;if ($no_gzip) {
gzip off; break;}if ($no_keepalive) { keepalive off; break;}
Caching
Couple of caveatsfrom my Apache to Nginx migration
Migration from Apache to Nginx Apache:RewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} ^site\.com$ [NC]RewriteRule ^(.*)$ http://www.site.com/$1 [R=301,L]# www redirect, common stuff out there Nginx: if ($host = 'site.com') {
rewrite ^(.*)$ http://www.site.com/$1 permanent; # MY EYES!!!}
Apache:RewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} ^site\.com$ [NC]RewriteRule ^(.*)$ http://www.site.com/$1 [R=301,L]# www redirect, common stuff out there Nginx:server {
server_name site.com;rewrite ^ http://www.site.com/$request_uri? permanent;# NOT BAD
}
Right way to do it
Another common thing
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} -dRewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} -fRewriteRule .* index.php # right waylocation / {
try files $uri $uri index.php$is_args$args;}
FCGI security caveat
location ~* \.php$ {fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000;
fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $script;fastcgi_param PATH_INFO $path_info;
....}This PHP app supports upload of files...Do you mention possible security breach? :)
PATHINFO links
GET /index.php/article/0001 => SCRIPT_NAME = 0001PATH_INFO = /index.php/article/ - WRONG Fix pathinfo magic - SCRIPT_NAME = index.phpPATH_INFO = /article/0001
GET /upload/evil.jpg/notexist.php
SCRIPT_NAME = notexist.phpPATH_INFO = /upload/evil.jpg/ cgi.fix_pathinfo = 1 (yep, it's default) - if SCRIPT_NAME not found - let's "FIX" it - SCRIPT_NAME = evil.jpgPATH_INFO = /notexist.phpLet's RUN evil.jpg ! :)
Solutionlocation ~* \.php$ {
try_files $uri = 404;fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000;
fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root$fastcgi_scriptname;fastcgi_param PATH_INFO $fastcgi_pathinfo;
....}
- if you do not need PATHINFO links OR
Use fastcgi_split_path_info location ~* ^(.+\.php)(.*)$ { fastcgi_split_path_info ^(.+\.php)(.*)$;
fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000; fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root$fastcgi_scriptname;
fastcgi_param PATH_INFO $fastcgi_pathinfo;}
GET /index.php/article/0001 =>SCRIPT_FILENAME = index.php, PATH_INFO = /article/0001
Just couple of words
Nginx optimization
Case 1. Big static files
What is BIG file? Size is >2Mb (mp3, zip, iso etc)a)RAID - use big stripe size (>128K)b) output_buffers 1 1m; # need to tunec) AIO:Freebsd:sendfile on;aio sendfile;Linuxaio on;directio on; # required but drops sendfile()
Case 2. Lot of small files
a). There is NO MAGICHot files must reside in RAM cache or else... it will be slow. b) Tune open_file_cache Freebsd: see dirhash, vfs.ufs.dirhash_maxmem
Common highload advices
a) tune hardware and OS - disks, NICs, OS limitations (open files, limits, network stack etc.)worker_rlmit_nofile + kern.maxfiles/maxfilesperproc (FreeBSD) + fs.filemax (Linux)
b) tune workers (number / threads). Start from CPU or disks numbers.c) sendfile, tcp_nopush, tcp_nodelay - ?d) timeouts, keepalive, reset_timedout_connection on - checkhttp://calomel.org/nginx.html
Case 3. Light DDOS fighting
What is "light" DDOS ?1) 1000 - 5000 - 7000 bots max.2) HTTP GET/HEAD/POST, e.g. GET /script.php?<random>
3) "slowpoke" - time of attack vector changing is big.4) "dumb" - dumb behaviour can be detected - no/bad referrers, no redirects, bad/same or missing HTTP headers etc.REMOVE NGINX FROM AUTOSTART !!!!
a) "Heavy" (e.g. search) scripts flood
http {...limit_req_zone $binary_remote_addr zone=SLOW:10m rate=1r/s;# 64byte per record, 16000 record per MB, 503 error if overflow!... location =/search.php {
limit_req SLOW burst=2;proxy_pass ....
}
b) "flooders" detection
error_log /var/log/nginx/error.log;limit_conn_zone $binary_remote_addr zone=CONN:10m;...location =/attacked_url {
limit_conn CONN 4; #4-8, but beware of proixes!....
} grep "limiting connections by zone" | grep "/attacked_url" | awk .. - get list of them and add it to firewall (ipset)Beware - you can easily "shoot yourself in the foot"!
c) Geo limitingCompile geoip module with --with-http_geoip_module first.http {
geo_country /usr/local/nginx/etc/GeoIP.dat;map $geoip_country_code $bad_country {
default 0;include /usr/local/nginx/etc/bad_countries; #
}server {....if ($bad_country) { return 403; }
bad_countries:CN 1;TZ 1;...
d) Aggresive caching
"Slow is better than dead"location=/ { rewrite ^ main.html last; }# main.html - temporary static page with link to real homelocation=/main.html {
internal;root /var/nginx/cache/;error_page 404 = /cached$uri;
}location /cached/ {
internal;alias /var/nginx/cache/;proxy_pass http://backend;proxy_store_on; proxy_store_temp_path /var/nginx/tmp/;
}
The ENDPlease check http://wiki.nginx.org - many
nice hings there. :)Questions ?
