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Dr Jean-Bernard Michel, Professor, University of Applied Sciences Western Switzerland, Head, Industrial Bioenergy Systems unit
www.sib.heig-vd.ch
Circular economy - green fuel examples
123/11/2015
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Topics
Short presentation of our institute – 1 slide
Natural metabolism of our living planet – 1 slide
Industrial & urban metabolism – 2 slides
Four strategies for industrial/urban ecology – 13 slides
Emblematic Swiss projects – 3 slides
The future of biomass: green chemistry, green fuels – 1 slide
SCCER WP1: Biochemical Fuels and Power – 6 slides
Biogas production from agro-food wastes: ORION project- 19 slides
Solid biomass upgrading by torrefaction – 8 slides
223/11/2015
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Industrial Bioenergy systemsUniversity of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland
• Founded in 2009• 11 collaborators• Biomass combustion• Reduction of particulate emissions• Anaerobic digestion• Torrefaction
23/11/2015 3
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Industrial and urban metabolism Type I Systems: Non limited resources – non limited waste Linear process
Type II Systems: Limited Materials - Limited Waste Constrained economy 3 Rs economy: reduce, re-use, recycle
Type III Systems: Renewable energy only Cooperative economy Zero waste
5
End of pipe economy
3 Rseconomy
23/11/2015
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1. Close the cycleGoal: quasi-cyclic material & energy fluxes
2. Avoid dispersionGoal: minimise dispersion losses during the whole
life-cycle
3. DematerialiseGoal: increase the quantity of services per unit of
material (economy of functionality)
4. Low carbon energy – Clean TechGoal: operate an industrial lean diet, renewable energy
Four strategies for industrial/urban ecologyEcosystème
E
623/11/2015
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1. Close the cycle: waste resource
Every year, 390 tons of truck covers, 36‘000 bike inner tires, 220’000 safety belts and 1200 m2 of recycled airbags are transformed in fashion bags Real closure…?
7Source: 23/11/2015
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2. Close the cycle - Examples
Waste plastic diesel oil
Wet biomass biomethane
Coal ash cement
PET bottles recycled PET
Glass bottles recycled glass
And many others
823/11/2015
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Pharmaceuticals,Pesticides,Anti-UV…Heavy metals
Combustion processes
2. Minimise dispersion/leakages
Micro-pollutantsSoil/food/animalsaccumulation
NOx, SOx, PAH, fine particulatesdioxins etc.
923/11/2015
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Objective: uncouple economic growth and consumption of resources
3.
10% weight reduction in 10 years(and 25% recycled PET in 2012)
30% reduction in 20 years( and 50% recycled steel)
3. Dematerialise
Source: 1023/11/2015
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World statistics: relative but not absolute dematerialisation (source: SERI)
Decoupling
1123/11/2015
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Dematerialise through a service economy(PSS: Product-Service-System) Economy of functionality: sell the function (the service) instead of
the product less material & energy for the same service
e,g: Energy service companies (ESCOs): lighting, heating, shading, cooling…
Vehicle sharing schemes (cars, motorbikes, bikes)
Outsourced printing services (XEROX)
Office sharing
Rental of multimedia equipment
….
1223/11/2015
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PSS Successful examples - Michelin
Source: michelin.com, SOFIES
IDEA B2B "Michelin Fleet Solutions“ Service of tire management
HOW Optimization through scheduled maintenance Tires are designed to be reused (retread, recap)
BENEFITS For the customer: guaranteed maintenance and optimised tire budget; flexible costs suited to turnover; reduced fixed costs (staff, administration); optimised fuel budget. 36% cheaper than classical tire use
For Michelin: less production costs, increased sales, less environmental impacts: Tires are better designed, used & recycled. Also tires are more often inflated (less fuel consumption / pollution) 36% cheaper
than classical tire use
1323/11/2015
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PSS Successful examples - Mobility
Sources: mobility.ch, SOFIES
IDEA B2C / B2B Small vehicle rental. Focus on the transportation service instead of car ownership
HOW Subscription system + payment as you drive (time & distance)Adaptation to urban mobility and needs: making vehicles available at the best spots in cities (train station) and offering a large choice of vehicles
BENEFITS Environmental: on average 40 people share 1 car. Cars sit unused: four times less than private carsIt represents 19'900 less vehicles every year, 16’000 tons CO2 saved (= 12'400 flight Zurich-New York)Financial: For the client between CHF 3500-4900 per year in comparison with car ownership requiring fixedcostsFor the company : CHF 1'648'000 profits in 2010, increase of 18,6% and 100 000 customers in 2011Social: users feel free without worrying about parking, repairs, fueling, taxes, insurance and depreciation
16’000 tons Co2 saved with a Business of 18,6% increase per year
1423/11/2015
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4. Migrate to a low carbon energysystem
Replace fossil fuels by renewable energy and energy efficiency: For power production For transport For home use (heating/cooling/cooking)
1523/11/2015
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Solar energy vs human consumption & reserves
Solar radiation on the earth
Gas
Oil
Coal
Uranium
World (human) yearly energy consumption
about 156.1012 kWh (of which 10% electrical)
1623/11/2015
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Combined solutions: efficiency & renewable energyEnergy efficiency
– Use less resources for the sameservice
– No reduction in the quality of life
Renewable energy– Use natural renewable resources
to meet the same demand
Clean energytechnologies
NegaWatts
conventional efficient efficient &renewableRe
lativ
e en
ergy
dem
aind
1723/11/2015
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2050
New buildings3 liters of fuel/m2/an
2005
Personal cars10 liters/100kmGasoline, diesel
Buildings10 liters
of fuel /m2/an
Fossil fuelsOil, gas, coal,
uranium
Society of wastes350 kg/year/person
Light vehicles 3 litres/100km
(gas, H2)
Renewables(sun fuels)
Circular economy150kg/year/person
Source: O. Ouzilou, « La société à 2000 watts sans nucléaire, Projet de Conception générale de l'énergie du canton de Genève 2005-2009 », Energissima 2007
Concept of a 2000 Watt society
1823/11/2015
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Emblematic project:Planet Solar
World tour with the largest solar catamaran in the world.
www.planetsolar.org
1923/11/2015
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Emblematic project: Icare
World tour of solar vehicle & report on CO2 compensation practices
2023/11/2015
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Emblematic project: Solar Impulse
April 7th 2010: first flight
2015: Around the world in a solarairplane, night & day
Everything that is impossible remains to be accomplished (Jules Verne)
2123/11/2015
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The Biorefinery concept: biomass as a resource for food, chemicals & energy storage
23/11/2015 23 Sour
ce: W
orld
Eco
nom
ic F
orum
, 201
0-Th
e Fu
ture
of I
ndus
tria
l Bio
refin
erie
s
Food
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- Difficult fuel Long term supply contract
needed Variable composition (ash,
moisture, heavy metals…) Low energy density
complicated and expensive logistics
Not stable: fermentation, degradation if not stored/dried properly
Unsuited to large power plants Distributed resource Limited land productivity
Cheap fuel As long as it is produced
naturally
Suitable to many uses Food Chemicals Energy
Local use by local people Distributed power generation Job creation
Good energy storage medium Renewable energy transition Power to fuel concepts Low CO2 impact
Biomass pros and cons
2623/11/2015
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v
Press/extraction
Esterification
Solid fuel
liquidfuel
gaseousfuel
pyrolysis
gasification
torrefaction
combustion
Fermentation/hydrolysis
Methanisation
Power
Hot air turbine
transportbiofuel
boiler
Motor/Gas turbine
Fuel cell
Heat
steamTher
moc
hem
ical
Phys
icoc
hem
ical
Biol
ogic
al
F-.T
Prod
uctio
n/ha
rves
ting/
prep
arat
ion
Bioenergy pathways
2723/11/2015
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SCCER Biosweet - biological conversion routes
28
Pretreatment &Enzymatic hydrolysis
WoodLignocellulosic
residuesAlgae
Pretreatment &Anaerobic digestion
Biogas upgrading
Biogas (CH4, CO2,
H2)
Biomethane
H2
CO2
Microalgae cultivation
(open pond or closed circuit)
Oil extractionprocesses
Liquid fuel(biodiesel)
Trans-esterification
biochemical conversion
catalytic upgrading
Liquid fuels(bioethanol, alkanes….)
ManureAgro-food wet
residuesAlgae
SewageWaste waters
Glycerol
23/11/2015
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Biogas production from agro-food wastes
23/11/2015 29
ORION project : ORganic waste management by a small-scale
Innovative automated system of anaerobic digestion
www.project-orion.eu
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Organic wastes: problem statement
SME agro-food industries produce large quantities of organic waste (OW)
2006 figures: 240 Million tons of OW in the EU
Biowaste: 30 % to 45 % of municipal solid waste
High costs of waste treatment: 50 to 200 Euros per ton storage costs in cool areas specific transportation costs incineration or recovery.
Examples: Dairy processing industry: spends 100 Million Euros in OW disposal in
Europe
23/11/2015 30
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The case of restaurant wastes in Switzerland
23/11/2015 31
e.g. : 1200 meals/day
110 tons/year
Total cost ~30’000 CHF/year
Ecological and sanitary impact due to storage, transport and incineration.
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Project challenges
23/11/2015 32
Serial production of a new type of machine
Keep disposal costs below 50 €/ton
Produce and make use of biogas locally
Keep bacterial activity/populations in good health to prevent process breakdown
Prevent fouling and blockage
Develop an automated process control system
12 industrial/SME partners + 9 RTD partners.
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Agro-food wastes
23/11/2015 35
Example: Irish salmon producer with 1000 tons/year of waste - Cost of about 75’000 Euros/year
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Types of biological systems
23/11/2015 36
Temperature range: Psychrophilic 10-25°C in lakes Mesophilic 30-37°C farm digesters, landfills Thermophilic 48-55°C better for food wastes
Systems: Natural biogas production: ponds, stockpiles of wet biomass, landfills Industrial biogas systems: Dry or wet processes Horizontal (plug flow) or vertical (stirred)
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Digestion module
Geneva, Thursday 30th October 2014
Digesto concept :(Patent application PCT/IB2013/056263)
The digestion module is a machine linked to peripheral devices; The machine may be configured for monophasic
or biphasic digestion, with immobilized biomass Peripheral devices are specific to the
exploitation Installation of the prototype in a containerized
system
23/11/2015 38
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Total digester volumes: between 3 and 30 m3
2-3 digesters can be mounted in parallel to reach a higher capacity if needed.
The digestion module is composed of two distinct parts.
Digesto concept (Patent application PCT/IB2013/056263)
The head collects the biogas produced in agasholder and contains operation andmeasurement equipment.The body is where the biological process ofbiomethanation occurs.
Digestion module
3923/11/2015
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Body of digester
40
Geneva, Thursday 30th October 2014
Jabot, Substrate distribution unit. Feeds the methanation tank
regularly. Initiates first step of the
digestion.
Methanation tank, Biogas production from a
biological methanogen process.
Sieving grid, Filters the overflow. Retains particles of
insoluble matter.
Hot water tank
23/11/2015
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Head of digester
Geneva, Thursday 30th October 2014
Central compartment, Gas holder. Biogas collecting
sewer. Connection to biogas
burner.Lateralcompartments, Connected devices
(smart nose, tongue) Utilities
Protective isolatedhousing, Can be opened for
maintenance.
The central compartment, giving access to the digester inner space, is completely separated from the other compartments.
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Circulation system
Geneva, Thursday 30th October 2014
Hydraulic circuit of the substrate, 100 % internal to the module Ensured by a 4-ways distributor
associated to a bi-directional volumetric pump.
Mixing in the methanation tank, By mechanical agitation By biogas re-circulation By re-circulating substrate
Mixing in the jabot, By re-circulating substrate Possible by biogaz re-circulation
4223/11/2015
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Circulation system
Geneva, Thursday 30th October 2014
Position 1: Substrate to Jabot
4323/11/2015
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Circulation system
Geneva, Thursday 30th October 2014
Position 2 : Cosubstrate to Jabot
4423/11/2015
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Circulation system
Geneva, Thursday 30th October 2014
Position 3 : Jabot mixing
4523/11/2015
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Circulation system
Geneva, Thursday 30th October 2014
Position 4: Jabot to tank
4623/11/2015
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ISO 20’’ Container
23/11/2015 47
Before assembly Transportability Every module inside the
container Simple deployment, easy to
assemble.
During operation Accessibility Maintenance
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SOLID BIOMASS UPGRADINGBY TORREFACTION
23/11/2015 48
TORPLANT PROJECT
With financial support of the State of Vaud within the framework of the program "100 millions for renewable energy and energetic efficiency".
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Torrefaction process Principle
Drying (to about 20% moisture)
Anaerobic heating 240°C-300°CAutothermal process
Flue Gas recycling/PostcombustionHeat-Exchange(LCV 2 to 3 MJ/kg)
Raw biomass
Torrefiedbiomass
49
• Mass yield ~70%• Energy yield ~90%
10% left is partly recovered• LCV increase by 30%
23/11/2015
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Economic advantages of torrefiedcompared to unprocessed resources
• Specific calorific value of pellets increased by up to 20%
• Bulk energy density increase•
• Lower transport & storage costs
• Better combustion (higher temperature, lower NOx) emissions)• Hydrophobic
• No bacterial activity• Less energy required for
grinding
• Stable product• Outside storage• Lower grinding costs
• Variety of heterogeneous resources , includingagricultural, forest and garden trimmings
• Availabilty and price of feedstock
• Less variability in physicaland chemical properties
23/11/2015 50
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The experimental reactor
6 kg/h continuous, heated screw
Three heating zones
Post-combustion of Torgas in porous burner
23/11/2015 52
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Porous burner for combustion of Torgas
80 mm
80 mm
16 mm
SiCPorosity: 87%Pe= 77 (>65)
Pe=SL Dm/α
23/11/2015 53
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Oswald diagram obtained in one test (Torgas from branches)
y = -0.84x + 18R² = 0.98
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
CO2
(% v
ol.)
O2 (% vol.)23/11/2015 54
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100kg/h pilot @Tecorbe, Switzerland
With financial support of the State of Vaud within the framework of the program "100 millions pour les énergies renouvelables et l'efficacité énergétique".
23/11/2015 55