TECHNOLOGICAL HARVESTING OF NON

CONVENTIONAL ENERGY SOURCES

PRESENTED BYPrashant DesaiRohit Chaphalkar

INTRODUCTION

Energy generated by using wind, tides, solar, geothermal heat, and biomass including farm and animal waste is known as non-conventional energy. All these sources are renewable or inexhaustible and do not cause environmental pollution. More over they do not require heavy expenditure

MAIN TYPES OF NON-CONVENTIONAL ENERGY SOURCES

Solar EnergyGeo thermal EnergyTidal EnergyHydro Electric EnergyBiomass EnergyWind Energy

Solar Energy

Radiant Energy

oHeating WateroSpace HeatingoGenerating Electrical Energy

Major Uses of Solar Energy

Solar Technologies

o Daylightingo Passive Solar HeatingoConcentrating Solar ThermaloPhotovoltaics (PV)

Passive Solar

These homes in Montana and California with a passive solar design heats the home in the winter and cools the home in summer.

How a Solar Power Plant Works

Power tower

Conversion Efficiency

Photovoltaic Array Components

oPV CellsoModulesoArrays

oCleanoSustainable (can be used for longer duration)oFree of costoProvide Electricity to Remote Places

Advantages of Solar Energy

Disadvantages of Solar Energy

oInefficient – maximum efficiency upto 30%oCostly equipmentoPart TimeoHigh maintenance cost

Photovoltaic Array Fields

Tidal Energy

Tidal energy is energy generated by tides

The Tides

• Tidal energy comes from the gravitational forces of the Sun and the Moon on the Earth’s bodies of water, creating periodic shifts in these bodies of water.•These shifts are called tides.

Tidal EnergyTidal Energy

• Millions of gallons of water flow onto Millions of gallons of water flow onto shore during tidal flows and away from shore during tidal flows and away from shore during ebb tide periods.shore during ebb tide periods.

• The larger the tidal influence, the The larger the tidal influence, the greater the displacement of water and greater the displacement of water and therefore the more potential energy that therefore the more potential energy that can be harvested during power can be harvested during power generation.generation.

Tidal EnergyTidal Energy

Tidal EnergyTidal Energy• Tidal energy is one of many forms of hydropower

generation.• Tidal power has many advantages as compared

to other forms of renewable energy.– It is predictable– Global Climate Change should only increase its

generating capacity due to higher ocean levels.– It is completely carbon neutral like wind or

hydro energy.

Tidal Stream GeneratorsTidal Stream Generators

Tidal Stream Generator Tidal Stream Generator SpecificsSpecifics

Tidal Stream GeneratorsTidal Stream Generators• The world’s only operational commercial-scale tidal turbine, SeaGen, was installed in Strangford Narrows in Northern Ireland in 2008.

• The prototype SeaGen turbine produces 1.2MW with currents of 2.4m/s or more. The capacity factor exceeds 60%.

• The facility is an accredited UK power station, and can contribute up to 6,000MWh annually to the UK grid, the equivalent of approximately 1500 homes.

Advantages of using tidal Advantages of using tidal power:power:

• Predictable source of “green" energy during lifetime of Predictable source of “green" energy during lifetime of barragebarrage

• It produces no greenhouse gases or other waste; it needs no It produces no greenhouse gases or other waste; it needs no fuel.fuel.

• Not expensive to maintain.Not expensive to maintain.• Tidal energy has an efficiency of 80% in converting the Tidal energy has an efficiency of 80% in converting the

potential energy of the water into electricitypotential energy of the water into electricity• Vertical-axis tidal generators may be joined together in Vertical-axis tidal generators may be joined together in

series to create a ‘tidal fence’ capable of generating series to create a ‘tidal fence’ capable of generating electricity on a scale comparable to the largest existing electricity on a scale comparable to the largest existing fossil fuel based, hydroelectric and nuclear energy fossil fuel based, hydroelectric and nuclear energy generation facilitiesgeneration facilities

Disadvantages of using Disadvantages of using tidal powertidal power

• A barrage across an estuary is very expensive to A barrage across an estuary is very expensive to build, and affects a very wide area – the environment build, and affects a very wide area – the environment is changed for many miles upstream and downstreamis changed for many miles upstream and downstream

• It provides power for around 10 hours each day, when It provides power for around 10 hours each day, when the tide is actually moving in or out, which is not very the tide is actually moving in or out, which is not very muchmuch

• Existing ecosystems would be heavily altered, with Existing ecosystems would be heavily altered, with new species moving in and perhaps dominating old new species moving in and perhaps dominating old speciesspecies

• Tidal power schemes have a high capital costTidal power schemes have a high capital cost

Environmental Impacts of Environmental Impacts of Tidal Stream GenerationTidal Stream Generation

Environmental EffectsEnvironmental Effects• A tidal power scheme is a long-term source of A tidal power scheme is a long-term source of

electricity. A proposal for the Severn Barrage, if electricity. A proposal for the Severn Barrage, if built, has been projected to save 18 million tones built, has been projected to save 18 million tones of coal per year of operation. This decreases the of coal per year of operation. This decreases the output of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.output of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.

• If fossil fuel resource is likely to decline during If fossil fuel resource is likely to decline during the 21st century, as predicted by Hubbert peak the 21st century, as predicted by Hubbert peak theory, tidal power is one of the alternative theory, tidal power is one of the alternative source of energy that will need to be developed source of energy that will need to be developed to satisfy the human demand for energy.to satisfy the human demand for energy.

Geothermal Energy

Geothermal energy is heat inside the earth.

What is Geo thermal?

Geothermal comes from the Greek words geo (earth) and

therme (heat).

Thus, geothermal energy means heat inside the

earth.

At the center is a core of iron.

Around that is an outer core of iron and rock so hot the rock is melted. The liquid rock is called magma.

The next layer is a mixture of rock and magma called the mantle.

The shell of the earth – with the oceans and mountains - is called the crust.

The Earth Is Made of Layers

Heat Inside the Earth

• The inside of the earth is very hot.

• We can use this heat to warm our houses and produce electricity.

• Today, power plants use steam from geothermal wells to make electricity.

• The steam is used to spin turbines.

• The turbines spin magnets in coils of copper wire to make electricity.

How Do We Use Geo thermal Energy?

• The most active geothermal resources are usually found where earthquakes occur volcanoes, hot springs, geysers, volcanoes are concentrated.

Where Can We Find Geo thermal Energy?

Geo thermal Energy is Clean & Cheap.

No fuel is burned, so there is no air pollution.

The steam is turned into water and put back into the earth.

Geothermal energy is cheap – new power plants can make electricity for about the same as coal power plants.

Geo thermal power plant in USA

Photo of Geo thermal power plant

Hydroelectric Energy

Layout Of Hydel power plant

Location Of hydro power plants

Generally located near rivers Dams Streams High pressure water sources

Chief Joseph Dam in Washington

• Produces 2069 MW; Grand Coulee is 6465 MW!

• The other kind of dam is the storage dam with a high reservoir

Chief Joseph Dam “Fish Ladder”• Fish ladder to allow fish to bypass the

dam and turbines• Federal fish counters identify and tally

them

Electrical Switch Yard at a Dam

• Bonneville Dam upstream from Portland

• Energy from the turbines is collected on bus bars for transmission

After a transformer raises the voltage (and decreases the current), the high lines connect to the red-and-white tower’s insulators to be connected into the grid

Utah Dam Electrical Transformers

High power has three phases, thus three single-phase transformers are used for each generator’s output

Working Of Water Wheels

• The water strikes the wheel about mid-way up so the inertia and the weight of the water push the wheel around

Water Flow

                                     

Micro Hydropower Plant

Hydroelectric Power Plants in India

                                     

Koyana dam, Maharashtra Ujjani dam, Maharashtra

                                     

Continued …

Gaj Nathpa Jakri

                                     

Continued …

Rangit Sardar Sarovar

Biomass Energy

Commercial Carbon Cycle

Biomass Resources

Biomass ResourcesEnergy Crops

Woody cropsAgricultural crops

Waste ProductsWood residuesTropical crop wastesAnimal wastesMunicipal Solid Waste (MSW)Commercial and industrial wastes

Corn Soybeans

Sorghum Sugar Cane Bagasse

Creating Energy from Biomass

Biomass Direct Combustion

Municipal Solid Waste

Tracy Biomass Plant

Truck unloading wood chips that will fuel the Tracy Biomass Plant, Tracy, California.

Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Power Plant

BioFuels Ethanol

Created by fermentation of starches/sugars Active research on cellulosic fermentation

Biodiesel Organic oils combined with alcohols Creates ethyl or methyl esters

SynGas Biofuels Syngas (H2 & CO) converted to methanol, or

liquid fuel similar to diesel

Biodiesel Bus

Environmental Impact

Environmental Impacts

Air QualityReduce NOx and SO2 emissions

Global Climate ChangeLow/no net increase in CO2

Water ConservationBetter retention of water in watersheds

Biodiversity and HabitatPositive and negative changes

Wind Energy

Winds are caused by the uneven heating of the atmosphere by the sun, the irregularities of the earth's surface, and rotation of the earth.

The terms "wind energy" or "wind power" describe the process by which the wind is used to generate mechanical power or electricity

Common Wind Turbine Construction

Rotor

• Blades are connected to a hub, which is connected to a shaft• Rotational speed will depend on blade geometry, number of blades, and wind speed

(40 to 400 revolutions per minute typical speed range)• Gear box needed to increase speed to 1200-1800 RPM for generator

Contd….

Sizes and Applications

Small (10 kW)• Homes• Farms• Remote Application

Intermediate (10-250 kW)• Village Power• Hybrid Systems• Distributed Power

Large (660 kW - 2+MW)• Central Station Wind Farms• Distributed Power• Community Wind

Location of wind farmso Mountains or hilly areaso It can be build even on sea sides or oceans

3D View of 1.5 mw turbine

ADVANTAGES OF WIND POWER

1. No by-product is produced2. Although wind turbines can be very tall each takes up only a small plot of land.3. Remote areas that are not connected to the electricity power grid can use wind turbines to produce their own

supply. 4. Wind turbines are available in a range of sizes which means a vast range of people and businesses can use them.

DISADVANTAGES OF WIND POWER:1. Not uniform2. Wind turbines are noisy. (About 70 mph).3. Capacity of wind turbines is less.4. Less efficiency (About 30%)

Questions?

References

GoogleWikipedia

THANK YOU