SQL or SEQUEL both are same.SQL is a

short form SEQUEL and it is pronounced

as “ess-que-el”.

SQL stands for “Structured Query

Language”.

SQL is used to communicate with a

database.SQL is the standard language

for Relational Database Management

System.

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Some relational database management

system that usages SQL i.e. ORACLE ,

SYBASE , MICROSOFT SQL SERVER ,

ACCESS , INGRES etc.

SQL commands such as “SELECT”,

“INSERT”, “CREATE”, “ALTER”, “UPDATE” &

“DROP” can be used to accomplish

almost everything that one needs to do

with a database.

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DDL(Data Definition Language) :- It is used to create , sets up , changes existing rows & remove unwanted rows from columns collectively.

DDL Command :- “CREATE”,“ALTER”,“DROP”, “RENAME”,“TRUNCATE” .

DML(Data Manipulation Language) :- Enter a new row , existing changes in existing row and remove unwanted rows from the table collectively known as DML commands

DML Commands :- “INSERT”,“UPDATE”, “DELETE”.

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DCL(Data Control Language) :- To give and remove access rights to oracle database and structure with in it collectively known as DCL.

DCL Commands :- “GRANT”,“REVOKE”.

TCL(Transaction Control Language) :- It manages changes made grouped together into logical transaction positions of data can be ROLLBACK to particular SAVEPOINT.

TCL Commands :-“COMMIT”,“ROLLBACK”,“SAVEPOINT”.

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DQL(Data Query Language) :- It is used to retrieve

data from database on the basis of query written

using DQL command.

DQL Command :- “SELECT”.

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ORACLE 8i

ORACLE 9i

ORACLE 10g

ORACLE 11g

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Definition :- A database is collection of related data. Records can be represented in form of tables.

Exp :- Student fee record, employee record etc.

DataBase Management System :- It is a collection of s/w that facilitates the process of defining , constructing , manipulating & sharing database among various users.

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To control redundancy.

To restrict unauthorized access.

To provide multiple user interface.

To representing complex relationship

among data.

To permits inference and action using

rules.

To provide backup and recovery.

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APPLICATION

AREAS

Banking

Airlines

Universitie

s

Credit

card

transactio

ns

Tele-

communi

cations

Finance

Sales

Manufact

uring

Human

Resources

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BANKING :-For customer information , account , loans and banking transactions.

AIRLINES :-For reservation and schedule

information. Airlines were amount the first to

use databases in geographically distribute.

UNIVERSITIES :-For student information , course

registration and grades.

CREDIT CARD TRANSACTIONS :-For purchases on credit cards & generation of monthly

statements.

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FINANCE :- For storing information about holdings , sales & purchases of financial instruments such as stocks and bonds.

SALES :- For customer , product and purchase information.

MANUFACTURING :- For management of supply chain & for tracking productions of items in factories , inventories of items in stores and orders for items.

HUMAN RESOURCES :- For information about employees , salaries , payroll & benefits and for generation of pay checks.

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TELECOMMUNICATION:- For keeping records of calls made , generating monthly bills ,

maintaining balances or prepaid calling cards

and storing information about the

communication network.

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