Performance characteristics of traditional v ms vs docker containers (dockercon14)

Performance Characteristics of Traditional VMs vs Docker Containers

dockercon14June 9-10, 2014San Francisco, CA

Boden Russell ([email protected])

04/10/2023 2

Motivations: Computer Scientist

FamilyInnovationCreativityRevenue

04/10/2023 3

Motivations: Enterprise

RevenueRevenueRevenueRevenue

04/10/2023 4

Increasing Revenue: Do More With Less

Reduce Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) and increase Return On Investment (ROI)

Category Factors ScopeCAPEX

Hardware costs - VM density (consolidation ratio)- Soft device integration- Broad vendor compatibility

- Hypervisor- Cloud manager

Software licensing costs - Software purchase price- Support contracts


OPEX

Disaster recovery - Hypervisor- Cloud manager

Upgrade / maintenance expenses - Hypervisor- Cloud manager

Power & cooling costs - Reduced HW footprint - Hypervisor- Cloud manager

Administration efficiency - Automated operations- Performance / response time


Support & training costs - Hypervisor- Cloud manager

AGILITY

Application delivery time - Workflow complexity- Toolset costs- Skillset


Planned / unplanned downtime - Hypervisor- Cloud manager

*Not a complete or extensive list

04/10/2023 5

About This Benchmark Use case perspective

– As an OpenStack Cloud user I want a Ubuntu based VM with MySQL… Why would I choose docker LXC vs a traditional hypervisor?

OpenStack “Cloudy” perspective– LXC vs. traditional VM from a Cloudy (OpenStack) perspective– VM operational times (boot, start, stop, snapshot)– Compute node resource usage (per VM penalty); density factor

Guest runtime perspective– CPU, memory, file I/O, MySQL OLTP, etc.

Why KVM?– Exceptional performance

DISCLAIMERSThe tests herein are semi-active litmus tests – no in depth tuning,

analysis, etc. More active testing is warranted. These results do not necessary reflect your workload or exact performance nor are they

guaranteed to be statistically sound.

04/10/2023 6

Docker in OpenStack Havana

– Nova virt driver which integrates with docker REST API on backend– Glance translator to integrate docker images with Glance

Icehouse– Heat plugin for docker

Both options are still under development

nova-docker virt driver docker heat plugin

DockerInc::Docker::Container

(plugin)

04/10/2023 7

Benchmark Environment Topology @ SoftLayer

glance api / reg

nova api / cond / etc

keystone

…

rally


cinder api / sch / vol

docker lxc

dstat

controller compute node

glance api / reg


keystone

…

rally


cinder api / sch / vol

KVM

dstat

controller compute node

+Awesome!

+Awesome!

04/10/2023 8

Benchmark SpecsSpec Controller Node (4CPU x 8G RAM) Compute Node (16CPU x 96G RAM)

Environment Bare Metal @ SoftLayer Bare Metal @ SoftLayer

Mother Board SuperMicro X8SIE-F Intel Xeon QuadCore SingleProc SATA [1Proc]

SuperMicro X8DTU-F_R2 Intel Xeon HexCore DualProc [2Proc]

CPU Intel Xeon-Lynnfield 3470-Quadcore [2.93GHz] (Intel Xeon-Westmere 5620-Quadcore [2.4GHz]) x 2

Memory (Kingston 4GB DDR3 2Rx8 4GB DDR3 2Rx8 [4GB]) x2 (Kingston 16GB DDR3 2Rx4 16GB DDR3 2Rx4 [16GB]) x 6

HDD (LOCAL) Digital WD Caviar RE3 WD5002ABYS [500GB]; SATAII Western Digital WD Caviar RE4 WD5003ABYX [500GB]; SATAII

NIC eth0/eth1 @ 100 Mbps eth0/eth1 @100 Mbps

Operating System Ubuntu 12.04 LTS 64bit Ubuntu 12.04 LTS 64bit

Kernel 3.5.0-48-generic 3.8.0-38-generic

IO Scheduler deadline deadline

Hypervisor tested NA - KVM 1.0 + virtio + KSM (memory deduplication)- docker 0.10.0 + go1.2.1 + commit dc9c28f + AUFS

OpenStack Trunk master via devstack Trunk master via devstack. Libvirt KVM nova driver / nova-docker virt driver

OpenStack Benchmark Client

OpenStack project rally NA

Metrics Collection NA dstat

Guest Benchmark Driver NA - Sysbench 0.4.12- mbw 1.1.1.-2- iibench (py)- netperf 2.5.0-1 - Blogbench 1.1- cpu_bench.py

VM Image NA - Scenario 1 (KVM): official ubuntu 12.04 image + mysql snapshotted and exported to qcow2 – 1080 MB

- Scenario 2 (docker): guillermo/mysql -- 381.5 MB

Hosted @

https://www.docker.io/

https://wiki.openstack.org/wiki/Rally


http://dag.wiee.rs/home-made/dstat/

http://sysbench.sourceforge.net/

http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/lucid/man1/mbw.1.html

http://www.tokutek.com/products/iibench/

http://www.netperf.org/netperf/

http://www.pureftpd.org/project/blogbench

https://github.com/bodenr/cloudy-docker-kvm-bench/blob/master/py/cpu_bench.py

http://uec-images.ubuntu.com/precise/current/precise-server-cloudimg-amd64-disk1.img

http://uec-images.ubuntu.com/precise/current/precise-server-cloudimg-amd64-disk1.img

https://index.docker.io/u/guillermo/mysql/

https://index.docker.io/u/guillermo/mysql/

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STEADY STATE VM PACKING

OpenStack Cloudy Benchmark

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Cloudy Performance: Steady State Packing Benchmark scenario overview

– Pre-cache VM image on compute node prior to test– Boot 15 VM asynchronously in succession– Wait for 5 minutes (to achieve steady-state on the

compute node)– Delete all 15 VMs asynchronously in succession

Benchmark driver– cpu_bench.py

High level goals– Understand compute node characteristics under

steady-state conditions with 15 packed / active VMs

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 4702468

10121416

Benchmark Visualization

VMs

Time

Activ

e VM

s

https://github.com/bodenr/cloudy-docker-kvm-bench/blob/master/py/cpu_bench.py

04/10/2023 11

Cloudy Performance: Steady State Packing

1 11 21 31 41 51 61 71 81 91 101 111 121 131 141 151 161 171 181 191 201 211 221 231 241 251 261 271 281 291 301 311 3210

1020304050607080

Docker: Compute Node CPU (full test duration)

usrsys

Time

CPU

Usag

e In

Per

cent

Averages

– 0.54

– 0.17

1 11 21 31 41 51 61 71 81 91 1011111211311411511611711811912012112212312412512612712812913013113213313410

1020304050607080

KVM: Compute Node CPU (full test duration)

usrsys

Time

CPU

Usag

e In

Per

cent

Averages

– 7.64

– 1.4

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1 8 15 22 29 36 43 50 57 64 71 78 85 92 99 106 113 120 127 134 141 148 155 162 169 176 183 190 197 204 2110

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

Docker: Compute Node Steady-State CPU (segment: 31s – 243s)

usrsys

Time (31s – 243s)

CPU

Usag

e In

Per

cent

1 8 15 22 29 36 43 50 57 64 71 78 85 92 99 106 113 120 127 134 141 148 155 162 169 176 183 190 197 204 2110

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

KVM: Compute Node Steady-State CPU (segment: 95s – 307s)

usrsys

Time (95s - 307s)

CPU

Usag

e In

Per

cent

Averages

– 0.2

– 0.03

Averages

– 1.91

– 0.36

31 seconds243 seconds

95 seconds307 seconds

04/10/2023 13


1 8 15 22 29 36 43 50 57 64 71 78 85 92 99 1061131201271341411481551621691761831901972042110

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

Docker / KVM: Compute Node Steady-State CPU (Segment Overlay)

docker-usrdocker-syskvm-usrkvm-sys

Time: KVM(95s - 307s) Docker(31s – 243s)

CPU

Usag

e In

Per

cent

docker: 31sKVM: 95s

docker: 243sKVM: 307s

Docker Averages

– 0.2

– 0.03

KVM Averages

– 1.91

– 0.36

04/10/2023 14


1 13 25 37 49 61 73 85 97 109 121 133 145 157 169 181 193 205 217 229 241 253 265 277 289 301 313 325 3370.00E+00

1.00E+09

2.00E+09

3.00E+09

4.00E+09

5.00E+09

6.00E+09

7.00E+09

Docker / KVM: Compute Node Used Memory (Overlay)

kvmdocker

Axis Title

Mem

ory

Used

dockerDelta734 MBPer VM49 MB

KVMDelta4387 MBPer VM292 MB

04/10/2023 15


1 11 21 31 41 51 61 71 81 91 1011111211311411511611711811912012112212312412512612712812913013113210

102030405060708090

100

Docker: Compute Node 1m Load Average (full test duration)

1m

Time

1 M

inut

e Lo

ad A

vera

ge

Average

0.15 %

1 11 21 31 41 51 61 71 81 91 1011111211311411511611711811912012112212312412512612712812913013113213310

102030405060708090

100

KVM: Compute Node 1m Load Average (full test duration)

1m

Time

1 M

inut

e Lo

ad A

vera

ge

Average

35.9 %

04/10/2023 16

SERIALLY BOOT 15 VMS


04/10/2023 17

Cloudy Performance: Serial VM Boot Benchmark scenario overview

– Pre-cache VM image on compute node prior to test– Boot VM– Wait for VM to become ACTIVE– Repeat the above steps for a total of 15 VMs– Delete all VMs

Benchmark driver– OpenStack Rally

High level goals– Understand compute node characteristics under

sustained VM boots

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 2002468

10121416


VMs

Time

Activ

e VM

s

04/10/2023 18

Cloudy Performance: Serial VM Boot

docker KVM0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

3.52911310196

5.78166244825

Average Server Boot Time

Series1

Tim

e In

Sec

onds

04/10/2023 19


1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70 73 76 7905

101520253035

Docker: Compute Node CPU

usrsys

Time

CPU

Usag

e In

Per

cent

Averages

– 1.39

– 0.57

1 5 9 13 17 21 25 29 33 37 41 45 49 53 57 61 65 69 73 77 81 85 89 93 97 101 105 109 113 117 121 1250

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

KVM: Compute Node CPU Usage

usrsys

Time

CPU

Usag

e In

Per

cent

Averages

– 13.45

– 2.23

04/10/2023 20


1 6 11 16 21 26 31 36 41 46 51 56 61 66 71 76 81 86 91 96 101 106 111 116 121 1260

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Docker / KVM: Compute Node CPU (Unnormalized Overlay)

kvm-usrkvm-sysdocker-usrdocker-sys

Time

CPU

Usag

e In

Per

cent

04/10/2023 21


1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 510

5

10

15

20

25

f(x) = 0.00948850678733032 x + 1.00804392156863

f(x) = 0.358234479638009 x + 1.0632956862745

Docker / KVM: Serial VM Boot Usr CPU (segment: 8s - 58s)

docker(8-58)Linear (docker(8-58))kvm(8-58)Linear (kvm(8-58))

Time (8s - 58s)

Usr C

PU In

Per

cent

8 seconds 58 seconds

04/10/2023 22


1 6 11 16 21 26 31 36 41 46 51 56 61 66 71 76 81 86 91 96 101 106 111 116 121 1260.00E+00

5.00E+08

1.00E+09

1.50E+09

2.00E+09

2.50E+09

3.00E+09

3.50E+09

4.00E+09

4.50E+09

5.00E+09

Docker / KVM: Compute Node Memory Used (Unnormalized Overlay)

kvmdocker

Time

Mem

ory

Used

DockerDelta677 MBPer VM45 MB

KVMDelta2737 MBPer VM182 MB

04/10/2023 23


1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53 55 57 59 61 63 650.00E+00

5.00E+08

1.00E+09

1.50E+09

2.00E+09

2.50E+09

3.00E+09

3.50E+09

f(x) = 11773408.1342657 x + 1449606116.43077

f(x) = 29765955.3118881 x + 1178597198.76923

Docker / KVM: Serial VM Boot Memory Usage (segment: 1s - 67s)

dockerLinear (docker)kvmLinear (kvm)

Time (1s - 67s)

Mem

ory

Usag

e

1 second 67 seconds

04/10/2023 24


1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70 73 76 790

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Docker: Compute Node 1m Load Average

1m

Time

1 M

inut

e Lo

ad A

vera

ge

Average

0.25 %

1 5 9 13 17 21 25 29 33 37 41 45 49 53 57 61 65 69 73 77 81 85 89 93 97 101 105 109 113 117 121 12505

101520253035

KVM: Compute Node 1m Load Average

1m

Time

1 M

inut

e Lo

ad A

vera

ge

Average

11.18 %

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SERIAL VM SOFT REBOOT


04/10/2023 26

Cloudy Performance: Serial VM Reboot Benchmark scenario overview

– Pre-cache VM image on compute node prior to test– Boot a VM & wait for it to become ACTIVE– Soft reboot the VM and wait for it to become ACTIVE

• Repeat reboot a total of 5 times– Delete VM– Repeat the above for a total of 5 VMs


High level goals– Understand compute node characteristics under sustained VM reboots

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53 550

1

2

3

4

5

6


Active VMs

Time

Activ

e VM

s

04/10/2023 27

Cloudy Performance: Serial VM Reboot

docker KVM0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

2.57787958145

124.433238959

Average Server Reboot Time

Series1

Tim

e In

Sec

onds

04/10/2023 28


docker KVM0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

3.56758604053.47976005077

Average Server Delete Time

Series1

Tim

e In

Sec

onds

04/10/2023 29


1 5 9 13 17 21 25 29 33 37 41 45 49 53 57 61 65 69 73 77 81 85 89 93 97 101 105 1090123456789

10


usrsys

Time

CPU

Usag

e In

Per

cent

3 129 255 381 507 633 759 885 1011113712631389151516411767189320192145227123972523264927752901302731530123456789

10

KVM: Compute Node CPU

usrsys

Time

CPU

Usag

e In

Per

cent

Averages

– 0.69

– 0.26

Averages

– 0.84

– 0.18

04/10/2023 30


1 5 9 13 17 21 25 29 33 37 41 45 49 53 57 61 65 69 73 77 81 85 89 93 97 101 105 1090.00E+00

5.00E+08

1.00E+09

1.50E+09

2.00E+09

2.50E+09

Docker: Compute Node Used Memory

Memory

Time

Mem

ory

Used

Delta48 MB

3 143 283 423 563 703 843 983 1123126314031543168318231963210322432383252326632803294330830.00E+00

5.00E+08

1.00E+09

1.50E+09

2.00E+09

2.50E+09

KVM: Compute Node Used Memory

Memory

Time

Mem

ory

Used

Delta486 MB

04/10/2023 31


1 5 9 13 17 21 25 29 33 37 41 45 49 53 57 61 65 69 73 77 81 85 89 93 97 101 105 1090

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3


1m

Time

1 M

inut

e Lo

ad A

vera

ge

Average

0.4 %

3 129 255 381 507 633 759 885 1011113712631389151516411767189320192145227123972523264927752901302731530

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

KVM: Compute Node 1m Load Average

1m

Time

1 M

inut

e Lo

ad A

vera

ge

Average

0.33 %

04/10/2023 32

SNAPSHOT VM TO IMAGE


04/10/2023 33

Cloudy Performance: Snapshot VM To Image Benchmark scenario overview

– Pre-cache VM image on compute node prior to test– Boot a VM– Wait for it to become ACTIVE– Snapshot the VM– Wait for image to become ACTIVE– Delete VM


High level goals– Understand cloudy ops times from a user perspective

04/10/2023 34

Cloudy Performance: Snapshot VM To Image

docker KVM0

10

20

30

40

50

60

36.8875639439

48.0231380463

Average Snapshot Server Time

Series1

Tim

e In

Sec

onds

04/10/2023 35


1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53 55 57 59 61 63 650

1

2

3

4

5

6

7


usrsys

Time

CPU

Usag

e In

Per

cent

Averages

– 0.42

– 0.15

1 5 9 13 17 21 25 29 33 37 41 45 49 53 57 61 65 69 73 77 81 85 89 93 97 101 105 109 1130

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

KVM: Compute Node CPU

usrsys

Time

CPU

Usag

e In

Per

cent

Averages

– 1.46

– 1.0

04/10/2023 36


1 5 9 13 17 21 25 29 33 37 41 45 49 53 57 61 65 69 73 77 81 85 89 93 97 10110510911314800000001500000000152000000015400000001560000000158000000016000000001620000000164000000016600000001680000000

KVM: Compute Node Used Memory

Memory

Time

Mem

ory

Used

Delta114 MB

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53 55 57 59 61 63 6516000000001610000000162000000016300000001640000000165000000016600000001670000000168000000016900000001700000000

Docker: Compute Node Memory Used

Memory

Time

Mem

ory

Used

Delta57 MB

04/10/2023 37


1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53 55 57 59 61 63 650

0.020.040.060.08

0.10.120.14


1m

Time

1 M

inut

e Lo

ad A

vera

ge

Average

0.06 %

1 5 9 13 17 21 25 29 33 37 41 45 49 53 57 61 65 69 73 77 81 85 89 93 97 101 105 109 1130

0.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.9

KVM: Compute node 1m Load Average

1m

Time

1 M

inut

e Lo

ad A

vera

ge

Average

0.47 %

04/10/2023 38

GUEST PERFORMANCE BENCHMARKS

Guest VM Benchmark

04/10/2023 39

Guest Ops: Network

docker KVM0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000940.26 940.56

Network Throughput

Series1

Thro

ughp

ut In

10^

6 bi

ts/s

econ

d

04/10/2023 40

Guest Ops: Near Bare Metal Performance

Typical docker LXC performance near par with bare metal

linpack performance @ 45000

0

50

100

150

200

250

vcpus

GF

lop

s

220.77Bare metal220.5

@32 vcpu

220.9@ 31 vcpu

MEMCPY DUMB MCBLOCK0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

Memory Benchmark Performance

Bare Metal (MiB/s)docker (MiB/s)KVM (MiB/s)

Memory Test

MiB

/s

04/10/2023 41

Guest Ops: Block I/O

Tested with [standard] AUFS

Bare Metal docker0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900 845 822

Async I/Odd if=/dev/zero of=/tmp/d4g bs=4G count=1

Series1

MB/

s

Bare Metal docker0

102030405060708090

10090.1 87.2

Sync Data Writedd if=/dev/zero of=/tmp/d4g bs=4G count=1 oflag=dsync

Series1

MB/

s

Bare Metal docker0

102030405060708090

10089.2 89

Sync Data / Metadata Writedd if=/dev/zero of=/tmp/d4g bs=4G count=1 oflag=sync

Series1

MB/

s

04/10/2023 42

Guest Ops: File I/O Random Read / Write

1 2 4 8 16 32 640

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

Sysbench Synchronous File I/O Random Read/Write @ R/W Ratio of 1.50

dockerKVM

Threads

Tota

l Tra

nsfe

rred

In K

b/se

c

04/10/2023 43

Guest Ops: MySQL OLTP

1 2 4 8 16 32 640

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

MySQL OLTP Random Transactional R/W (60s)

dockerKVM

Threads

Tota

l Tra

nsac

tions

04/10/2023 44

Guest Ops: MySQL Indexed Insertion

100000 200000 300000 400000 500000 600000 700000 800000 900000 10000000

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

MySQL Indexed Insertion @ 100K Intervals

dockerkvm

Table Size In Rows

Seco

nds P

er 1

00K

Inse

rtion

Bat

ch

04/10/2023 45

Cloud Management Impacts on docker LXC

docker cli nova-docker0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

0.17

3.52911310196

Docker: Boot Container - CLI vs Nova Virt

Series1

Seco

nds

Cloud management often caps true ops performance of LXC

04/10/2023 46

Ubuntu MySQL Image Size

docker kvm0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

381.5

1080

Docker / KVM: Ubuntu MySQL

Series1

Size

In M

B

Out of the box JeOS images for docker are lightweight

04/10/2023 47

In Summary

Near bare metal performance in the guest Fast operations in the Cloud

– Often capped by Cloud management framework Reduced resource consumption (CPU, MEM) on the compute

node – greater density Out of the box smaller image footprint

04/10/2023 48

Parting Thoughts: Ecosystem Synergy

Category Factors ScopeCAPEX

Hardware costs - VM density (consolidation ratio)- Soft device integration- Broad vendor compatibility


Software licensing costs - Software purchase price- Support contracts


OPEX

Disaster recovery - Hypervisor- Cloud manager

Upgrade / maintenance expenses - Hypervisor- Cloud manager

Power & cooling costs - Reduced HW footprint - Hypervisor- Cloud manager

Administration efficiency - Automated operations- Performance / response time


Support & training costs - Hypervisor- Cloud manager

AGILITY

Application delivery time - Workflow complexity- Toolset costs- Skillset


Planned / unplanned downtime - Hypervisor- Cloud manager

Displacement of enterprise players requires full stack solutions

*Not a complete or extensive list

04/10/2023 49

References & Related Links http://www.slideshare.net/BodenRussell/realizing-linux-containerslxc http://bodenr.blogspot.com/2014/05/kvm-and-docker-lxc-benchmarking-with.html https://www.docker.io/ http://sysbench.sourceforge.net/ http://dag.wiee.rs/home-made/dstat/ http://www.openstack.org/ https://wiki.openstack.org/wiki/Rally https://wiki.openstack.org/wiki/Docker http://devstack.org/ http://www.linux-kvm.org/page/Main_Page https://github.com/stackforge/nova-docker https://github.com/dotcloud/docker-registry http://www.netperf.org/netperf/ http://www.tokutek.com/products/iibench/ http://www.brendangregg.com/activebenchmarking.html http://wiki.openvz.org/Performance http://www.slideshare.net/jpetazzo/linux-containers-lxc-docker-and-security (images)

– http://www.publicdomainpictures.net/view-image.php?image=11972&picture=dollars– http://www.publicdomainpictures.net/view-image.php?image=1888&picture=zoom– http://www.publicdomainpictures.net/view-image.php?image=6059&picture=ge-building

http://www.slideshare.net/BodenRussell/realizing-linux-containerslxc









http://www.openstack.org/

http://www.openstack.org/



https://wiki.openstack.org/wiki/Docker

https://wiki.openstack.org/wiki/Docker

http://devstack.org/

http://devstack.org/

http://www.linux-kvm.org/page/Main_Page

http://www.linux-kvm.org/page/Main_Page

https://github.com/stackforge/nova-docker

https://github.com/stackforge/nova-docker

https://github.com/dotcloud/docker-registry

https://github.com/dotcloud/docker-registry





http://www.brendangregg.com/activebenchmarking.html

http://www.brendangregg.com/activebenchmarking.html

http://wiki.openvz.org/Performance

http://wiki.openvz.org/Performance

http://www.slideshare.net/jpetazzo/linux-containers-lxc-docker-and-security

http://www.slideshare.net/jpetazzo/linux-containers-lxc-docker-and-security

http://www.publicdomainpictures.net/view-image.php?image=11972&picture=dollars

http://www.publicdomainpictures.net/view-image.php?image=11972&picture=dollars

http://www.publicdomainpictures.net/view-image.php?image=1888&picture=zoom

http://www.publicdomainpictures.net/view-image.php?image=1888&picture=zoom

http://www.publicdomainpictures.net/view-image.php?image=6059&picture=ge-building

http://www.publicdomainpictures.net/view-image.php?image=6059&picture=ge-building

04/10/2023 50

Thank You… Questions?

Technology

Performance characteristics of traditional v ms vs docker containers (dockercon14)