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A Survival Survey of Tree and Shrub Plantings under the CREP Riparian Forest Buffer BMP in the NYC Watersheds 19992006

P.Eskeli - CREP Survival Survey Trees And Shrub Plantings

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Page 1: P.Eskeli - CREP Survival Survey Trees And Shrub Plantings

A Survival Survey of Tree and Shrub Plantings under the CREP Riparian 

Forest Buffer BMP in the NYC Watersheds 1999‐2006 

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We all want to know how are we doing and how we can improve our 

efforts.

Plot 27‐8, planted in 2001, low competition, wet soils, 95% survival, 62% poor vigor, heavy browse

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Purpose of the Study

• Review survival and performance to consider whether modifications are needed to improve success

• Consider factors influencing survival and performance of the plantings

• Identify possible modifications to the practice as part of the CREP Evaluation FAD deliverable

• Ensure that CREP Riparian Forest Buffers are protecting water quality 

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Background on CREP Riparian Forest Buffer BMP

• 764.9 acres planted  on 159 farms between 1999‐2006• Planting mainly in spring, but some fall plantings• Mostly planted bare root stock, commonly using brush mats and a limited number of tree tubes

• WAP Planners worked with landowners to define CREP areas, fencing needs and plant assemblage.  Planting was contracted at a cost of approx $2K/ac.  Stocking typically 440 stems/ac.

• Spot checking for three years after planting• Replanting possible where survival less than 60%

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Sampling Design

• Random sample of 10 percent of the planted areas on 10 percent of the farms planted between 2000 and 2006.

• Establish plots and measure plant heights and canopy diameter (both planted and natural regeneration

• Describe the vigor, competition and site conditions

• Note damage from flooding, browse and presence/integrity of fencing, presence of invasive plants

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Sampling Process

• Used random systematic sampling techniques to select 16 farms from a list of all contracts organized by area planted

• Randomly selected plot centers using GIS

• Used GPS to navigate to the plots

• Confirmed the plot was located in a planted area and established a 1/10th acre circular plot

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Survey Practices

• Measured height and the widest diameter of the canopy for trees and shrubs under 12 ft.

• Identified species of tree or shrub• Occularly estimated height and canopy diameter for larger trees and shrubs (natural regeneration)

• Photographed the plot from the four cardinal directions

• Deducted unplanted areas and weighted the results of the planted area for plots that were less than 1/10th acre.

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Data Compilation and Analysis

• Created a Access database with separate tables for the farm, plots and plants

• Compared the number of live “likely” planted stems with the number of stems planned to have been planted per acre (planned stocking was approximately 440 stems per acre)

• Calculated estimates of plot canopy coverage for both planted material, natural regeneration 

• Analyzed data at overall program, each farm, plot and by species

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Survival and Stocking

• Average Survival was based on estimate 440 plants per acre

• Overall average survival was 18.9 percent

• Stocking was an average of 107 stems per acre

• Variation is high between farms 

• Variation is high between plots within a farm

• Variation is high within years

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Some sites you have great success…

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Then again others …. not so much.

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Table 1. Estimated Per Acre Plant Density and Approximate Survival Percentage by CREP Contract 

Contract Number

Area Planted (ac.)

Number of Plots Year Planted Plant Count

Area Sampled (ac.)

Estimated Stems Per Acre

Survival Percentage

48 1 1 2000 0 0.10 0 0.00%57 2 2 2001 27 0.07 383.52 87.16%*27 1.5 2 2001 20 0.11 190.48 43.29%65 3.5 4 2002 64 0.31 207.93 47.26%44 2.5 3 2002 26 0.15 170.94 38.85%59 12 12 2002 63 0.85 74.29 16.88%55 10 10 2002 66 0.91 72.69 16.52%66 8 8 2002 32 0.50 64.16 14.58%52 8 8 2002 26 0.45 58.36 13.26%

101 1 1 2002 2 0.05 40.00 9.09%93 3.5 4 2002 9 0.34 26.47 6.02%

109 3 3 2003 41 0.24 168.72 38.35%147 5 5 2005 47 0.50 94.00 21.36%145 19 19 2005 125 1.66 75.35 17.12%142 9 9 2006 34 0.68 49.83 11.33%156 1.5 2 2006 7 0.15 46.67 10.61%

Totals and Avg.

90.5 93 589 7.06 107.71 18.96%

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Canopy Cover

• Percent cover calculated for planted species and natural regeneration trees and shrubs

• Total Cover – 10.45%

• Planted Vegetation – 2.45%

• Natural Regeneration – 8.01%

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Canopy Cover

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Survival by Species

• Wide range of trees and shrubs were planted but the survival was greatest for a small group of species. Initial finding suggest:

• Best Surviving Trees –White Spruce, Swamp White Oak, Green Ash, Black Walnut*

• Best Surviving Shrubs – Red Osier Dogwood, Ninebark, Highbush Cranberry, Winterberry

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Performance ‐ Vigor

• Surviving trees with the Best Vigor were White Spruce, Tamarack, White Pine, Sycamore, River Birch

• Surviving shrubs with the Best Vigor were Ninebark, Red Osier Dogwood

• Worst survival and performance –Highbush Blueberry, Hazelnut, Nannyberry

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Effectiveness of ProtectionTable 7.  The Effect of Tree and Shrub Protection Measures on Plant Vigor

ProtectionVigor

Total Of Protection Type

High Moderate Poor Dead

mat 96 99 118 236 549

mat/tube 3 3 3 10 19

none 120 90 49 2 261

tube 3 2 3 2 10

Total222 194 173 250 839

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Competition

High herbaceous competition  30% of the plots

Moderate herbaceous competition  50% of the plots

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Site Conditions

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Fencing is enabling recovery

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But even if fenced, some wet areas may not transition to woody vegetation within the current 

contract period

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Summary

• Low and highly variable survival• High competition and tough site conditions• Natural regeneration is important component of the buffer

• Fencing is key to natural regeneration• Benefits of using mats and tubes uncertain• Difficult to monitor due to limited knowledge of what was actually planted and existed

• Buffers are present and likely functioning, but may look different than originally anticipated 

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Options for the future

• Reduce reliance on planting if maintenance is not possible – emphasize natural regeneration 

• Increase stocking and use of containerized stock• Use wider range of species known to grow in this area and on the wet sites

• Re‐enrollment will be necessary to achieve full buffer protection

• Improve site characterization, mapping and establish continuous monitoring protocol

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Acknowledgements

• SUNY Delhi Interns Summers of 2008 and 2009

• SCA‐Americorps Member, Hanh Chu

• Ed Blouin, Brandon Dennis, Julian Drelich, Karen Clifford and the CREP committee