What is Pharmacogenetics?- Every year in the USA alone 2 million

people experience adverse drug effects and more than a 100,000 die

from those reactions.

- Another horrible fact is that the drugs in today’s society are only effective

in 60 % of the population.

What can we do to stop these adverse drug effects? How can we develop

drugs that can be effective for everyone?

THE ANSWER IS PHARMACOGENETICS

Current Clinical Methods₋ Nico Test for personalised regimen to

quit smoking ₋ Amplichip for CYP 450₋ PCR based strategy for CYP 2D6

genotyping₋ Tratuzumab: first drug with clinical

application₋ Thiopurines: immunomodulating

drugs for leukemia and chronic inflammatory conditions

₋ Dosing considerations for other drugs such as Ironitecan, Warfarin, Tamoxifen, and Abacavir

₋ FDA has labelled 10% of its recently approved drugs with pharmacogenomic information

Ongoing Research on CYP₋ Cytochrome P450 superfamily of

enzymes

₋ Found all over the body but major enzymatic activity occurs in hepatic CYPs

₋ Bioactivation and metabolism of approximately 75% of drugs gives CYPs prominence in pharmacogenetics research

₋ Pharmacogenetic research is playing a major role in dosing of Warfarin (an anticoagulant)

Pharmacogenetics vs Bioethics

Main ethical concerns are combination of the following:

- Unequal distribution of

benefits/resources - Invasion of medical privacy - Discrimination due to the

involvementtof genetic tests - Research/business conflict-of-

interest

Major Drugs Ineffective For Many

…and harmful to some

Costs ImpactIncrease in costs - New Techniques need to be developed - Requires new training - Requires new facilities - Segmentation of market result in a reduction of revenue

generated - Post marketing surveillance cost Benefits - Shelved drugs coming back to life. - Fewer legal liabilities. - Saving lives.

Thank you for your attention

Group 13

Joe Hong Tanvir KahlonShereen Bart

Linnéa Kadfors Traci Vogler

Jennifer DuncanDavid Beshai

References• Bioethics. (n.d.) In The Free Dictionary. Retrieved from http://www.thefreedictionary.com • Barash, C.I. (2001). Ethical issues in pharmacogenetics. American Institute of Biological Sciences. Retrieved from

http://www.actionbioscience.org/genomic/barash.html • Genomics.energy.gov, Genome programs of the U.S Department of Energy Office of Science, Human Genome Project Information. (2008, September, 19).

Pharmacogenomics. Retrived from http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/medicine/pharma.shtml • Gettig, E. (2009). Personalized Medicine. Retrieved from http://mostgene.org/2009_conference/personalized_meds_Gettig.pdf • Human Genome Project. (2008). Ethical, Legal, and Social Issues. Retrieved from http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/elsi/elsi.shtml

• Klug S. William & Cummings R. Michael & Spencer A. Charlotte. Essential of genetics 6th edition. Retrieved from page. 437. • Lazarou, J., Pomeranz, B. H., Corey, P. N., (1998). Incidence of Adverse Drug Reactions in Hospitalized Patients. JAMA. 279. 1200-5 • Murray, M. F. (2009). Will Plavix be the pharmacogenetics exemplar?. Retrieved from http://www.entrepreneur.com/tradejournals/article/202479739.html • National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. (2009). Retrieved from http://www.nice.org.uk/

• Nuffield Council on Bioethics. (2003). Pharmacogenetics Ethical Issues. Retrieved from http://nuffieldbioethics.org/go/ourwork/pharmacogenetics/introduction • Ross, A., Pharmacogenetics cut clinical trial costs. Retrieved from http://www.ngpharma.com/article/The-genetic-advantage/

• Stellenbosch University, Department of Biochemistry. (n.d). Ac Swart group (Image of cytochrome P450 oxidase). Retrieved from http://www0.sun.ac.za/biochem/Imagine/Media/Pictures/220px-CytP450Oxidase-1OG2.png

• University of Liverpool. (n.d). Pharmacogenetics (Image of DNA and pills). Retrieved from http://liv.ac.uk/pharmacogenetics/dna_and_pills.jpg

• White. M. T. (2000). Ethical Issues in Genetic Research. Retrieved from http://poynter.indiana.edu/sas/res/genetics.pdf