Physical Science Ch 11

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Chapter 11 The Chemistry of Living Things

Table of Contents

Section 1 Elements in Living Things

Section 2 Compounds of Living Things



Section 1 Elements in Living ThingsChapter 11

The Bonding of Carbon Atoms

• Carbon has a central role in the chemistry of living organisms because it can form long chains with other carbon atoms and because it can bond with atoms of other elements to form many different compounds.

• Each carbon atom has four valence electrons. So, each carbon atom can make a total of four bonds.




The Bonding of Carbon Atoms, continued

• Carbon-based molecules can come in many different shapes, or backbones.

• Three kinds of carbon backbones are the straight chain, the branched chain, and the ring.



The Chemistry of Living ThingsChapter 11





• A covalently bonded compound that contains carbon is called an organic compound.

• Atoms of carbon most often form four separate single bonds with other atoms.





• A single bond is a covalent bond made up of one pair of shared electrons.

• Carbon atoms can also form two covalent bonds, called a double bond, and three bonds, called a triple bond.




Organic Compound




Other Elements in Living Organisms

• Living organisms are made of compounds that are composed mostly of the elements carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur.

• Today, many kinds of organic compounds are manufactured, such as vitamins, hormones, and other supplements.






Section 2 Compounds of Living ThingsChapter 11

What You Will Learn

• Living organisms depend on large compounds, such as carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

• Living organisms depend on many smaller compounds such as water and salt.




Carbohydrates

• Biochemicals are large organic compounds that living things make and use.

• Biochemicals that are composed of sugar molecules bonded together are called carbohydrates.




Carbohydrates, continued

• A complex carbohydrate can be a long-chain polymer. A polymer is a chain of repeating units.

• Complex carbohydrates may be made up of a chain of thousands of simple sugars.

• Living things use carbohydrates mostly as a source of energy.







Lipids

• Lipids are biochemicals that do not dissolve in water. Fats, oils, and waxes are lipids.

• Lipids usually have very long chains of carbon atoms.

• Lipids store energy and make up cell membranes.




Types of Lipids




Proteins

• Proteins are biochemicals that are made of much smaller molecules called amino acids. Most proteins are made of very long chains of amino acids.

• There are 20 different amino acids that can combine in any order to form proteins in living things.




Proteins, continued

• Protein is needed to build and repair body structures and to regulate processes in the body.

• Hemoglobin is an important protein found in red blood cells that helps carry oxygen to all of the cells of the body.




Proteins




Nucleic Acids

• The largest molecules made by living organisms are nucleic acids. Nucleic acids are biochemicals made up of nucleotides.

• Nucleic acids are sometimes called the blueprints of life because they carry all of the information needed for a cell to make all of its proteins.




Nucleic Acids, continued

• There are two kinds of nucleic acids: DNA and RNA.

• DNA is the genetic material of a cell.

• The four kinds of nucleotides found in DNA are Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, and Cytosine.







Other Important Compounds

• No living thing on Earth can survive without water. Water regulates temperature, helps transport substances, and provides lubrication.

• Salt plays an important role in nerve cells by helping conduct signals throughout the body.



Chapter 11 The Chemistry of Living Things

Use the terms below to complete the concept map on the next slide.

organic compounds

carbohydrates

lipids

proteins

nucleic acids

Concept Map




Concept Map




Concept Map



The Chemistry of Living Things Chapter 11

End of Chapter 11 Show



Chapter 11 Standards Assessment

1. In the sentence “We will be studying the principles of chemistry,” what does the word principles mean?

A. basic laws

B. ideas

C. secondary sources

D. assumptions




1. In the sentence “We will be studying the principles of chemistry,” what does the word principles mean?

A. basic laws

B. ideas

C. secondary sources

D. assumptions




2. Which of the following sets of words best completes the sentence “Living organisms are made of molecules that _____ carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur”?

A. consist from

B. consisted to

C. consist of

D. consistent with




2. Which of the following sets of words best completes the sentence “Living organisms are made of molecules that _____ carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur”?

A. consist from

B. consisted to

C. consist of

D. consistent with




3. In the sentence “Principles of chemistry underlie the functioning of living organisms,” what does the word underlie mean?

A. be the basis of

B. deny the reasons for

C. explain causes of

D. have little to do with




3. In the sentence “Principles of chemistry underlie the functioning of living organisms,” what does the word underlie mean?

A. be the basis of

B. deny the reasons for

C. explain causes of

D. have little to do with




4. Which of the following words means “normal actions”?

A. negotiating

B. functioning

C. breaking

D. challenging




4. Which of the following words means “normal actions”?

A. negotiating

B. functioning

C. breaking

D. challenging




Use the diagram below to answer the next question.




5. What kind of carbon backbone does the figure above represent?

A. a pair chain

B. a ring chain

C. a branched chain

D. a straight chain




5. What kind of carbon backbone does the figure above represent?

A. a pair chain

B. a ring chain

C. a branched chain

D. a straight chain




6. Carbon atoms most often form four separate covalent bonds with other atoms. Carbon atoms can also form two covalent bonds between them. What are these bonds called?

A. double bonds

B. single bonds

C. triple bonds

D. pair bonds




6. Carbon atoms most often form four separate covalent bonds with other atoms. Carbon atoms can also form two covalent bonds between them. What are these bonds called?

A. double bonds

B. single bonds

C. triple bonds

D. pair bonds




7. Molecules of simple sugars can join to form long strings. What are these long strings of sugars called?

A. triple bonds

B. carbon backbones

C. nucleic acids

D. complex carbohydrates




7. Molecules of simple sugars can join to form long strings. What are these long strings of sugars called?

A. triple bonds

B. carbon backbones

C. nucleic acids

D. complex carbohydrates




8. What element is found in the highest percentage by weight in the human body?

A. hydrogen

B. oxygen

C. carbon

D. phosphorus




8. What element is found in the highest percentage by weight in the human body?

A. hydrogen

B. oxygen

C. carbon

D. phosphorus




9. When molecules join to form long chains of repeating units, the chains are called

A. phosphorus.

B. carbon.

C. polymers.

D. branches.




9. When molecules join to form long chains of repeating units, the chains are called

A. phosphorus.

B. carbon.

C. polymers.

D. branches.




10. Which of the following is a kind of biochemical that does not dissolve in water and that makes up cell walls, fats, oils, and waxes?

A. glycogen

B. carbohydrate

C. lipid

D. cellulose




10. Which of the following is a kind of biochemical that does not dissolve in water and that makes up cell walls, fats, oils, and waxes?

A. glycogen

B. carbohydrate

C. lipid

D. cellulose




11. In what way is the structure of a protein more complex than the structure of a carbohydrate or a lipid?

A. Proteins are made up of different combinations of amino acids.

B. Proteins are very large molecules.

C. Proteins are made up of long-chain polymers.

D. Proteins come in two forms: simple proteins and complex proteins.




11. In what way is the structure of a protein more complex than the structure of a carbohydrate or a lipid?

A. Proteins are made up of different combinations of amino acids.

B. Proteins are very large molecules.

C. Proteins are made up of long-chain polymers.

D. Proteins come in two forms: simple proteins and complex proteins.




12. What is the term for the genetic material of a cell?

A. hormones

B. hemoglobin

C. DNA

D. protein




12. What is the term for the genetic material of a cell?

A. hormones

B. hemoglobin

C. DNA

D. protein




13. Which of the following is an example of a tertiary consumer?

A. an alga

B. a wolf

C. a duck

D. an iguana




13. Which of the following is an example of a tertiary consumer?

A. an alga

B. a wolf

C. a duck

D. an iguana




Use the diagram below to answer the next question.




14. According to the diagram above, at what point does the light energy become chemical energy?

A. at point A

B. at point B

C. at point C

D. at point D




14. According to the diagram above, at what point does the light energy become chemical energy?

A. at point A

B. at point B

C. at point C

D. at point D




15. The sun is a major source of energy. What is the name for the chemical reaction in plants that is caused by the sun?

A. evaporation

B. radiation

C. photosynthesis

D. process




15. The sun is a major source of energy. What is the name for the chemical reaction in plants that is caused by the sun?

A. evaporation

B. radiation

C. photosynthesis

D. process




16. In animals, what cell structures are responsible for releasing energy that can be used by the cells?

A. vacuoles

B. mitochondria

C. chloroplasts

D. proteins




16. In animals, what cell structures are responsible for releasing energy that can be used by the cells?

A. vacuoles

B. mitochondria

C. chloroplasts

D. proteins



Chapter 11

Technology

Physical Science Ch 11