Gramática LibroGramática Libro

By Jeremías MossBy Jeremías Moss

Table of ContentsTable of Contents1.1. Present TensePresent Tense2.2. Stem ChangersStem Changers3.3. Irregular “Yo” FormIrregular “Yo” Form4.4. Saber Vs. ConocerSaber Vs. Conocer5.5. Reflexive VerbsReflexive Verbs6.6. ““Se” ImpersonalSe” Impersonal7.7. Verbs Similar to GustarVerbs Similar to Gustar8.8. Irregular Verbs Ending in -guir/-uir, -ger/-gir, & -cer/-cirIrregular Verbs Ending in -guir/-uir, -ger/-gir, & -cer/-cir9.9. Hacer ExpressionHacer Expression10.10. ImperfectImperfect

1.1. IrregularIrregular2.2. Trigger WordsTrigger Words

11.11. Preterite Tense Preterite Tense 1.1. Irregular (-car/gar/zar, spock, cucarcha, & snake/snakeys)Irregular (-car/gar/zar, spock, cucarcha, & snake/snakeys)2.2. Trigger WordsTrigger Words

12.12. Comparatives/SuperlativesComparatives/Superlatives13.13. FutureFuture

1.1. IrregularIrregular2.2. Trigger WordsTrigger Words

Present TensePresent Tense

Used to express a past action that continues to Used to express a past action that continues to have importance until the present. have importance until the present.

-ar-ar Nadar (to swim)- nado, nadas, nada, nadamos, Nadar (to swim)- nado, nadas, nada, nadamos,

nadàis, nadannadàis, nadan -er-er

Comer (to eat)- como, comes, come, comemos, Comer (to eat)- como, comes, come, comemos, coméis, comencoméis, comen

-ir-ir Vivir (to live)- vivo, vives, vive, vivimos, vivis, viven Vivir (to live)- vivo, vives, vive, vivimos, vivis, viven

Stem ChangersStem Changers These verbs don’t change only in the nosotros/vosotros formThese verbs don’t change only in the nosotros/vosotros form ““e” se convierte a “ie”e” se convierte a “ie”

Ex. Pensar- pienso, piensas, piensa, pensamos, pensàis, Ex. Pensar- pienso, piensas, piensa, pensamos, pensàis, piensanpiensan

More words: cerrar, despertar, divertirse, empezar…More words: cerrar, despertar, divertirse, empezar… ““e” se convierte a “i”e” se convierte a “i”

Ex. Pedir- pido, pides, pide, pedimos, pedís, pidenEx. Pedir- pido, pides, pide, pedimos, pedís, piden More words: conseguir, despedir, seguir, servir…More words: conseguir, despedir, seguir, servir…

““o” se convierte a “ue”o” se convierte a “ue” Ex. Poder- puedo, puedes, puede, podemos, podéis, puedenEx. Poder- puedo, puedes, puede, podemos, podéis, pueden More words: acostar, colgar, devolver, dormir…More words: acostar, colgar, devolver, dormir…

““u” se convierte a “ue”u” se convierte a “ue” Jugar has “u” to “ue” stem change in all except Jugar has “u” to “ue” stem change in all except

nosotros/vosotrosnosotros/vosotros Incluir and destruir have an “I” to “y” stem change except in Incluir and destruir have an “I” to “y” stem change except in

nosotros/vosotros nosotros/vosotros

Irregular “Yo” FormIrregular “Yo” Form ““Go” verbs- coer, decir, oír, poner, hacer, Go” verbs- coer, decir, oír, poner, hacer,

tener, traer, venir…tener, traer, venir… Tener- tenTener- tengogo, tienes, tiene, tenemos, tenéis, , tienes, tiene, tenemos, tenéis,

tienentienen Decir- diDecir- digogo, dices, dice, decimos, decís, dicen, dices, dice, decimos, decís, dicen Oír- oiOír- oigogo, oyes, oye, oímos, oís, oyen, oyes, oye, oímos, oís, oyen

““Zco” verbs (-cer/-cir)- conocer, producir, Zco” verbs (-cer/-cir)- conocer, producir, conducir…conducir… Conocer- conoConocer- conozcozco, conoces, conoce, , conoces, conoce,

conocemos, conocéis, conocenconocemos, conocéis, conocen

Saber Vs ConocerSaber Vs Conocer

They both mean “to know”They both mean “to know” Both are verbs with a irregular “yo” formBoth are verbs with a irregular “yo” form Saber is used in the context of Saber is used in the context of knowing knowing

information or ideas.information or ideas. Ex. Sé, sabes, sabe, sabemos, sabéis, sabenEx. Sé, sabes, sabe, sabemos, sabéis, saben

Conocer is used in the context of knowing a Conocer is used in the context of knowing a person or a placeperson or a place. . Ex. ConoEx. Conozcozco, conoces, conoce, conocemos, , conoces, conoce, conocemos,

conocéis, conocenconocéis, conocen

Reflexive VerbsReflexive Verbs Verbs that require a reflexive pronoun when used.Verbs that require a reflexive pronoun when used.

Reflected upon ones self Reflected upon ones self

Identified by –se suffixIdentified by –se suffix Ex. LaverEx. Laversese (to wash)- lavo, lavas, lava, lavamos, lavàis, (to wash)- lavo, lavas, lava, lavamos, lavàis,

levanlevan Ex. CaerEx. Caersese (to fall)- caigo, caes, cae, caemos, caéis, caen (to fall)- caigo, caes, cae, caemos, caéis, caen

Reflexive pronouns before the verb: me (myself), te Reflexive pronouns before the verb: me (myself), te (yourself), se (him/herself, themsleves), nos (yourself), se (him/herself, themsleves), nos (ourselves)(ourselves) Ex. Me Lavo, Te Lavas, Se Lava, Nos Lavamos, Se Lavan Ex. Me Lavo, Te Lavas, Se Lava, Nos Lavamos, Se Lavan

““Se” ImpersonalSe” Impersonal

To form the “Se” impersonal, verbs are To form the “Se” impersonal, verbs are always 3rd person singular and are always 3rd person singular and are commonly followed by a direct object.commonly followed by a direct object.

Formula: se + 3rd person singularFormula: se + 3rd person singular Ex. Ex. Se habla Se habla español aquí. español aquí. (Spanish is (Spanish is

spoken here.)spoken here.) Ex. Ex. Se diceSe dice que va a llover mañana. que va a llover mañana. (It's (It's

said it is going to rain tomorrow.)said it is going to rain tomorrow.)

Verbs Similar to GustarVerbs Similar to Gustar

I.O. + “gusta verb” + nounI.O. + “gusta verb” + noun I.O- me, te, le, les, nos, osI.O- me, te, le, les, nos, os

Ex. Me encantan los deportesEx. Me encantan los deportes Te fascina la músicaTe fascina la música Le molesta el arteLe molesta el arte Les intersan los estudios Les intersan los estudios

Irregular Verbs Ending in -Irregular Verbs Ending in -guir/-uir, -ger/-gir, & -cer/-cirguir/-uir, -ger/-gir, & -cer/-cir Verbs whose infinitive form ends in Verbs whose infinitive form ends in -gir-gir change the change the gg to to

jj before an before an aa or an or an oo. . Ex. Proteger (to protect)- proteEx. Proteger (to protect)- protejojo (yo) (yo) Ex. Exigir (to require)- exiEx. Exigir (to require)- exijojo (yo) (yo) More words: dirigir, escoger, recoger, encoger, fingir, More words: dirigir, escoger, recoger, encoger, fingir,

elegir, corregir…elegir, corregir… ““Zco” verbs (-cer/-cir)- conocer, producir, conducir…Zco” verbs (-cer/-cir)- conocer, producir, conducir…

Conocer- conoConocer- conozcozco, conoces, conoce, conocemos, , conoces, conoce, conocemos, conocéis, conocenconocéis, conocen

Incluir and destruir have an “I” to “y” stem change Incluir and destruir have an “I” to “y” stem change except in nosotros/vosotros except in nosotros/vosotros

Hacer ExpressionsHacer Expressions

The verb "hacer" can be used in a number of ways to indicate the length The verb "hacer" can be used in a number of ways to indicate the length of time an action has been taking placeof time an action has been taking place HaceHace + time + + time + queque + present tense form of the verb + present tense form of the verb Ex. Ex. Hace un año que estudio español.Hace un año que estudio español.

To make this type of expression negative, just add the word "no“To make this type of expression negative, just add the word "no“ HaceHace + time + + time + queque + + nono + present tense form of the verb + present tense form of the verb Ex. Hace un año que no estudio español.Ex. Hace un año que no estudio español.

Present tense form of the verb + Present tense form of the verb + desde hacedesde hace + time + time Ex. Estudio español desde hace un añoEx. Estudio español desde hace un año

To make this type of expression negative, just add the word "no“To make this type of expression negative, just add the word "no“ NoNo + present tense form of the verb + + present tense form of the verb + desde hacedesde hace + time + time

Imperfect Tense Regular Imperfect Tense Regular VerbsVerbs

Imperfect tense is used to express a past Imperfect tense is used to express a past event that was outgoing for an event that was outgoing for an indeterminate length of timeindeterminate length of time

The imperfect generally means “used to The imperfect generally means “used to do” or “was doing” when talking about do” or “was doing” when talking about actions that happened in the past actions that happened in the past

Rules of ImperfectRules of Imperfect1.1. To express what was in the middle of happening at To express what was in the middle of happening at

the time of narration, what use to happen, or what the time of narration, what use to happen, or what happened repeatedly in the pasthappened repeatedly in the past

2.2. To describe people or things in the pastTo describe people or things in the past3.3. To describe a state of mind, an opinion, or a To describe a state of mind, an opinion, or a

feeling the pastfeeling the past4.4. To describe the time of day in the pastTo describe the time of day in the past5.5. When describing an action that was in the process When describing an action that was in the process

of happening when interrupted by another actionof happening when interrupted by another action6.6. To set the stage, describe a situation To set the stage, describe a situation

Imperfect Conjugations Imperfect Conjugations

Yo Yo

-aba-aba

NosotrosNosotros

-àbamos-àbamos

Tú Tú

-abas-abas

VosotrosVosotros

-abais-abais

Él/ella/Ud.Él/ella/Ud.

-aba-aba

Ello(a)s/Ello(a)s/Uds.Uds.

-aban-aban

Yo Yo

-ía-ía

NosotrosNosotros

-íamos-íamos

TúTú

-ias -ias

VosotrosVosotros

-íais-íais

Él/ella/Ud.Él/ella/Ud.

-ía-ía

Ello(a)s/Ello(a)s/Uds.Uds.

-ían-ían

-ar -er/-ir

Imperfect Trigger WordsImperfect Trigger Words a menudo (often) a veces (sometimes) cada día (every day) cada semana (every week) cada mes (every month) cada año (every year) con frecuencia (frequently) de vez en cuando (from time to time) en aquella época (at that time) frecuentemente (frequently) generalmente (usually) muchas veces (many times) mucho (a lot) nunca (never) por un rato (for awhile) siempre (always) tantas veces (so many times) todas las semanas (every week) todos los días (every day) todo el tiempo (all the time) varias veces (several times)

Imperfect IrregularsImperfect Irregulars

IrIr Iba, ibas, ibamos, ibais, ibanIba, ibas, ibamos, ibais, iban

SerSer Era, eras, éramos, erais, eranEra, eras, éramos, erais, eran

VerVer Veía, veías, veíamos, veíais, veíanVeía, veías, veíamos, veíais, veían

Verbos Irregulars En El Verbos Irregulars En El PresentePresente

ir (to go)ir (to go) Ex. Voy, vas, va, vamos, vais, vanEx. Voy, vas, va, vamos, vais, van

Estar (to be)Estar (to be) Ex. Estoy, estàs, està, estamos, estàis, estànEx. Estoy, estàs, està, estamos, estàis, estàn

Ser (to be)Ser (to be) Ex. Soy, eres, es, somos, sois, sonEx. Soy, eres, es, somos, sois, son

Dar (to give)Dar (to give) Ex. Doy, das, da, damos, dais, danEx. Doy, das, da, damos, dais, dan

Ser Vs EstarSer Vs Estar

Ser & Estar both mean –to be ,but they are Ser & Estar both mean –to be ,but they are used in different situations.used in different situations. Estar (temporary)- health, emotion/mood, location, Estar (temporary)- health, emotion/mood, location,

present condition, appearance and civil state present condition, appearance and civil state (married, dead, etc.)(married, dead, etc.)

Use present progressive tense (-o to –ing) during Use present progressive tense (-o to –ing) during state of motionstate of motion -ar to –ando -ar to –ando

Ex. I am angry (Estoy enojada)Ex. I am angry (Estoy enojada) -er/-ir to –iendo/yendo-er/-ir to –iendo/yendo

Ex. I read (Leyendo)Ex. I read (Leyendo)

Ser Vs Estar Cont.Ser Vs Estar Cont.

Ser (Permanent)- physical description, Ser (Permanent)- physical description, personality and character, nationality, race, personality and character, nationality, race, gender, profession, origin, What things are gender, profession, origin, What things are made of, Dates, days, seasons, time, made of, Dates, days, seasons, time, events, concerts, and parties events, concerts, and parties Origin and possession are followed by “de.”Origin and possession are followed by “de.”

Ser/Estar ConjugationSer/Estar Conjugation

YoYo

SoySoy

NosotrosNosotros

SomosSomos

Tú Tú

EresEres

VosotrosVosotros

SoísSoís

Él/ella/Ud.Él/ella/Ud.

EsEs

Ello(a)s/Ello(a)s/Uds.Uds.

Son Son

YoYo

EstoyEstoy

NosotrosNosotros

EstamosEstamos

Tú Tú

EstàsEstàs

VosotrosVosotros

EstàisEstàis

Él/ella/Ud.Él/ella/Ud.

EstàEstà

Ello(a)s/Ello(a)s/Uds.Uds.

EstànEstàn

Ser/Estar RapSer/Estar Rap

http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_detailpage&v=lY10_T_ROq4

Verbs w/ Accents in the Verbs w/ Accents in the Present Indicative TensePresent Indicative Tense

The vowels The vowels ii and and uu are “weak vowels” in are “weak vowels” in contrast to the “strong vowels” contrast to the “strong vowels” aa, , ee, and , and oo. . When they come in contact with any other When they come in contact with any other vowel they normally form a diphthong.vowel they normally form a diphthong. Diphthong is when a weak vowel (i/y, u) and a Diphthong is when a weak vowel (i/y, u) and a

strong vowel (a,e,o) or two weak vowels come strong vowel (a,e,o) or two weak vowels come together.together.

Ex. Esquiar (to ski)- esquío, esquías, esquía, Ex. Esquiar (to ski)- esquío, esquías, esquía, esquiamos, esquiàis, esquíanesquiamos, esquiàis, esquían

Ex. Continuar (to continue)- continùo, continùas, Ex. Continuar (to continue)- continùo, continùas, continùa, continuamos, continuàis, continùan continùa, continuamos, continuàis, continùan

PreteritePreterite Preterit tense is used to express a totally Preterit tense is used to express a totally

completed past action, a past determinate completed past action, a past determinate action, or an action that lasted for a specific action, or an action that lasted for a specific length of time.length of time.

A perfected action in the past (beginning and/or A perfected action in the past (beginning and/or ending)ending) Past tensePast tense

““Snapshot” of timeSnapshot” of time Song: é, í, aste, iste, ó, ió, amos, imos, aron, Song: é, í, aste, iste, ó, ió, amos, imos, aron,

ieron, esto es el preterito ieron, esto es el preterito

Preterite Conjugation Preterite Conjugation

YoYo

-é-é

NosotrosNosotros

-amos-amos

Tú Tú

-aste-aste

VosotrosVosotros

-asteis-asteis

Él/ella/Ud.Él/ella/Ud.

- ó- ó

Ello(a)s/Ello(a)s/Uds.Uds.

-aron-aron

YoYo

- í- í

NosotrosNosotros

-imos-imos

Tú Tú

-iste-iste

VosotrosVosotros

-isteis-isteis

Él/ella/Ud.Él/ella/Ud.

-ió-ió

Ello(a)s/Ello(a)s/Uds.-ieronUds.-ieron

-ar -er/-ir

Los IrregularsLos Irregulars Prefix (1Prefix (1stst person only yo) person only yo)

-gar to –gué (verbs with –gué in the “yo” form)-gar to –gué (verbs with –gué in the “yo” form) Pagar to PaguéPagar to Pagué More words: apagar, jugar, llegar…More words: apagar, jugar, llegar…

-car to –qué (verbs with –qué in the “yo” form)-car to –qué (verbs with –qué in the “yo” form) Sacar to saquéSacar to saqué More words: buscar, practicar, tocar…-zar to –cé (verbs with –cé in the More words: buscar, practicar, tocar…-zar to –cé (verbs with –cé in the

“yo” form)“yo” form)

-zar to –cé (verbs with –cé in the “yo” form)-zar to –cé (verbs with –cé in the “yo” form) Cruzar to CrucéCruzar to Crucé More words: empezar, lanzar…More words: empezar, lanzar…

Includes Spock Words, Cucaracha Verbs, and Snake/ysIncludes Spock Words, Cucaracha Verbs, and Snake/ys

Spock WordsSpock Words

Preterite Tense Irregular Verbs Preterite Tense Irregular Verbs Hacer (hice, hiciste, hizo, hicimos, hicieron)Hacer (hice, hiciste, hizo, hicimos, hicieron) Ir/ser (fui, fuiste, fue, fuimos, fueron)Ir/ser (fui, fuiste, fue, fuimos, fueron) Dar/ver (-i, -iste, -io, -imos, -ieron)Dar/ver (-i, -iste, -io, -imos, -ieron)

Cucaracha VerbsCucaracha Verbs Preterite Tense Irregular VerbsPreterite Tense Irregular Verbs

Andar/anduve, anduviste, anduvo, anduvimos, Andar/anduve, anduviste, anduvo, anduvimos, anduvisteis, anduvieron - (to walk)anduvisteis, anduvieron - (to walk)

Estar/estuve…- (to be)Estar/estuve…- (to be) Poder/pude…- (to be able to)Poder/pude…- (to be able to) Poner/puse…- (to put into lace)Poner/puse…- (to put into lace) Querer/quise…- (to want/wish)Querer/quise…- (to want/wish) Saber/supe…- (to know facts or info)Saber/supe…- (to know facts or info) Tener/tuve…- (to have)Tener/tuve…- (to have) Venir/vine…- (to come)Venir/vine…- (to come) conduconducircir/conduje…- (to conduct/drive)/conduje…- (to conduct/drive) ProduProducircir/produje…- (to produce)/produje…- (to produce) TradaTradacircir/traduje…- (to translate)/traduje…- (to translate) TraTraerer/traje, trajiste, trajo, trajimos, trajisteis, trajeron /traje, trajiste, trajo, trajimos, trajisteis, trajeron

-(to bring) -(to bring) DecDecirir/dije…- (to say)/dije…- (to say)

If it has a –j than you omit the –i in -ieronIf it has a –j than you omit the –i in -ieron

Snake/Snake-ySnake/Snake-y

Snakes are Preterite Tense Irregular Snakes are Preterite Tense Irregular Verbs Verbs

Snakeys are Preterite Tense With Snakeys are Preterite Tense With Spelling ChangesSpelling Changes

Stem changers & -y changersStem changers & -y changers

Snake/Snake-y Cont. Snake/Snake-y Cont. Example of -o to –uExample of -o to –u

Dormir- (dormí, dormiste, dDormir- (dormí, dormiste, dúúrmió, dormimos, rmió, dormimos, ddúúrmieron)rmieron)

Example of -e to –iExample of -e to –i Pedir- (pedí, pediste, pPedir- (pedí, pediste, piidió, pedimos, pedisteis, dió, pedimos, pedisteis,

ppiidieron)dieron) More words: conseguir, despedirse, divertirse, More words: conseguir, despedirse, divertirse,

hervir, mentir, prefirir, seguir, sentir, servir, sugerir, hervir, mentir, prefirir, seguir, sentir, servir, sugerir, vestirse, morir…vestirse, morir…

Example of verbs with -y Example of verbs with -y Leer- (lei, leiste, leLeer- (lei, leiste, leýýo, leimos, leo, leimos, leýýeron)eron) More words: caer, contribuir, creer, destruir, More words: caer, contribuir, creer, destruir,

influir…influir…

Preterite Trigger WordsPreterite Trigger Words Ayer- yesterdayAyer- yesterday Anoche- last nightAnoche- last night Anteayer- day before yesterdayAnteayer- day before yesterday La Samana Pasada- last weekLa Samana Pasada- last week El Dia Anterior- the day beforeEl Dia Anterior- the day before El Lunes/Martes/Jueves/etc. Pasada- last (day)El Lunes/Martes/Jueves/etc. Pasada- last (day) El Fin De Semana Pasado- last weekendEl Fin De Semana Pasado- last weekend El Mes Pasado- last monthEl Mes Pasado- last month Ayer Por La Manana- yesterday morningAyer Por La Manana- yesterday morning Ayer Por La Tarde- yesterday afternoonAyer Por La Tarde- yesterday afternoon El Otro Dia- the other dayEl Otro Dia- the other day Una Vez- one timeUna Vez- one time Esta Tarde- this afternoonEsta Tarde- this afternoon Esta Manana- this morningEsta Manana- this morning Esta Noche- tonightEsta Noche- tonight

Comparatives/Comparatives/superlativessuperlatives

Comparatives are the comparison of one person or thing to another Comparatives are the comparison of one person or thing to another (more, less, or as... As)(more, less, or as... As) MMás/menos- adj/adv/noun + queás/menos- adj/adv/noun + que

Ex. Menos intersantes- less interestingEx. Menos intersantes- less interesting ““de” used instead of “que” w/ numbersde” used instead of “que” w/ numbers

Verb + Verb + MMás/menos queás/menos que Ex. Comen mEx. Comen más que- eat more oftenás que- eat more often

Tan + adj/adv + comoTan + adj/adv + como Ex. Tan delicioso como- as delicious asEx. Tan delicioso como- as delicious as

Tanto/as + singular/plural noun + comoTanto/as + singular/plural noun + como Ex. tantas menzanas como- so many applesEx. tantas menzanas como- so many apples

Verb + tanto comoVerb + tanto como Ex. Duermo tanto como- sleep as much as Ex. Duermo tanto como- sleep as much as

Comparative/Superlative Cont.

Superlatives indicate that one person/thing is the most, best, least, or Superlatives indicate that one person/thing is the most, best, least, or worst of all.worst of all.

Two types of superlative: relative and absoluteTwo types of superlative: relative and absolute The relative superlative describes a noun within the context of some The relative superlative describes a noun within the context of some

larger group.larger group. definite article + noun + más (menos) + adjective + dedefinite article + noun + más (menos) + adjective + de Ex. Juan es el chico más inteligente de la clase.Ex. Juan es el chico más inteligente de la clase.

The absolute superlative does not describe the noun in the context The absolute superlative does not describe the noun in the context of a larger group.of a larger group. muy + adjectivemuy + adjective sumamente + adjectivesumamente + adjective adjective + ísimo (-a, -os, -as)adjective + ísimo (-a, -os, -as) Ex. Ex. muy guapo/ sumamente guapo/ guapísimomuy guapo/ sumamente guapo/ guapísimo

Future TenseFuture Tense

Used to express an action that will take Used to express an action that will take place after the present moment place after the present moment

Infinitive + e, as a, emos, anInfinitive + e, as a, emos, an Infinitive- “Infinitive- “willwill” I ” I willwill eat eat

Ex. Vive, viviras, te amare*Ex. Vive, viviras, te amare*

-ir + -a + infinitive (immediate future)-ir + -a + infinitive (immediate future)

Future ConjugationsFuture ConjugationsYoYo

-é-é

NosotrosNosotros

-emos-emos

Tú Tú

-às-às

VosotrosVosotros

-éis-éis

Él/ella/Ud.Él/ella/Ud.

-à-à

Ello(a)s/Uds.Ello(a)s/Uds.

- àn- àn

Future IrregularFuture Irregular Their endings are regular, but their -yo stem Their endings are regular, but their -yo stem

changes.changes. Infinitive + ending (-é, -ás, -á, -emos, -éis, -án)Infinitive + ending (-é, -ás, -á, -emos, -éis, -án)

Ex. Caber/ yo cabEx. Caber/ yo cabréré Ex. decir/ yo diEx. decir/ yo diréré Ex. Resaber/ yo resabEx. Resaber/ yo resabréré

Future Irregular TenseFuture Irregular Tense

Tener (to have): tendré, tendràs, tendrà, tendremos, Tener (to have): tendré, tendràs, tendrà, tendremos, tendréis, tendràntendréis, tendràn

Decir (to say): dir-Decir (to say): dir- Hacer (to do): har-Hacer (to do): har- Haber (to have): habr-Haber (to have): habr- Saber (to know): sabr-Saber (to know): sabr- Poder (to be able to): podr-Poder (to be able to): podr- Querer (to want): querr-Querer (to want): querr- Salir (to exit): saldr-Salir (to exit): saldr- Poner (to place): pondr-Poner (to place): pondr- Venir (to come): vendr-Venir (to come): vendr-