Promoting synergy among professionals Transforming livestock productivityand trade in sub-Saharan Africa

Jimmy Smith, Director GeneralInternational Livestock Research Institute

Veterinary Council of Nigeria & Nigeria Veterinary Medical Association ColloquiumAbuja, Nigeria, 12 November 2013

Overview

• Animals are essential for food,nutrition and health of people and the planet

> Animal-source food provides income, nutrition> Smallholder production is key> Opportunities and challenges

• Minding the gaps:Livestock productivity

> Productivity gaps are large – Health gaps are an important component

» Health provider gaps underlie health gaps

Overview (cont)

• Filling the gaps? > Actual: Gaps filled by non-professionals

• Closing the gaps:Professional synergies

> Ideal: Gaps filled by professional synergies?

Animals are essential4

Africa’s assets: One billion livestock

Western Africa

East Africa Northern Africa

Middle Africa

Southern Africa

0

50,000,000

100,000,000

150,000,000

200,000,000

250,000,000

ShoatsCattlePigs

Nu

mb

er,

mil

lio

ns

FAO 2013

Four out of 5 of the highest valueglobal commodities are livestock

Developing-country gains in meat consumption outpace those in developed countries

FAO 2006

Global trade of livestock products(million tonnes, milk excluded)

Adapted from FAO 2012

Global trade of livestock products(million tonnes, milk included)

Adapted from FAO 2012

Key points about smallholder competitiveness

• Smallholders will continue to supply most of the livestock products in most developing countries – but productivity needs to increase

• There will be different trajectories of livestock growth,with strongest dynamics in Asia

• Increasinglyin many regions,smallholders willcommercialize theiroperations andproduce for markets

• Demand foranimal healthinputs will increase

10

Provides food and nutritional security BUT overconsumption can cause obesity

Powers economic developmentBUT equitable development can be a challenge

Improves human healthBUT animal-human/emerging diseases and unsafe foods need to be addressed

Enhances the environmentBUT pollution, land/water degradation,GHG emissions and biodiversity lossesmust be greatly reduced

Opportunities and challengesin the livestock sector

Minding the gaps

Identifying the gaps

• Productivity gaps>Precludes stable market participation>Underpinned by health, breeds, feeds

• Participation and knowledge gaps>Smallholder access to markets

- Animal health, food safety, zoonoses>Translating research outputs

to development outcomes

• Animal health gaps>Reporting>Veterinary care

Identifying the gaps

• Productivity gaps>Precludes stable market participation>Underpinned by health, breeds, feeds

• Participation and knowledge gaps>Smallholder access to markets

- Animal health, food safety, zoonoses>Translating research outputs

to development outcomes

• Animal health gaps>Reporting>Veterinary care

FAO 2006

Some developing country regions have gaps of up to 430% in milk

Productivity gaps: Milk

• Animal disease is a key constraint:Remove it and animal productivity increases greatly

• Risk and cost associated with animal diseases are major disincentives for investment

• As livestock systems intensify in developing countries, diseases may increase

Young Adult

Cattle 22% 6%

Shoat 28% 11%

Poultry 70% 30%

Otte & Chilonda, IAEA

Annual mortality of African livestock(About half due to preventable or curable diseases)

Animal disease is a key constraint in Africa

Animal disease costs billions annually

Estimates from BMGFEndopara

sites

PPRCBPP

Ectopara

sites

CCPPFM

DTry

ps

Shoat pox

Newcastl

e

Bruce

llosis

Bovine TBLS

DRVF

ECFBVD

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

South AsiaAfrica

Billi

on $

lost

yea

rly

AfricaSouth Asia

Zoonoses

PeriodCost (US$ billion)

(conservative estimates)

6 outbreaks excluding SARS − Nipah virus (Malaysia) − West Nile fever (USA) − HPAI (Asia, Europe) − BSE (US) − Rift Valley fever (Tanzania, Kenya, Somalia) − BSE (UK) costs 1997−09 only

1998−2009 38.7

SARS 2002−2004 41.5

Total over 12 years 1998−2009 80.2

Costs of emerging zoonotic disease outbreaks

World Bank 2012

Giving an annual average of US$6.7 billion

The reporting gap: Significant losses to disease (mostly unreported)

21

The vet gap

22

Orders of magnitude

Tens of millions- Animals- Livestock

keepers

50−100- Public vets- Private vets

ILRI Spearheading a New Way Forward

Gap filling?

1961 1970 1980 1990 2000 20100

200000

400000

600000

800000

1000000

1200000

1400000

1600000

1800000

2000000

Africa total meat trade

ImportsExports

Calculated from FAO data (FAOSTAT, 2013)

• Production will notkeep pace with consumption growth

• Africa expected to continue being a net importer of animal-sourced foods

• Global trade share: 3%

• Intra-regional trade (2009): 10%

Reality: Productivity gap is filled by imports(Africa is a net importer of animal-source foods)

Reality: Reporting gapis filled by rumour and media

Berenil

Grace 2004

Around 80% of farmers rely on other health service providers

Reality: Human resource gapis filled by non-professionals

Closing the gaps

Ideal: Professional synergies close gaps

• Medical & veterinary• People, animals,

plants, ecosystems• Inter-dependence• Multi-disciplinary• Added value

Humans

Domestic

animalsWildlife

Ecosystems

One Health

One Health Initiative Task Force: Final Report, 15 July 2008

Benefits of One Health

• Improving animal and human health globally >Collaboration among all the health sciences

• Meeting new global challengesthrough collaboration>Vet medicine, human medicine, environmental and social

sciences, wildlife and public health

• Developing centres of excellence forresearch, education and training>Vet medicine, human medicine and public health

Example: Avian influenza response

In Nigeria and other countries, vets and medics shared resources when responding to disease outbreaks, thus

reducing costs and generating better information on transmission and epidemiology

AICP 2011

Joint response

Bird flu vehicle with communication equipment

Reducing the animal and human disease burden

20th century vet• Focus on disease

and treatment• Public service seen

as main career path• Male dominated• Vet as sole provider

of health care• Reliance on clinical

skills for treatment

21st century vet• Focus on health

and prevention• Private sector

increasingly important• Gender balanced• Vet as part of a multi-

disciplinary team• Technology increasingly

important

What is ILRI doing to support One Health?

Conducting integrated human & livestock disease research & capacity development in Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Ethiopia, Zambia, Senegal

Training doctors in Kenya, dairy farmers in India and meat inspectors in Ethiopia

Supporting One Health resource centres in Vietnam, Thailand, India and Indonesia

Take-home messages

• Rapid, demand-driven growth of Africa’s livestock sector depends on animal health and provides new opportunities for vets

• One Health provides a rationale and methodology for assuring health for people, animals and ecosystems; vets have a major role

• All these opportunities need vets who can work with social scientists, ecologists, animal scientists and medics in novel partnerships that close the gaps between the veterinary profession and poor men and women livestock keepers

The presentation has a Creative Commons licence. You are free to re-use or distribute this work, provided credit is given to ILRI.

Better lives through livestockilri.org

Productivity gap: Meat

Biomass is calculated as inventory x average liveweight. Output is given as carcass weight.

FAO 2006

The reporting gap

Africa• 253 million SLU• 25 million lost annually• 12-13 million from notifiable disease• 80,000 reported = 99.8% un-reported

Source: HealthMap