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Parallel Beam Convergence Divergence
CLINICAL REFRACTION
• 1 OBJECTIVE REFRACTION ( RETINOSCOPY )• 2 SUBJECTIVE REFRACTION
RETINOSCOPY
• POSITIONING AND ALIGNMENT• FIXATION AND FOGGING• RETINAL REFLEX• CORRECTING LENS• NEUTRALITY
Speed brilliance width
FINDING CYLINDER AXIS
1. BREAK2. WIDTH3. INTENSITY4. SKEW
• Cross cylinders
REFINING OF SPHERE
• Endpoint strongest plus and weakest minus• Duochrome test
• RAM-GAP ( red add minus green add plus)
BINOCULAR BALANCE
1. FOGGING2. PRISM DISSOCIATION3. CYCLOPLEGIA