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Regulatory Framework for Carbon

Dioxide Sub-seabed Storage - Safety

and Potential Environmental Impact

Office of Marine Environment

Water Environment Division

Environmental Management Bureau

Ministry of Environment

September 3, 2013

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Contents

Carbon dioxide sub-seabed storage:

1. The regulatory framework of CO2 sub-seabed storage

under the London Protocol

2. The regulatory framework of CO2 sub-seabed storage under the Marine Pollution Prevention Law

3. Project of Ministry of Environment about CCS (2008~)

1. The regulatory framework of

CO2 sub-seabed storage under the London

Protocol

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The 1996 London Protocol

Parties of The 1996 London Protocol

Angola Australia

Barbados

Belgium Bulgaria Canada Chile China Denmark Egypt France Georgia Germany Ghana Iceland Ireland Italy Japan Kenya

Luxembourg

Marshall Islands

Mexico

Netherlands

New Zealand

Nigeria Norway Philippines

Republic of Korea

Saint Kitts and Nevis

Saudi Arabia

Sierra Leone

Slovenia

South Africa

Spain Suriname Sweden Switzerland Tonga

Trinidad & Tobago

United Kingdom

Vanuatu Yemen

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Countries

Afghanistan Antigua & Barbuda Argentina Australia Azerbaijan Barbados Belarus Belgium Benin Bolivia Brazil Bulgaria Canada Cape Verde Chile China Costa Rica Cote d'Ivoire Croatia Cuba Cyprus Dem. Rep. of the Congo Denmark Dominican Republic Egypt Equatorial Guinea Finland France Gabon Germany Greece Guatemala Haiti Honduras Hungary Iceland Iran (Islamic Republic of) Ireland Italy Jamaica Japan Jordan Kenya Kiribati Libya

Luxembourg Malta Mexico Monaco Montenegro Morocco Nauru Netherlands New Zealand Nigeria Norway Oman Pakistan Panama

Papua New Guinea

Peru Philippines Poland Portugal

Republic of Korea

Russian Federation

Saint Lucia

St. Vincent & Grenadines Serbia Seychelles Sierra Leone Slovenia

Solomon Islands

South Africa Spain Suriname Sweden Switzerland

Syrian Arab Republic

Tonga Tunisia Ukraine

United Arab Emirates

United Kingdom

United Rep. of Tanzania

United States Vanuatu

Hong Kong, China

Macao, China Faroe Islands

Parties of The London Convention

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Countries

Structure of the London Protocol

Purpose:

Prevention of marine pollution by dumping of

wastes from land-based sources

Principle:

・ Prohibit the dumping of any wastes or other

matter with the exception of those listed in

Annex I.

・ Permit is required for dumping in accordance

with provisions of Annex II.

Annex I Waste or other matter that may be

considered for dumping

(Reverse List)

Annex II Assessment of wastes or other

matter that may be considered

for dumping

Generic WAG Guidelines for assessment of wastes

that may be considered for dumping

WAG： Waste Assessment Guidelines

Specific WAG Waste-specific guidelines

.8 CO2 for sub-seabed sequestration(2006)

.1 dredged material

.2 sewage sludge

.3 fish waste

.4 vessels and platforms

.5 inert, inorganic geological material

.6 organic material of natural origin

.7 bulky items from small islands

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The regulation of CCS at the London Protocol

Annex I

“Carbon dioxide streams from carbon dioxide capture processes

for sequestration” may only be considered for dumping, if

(1) disposal is into a sub-seabed geological formations

(2) wastes consist overwhelmingly of CO2 (may contain incidental

associated substances derived from the source material, and

the capture and sequestration processes used)

(3) no wastes or other matter are added for the purpose of

disposing of those wastes or other matter.

Background

1. CCS has the potential risk for marine environment.

(Ex: death, slow growth and hindrances to incubation)

2. This regulation is not out of the scope of the London Protocol.

2. The regulatory framework of

CO2 sub-seabed storage under

the Marine Pollution Prevention Law

Amendment of LP Annex I

Implementation of LP within country (2006~)

Amendment of Marine Pollution Prevention Law

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Objective of Marine Pollution Prevention Law

Objective (Article 1)

●The OPRC convention

・ Removing any discharged oil, hazardous liquid substances, waste and others

・ Taking measures to prevent hazard to vessel traffics caused by offshore fire and others.

●The Marpol Convention

・ Regulating discharge of oil, hazardous liquid substances and waste from vessels, platforms and aircrafts into ocean

・ Regulating emission of exhaust gas from vessels into air

●The London Convention/Protocol

・ Regulating disposal of oil, hazardous liquid substances and waste under seabed

Protection of marine environment

Protection of people’s lives, bodies and property

Control, treatment,

prevention, measures

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The regulation of disposal under seabed

1.wastes or other matter related to the exploration of seabed mineral resources

2.Gases consist overwhelmingly of carbon dioxide.

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Oil Hazardous liquid substances Wastes

Prohibited disposal and storage under seabed

Except for

Permission of the Minister of Environment is necessary.

The permission flow under the Law ①

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1. Submission of Application documents

2. Judgment on permission

3. Disposal and storage CO2, and Monitoring

4. Renewal of permission (every 5 years)

The necessary documents for permission ①

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1. Information of a representative

2. Plans of disposal of CO2

disposing schedule and storage period (under 5 years).

The characteristics of disposal CO2

The quantity of disposal CO2

Necessary items on an application form

• The source of CO2

• The procedure of capturing CO2 (only by using amine).

• The component of disposal gases.

→ CO2 must be over 99%.

The measurement

1. gas chromatography : target for hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide

and other impurities.

2. alkali absorption method : target for carbon dioxide.

The necessary documents for permission ②

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2. Plans of disposal of CO2

disposal point and range of CO2

The procedure of disposal CO2

The action plan in troubles to marine environment

Necessary items on an application form

• Latitude and longitude

• The depth of water and disposal CO2 under seabed

• The arrangement of institutions

• The range of spreading disposal CO2

• Facilities of transporting and storage

• The condition of pressure, velocity and temperature etc.

• The method of maintenance and closure of the injection well

• Moments when the pressure at the injection well is high enough

to influence marine environment.

• The measures to the much leakage of CO2 to sea

The necessary documents for permission ③

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3. Plans of monitoring for marine environment

A) Normal monitoring (Not leakage)

B) Precautionary Monitoring for leakage of CO2

C) Emergency monitoring at leakage of CO2

Necessary items at an application form

• Annual report to the

Minster of the Environment • Unexpected value

• Report to the Minster of the

Environment, based on this

monitoring

• Suspicious leakage of

CO2

• Continuous monitoring during

Influence on marine environment

Action to remove the obstacles to marine environment

Monitoring plan ①

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Monitoring Items Target Frequency

Normal

Monitoring

Stored CO2

Quantity stored at the project

more than once

a year

Cumulative straged quantity at the

site

Concentration of streamig gases

Temporal change of pressure,

velosity and temperature while

streaming

Circumstances

of the site

Georogical characteristics more than once

a year The point and the range of the

stored CO2 twice during the

project

Chemical characteristics of sea

water

basically more

than once a

year Marine lives and ecosystems at

the site more than once

during the

project Social characteristics

(ex. Fishing grounds)

Monitoring plan ②

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Monitoring Items Target Frequency

Precautionary

Monitoring for

leakage of CO2

Stored CO2 Temporal change of pressure

while streaming as soon as

possible after

events of

possible

leakage

happen

Circumstances

of the site

Georogical characteristics

The point and the range of the

stored CO2 Chemical characteristics of sea

water

• Annual report to the

Minster of the Environment • Unexpected value

• Report to the Minster of the

Environment, based on this

monitoring

• Suspicious leakage of

CO2

Monitoring plan ③

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Monitoring Items Target Frequency

Emergency

monitoring at

leakage of CO2

Stored CO2

Temporal change of pressure

while streaming as soon as

possible after

recognizing

marine

environment is

influenced by

leaked CO2

Detailed conditions of stored CO2

Circumstances

of the site

Georogical characteristics Chemical characteristics of sea

water Living things and ecosystems at

the site Social characteristics

(ex. Fishing grounds)

• Continuous monitoring during

Influence on marine environment

Action to remove the obstacles to marine environment

Necessary documents for application

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1. Application documents for permission

2. Potential environmental assessment documents prior to the project

3. Documents of site selection

4. Documents explaining that there are no ways other than disposing CO2 under seabed.

5. Financial and technical capacities to proceed the project and the monitoring.

6. The outline of the project

Potential environmental assessment ①

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Permission

Yes Possible influence to marine environment

No

The hypothesis of CO2 leakage

Leakage simulation

Potential environmental assessment ・Prediction increase CO2 concentration in the leakage from seabed.

・Decision to watched species

Assumption of leakage volume

Stream direction

Stream velocity Information about marine environment

The field survey

Rejected

Characteristics of Stored CO2

(including over 99% CO2)

Yes Rejected

No

Potential environmental assessment ②

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Target Item

Streaming CO2 Temperature, Pressure, Viscosity and

Density etc.

Stored CO2 Temperature, Pressure, Viscosity and

Density etc.

Consentration of CO2 Conformity to the standard

Mainly impurities Some kinds of impurities and percentage

Reaction of CO2

stored under seabed Reaction of minerals and stored CO2

Characteristics of CO2

The hypothesis of CO2 leakage The scenario of CO2 leakage, based on geological information

and circumstances of sea

The point of CO2 leakage

The range of spreading CO2

The quantity of CO2 leakage

(Examples)

(Examples)

Potential environmental assessment ③

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Potential environmental assessment Classification Target Item

Environment of sea

water and seabed

Water quality Concentration of TCO2, Hydrogen ions and

toxic substances

Bottom sediment Concentration of TCO2 and toxic

substances

Marine lives

Planktons Primary productivity, zoo plankton and

phytoplankton species and quantity of

planktons with calciums

Fish Fishing grounds and fields of spawning

Seaweeds and coral Distribution of seaweeds and coral

Benthos Benthos with calciums

Ecosystems

Vulnerability and importande of

ecosystems Kelp coasts, tidelands and coral coasts,

and distribution of rare living things

Ecocystem around hot springs Distribution of hot springs

Social Characteristics

Recreation

Distribution of these things

Parks

Fishing grounds

Ship routes Cables on seabeds Mineral exploration

(Examples)

Other documents

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Documents of site selection

Viewpoints Item

Geological

Little records of big earthquakes changing geological features

Little possibility of changing geological features

Potential routes of CO2 movement and leakage

Technical Technical possibility of moitoring Possible means of stopping leakage CO2

Natural No especial protective species

Documents explaining that there are no ways other than disposing CO2 under seabed

• Disposal under lands

• Utilization for industrial purposes

Financial and technical capacities to proceed the project and the monitoring.

• balance sheets in the project term

• Achievements of other projects

(Examples)

The permission flow under the Law ①

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1. Submission of Application documents

Application documents of disposal CO2 under seabed

Potential environmental assessment documents prior to the project

Documents of site selection

Documents about project, etc.

2. Judgment on permission

Disposal CO2 meets the Criteria

Environmental assessment prior to the project shows the leakage hypothesis and influence on environment is little.

The monitoring is planned in order to detect the leakage soon.

The permission flow under the Law ②

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3. Disposal CO2 and Monitoring

Monitoring disposal CO2 about quantity, place, temperature and pressure, etc.

Monitoring disposal site about stratum, sea water and creatures, etc.

Permission of the Minister of Environment

Rejected

Minister of

Environment

The direction of improvement and stop

The revocation of permission

4. Renewal of permission (every 5 years)

Revising the project, based on the latest information and knowledge. (The notice shows permission under 5 years)

3. Project of Ministry of Environment about CCS

(2008~)

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環境省 海洋環境室

Manuals of inspection and permission

The detail framework of inspection and permission

(2008 ~)

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MATSUSHIMA

OFFSHORE

AMAKUSA

OFFSHORE

OKINAWA

OFFSHORE

OOSAKA BAY

ISE BAY

TOKYO BAY

AGA

OFFSHORE

AKITA

OFFSHORE

NORTH- KYUSYUU

OFFSHORE

SOUMA～KASHIMA

OFFSHORE

TOMAKOMAI &MUKOGAWA

OFFSHORE

UCHIURA

BAY

BEPU BAY

Marine ecosystem survey

Marine ecosystem survey sea site：five site( )

& Offshore CCS Potential Survey sea site: （ ) ＊

&ＣＣＳ Demonstration Project site select survey site

（ ） ＊＊

<References> ＊ 「CO2 geological storage study report 005,2007」, Research Institute of Innovative Technology for the Earth （RITE） ＊＊ Japan CCS Co., Ltd. (JCCS)

Marine Survey for Offshore CCS Project（2011-2013）

Marine Ecosystem Survey

1. Marine Organisms and Ecosystem Survey

(Plankton, Shellfish, Benthos)

2. Seawater Chemical Survey

(pH, pCO2, Temperature, Salinity, TOC etc.)

Long Term Management Method

Consideration of Long term

management method for Offshore

CCS in Japan

(Survey about the management

methods in foreign countries)

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Database on biological impact by CO2 exposure

Target species

NOEC/

LOEC/

EC50

⊿pCO2

（ppm） Effect Endpoint Notes Reference

Hemicentrotus

pulcherrimus

（Japanese green

sea urchin）

LOEC

200

Reduced

Survival rate

・Life stage：

Juvenile

・Exposure

period：

6 months

・Control pCO2：

360ppm

Shirayama

and

Thornton,

2005

LOEC

Reduced

Growth rate

Mytilus edulis

（Blue mussel）

NOEC

1,535

None

Regeneration （Tissues of a

reproductive

organ）

・Life stage：

Adult

・Exposure

period：

60 days

・Control pCO2：

340ppm

Beesley et

al., 2008

http://www.env.go.jp/water/kaiyo/ccs/eikyo_db/database.htm

- Extracted from the Ministry of the Environment Japan - （2008 ~）

(42 benthos and 36 other species)

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Thank you for your attention !!