REVERSE OSMOSISREVERSE OSMOSIS

Reverse osmosis (RO) is a membrane-technology filtration method that removes many types of large molecules and ions from solutions by applying pressure to the solution when it is on one side of a selective membrane.Reverse osmosis is the process of forcing a solvent from a region of high solute concentration through a semipermeable membrane to a region of low solute concentration by applying a pressure in excess of the osmotic pressure

CURRENT CURRENT APPLICATIONSAPPLICATIONSREVERSE OSMOSIS IS WIDELY USED IN THE FOLLOWING FIELDS.

Drinking water purification.Water and wastewater

purification.Food industry.Car washing.Maple syrup production.Hydrogen production.Reef aquariums.

STAGES OF REVERSE STAGES OF REVERSE OSMOSISOSMOSIS

During the initial filtration stage, tap water or well water (pressurized by a booster pump) is passed through a particle filter (a pre-filter) that removes silt, sediment, sand, and clay particles that might clog the R/O membrane.The water is then forced through an activated carbon filter that traps minerals and contaminants such as chromium, mercury, copper, chloramine and pesticides. It also removes chlorine, which is important, as chlorine will shorten the life of the membrane.Water is transferred under pressure into the R/O module, allowing only clean water to pass through the small pores in the membrane. Impurities unable to pass through the membrane are left behind and flushed down the drain.Treated water is then sent to a storage tank.Treated water is passed through an activated carbon filter before use to further improve the water's taste and smell.

TREATMENT OF WATER THROUGH REVERSE TREATMENT OF WATER THROUGH REVERSE OSMOSISOSMOSIS

Reverse osmosis (R/O) is a water treatment process in which water is forced through a semi-permeable membrane that has very small holes or "pores". Clean water passes through and impurities that are too big to pass through the membrane are left behind and flushed away.

TYPES OF WATER TREATMENT TYPES OF WATER TREATMENT PLANTSPLANTS

DRINKING WATER TREATMENT PLANT a) PACKAGED DRINKING WATER PLANT b) JAR PLANT IRON TREATMENT PLANTARSENIC TREATMENT PLANTSEWAGE TREATMENT PLANTWATER SOFTNER DEMINERALISERSWIMMING POOL TREATMENT

PACKAGED DRINKING WATER PACKAGED DRINKING WATER PLANTPLANT

• Water is a key to social equity to environmental stability and to cultural diversity. Water is also firmly linked with health. Pure and safe drinking water has always been a necessity.

• The categories of bottled water in India are Packaged Natural Mineral Water and Packaged Drinking Water .Bottled water industry,colloquially called,the mineral water industry,is a symbol of new life style emerging in India. The packaged drinking water in India, which is estimated at Rs.850 crores with over 200 brands floating in the market, most of which have restricted territorial distribution.

20 L JAR PLANT

Water is a key to social equity to environmental stability and to cultural diversity. Water is also firmly linked with health. Pure and safe drinking water has always been a necessity.

IRON TREATMENT PLANT

Iron is an objectionable constituent of portable water. Iron in water impart a bitter characteristic, metallic taste and cause oxidized precipitate. Coloration of water which may be yellowish brown to reddish brown and renders the water objectionable or unsuitable for use. In addition Iron stain everything with which it come in contact.Iron exists in water in two levels. One as the bi-valent, Ferrous Iron ( Fe ++) and the second one as the tri-valent, Ferric Iron (Fe+++). The Ferric Iron generally occurring in the precipitated form. Iron forms complexes of hydroxides and other in-organic complexes in solution with substantial amounts of bi-carbonate, sulphate, Phosphate, Cyanide or Halides. Presence of organic substances induces the formation of organic complexes which increase the solubility of Iron. The waters of high alkalinity have lower iron than waters of low alkalinity.

ARSENIC TREATMENT PLANT

Arsenic poisoning is a medical condition caused by elevated levels of the element arsenic.Symptoms of arsenic poisoning begin with headaches, confusion, severe diarrhea, and drowsiness. As the poisoning develops, convulsions and changes in fingernail pigmentation called leukonychia may occur. When the poisoning becomes acute, symptoms may include diarrhea, vomiting, blood in the urine, cramping muscles, hair loss, stomach pain, and more convulsions. The organs of the body that are usually affected by arsenic poisoning are the lungs, skin, kidneys, and liver. The final result of arsenic poisoning is coma to death.Arsenic is related to heart disease, cancer, stroke, chronic lower respiratory diseases, and diabetes.Long term exposure to arsenic is related to vitamin A deficiency which is related to heart disease and night blindness.Research has shown that the inorganic arsenites in drinking water have a much higher acute toxicity than organic arsenates .

WATER SOFTNER

Water softening is the reduction of the concentration of calcium, magnesium, and certain other metal cations in hard water. These "hardness ions" can cause a variety of undesired effects including galvanic corrosion, interfering with the action of soaps, and the build up of limescale, which can foul plumbing.Water softening methods mainly rely on the removal of Ca2+ and Mg2+ from a solution or the sequestration of these ions, i.e. binding them to a molecule that removes their ability to form scale or interfere with soaps. Removal is achieved by ion exchange and by precipitation methods. Sequestration entails the addition of chemical compounds called sequestration (or chelating) agents.Since Ca2+ and Mg2+ exist as nonvolatile salts, they can be removed by distilling the water, but distillation is too expensive in most cases (rainwater is soft because it is, in effect, distilled).

SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT

Sewage treatment is the process of removing contaminants from wastewater and household sewage, both runoff (effluents) and domestic. It includes physical, chemical, and biological processes to remove physical, chemical and biological contaminants. Its objective is to produce an environmentally-safe fluid waste stream (or treated effluent) and a solid waste (or treated sludge) suitable for disposal or reuse (usually as farm fertilizer). Using advanced technology it is now possible to re-use sewage effluent for drinking water.

DEMINERALISER

Water, even if it is occurring in nature, consists of lot of minerals which is harmful for both humans and animals. The consumption of these harmful minerals can be avoided by using demineralizer. Dissolved ionic material from water is removed by demineralization process. This process is followed to obtain pure water. Demineralization takes place in an ion exchange unit called as demineralizer or deionizer that consist of cation bed, an anion bed and a mixed bed in series.The demineralizer plant consist of both cations and anions vessel which are placed in series.

SWIMMING POOL TREATMENT

Proper water chemistry is required to keep a swimming pool safe and clean for swimmers, and maintaining a swimming pool's chemicals can save pool owners time and money.By following some Water Treatment steps, any pool owner can maintain their own swimming pool with the same results as the high-priced professionals.