Science and Technology Policy of India

• Science is becoming increasingly inter- and multi-disciplinary, and calls for multi-institutional and, in several cases, multi-country participation.

• The continuing revolutions in the field of information and communication technology have had profound impact on the manner and speed with which scientific information becomes available, and scientific interactions take place.

• Science and technology have had unprecedented impact on economic growth and social development.

• Knowledge has become a source of economic might and power. This has led to increased restrictions on sharing of knowledge, to new norms of intellectual property rights, and to global trade and technology control regimes.

Objectives• Recognizing the changing context of the scientific enterprise, and to

meet present national needs in the new era of globalisation, Government enunciates the following objectives of its Science and Technology Policy:

• To ensure that the message of science reaches every citizen of India.

• Make it possible for all our people to participate fully in the development of science and technology and its application for human welfare.

• To ensure food, agricultural, nutritional, environmental, water, health and energy security of the people on a sustainable basis.

• To mount a direct and sustained effort on the alleviation of poverty, enhancing livelihood security, removal of hunger and malnutrition, reduction of drudgery and regional imbalances, both rural and urban, and generation of employment, by using scientific and technological capabilities along with our traditional knowledge pool.

• This will call for the generation and screening of all relevant technologies, their widespread dissemination through networking and support for the vast unorganized sector of our economy.

• To vigorously foster scientific research in universities and other academic, scientific and engineering institutions; and attract the brightest young persons to careers in science and technology.

• By conveying a sense of excitement concerning the advancing frontiers, and by creating suitable employment opportunities for them.

• To build and maintain centres of excellence, which will raise the level of work in selected areas to the highest international standards.

• To promote the empowerment of women in all science and technology activities and ensure their full and equal participation.

• To provide necessary autonomy and freedom of functioning for all academic and R&D institutions so that an ambience for truly creative work is encouraged

• To accomplish national strategic and security-related objectives, by using the latest advances in science and technology.

• Key leverage technologies such as information technology, biotechnology and materials science and technology would be given special importance.

• To substantially strengthen enabling mechanisms that relate to technology development, evaluation, absorption and upgradation from concept to utilization.

• To establish an Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) regime which maximises the incentives for the generation and protection of intellectual property by all types of inventors.

• To encourage research and application for forecasting, prevention and mitigation of natural hazards, particularly, floods, cyclones, earthquakes, drought and landslides.

• To ensure fullest involvement of scientists and technologists in national governance so that the spirit and methods of scientific enquiry permeate deeply into all areas of public policy making.

Strategies and Implementation Plans

• Science and Technology Governance and Investments: Government ensures continued existence of an Apex S&T Advisory Body which will assist in formulating and implementing various programmes and policies. It will have appropriate representation of industry leaders, leading scientists and technologists and various scientific departments.

• Raise the level of investment to at least 2% of GDP on science and technology by the end of the Tenth Plan.

• Optimal Utilization of Existing Infrastructure and Competence : infrastructure, investments and intellectual strengths

• Strengthening of the Infrastructure for Science and Technology in Academic Institutions

• New Funding Mechanisms for Basic Research in science, medical and engineering institutions.

• Human Resource Development: scientists and technologists

• Technology Development, Transfer and Diffusion

• Promotion of Innovation

• Indigenous Resources and Traditional Knowledge

• Generation and Management of Intellectual Property

• Public Awareness of Science and Technology

• Fiscal Measures: A series of both tax and non-tax fiscal instruments have to be evolved to ensure a leap-frogging process of development.

Government S & T Departments• Department of Science &Technology

• Department of Space

• Department of Atomic Energy

• Defence Research & Development Organisation

• Minstry of Earth Sciences

• Department of Scientific & Industrial Research

• Department of Biotechnology

• Central Government S&T Departments

Technology Transfer

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It is a process which is mainly concerned with the transfer of technology from the research areas to the “Production and Quality Assurance” environment .

The Process by which existing knowledge , facilities or capabilities developed under R & D funding are utilized to fulfill public and private need.

“Technology Transfer” includes a range of formal & informal cooperation between technology developers and technology seekers.

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Varied Roles

IDEA

Research

Development

Production

Manufacturing

Distribution

Start-upFirms

R & DFirms

LargerCompanies

LargerCompanies

Universities

ResearchInstitutes

MARKET

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Ways “Technology” is Transferred

Consulting

Graduating students (“moving heads”)

Faculty moving on (“moving heads”)

Collaborative research

Patenting and licensing

Service and outreach (“extension”)

Spin-off companies

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Technology Transfer Agents

R&D Units• Universities• Public Research Centers• Technology Institutes(institutions, labs etc)

R&D Units• Universities• Public Research Centers• Technology Institutes(institutions, labs etc)

Companies• Supplier of technologyand R&D to third parties•Large R&D department• Competitors, suppliers…(technological alliances)

Companies• Supplier of technologyand R&D to third parties•Large R&D department• Competitors, suppliers…(technological alliances)

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TYPES OF TECHNOLOGY

1) EMERGING TECHNOLOGY- is an innovative technology that currently is undergoing bench scale testing, in which a small version of the technology is tested in a laboratory.

2) INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY- is a technology that has been field tested and applied to a hazardous waste problem at a site, but lack a long history of full-scale use.

3) ESTABLISHED TECHNOLOGY- is a technology for which cost and performance information is ready only after a technology has been used at many different sites and the result fully documented is that technology considered. established.

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CONTENT OF TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER

6 P

Adoption and Diffusion

• The use of new technologies spreads gradually. • There is a significant time lag between the time a new

innovation is introduced and when it becomes widely used by producers or consumers.

• Diffusion is the aggregate process of product penetration. – It is measured by the percentage of potential users who actually

adopt a technology. • Diffusion curves measure aggregate adoption as a function

of time. They tend to be S-shaped.• Adoption is a decision by a specific individual to use a

technology. Diffusion is aggregate adoption.

The S-Shaped Diffusion Curve

Stages of Diffusion

Rural Industrialisation

• Percentage share of agriculture to gross domestic production and the percentage of population engaged in this sector has been declining.

• saturation in the agricultural sector, there is no scope to accommodate additional manpower therein and it has further accentuated the problem of unemployment.

• diversion of manpower becomes imperative

• Rural Industrialization means encouraginglocation of large and small scale units away fromurban areas or planned shifting of units fromurban areas to rural areas.

• Rural industrialization aims at all-round development of an area as well as people living in such areas.

National Programme for Rural Industrialization (NPRI)

• To promote clusters of units in rural areas aiming to set up 100 rural clusters in each year.

• Ministry of Agro & Rural Industries has been designated to coordinate the programme with various Ministries/agencies engaged in similar programme.

• Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI), National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD), Khadi & Village Industries Commission (KVIC) and states are the major implementing agencies of the programme.

• Integrated Infrastructural Development (IID) Centres: Central Government provides aid in the form of grant up tp Rs. 2.00 crores (Rs. 4.00 crores in case of North-East Regions).

• Rural Industrial Units: Assistance given by Khadi and Village Industries Commission (KVIC) for setting up units in rural areas.

• Khadi, Bamboo and Cane Industry, Mat Weaving (Fibre) industry, other traditional items and value additions.

• The KVIC’s developmental activities emphasises in bringing of scattered artisans under the institutional framework of cooperative and registered institutions by providing them finance, improved tools and equipments and marketing facilities.

• Assistance provided by Coir Board: • Science & technology and training.• Domestic market development.• Export promotion and trade information service.• Welfare measures.• Quality improvement.• ·

• Development of brown fibre sector.• Mahila coir yojana under targeted programme for coir

development.• Integrated coir development project under

co-operativisation scheme.• Rural Employment Generation Programme (REGP)• District Special Employment Programme: backward districts identified• Block Development Programme • Hand Made Paper, Leather, Bee Keeping etc. • MGNREGA; PMRY; PMGSY;

Challenges • Formulation of Rural Industrial Policy• Multiplicity of Technologies and Reservation of

Industries• Nature of Employment; wage cum self

employment• Technology Gap• Credit Gap• Marketing Infrastructure