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Screen Space Decals in Warhammer 40,000: Space Marine

Pope Kim Sr. Graphics Programmer

Relic Entertainment (past)

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Traditional Decals

Sometime between 2008 and 2009, I was given a task

to implement a decal system

So I researched what other games are doing

Quick 2 min review on shooting a bullet against a wall

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A Wall with 4 Verts

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Bullet Hits Here

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Want to Draw a Dent Texture

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But How?

Draw this texture at the collision point

To draw a texture, we need a mesh

So let’s draw a textured rectangle mesh

But how can we generate the rectangle mesh that fits?

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Find Smallest Mesh Patch Covering It

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Duplicate the Mesh Patch

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And Draw

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Two Traditional Solutions

1. (very easy) Increase the resolution of underlying

geometry

2. (not so easy) Magically calculate correct UV for each

verts

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1. Wall with Many Verts

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2. Calculate Correct UVs

(-4.5, -3.2) (3.4, -3.2)

(-4.5, 4) (3.4, 4)

(0, 0)

(1, 1)

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Still Problems

1. Increase the resolution of underlying geometry

– Slower to iterate

– More memory foot print

2. Wasted rasterized area = too much overdraw

– Edge of textures must be transparent

– Wasted rasterized area = too much overdraw

– UV calculation is tricky with complex geometries

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UV Calculation is Not Easy

How would you

calculate decals UVs

from this statue?

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Brilliant Idea?

So you would think we made Screen Space Decal to

solve these problems?

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Brilliant Idea?

So you would think we made Screen Space Decal to

solve these problems?

NO.

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Brilliant Idea?

So you would think we made Screen Space Decal to

solve these problems?

NO.

The old way was simply too hard for me….

But SSD ended up solving these problems.

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Screen Space Decals (SSD)

Similar techniques were introduced by other developers

in the recent years

Deferred Decals (Jan Krassnigg, 2010)

Volume Decals (Emil Persson, 2011)

SSD was developed independently, but the

implementation details is very similar

So a quick review

More on how we used SSD and solved the problems

with SSD

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SSDs in Space Marine

Not just for FX

It's literally used everywhere:

Blood splat on the wall or ground

Stone wall decoration

Burnt mark on concrete slate

Ork painting

Rubble piles on the ground

Bullet holes

Explosion damage

......and list goes on

Yup, environment artists loved it!

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This slide has a 16:9 media window SSD ON

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This slide has a 16:9 media window SSD OFF

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Implementation Details

1. Draw underlying geometries onto scene

2. Rasterize a SSD box

3. Read the scene depth for each pixel

4. Calculate 3D position from the depth

5. If this position is outside of the SSD box, reject

6. Otherwise, draw the pixel with the decal texture

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This slide has a 16:9 media window Given This Scene

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This slide has a 16:9 media window We Want to Draw This

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This slide has a 16:9 media window 1. draw underlying geometries

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This slide has a 16:9 media window 2. rasterizer a SSD Box

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This slide has a 16:9 media window 2. rasterizer a SSD Box

No not this!

We want to use it as a

projection box

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This slide has a 16:9 media window 3. read scene depth for each pixel

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4. calculate 3D position from depth

float2 screenPosition = clipPosition.xy / clipPosition.w;

float2 depth_uv = screenPosition * float2(0.5f, -0.5f)

+ float2(0.5f, 0.5f);

depth_uv += ScreenDimension.zw;

float sceneDepth = tex2D(DepthMap, depth_uv).r;

float4 scenePosView = float4(clipPosition.xy * sceneDepth

/ (Deproject.xy * clipPosition.w), -depth, 1);

Half-pixel Offset Basically

Deproject.X = ProjectionMatrix.M11;

Deproject.Y = ProjectionMatrix.M22;

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INSIDE

OUTSIDE

OUTSIDE

5. if outside of SSD box, reject

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5. if outside of the SSD box, reject

• Simply transform the position to object space

• Then anything bigger than 0.5 is outside

position = mul(scenePosView, InvWorldView);

clip(0.5f - abs(position.xyz));

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This slide has a 16:9 media window 6. Otherwise, draw decal

// Decal Texture UV

float2 uv = position.xz;

uv += 0.5f;

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This slide has a 16:9 media window Now Lighting is Free

Without SSD

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This slide has a 16:9 media window Now Lighting is Free

With SSD

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Mix-n-Match

Artists can choose not to draw decals either in Gbuffer

or combiner pass

Another free gift from light-prepass renderer

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More Examples (both)

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More Examples (both)

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More Examples (GBuffer)

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More Examples (GBuffer)

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More Examples (Combiner)

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More Examples (Combiner)

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Artist Control

Artists make *.ssdecal file,

which is just an XML

In level editor, artists can

drag and drop any SSD

From there, it’s

WYSIWYG & tweakable

per instance

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Problems & Our Solutions

1. Alpha Blending

2. Dynamic Objects

3. Side Stretching

4. Clipped Decals

5. Performance

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1. Alpha Blending(Normal)

• Transparent objects in combiner pass are fine

• Transparent objects in Gbuffer are NOT

– Originally just alpha test

– Later enabled with Best Fit Normal by Crytek

– 3 months later, found a bug in our implementation of Best Fit

Normal: just same as our old normal buffer

– Artists never complained about weird normal blending. So we are

still doing it

– Mathematically wrong, but whatever

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1. Alpha Blending(Spec Power)

• Alpha channel of Gbuffer is specular power

• Cannot simply use normal alpha blending

– alpha output from SSD shader is used for RGB(normal) blending

– Solution: Blend Factor!

AlphaBlendFunction = BlendFunction.Add;

AlphaSourceBlend = Blend.BlendFactor;

AlphaDestinationBlend = Blend.InverseSourceAlpha;

BlendFactor = ssd.SpecularPower / 255.0f;

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This slide has a 16:9 media window 1. Alpha Bleding(Spec Power)

Power = 128

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Power = 128

Power = 40

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2. Dynamic Objects

• We could’ve attached the decal on moving objects

• But skinned mesh(e.g, ork arms) is still a problem

• So we simply didn’t draw any decals on dynamic objects

• Used a simple stencil buffer technique

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3. Side Stretching

• Happens when SSD box’s projection surface is not

completely inside of underlying geometry

• Tried different ways

• But ended up doing rejection based on the angle

difference between decal box and underlying normal

from GBuffer

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This slide has a 16:9 media window 3. Side Stretching

90 degree

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3. Side Stretching

Anything above this

degree will be clipped

180 degree means no

clipping based on angle

We found 60 degree

works generally great

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3. Side Stretching

1. Find box’s orientation In Vertex Shader:

output.Orientation = normalize(WorldView[1].xyz);

2. gNormalThreashold is cos(degree)

3. Read GBufferNormal and clip in Pixel Shader

float3 normal = DecodeGBufferNormal( tex2D(

GNormalMap, depth_uv ) );

clip(dot(normal, orientation) - gNormalThreshold);

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3. Side Stretching

• Alternatives we tried instead of hard clip

– smoothly fade away based on angle between box orientation and

vertex normal: looks horrible on “round” pipes

– smoothly fade away based on angle between box orientation and

Gbuffer normal

• makes everything a bit too faint for existing arts

• With noisy gbuffer, artists liked hard clip more

• Still worth trying for your games

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4. Clipped Decals

• Doesn’t happen often environment decals

– Thin decals carefully placed for performance reason

• Happens often with big FX explosion craters

– When camera is inside of a decal box

– No rasterization

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This slide has a 16:9 media window 4. Clipped Decal (OK)

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Bullets are blue

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Longer bullets in the form of a paragraph are harder to

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This slide has a 16:9 media window 4. Clipped Decal (BAD)

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Bullets are blue

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Longer bullets in the form of a paragraph are harder to

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(seven).

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This slide has a 16:9 media window 4. Clipped Decal (BAD)

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Bullets are blue

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Sub bullets look like this

4. Clipped Decals(Solution)

• When camera is colliding with a decal

• We draw backface with flipped z-test, instead

• Bad for Performance

– No Hi-Z

– But mostly problem with FX decals and we have an “amazing” way

of solving this (see next slides)

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Bullets are blue

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Sub bullets look like this

This slide has a 16:9 media window 4. Clipped Decal (Drawing Backface)

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Bullets are blue

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Sub bullets look like this

5. Performance

• Avoid rasterizing pixels that will be rejected

• Avoid turning off early-Z with flipped Z-test

• So basically make decals very thin

– Environmental Decals are easy to solve

– FX Decals are not so easy

• As a result, Space Marine always runs at 30+ FPS

except when FX Decals go crazy

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Two ways of drawing this

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Thick

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And Thin

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PS Operations Wasted

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A lot of Orks throw explosive stuff

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Bullets are blue

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Sub bullets look like this

This slide has a 16:9 media window 5. Performance

Which leaves large decals like this

Sometimes 5 of them

stacked together

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Bullets are blue

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Longer bullets in the form of a paragraph are harder to

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Sub bullets look like this

This slide has a 16:9 media window 5. Performance

Which leaves large decals like this

Sometimes 5 of them

stacked together

Almost 5 fullscreen passes

= only time we go down to

25 FPS

Our Solution?

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THIS!

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Bullets are blue

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This slide has a 16:9 media window 5. Performance

THIS!

So much overlay!

So many particles!

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Bullets are blue

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Sub bullets look like this

This slide has a 16:9 media window 5. Performance

THIS!

So much overlay!

So many particles!

don’t even notice it’s slow!

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Bullets are blue

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Longer bullets in the form of a paragraph are harder to

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maximum recommended number of lines per slide

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Sub bullets look like this

This slide has a 16:9 media window 5. Performance

THIS!

So much overlay!

So many particles!

don’t even notice it’s slow!

Was not intentional,

but saved us

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Bullets are blue

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Special Thanks

• Relic Entertainment for allowing me to present this

• Space Marine rendering programmers

• Space Marine artists for producing amazing content and

pushing us to do more work!

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References

• ENGEL, W. 2009, Designing a Renderer for Multiple Lights –

The Light Pre-Pass Renderer. In ShaderX7: Advanced

Rendering Techniques, Charles River Media

• KAPLANYAN A. 2010, CryEngine 3: Reaching the Speed of

Light, Siggraph 2011

• KRASSNIGG, J. 2010. A Deferred Decal Rendering

Technique. In Game Engine Gems 1, Jones and Barlett

• PERSSON, E. 2011. Volume Decal. In GPU Pro 2, A K Peters

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Got Questions?

• More info on Space Marine rendering engine:

http://www.popekim.com/2011/11/slides-rendering-

tech-of-space-marine.html

• Twitter: @BlindRenderer

• E-mail: blindrenderer@gmail.com

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This slide has a 16:9 media window