1.Ammonia Secondary Reforming Flowsheet By: Gerard B. Hawkins Managing Director

2. Steam Reforming Section - Options H/C feed Pre- reformer Converts to H2, CO, CO2 + H2O + CH4 Secondary reformer Drives CH4 slip down + other fact0rs H2O Steam reformer Converts to H2, CO, CO2 + H2O + CH4 H2O Air or O2 3. Steam Reforming Section - Secondary Reformer To Waste Heat BoilerProcess Steam Hydrocarbon Feed HDS Fuel Steam Generation and Superheating Combustion Air Pre-heat Air/Oxygen 4. Steam Reforming Section Secondary Reformer Introduction Three key components Burner Design Mixing Volume Catalyst All must be designed correctly to maximize performance Air/Oxygen Steam Reformer Effluent To Waste Heat Boiler 5. Steam Reforming Section Secondary Reformer: Ammonia Ammonia plants fire the burner with AIR Adds O2 AND N2 N2 is inert in secondary (more or less) & through shifts/CO2 removal/methanation N2/H2 + residual CH4 go to Compression & NH3 synthesis loop Burner air provides the N2 required for NH3 synthesis Thus secondary's are common in NH3 plants 6. Steam Reforming Section Secondary Reformer: Ammonia Most ammonia flowsheets Ammonia synthesis NH3 Converts N2 + H2 => NH3 Syngas compression Air = O2 + N2 Secondary reformer 7. Steam Reforming Section Secondary Reformer: Ammonia Linde LAC flowsheets Ammonia synthesis NH3 Converts N2 + H2 => NH3 Syngas compression N2 from ASU Secondary reformer 8. Steam Reforming Section Secondary Reformer: H2/HyCO/MeOH H2/HyCO/MeOH plants must fire with O2 N2 is not required in the process N2 cannot be tolerated in the process Source of O2 required Local air separation unit (ASU) may not be available Over-the-fence from industrial gas company may be expensive Construction/operation of ASU adds cost & complexity THUS - O2 fired secondary's are less common