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Chapter 13, Section 4 World History From Friday, March 27, 2009
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Chapter 13, Section 4
Marie CurieBorn in Poland, lived in France
discovered radium, an element that gave off energy
It appeared that atoms were worlds in themselves, not just hard material bodies.
Albert Einsteinprovided a new picture of the universe
theory of relativity stated that space and time are not absolute but are relative to the observer.
Matter and energy reflect the relativity of space and time.
Matter was now believed to be energy, an idea that led to understanding the energies within atoms and to the Atomic Age.
Sigmund FreudVienna, Austriaproposed groundbreaking theories about
the human mind and human nature. human behavior is strongly influenced by
past experiences and internal forces that people for the most part are not aware of.
These added to the uncertainty of the era.
Beginning in childhood, Painful experiences were repressed influencing people’s actions without their knowledge.
To help people get rid of these repressed unconscious forces, Freud proposed a method called psychoanalysis.
PsychoanalysisPatient and therapist both probe deep
into the patient’s psyche through free association, talking, and dream analysis to go back to childhood and confront the painful experiences to unlock the repression.
The patient’s gaining control of the painful experience and being released from the unconscious control of the repression led to healing.
Social Darwinism
Racists and nationalists misapplied Darwin’s ideas to human society.
Extreme nationalists said that nations were in a Darwinian struggle for survival.
Anti-Semitismhostility and discrimination against the Jews
Since the Middle Ages, Jews had been portrayed as the murderers of Christ, subjected to mob violence, and had their rights restricted.
In the nineteenth century, Jews had increasingly assumed positions within mainstream European society.
The Dreyfus affair in France showed that these gains were weak.
Dreyfus AffairAlfred Dreyfus, a Jewish captain in
the French Army, was accused of selling military secrets.
He was sentenced to life imprisonment even though evidence showed his innocence and pointed to the guilt of a Catholic officer.
Public outrage finally resulted in a new trial and pardon for Dreyfus.
The worst treatment was in Eastern Europe, where 72% of the world Jewish population lived.
In Russia, for example, there were organized persecutions and massacres called pogroms.
ModernismBetween 1870 and 1914 many artists and writers rebelled against traditional artistic and literary styles.
At the beginning of the 20th century, a group of writers known as symbolists caused a literary revolution by arguing that art should be about the inner life of people and should serve only art, not social progress.
Impressionismbegun in France in the 1870s,
Claude Monet.
Impressionists left the studio and painted outdoors, hoping to capture the light that illuminated objects, rather than the objects themselves.
Postimpressionismarose in France and Europe in the
1880s. Vincent van Gogh
For him, art was a spiritual experience.
He believed color was its own kind of language.
Van GoghSelf Portrait
STARRY
NIGHT
PhotographyGeorge Eastman created his first Kodak camera in 1888.
Now everyone could capture reality.
Pablo PicassoOne of the most famous figures in modern art was the Spaniard. He
began his career in He created a new style called cubism, that used geometric designs to recreate reality.
He painted objects from many different views at once.
Dora Maar au Chat, 1941
The Russian, Igor Stravinsky’s The Rite of Spring revolutionized classical music by using synthesizers.
Stravinsky by Picasso