United Nations Environment ProgrammeDivision of Technology, Industry, and

Economics

municipial sewage = domestic + commercial + industrial wastewater

wastewater management has seen very little change

sewage industry is huge Government responsibility (municipalities +other levels )

Authority varies (for the construction & management of plants, trunk sewers and branch collectors)

Trunk sewers Storm sewers & tanks

www.iconeng.com/past_projects.htm

UAE: In AD, Dubai & Sharjah: local Water &Electricity Authorities,

Northern emirates : Ministry of electricity &water

Expand & Expand….

o Sharjah Population 500,000800 000 since 2004 extension of (STW).

2004 total treatment capacity : 148,000 m3 of sewage /day (satisfy >50%) –Science Direct Journal:41,8

o Dubai :The Drainage & Irrigation Dep of Municipality new sewage treatment plant in the Aweer area , for 330,000 gallons of sewage water per day. 100,000 gallons /day of treated water for irrigation(uaeinteract.com,2005)

o Ajman signs Dh815m sewage finance deal: Municipality will supervise the 2 companies

o Abu Dhabi: Mafraq STWE - The largest sewage treatment of its kind in the UAE

NOW: huge surge in its privatization : DEVELOPERS forced

Municipality unable to support /receive all the sewage

Private sewage plants like Eagle Electromechanical, Arabian Ranches, expanded tenfold since 2000 (Hijaz, 2007)

Q: Will others private companies be allowed in market?

Environmental & health: proper drainage & disposal of wastewater; nutrient& water recycling,

Preventing floods

Preserving receiving water quality

Economic: resource recovery/ optimization

water is a precious resource! plan should encompass a water cycle that has a minimal env impact, involves efficient water and wastewater systems

Water Issues:

2.75 billion people, or 50 % of the world’s population, still lack water enough for sanitation and public health

year 2025, 2/3 of the world population will suffer from a water crisis

UAE: Water is the scarcest resource in the sandlands

climate: dry Water resources: ground water, desalinated & recycled sewage water.- No falajes left in ALAin

Desalinated water :satisfy 70% of the total potable water needs (250 million gallons per day =11 % of World (Abu Dhabi Chamber Of Commerce & Industry )

Abu Dhabi Emirate Water Production, Coutesy of EAD

   Abu Dhabi Emirate Water Production

                    AD WATER CONSUMPTION BY SECTOR 2003

Examples:

Singapore “NEWater”:public utility (mixed with reservoir water then treated

Tokyo 1984 water recycling centre: lower charge toilet flushing

Sharjah, UAE: “Most residents around Rolla Square have been using drinking water to flush toilets..”(Secretdubai ,MAY, 2006)

For: watering green areas, fertilizer extraction, recharging ground water reservoirs

Dubai: Now it’s a big business: greenery & golf courses Abu Dhabi is the green capital of the Gulf.

High quality treated sewage: less contaminated than desalinated water by <0.1% (below 1,000mg/litre.

UAE desalinated water : • heavily accused of causing cancer • billions of dollars of expansion (in AD: by 200 fold in the last 25 years

before 2000, but reviews still predicted shortfalls (demand will increase from142 to 600 million gallon per day by 2010-unlimited

• Recycled Sewage water?

http://www.ec.gc.ca/water/images/manage/effic/a6f4e-rev.gif

A. Sewage Collection: combined or separate sewers

B. Pumping Stations: gravity & pumping plant

(rainwater sub/surface aquifers )

C. Wastewater Treatment Plants

(role: remove pollutants & discharge effluent

Grit Chamber(settling & screening)

1 Sedimentation Tank (2-3 hrs

Aeration Tank (6-8hrs) & Activated sludge (m/o)

2 Sedimentation Tank

sludge treatment :1.dehydrate & burn ash (1% of the original volume)2.Fertilizer, or 3.landfill

Includes:

o installation of the collection system & machinery o engineering and construction (of pumping stations , treatment plants,

infrastructure

Urban construction considerations: 1.Underground Obstacles, rerouting (time & money)

2. Space & land, 3. interfering with other projects ex: road construction, waterways 4. Disposal of Soil 5. Cooperation of Stakeholders ex: ex: ISO14001, meetings, public

input

Road & sewage network projects

Same will be done at Al Abbar and Al Hazzanahareas next year

Target: promoteSharjah civil services @ a cost of Dh. 1.42 billionWithin 3 years

master plan of Sharjah major projects includes the 7th phase of the sewage station expansion to link new areas (Dh. 100 million)- Halcrow (since 1969)& CCIC

1st phase of STW was commissioned in 1978

Al Waha, No.39: “More than 20 areas got linked (completely) to sewage project . The rest on the way”. Road projects are still running ‘”in full swing”

“The City of Sharjah appeared to be a hugeworkshop that does not stop at anyTime… to provide all means of prosperity”..

“…Perhaps people were annoyed or gotangry against traffic jams at constructionSites.. We do understand but understand!![& we invite you to cooperate] Director General

municipality blamed , roads have been diverted and somewhere blocked..

Gov Websites for public : contacts and recommendations http://www.westwiltshire.gov.uk

(Dubai)shocked engineers:“We have found shirts, bras, mobile phones, pants and rocks,” (Blue Gold & EWP Blog)

uaeinteract.com, 2007: “[Private]Plant to treat oil waste soon- treat and process 50 m3

oily waste clogs network & kills bacteria

Director of Drainage & Irrigation Dep blamed tankers from restaurants

Municipality will supervise

install grease separators , recycling charge: 250 to Dh300

Dubai Now: 3 sewage and hazardous waste treatment plants, 1 at Al Aweer, 2 Jebel Ali. None treat oil/grease waste. (Emirates Today)

Should be preventive (sewer systems unseen get little attention reactive/complaint-driven management)

Note that sewage facilities operate under severe 24-hr conditions. Maintenance needed (regular inspections, cleaning and repair )new techniques to reduce costs.

A. Sewers (mains &piplelines): affected by external factors pipe break/crack.

B. Pumping Stations: issues: heavy rain, need also constant operation .

C. Wastewater Treatment Plants: requires trained operators & financial resources (complexity & capacity)

Information Systems & others improve efficiency & reliability of inf. (Tokyo)

Rainfall Information Systems (floods)

Sewage Mapping and Data Management Systems: allows to systematize sewage facility & create a database for operational purposes ex: Tokyo

Enhancing Green Space and Recreational Opportunities: harmony with surrounding area/env, allow integration of green space/ recreational facilities . (ex: green roofs)

AD: the largest sewage treatment plant ,Mafraq STWE: Support a green oasis & wildlife

B. Preventing Odours and Emissions/smoke (resident comfort)

contain & deodorize (chemical/biological methods)

o C. Measures against "urban flooding”:1.Capacity increase (of sewers& pumping stations)2.rainwater storage tanks & infiltration facilities to control inflow

D. Improving the Performance of Combined Sewer Systems (CSOs):

interceptor strategy :1)CSO storage tank 2) screens

secretdubai (Nov 2005): “Oh we do like to be beside the Creekside , But maybe not to actually swim in it”

One in 20 people become ill from swimming in waters polluted by sewage (Vandeweed, 2004) (study: islands drowning in rubbish )

jet ski rental at Garhoud Bridge used to be within the infected area (1 s.treatment plant used to exist)

Khor Khalid-Sharjah

1. Utilization of Reclaimed Water: only about 4% of all water produced by Mafraq is re-used (EAD)

2. Utilization of Sludge :useful by-products derived from sludge -ash :

o Concrete ex reinforced-concrete pipes ,

o Lightweight aggregate ex water-permeable construction materials

o Compressed baked blocks ( press and burn technology) 1050 Celsius durable interlocking bricks pavement and park landscaping.

o Sludge melted slag (1500 °C to burn organic, inorganic remainder used: ½ volume, highly stable with no heavy metals dissolution used in road bed or construction materials

3.Utilize Wastewater Heat (energy savings & reduced air pollution (Dubai advanced cooling systems)

4. (Industrial ) Pretreatment Requirements: effluent standards, monitoring, inspections

5. financial accounting system: local public utility mostly responsible, promotes effectiveness & incremental improvement

sources of revenue: often national subsidies, bonds, and funds from general tax, remainder from user fees.

UAE: Dubai Industrial City 2007 agreement Dubai Recycling Park (the 1st fully integrated waste management & recycling park in the Middle East.

It is believed that it will be their most important project from a socially responsible stand point & that it should be replicated across the region.

Dr Clifford Randall: “Building dykes may be in Dubai’s future” (Global Warming)

“By 2020, the effects will be massive”

UAE: Emirates inaugral global warming conference 2007: “Cut Pollution Now” (recyclingdubai.com-News)

http://uaeinteract.com http://www.adcci.gov.ae:90/public/media/Magazines/april2001/local.htm http://www.unep.or.jp/ietc/publications/Freshwater/

FMS10/7addressing.asp http://www.biwater.com/case_studies.html?id=7&serv=%2Four_services

%2Fwastewater_treatment http://www.questjournalists.com/index.php/site/

treated_water_clean_pure_sewage_sir/ http://www.westwiltshire.gov.uk   http://www.sciencedirect.com http://secretdubai.blogspot.com/search/label/environment www.unep.org/cpi/briefs/Brief02April04.doc http://www.ead.ae/en/?T=2&ID=179