SMART DUST SMART DUST

Magic Dust(Tiny sensor)Magic Dust(Tiny sensor)

WHAT WE WILL COVER !WHAT WE WILL COVER !

What is smart dust What is smart dust The smart dust technology The smart dust technology Communication with a smart dust Communication with a smart dust Listening to a dust field Listening to a dust field Major challenges Major challenges ApplicationsApplications

What is Smart Dust ??What is Smart Dust ?? It’s a tiny sensorsIt’s a tiny sensors A tiny dust size device A tiny dust size device

with extra-ordinary with extra-ordinary capabilitiescapabilities..

A A Wireless Sensor Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN)Networks (WSN)

Nodes in Smart Dust are Nodes in Smart Dust are called Motescalled Motes

Combines sensing, Combines sensing, computing, wireless computing, wireless communication communication capabilities and capabilities and autonomous power autonomous power supply within volume of supply within volume of only few millimeters.only few millimeters.

MEMS Technology in Smart MEMS Technology in Smart Dust Dust

Integration of mechanical elements, Integration of mechanical elements, sensors, actuators and electronics on a sensors, actuators and electronics on a common silicon substrate through common silicon substrate through micro fabrication.micro fabrication.

Fabrication Fabrication electronics – IC process techniqueelectronics – IC process technique Micromechanical- micromachining Micromechanical- micromachining

processprocess

ComponentsComponents

Smart Dust TechnologySmart Dust Technology MEMS sensors MEMS sensors MEMS beam steering MEMS beam steering

mirrors for optical mirrors for optical transmissiontransmission

MEMS corner cube MEMS corner cube retroreflector for retroreflector for passive optical passive optical transmissiontransmission

An optical receiverAn optical receiver Signal processing and Signal processing and

control circuitory control circuitory A power source based A power source based

on thick film batteries on thick film batteries and solar cells and solar cells

Sensors and other Sensors and other devicesdevices

Micro-controllerMicro-controller ProcessorProcessor Tiny operating systemTiny operating system 3 KB RAM memory3 KB RAM memory 1 week fully active, 2 yr 1 week fully active, 2 yr

@1%duty cycle@1%duty cycle

N

S

EW 2 Axis Magnetic Sensor

2 Axis Accelerometer

Light Intensity Sensor

Humidity Sensor

Pressure Sensor

Temperature Sensor

How Smart dust works?How Smart dust works? Run by microcontrollerRun by microcontroller

Determines the task performed by the moteDetermines the task performed by the mote Controls powerControls power

Primary constraint of smart dust is Primary constraint of smart dust is volumevolume

=> constraint on energy=> constraint on energy Most of the time mote if off with only Most of the time mote if off with only

timers runningtimers running When a timer expires, it powers mote When a timer expires, it powers mote

to carry out a job , then powers off.to carry out a job , then powers off.

Communicating with a Communicating with a Smart dustSmart dust

Radio Frequency Radio Frequency Transmission Transmission

Optical transmission Optical transmission technique technique

(Laser based (Laser based Communication)Communication)

Radio Frequency Radio Frequency TransmissionTransmission

Based on the generation, propagation Based on the generation, propagation and detection of electromagnetic waves and detection of electromagnetic waves with a frequency range from tens of kHz with a frequency range from tens of kHz to hundreds of GHzto hundreds of GHz..

Multiplexing techniques: time, frequency Multiplexing techniques: time, frequency or code-division multiplexing.or code-division multiplexing.

Their use leads to modulation, bandpass Their use leads to modulation, bandpass filtering, demodulation circuitry, and filtering, demodulation circuitry, and additional circuitry, all of which needs to additional circuitry, all of which needs to be considered, based on power be considered, based on power consumption. consumption.

Problems with RF comm..Problems with RF comm.. Large size of antenna.Large size of antenna.

RF communication can only be RF communication can only be achieved by using time, achieved by using time, frequency or code divisionfrequency or code division..

TDMA, FDMA, and CDMA have TDMA, FDMA, and CDMA have their own complications.their own complications.

DisadvantagesDisadvantages Relatively high power consumptionRelatively high power consumption . .

Thus can be used only for a Thus can be used only for a short short duration burst-mode communication.duration burst-mode communication.

Components like active beam-Components like active beam-steering mechanism makes the steering mechanism makes the design of the dust mote more design of the dust mote more complicated.complicated.

OPTICAL COMMUNICATION

PASSIVE REFLECTIVE SYSTEMS ACTIVE-STEERED LASER SYSTEMS

•DOES NOT require onboard light source•Uses special device called corner cube retro reflectors

Passive reflective Passive reflective SystemsSystems

For bidirectional For bidirectional communication communication btw mote & BTSbtw mote & BTS

Light enters Light enters CCR, bounces off CCR, bounces off each of three each of three mirrors & is mirrors & is reflected parallel reflected parallel to the direction to the direction it enteredit entered

CORNER CUBE RETRO REFLECTOR

Limitations of passive Limitations of passive communicationcommunication

Unable to communicate with each other, Unable to communicate with each other, motes rely on central station.motes rely on central station.

Mote can be isolated from n/w if there is Mote can be isolated from n/w if there is no clear line of sight.no clear line of sight.

System’s range cannot extend beyond 1 System’s range cannot extend beyond 1 km km

Working of a CCR Working of a CCR

CCR requires uninterrupted line of CCR requires uninterrupted line of sight .sight .

CCR is highly directional => CCR can CCR is highly directional => CCR can transmit to BTS only when CCR body transmit to BTS only when CCR body diagonal points to BTS.diagonal points to BTS.

Can be made more omni directional by Can be made more omni directional by employing several CCRs oriented in diff employing several CCRs oriented in diff directiondirection

Active steered laser Active steered laser systemssystems

For mote to mote For mote to mote communicationcommunication

Uses onboard light Uses onboard light source to send a tight source to send a tight collimated beam towards collimated beam towards an intended receiveran intended receiver

Uses a semiconductor Uses a semiconductor laser, collimating lens laser, collimating lens and beam steering micro and beam steering micro mirrors.mirrors.

Power consumption trade Power consumption trade off btw bandwidth & off btw bandwidth & rangerange

DISADVANTAGE DISADVANTAGE High power consumption=> use High power consumption=> use

of short duration burst mode of short duration burst mode communicationcommunication

ADVANTAGE ADVANTAGE High power density =>optical High power density =>optical

wireless communi over wireless communi over enormous long distenormous long dist

Major Challenges Major Challenges

It is difficult to fit all these It is difficult to fit all these devices in a small Smart Dust devices in a small Smart Dust both size wise and Energy wise.both size wise and Energy wise.

With devices so small, batteries With devices so small, batteries present a massive addition of present a massive addition of weight.weight.

Applications !!!!Applications !!!! Military ApplicationMilitary Application Environmental Environmental

protectionprotection

identification and identification and monitoring pollution monitoring pollution

Habitat MonitoringHabitat Monitoring

observing the observing the behavior of animals in behavior of animals in their natural habitattheir natural habitat

Inventory Control Inventory Control smart offices smart offices

Circulatory NetHealth And Wellness Monitoring

SMART DUST

Virtual Keyboard

Enter human bodies and check for physiological problems

VIRTUAL KEYBOARDS Glue a dust mote to each fingertips. Accelerometers will sense the orientation and motion of each of the fingertip and talk to the computer on your watch

ConclusionConclusion

There are many ongoing researches There are many ongoing researches on Smart Dust, the main purpose on Smart Dust, the main purpose will to make mote as small as will to make mote as small as possible and to make it available at a possible and to make it available at a low price.low price.

Soon we will see smart dust being Soon we will see smart dust being used in varied application from all used in varied application from all spans of life!spans of life!

ReferencesReferences

1.Yunbin Song: ”Optical Communication Systems for 1.Yunbin Song: ”Optical Communication Systems for Smart Dust”.Smart Dust”.

2. J. M. Kahn, R. H. Katz, K. S. J. Pister: Next Century 2. J. M. Kahn, R. H. Katz, K. S. J. Pister: Next Century Challenges: Mobile Networking for “Smart Dust”.Challenges: Mobile Networking for “Smart Dust”.

3. An Introduction to Microelectromechancal System 3. An Introduction to Microelectromechancal System Engineering: Nadim Maluf, Kirt WilliamEngineering: Nadim Maluf, Kirt William

4. B.A. Warneke, M.D. Scott, B.S. Leibowitz: 4. B.A. Warneke, M.D. Scott, B.S. Leibowitz: Distributed Wireless Sensor NetworkDistributed Wireless Sensor Network

5. http://www.coe.berkeley.edu/labnotes5. http://www.coe.berkeley.edu/labnotes

Thank YouThank You

Presented byPresented byRohit KumarRohit Kumar

Roll No: 73Roll No: 73

C.S. ‘B’C.S. ‘B’

S.O.E., CUSATS.O.E., CUSAT

Questions??Questions??