Stephen Selkowitz - Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory - Intelligent Networks & the Challenge of Zero Energy Buildings

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

Energy Efficiency Perspectives:

Intelligent Networks andThe Challenge of

Zero Energy BuildingsStephen Selkowitz

Department Head, Building Technologies DepartmentLawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

[email protected]/486-5064

Connected Urban DevelopmentGlobal Conference 2008

Connected and Sustainable Energy

Defining the Energy/Climate Change Problem:Defining the Energy/Climate Change Problem:5 Supply Perspectives and 1 Demand5 Supply Perspectives and 1 Demand

Energy Efficiency in Buildings

Nuclear

Biofuels

Wind power

Solar powerCarbon Storage


U.S. End-Use Energy Split

Building Energy Use:

39% total U.S. energy40% of carbon emissions71% electricity54% of natural gas

Fastest growth rate!


39% total U.S. energy71% electricity, 54% of natural gas

Building Energy Use

No “silver bullet” solutions: heating, cooling and lighting dominate but mustaddress complexity of end use splits, which vary by sector and climate


National Lighting Energy Consumption

Source: Navigant Consulting, Inc., U.S. Lighting Market Characterization, Volume I: National Lighting Inventory and, Energy ConsumptionEstimate, Final Report for US DOE, 2002

Lighting Energy Consumption by MajorLighting Energy Consumption by MajorSector and Light Source TypeSector and Light Source Type

Breakdown of Lighting EnergyBreakdown of Lighting Energy

Incandescent40%

Fluorescent38%

HID22%

LED (<.1%)

390 Billion kWh used for lighting in all390 Billion kWh used for lighting in allcommercial buildings in 2001commercial buildings in 2001

Commercial Building Lighting wastes energy becausedimming lighting controls are not widely used

Vacancy Detection or SchedulingAutomatic Dimming with DaylightTuning Strategies

Personal dimming controlsInstitutional requirements

Lumen MaintenanceDemand Response

All Lighting Should be:All Lighting Should be:•• DimmableDimmable•• AddressableAddressable•• (Affordable)(Affordable)

Major Lighting ControlMajor Lighting ControlStrategiesStrategies


Good Lighting Controls (Daylight Dimming) Work

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Day of Year 1990

kWh/12 hr/zoneDaily Energy Use (6 A.M to 6 P.M.)

Data fromadvancedlighting controlsdemonstrationin Emeryville, CA(1990) !!!

Energy Usebefore retrofit:

After retrofit:South zone:North zone:

40-60%Savings

40-80%Savings


Mesh Networks: WirelessLighting Controls:

Single Chip Mote FeasibilityDemonstrated

Single Chip mounted to a boardfor integration with lighting

components

Wireless Control by single-chip mote demonstrated in

ACM & Ballast

Making Lighting Controls Intelligent:Adding Wireless Communications Capabilities to Ballasts


Potential Impacts of Advanced LightingControls in California Buildings


The New York TimesHQ Building

Owners program:• 52 floors, 160,000 sq.M• Highly glazed façade gives workers views and allows

the city to see “news” at work• But glare, cooling, visibility etc

Need/Goal:• Develop integrated , automated shading and

dimmable lighting system– Affordable, reliable and robust

• Transform the market- push these solutions towardwidespread use

Challenge:• How to develop a workable integrated

hardware/software solution• How to “guarantee” that such a solution will work in

practice


12Approach: Test Performance of Systems

Options in a Full-Scale Mockup of part of a floor

•Evaluate Shading,daylighting, employeefeedback and constructabilityin a ~4500 sf testbed

•Fully instrumented; 1 yeartesting

•Concerns with glass facade:– Window glare (Tv=0.75)– Control of solar gain/cooling– Daylight harvesting

potential•Lighting Systems

– Daylight dimming– Addressable systems– Task tuning– Load Shed/DR

•Real sun and sky conditions,12-month monitored period

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13Extend Testbed Results to All Floors and

Orientations using Simulation ToolsDevelop Shade Control Algorithms for Motorized Shades

using Simulation Results

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Simulated Views from 3 of22 view positions

• Each shade system has its own sensor and motors• Performance will vary with orientation, floor elevation,

view out, and neighboring buildings.• How to address performance with this variance?• Build a virtual model of the building in its urban

context using hourly weather data simulateperformance

3-D Digital model of site


Challenge: Verifying Installation and Field PerformanceNew Tool used by owner to check calibration of installed systems

• High-dynamic range (HDR) digital images• Captured automatically, processed within 1 minute,

then produces continuous luminance maps of thescene.

– Accuracy to +/- 10% within 0-5000 cd/m2 range• R&D tool developed in testbed

• Verifies that installation meets specs• “Production tool” used by owner in building ----------->

• Dimmable lighting• Addressable• (Affordable)(1/3 original cost estimate)

• (Multifunctional)

Intelligent Lighting and Shade ControlIntelligent Lighting and Shade Control -- now in NYC!now in NYC!

New York Times office with dimmablelights and automated shading

Occupied 2007


Controls for Natural Ventilation:San Francisco Federal Building

•Natural ventilation in tower – no mechanical cooling or ventilation in open-plan

perimeter office space

•Mechanically operated and manually operated windows

•Extensive daylighting, dimmable lighting

•Designed with state-of-the-artsimulation tools, EnergyPlus*and CFD

•Control system tested withEnergyPlus prior to installation

•Virtual Controls Testbed - tooptimize the strategies foropening windows for cooling

© André Anders & Windows Group (EETD), 2007

Energy/Demand Management with ActiveEnergy/Demand Management with ActiveFaFaççades+ Daylighting Controlsades+ Daylighting Controls

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Peak demand reductionsduring curtailments

Lighting: 75%Air conditioning: 25%Other: 10%

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Automated Demand ResponseDR Definition: Action to reduce load when

• Contingencies occur that threaten supply-demand balance

• Market conditions occur that raise supply costs– peak-load reductions different from efficiency, transient vs. permanent

DR Communications Infrastructure Needs• Create real-time, automated DR infrastructure to respond to changing contingency and market

conditions• DR infrastructure should coexist with legacy systems, technology and tariff improvements, with near-

and long-term benefits.

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DRAS Clients –

1. Software only (Smart)

2. Software & Hardware(Simple)

DR Automation Server and Client

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Auto-DR in 130,000 ft2 County OfficeCurrent Practice

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Time Scales of Building/Grid Optimization –Automated DR Future

Time of Use Optimized

Recent Energy Efficiency Activity

•“Greening the Capitol” Project– Make the House buildings Carbon Neutral

in 10 years– Plan published; Action launched

•Architecture 2030 - Zero EnergyBuildings– AIA and 500 cities have signed on

•California PUC: Launches “BigBold” initiatives– ~$1B/yr on Efficiency; shift to longer term

focus– “New Commercial Buildings are Zero Net

Energy by 2030”

Vision: Zero Energy BuildingCreating a New Generation of Net-Zero Energy, Carbon-Neutral Buildings

Automation• Energy sensors & actuators• Wireless communication• Feedback control systems

Cool Stuff

Tunable WindowsFunctional BuildingMaterials• Thermal• Structural

Getting toGetting to ““Zero Net EnergyZero Net Energy”” oror ““CarbonCarbonNeutralNeutral”” BuildingsBuildings

• Deployment: (5 - 30% savings)— Identify what works and deploy it widely— Applies to all buildings: new and existing— Mandatory programs: codes and standards— Voluntary programs: incentives— e.g. Clinton Climate Initiative

• Demonstrate Emerging Solutions (20 - 60% savings)— Find Underutilized, unproven technologies and systems— R&D to improve, optimize; Make them mainstream— e.g. New York Times

• Breakthrough Innovations (50-80% savings plus on-siterenewable power)— New, more effective, high performance options— Lower costs, Lower risk


What Will it Take to Achieve 2030 Targets?

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Existing Buildings Retrofit Buildings New Buildings

New Commercial Buildings Save 90% by 2030plus 50% Retrofit Savings by 2030

These levels ofefficiency are unlikely tobe achieved by marketforces alone;

Major new public/privateinitiatives to drivetoward goals

Business opportunitiesfor firms with“solutions”

BAU

page 28

““Think Big, Start Small, Act NowThink Big, Start Small, Act Now””

• Challenge of launching and sustaining a large scale,long term, national program, blending policy, economicsand technology

• Public - Private partnership• New and Existing Commercial Buildings

• Long Term effort - 10-20 years

• “You cant manage what you don’t measure…”• Making Performance “Visible” - display energy use

• IT network and smart controls enable real time, high resolution,performance monitoring from devices to buildings to grid

• Get involved………

• Zero Energy Commercial Building Initiative• www.zeroenergycbi.org

Technology

Stephen Selkowitz - Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory - Intelligent Networks & the Challenge of Zero Energy Buildings