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Presentation by Johan Sanders, Professor Valorisation of Plant Production Chains, Wageningen University and Research center.BioMotion Tour congress at Agritechnica, Hannover - 13 november 2009
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Sustainability and climate protection, the role of bio fuels and
biorefineries in Europe
Biomotion, Hannover, 12 November 2009
Johan SandersProfessor Valorisation of Plant Production ChainsWageningen University and Research center
Energy consumption past and future
Jaartal
A2
A1F1Scenario A1F1: Global economy, fossil fuel intensive
Scenario A2: Regional economy
1900 2000 2050
500
750
1000
250
1250
1500
Yea
rly
ener
gy
pro
duc
tion,
EJ
1950
The New Biomass value chain:
€
€
€
Food
Biomass production
1st Agro logistics Food pretreatment Food productionFoodconversion
Existing
non- food:• Feed
• Paper
• Additives
•Fibres
• Waste
management.
Biomass sourcesAgro2food productionBy products & waste
Logistics&storageNL productionImports
Existing conversion Existing production
Biobased
Products• Biobased
materials
• Bio-based
chemicals
• Bio-fuels
• Bio-energy
New productionPerformance materialsBase&platform chemicalsPerformance chemicalsBio Energy
New Pre2treatment & conversion
physical&chemical conversion
process engineering
bioconversion
Platform Renewable Materials
30% substitution of fossil by Biomass in 2030• 25% chemical resources (140 PJ)
• 60% transportation fuels (324 PJ)
• 17% heat (65 PJ)
• 20% electricity (203 PJ)
By:• Enhancing efficiency present Biomass (400 PJ)
• Development (new) crops (250 PJ)
• Aquatic cultures (250 PJ)
• Import (250 PJ)
30
20
10
30
10
7
3
Production costs (€/GJ endproduct)
heat electricity transport fuel
average bulkchemical
other biomass
2 G€
2 G€
5 G€
6 G€
beet
grass
wood
6 G€
6 G€
15 G€
overall Dutch industry cost price
overall Dutch industry raw material cost
coal
oil
capital
4
23
12
75
How biomass can best compete with fossil derived products
Biomass can bring different contributions to the farmer
(€/ha)Assuming a yield of 10 tonnes dry weight per hectare, being 160 GJ, using whole crop and GAP up to 20 tonnes whole crop yield, 320 GJ/ha
: 640 222
: 1360 222
: 6400 222
: 1800 – 3600
: 2080 3 4160
• All Energy at coal value
• All transportfuel
• All bulkchemical
• 20% bulkchemical, 80% Energy
• 20% bulkchemical, 40% fuel, 40% Energy
€/hectareOn raw materials substitution only
Including capital cost substitution
• 20% bulkchemical, 40% fuel, 40% Energy : 3000 3 6000
Eco2pyramid for biomass utilization
Pharma & Cosmetics
Food & Feed
Bioplastics & Polymers
Bulk chemicals & Fuels
Energy & Heat
high value
low value
Farma
Fun
Food
Feed
Fibre
Fermentation
Fuel
Fertilizer
Fire
Fill
Biomass cascading:
Farma
Fun
Food
Feed
Functional chemical
Fibre
Fermentation
Fuel
Fertilizer
Fire
Flare
fill
You cannot have your cake and eat it: Biorefinery
1,43Butanediamine: polymers e.g. nylon24,6
H2NCH2CH2CH2CH2NH2
NH3
NH3
Naphtha
H2C=CHCH3 + + 1.5 O2 H2C=CHC N
HCN+
CH4 +
1,23Ethanediamine : rubber chemicals, pharma, lubricants,detergents
H2NCH2CH2OHBiomass B
COOH
Naphtha
ClCH2CH2Cl
NH3
Cl2 NH3
NH3
CH2
H2NCH2CH2NH2
H2NCH2CH2NH2
CH2
O2 OH2NCH2CH2OH
Functionalized Savings Potential
Introduction Goal and Scope Inventory/Data Results Final Remarks
� Biomass A: Ethanol
� Biomass B: Serine
� Biomass C: Arginine
C
NH2
NH2
Biomass C
H2NCH2CH2CH2CH2NH2
COOH
H2NCONH2NH3
CO2
Biomass A CH3CH2
OH
Biorefining will give Mitigation under Economic conditions
75 billion €60 €/ton biomassminus 1200 Mton CO2
97 billion €80 €/ton biomassminus 1200 Mton CO2
225 billion €180 €/ton biomass minus 1500 Mton CO2
(125 M (62) hectare = 0,8 % (0.4%) world land area at 10 ton/ha (20 ton/ha))
= 4% agricultural land (excl. grassland)
fuels (375 Mton) (15%)
electricity (750000 MW) (10%)
electricity (3 x 106 MW) (40%)
platformchemicals (250 Mton) (100%)
fuels (250 Mton) (10%)
electricity (750000 MW) (10%)
20% 40%
40%
DuPont /Tate & Lyle BioProducts :1,3 Propanediol
factory, Loudon, USA
Biomass GlycerolPropylene
glycol Isopropanol
Chemical
Physical / Chemical
Chemical
Acetone
Ethylene glycol
Scheme. Chemical production in Rotterdam 2 a bio2based alternative for butadiene and ethylene.
Current production by Shell Chemical and Lyondell
Many ‘Rotterdam’ chemicals can be produced from BiomassExample of short term substitution potential
epichlorhydrin
methanol
Acetic acid
MTBEDimethyl Ether
formaldehyde
PLA in different applications (Synbra/PURAC)
Biofoam
Developments that should improve the biomass route
� Lower raw material price
� better refinery/ separation technologies/downstream processes
� More efficient fermentations
� Plant GMO to tailor make products
� new material2properties
� small scale technology and integrations that can give more income to the farmer
Development of Dutch BbE can be build on Dutch pilars:
Agriculture, Chemistry, Ports.
1980/1995
6 Mton soy
cake
2007/2015
5 Mton
wheat
compound
feed
compound
feed
compound
feed
chemicals
(100.000 ton/aa
lys, trp, thr, met
glu, asp, ser
accessable lignocellulose
electricity 50 PJ
ethanol
2012? 2009? 2006
2007/2015
3 Mton rape
seed
lignocellulose
1 Mton
protein
lignocellulose
2 Mton
protein
manure
50 PJ
ethanol
50 PJ
biodiesel
N, P,
K
N, P,
K
fertilizer
2010 2014
Upscaling230L lime pretreatment of straw + cellulase
Reactor during enzymatic hydrolysis at t = 0 and t=24 h after adding enzymes
EET project with consortium of 3 R&D institutes, 3 companies, 1 university
Other co2products as a consequence of biofuel production
� if 10% of the WW transportation fuels are produced from corn, wheat, rape, palm, sunflower, cane this will supply 100 million tonnes of proteins
� Several bulkchemicals might be produced from different amino acids: 1,4 butandiol, 2,3 butandiol, 1,2 propanediol, Succinic acid, Acrylonitril, Acrylate, Metacrylate, (hydroxy) Styrene, (hydroxy) Phenethylamine, Caprolactam, Butandiamine, urea
Jatropha as a source for biodiesel
� Energy:� The seed contains about 30340% oil ���� potential
source of biodiesel and bio3oil
� Food:� Contains toxic compounds ���� not suitable for food
� Can be grown in extremely dry soil—not suitable for most food plantations
� Increasing productivity of unused/barren land
Components of J. curcas seeds
Components Seed (%)
Crude Protein 15
Lignin 20
Fiber 15
Carbohydrate 10
Oil 35
Ash 5
Jatropha protein functional properties
Economics biobased chain (Sugar beet)
Forward integration reduces tranport cost and seasonality and
will give more income to the farmer
Fields Processing
Present
100%
100%
Return flow 10%
Farm
Concept Small scale processing100%
Return flow 70%
30%
concentration fermentation
Zeafuels
biogas
heat
Less investment costs/liter ethanol than large scale US ethanol production from corn
Electricity
/minerals
Stem
Corn
Grain
60%
ethanol
Biogas
fermentationCHP
Ethanol
fermentationDistillation
Biogas
Filtration
Zein
ZEA FUELS bv
ZEA FUELS bv
Mobile Cassava starch refinery in Africa
Source: Duteso
Total Crop YieldsWet Weight and Dry Weight Yields
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Cas
sava
Grass
Luce
rne
Maize
Oil pa
lm
Potato
Rap
esee
d
Sorgh
um
Soy
a be
an
Sug
ar bee
t
Sug
ar can
e
Sun
flower
Switc
hgrass
Toba
cco
Whe
at
Willo
w tree
ton/ha
Wet Weight
Dry Weight
143 140 240
Total Biomass Production
Best Practice Yields
Above 10ton/ha/a dry weight = Good
Above 20ton/ha/a dry weight = Great
Above 30ton/ha/a dry weight = Fantastic
Constituents Proportions
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Cas
sava
Grass
Luce
rne
Maize
Oil Pa
lm
Potato
Sorghu
mSo
ya B
eans
Sug
ar Bee
tSu
gar C
ane
Sun
flower
Switc
hgrass
Toba
cco
Whe
atW
illow
Tree
kg/kg
Fat
Protein
Lignin
Complex Carbohydrates (C.C.)
Simple Carbohydrate (S.C.)
Nominalised Results: Optimal Biorefinery
Introduction Goal and Scope Inventory/Data Results Final Remarks
125GJ/ha22.2GJ/ton
721GJ/ha50.8GJ/ton
Afsluiting
© Wageningen UR
1e Generatie transportbrandstoffen leidt mogelijk tot verlaging van honger; 2e generatie wellicht niet
Schatting werkgelegenheid 4% 0.1% van gehele bevolking
CO2 reductie % matig matig matig
Incl. verbranden stro goed goed goed goed goed goed
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Waarde
Transport
Brandstof
Raapzaad
diesel
Mais
Ethanol
Suikerriet Biet
Ethanol
2e
generatie
ethanol
FT diesel
€/GJKapitaalkosten
1e Generatie transportbrandstoffen leidt mogelijk tot verlaging van honger; 2e generatie wellicht niet
Schatting werkgelegenheid 4% 0.1% van gehele bevolking
CO2 reductie % matig matig matig
Incl. verbranden stro goed goed goed goed goed goed
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Waarde
Transport
Brandstof
Raapzaad
diesel
Mais
Ethanol
Suikerriet Biet
Ethanol
2e
generatie
ethanol
FT diesel
€/GJKapitaalkosten Transportkosten Grondstofkosten + Winst
Amino acid reactive separation
Figure 1: Comparison of the traditional and proposed, energy efficient method for the production of
building blocks for (bulk) chemicals.
Feedstock Building
Block
Product
Traditional
method Fossil Fuel
Ethylene
amine
Electro
dialysis
Functionalized
Specialty
Bulk
Chemicals
Specific
modification
Oxidation Amination
Protein
Source
Proposed
method
Ethylene
Amino acids
Focus of
proposed project
Feedstock Building
Block
Product
Traditional
method Fossil Fuel
Ethylene
amine
Ethylene
amine
Electro
dialysis
Functionalized
Specialty
Bulk
Chemicals
Functionalized
Specialty
Functionalized
Specialty
Bulk
Chemicals
Bulk
Chemicals
Specific
modification
Oxidation Amination
Protein
Source
Proposed
method
Ethylene
Amino acids
Focus of
proposed project
STW: 1 AIO + ¼PD + ¼TA
General scheme Biorefinery Rotterdam
corn
wheat
corn
wheat
cassava chipscassava chips
fuelfuel
DDGSDDGS
soybeans
rapeseed
jatropha seed
soybeans
rapeseed
jatropha seed
Medium protein 1st residues
- DDGS - rape pods
- sunflower pods
Medium protein 1st residues
- DDGS - rape pods
- sunflower pods
Low protein 1st residues
- soybean straw
- cane leaf - corn stover
Low protein 1st residues
- soybean straw
- cane leaf - corn stover
Zero protein 1st residues
- wheat straw
- residual wood
- primary LC
- miscanthus
Zero protein 1st residues
- wheat straw
- residual wood
- primary LC
- miscanthus
Wet crops
- grass
- luzerne
Wet crops
- grass
- luzerne
starchstarch C6 sugarsC6 sugars
oiloilglycerolglycerol
biodieselbiodiesel
press cake
(high protein)
press cake
(high protein)
proteinprotein
lignocellulose
(LC)
lignocellulose
(LC)
C6 sugarsC6 sugars
C5 sugarsC5 sugars
ethanol + other
fermentation
ethanol + other
fermentation
O-chemicalsO-chemicals
fermentation
products
fermentation
products
ligninlignin
animal feedanimal feed
N-chemicalsN-chemicals
ethanol + other
fermentation
ethanol + other
fermentation
lactic acidlactic acid
protein
(= animal feed)
protein
(= animal feed)
juice com-
ponents
juice com-
ponents
Underlined: available for Rotterdam (2009)
Italics: partly available for R’dam – future
———> : existing process / application
---------> : still to be developed
electricityelectricity
Bulk chemicals from Biomass: lysine
Biomass raw materials
Capital (fermentation)
Capital (recovery)
Fossil raw materials (fermentation)
Fossil raw materials (recovery)
400
150
70
500
350
300
215
19
6
3
110
400
200
85 300
250
60
GJ/ton GJ/ton GJ/ton GJ/ton€/ton €/ton€/ton€/ton
fermentation direct plant productsState of the art ADM, Degussa, Ajinomoto
TWIN (under development Wageningen UR)
GMO (under development Wageningen UR)
Plant residues (in progress Wageningen UR)
1345
28
795
28 62033
610
37
21
7
65
18 GJ 18
15
18
10
Fossil chemical reference
Import large scale bio2commodities
� Pyrolysis oil� Torrefaction pellets� HTU biocrude� Non purified syngas� (hydrous) ethanol� Biodiesel� Pure plant oil� Rape seed� Soy beans� Cereal grains� Crude protein (hydrolysates)
Biobased Economy ChainsCultivation/harvest pretreatment Transport/Storag
e export harbour
as:
Processing
Rotterdam
Application
Lignocellulose densification Pyrolysis oil
Torrefaction pellets
HTU biocrude
FT diesel Transportation fuels
Electricity
heat
Oil crops - Seed, beans Refinery/conversion Transportation fuels
Animal feed
Fertilizer
Chemical Industry
Sugar/Starch Refinery/conversion (hydrous) ethanol Transportation fuels
fermentation
Seeds - Cereal grains Refinery/conversion Transportation fuels
Animal feed
fertilizer
Chemical industry
Leaf Refinery/conversion (hydrous) ethanol
protein (hydrolysates)
Transportation fuels
Chemical industry
Algae Refinery/conversion Biocrude HTU
protein (hydrolysates)
HTU upgrading Transportation fuels
Manure Refinery/conversion protein (hydrolysates) Transportation fuels
Chemical industry
Costs breakdown of Bulkchemicals (€/ton) at 60$/bbl
Raw materials
Capital
Operational
Recovery
Total
non3functionalised functionalised
300
3002500
50
502100
975
4002650
50
502100
825 1525
Derived from J.P. Lange (Shell)
Our daily food needs a twenty fold higher energy input
Biomass 635PJ
Dutch Agriculture 475
Net Import160
Fossil575PJ
Greenhouses/Food 100
Transportion Food
Other Agriculture 60
Household 165
Food Industry150
2500 kcal/day = 55 PJ
100
BEET chain can deliver renewable energy and sugar as well!
leaf
decentral
pretreatment
feed
agricultural
lime nutrients
protein
electricity &
heatsugar
feed
CHP
ethanol
biogas
press
field
(central) processing
fermentor
beet & beettops
pulp
-2
-3-3.6
Gross (PJ)
+19+26+29.6
-4
-3.3-3.3
0
04
leaf
0
+3+3
0
+8+8
+4
00
Nett
(PJ/85000 ha)
A: Actual 13
B2: No diffusion + ethanol + biogas 20
D2: B2 + leaf 23
GMO Bulkchemicals would save another 10 PJ
Many different drivers for one Biobased Economy
� Shortage of cheap oil� High energy prices� Security of energy supply� Climate change by green house gasses� Rural development� Developing countries� Geo2political conditionsDifferent countries/groups are confident however that
a BbE can contribute to their goals.
Different Economies of Scale
72 $ / barrel
108 $ / barrel
36 $ / barrel
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0.1 1 10 100 PJ
€/G
J
Ethanol Fischer Tropsch
1000 MWNedalco
Investments Other costs, including transportcosts Raw materials
0
30€/ton 50360% conversion100€/ton 95% conversion
Pilot biorefinery line Foxhol (Groningen)(Prograss Consortium), nu Grassa (Oenkerk)
Green grass proteincompound feed
white grass proteinGrass protein (products)
+ .....
compound feed
Grass juice concentrate
Ethanol
HTU3Biofuel
Construction material+ paper
Polymer extrusion products
Grass juice
Protein
Fibers
cyanophycin granule peptide, mainly in cyano2bacteria as nitrogen and energy reserve material
= Asp + Arg
Granule35% (wt/wt) and slow growth
Ethanol production and Cyanophycin accumulation (collab. Univ. Münster/Steinbuchel, AVEBE, Cosun, Energy Valley)
EOS2 project (Economic Affairs)