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Building a Human-Bicycle Emotional Bond Through Abstract Expression of Affect Graduation Presentation Media Technology MSc Programme Leiden University
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Synthetic Emotions Bicycle (SEB)Building a Human-Bicycle Emotional Bond
Through Abstract Expression of Affect
Tamara V. Pinos CisnerosGraduation Project
Media Technology MSc Programme
Thesis advisors: Maarten H. Lamers, Joost Broekens
Introduction• Humans develop emotional bonds,
even with objects (including robots).
• The need for social robots has given the impetus to create robots that can express emotions.
“I don’t know what I would do without my <object>...”
Kismet - MIT
Research Question
Can objects with emotions represented as abstract shapes help
improve the emotional bond between them and their owners?
Related work• Emotional Model:
• Dimensional Theories - Mehrabian’s: Pleasure, Arousal and Dominance
• Homeostasis: equilibrium of physiological elements.
“Needs and Drives”
P-P
-A
D
-D
A
Homeostatic
Overwhelmed
Under-stimulated
Related work• Affect Expression
• Realistic • Iconic • Abstract
LeonardoPersonal Robots Group
MIT
Anthropomorphic
EinsteinHanson Robotics
de Roij et al. 2013
Betella et al. 2013
Related work• Affectional bond
• Bond: the attraction that one individual has for another individual. (John Bowlby)
• Bonds develop when an individual realizes that in order to reduce a drive or need, another object (a material object or a living being) is necessary.
Utility
Appearance
Symbolic meaning
Users’ experience
• Key components to create emotional bonds from a product design approach:
Interesting and Fun!
usable bicycle
appealing appearance
expression of its emotions
(Norman, D.A. 2007, Emotional Design: Why we love (or hate) everyday things.)
Similar ProjectsCars Bicycles
Detect the affective state of the driver: speech recognition, stress detectors, facial expression recognition
Sensors on the bicycle,tweets its feelings
AIDA
SEB, the bike
Eungi Kim - Designer
or the steel horse...
• Mountain bike• Race bike• Omafiets (Grandma bike)• Student bike• Family bike• Kids bike
Personalities
A metaphor of a Horse• Means of transportation• Require the care of its owner• Similar shapes• Have attributed personalities
SEB, the bikeHow SEB feels Needs
SEB, the bikeVariables Sensors
Damage (avoid fall) Accelerometer
Temperature Temperature sensor
Shelter Photoresistor (LDR) and Temperature/Humidity sensor
Road conditions Accelerometer
Maintenance Self assessment button
Balance Accelerometer
Ascend/Descend Accelerometer
Speed Speedometer
Light/Darkness LDR
Contact Stroke sensor
Locked Speedometer and Optical Transistor
NeedsAffect on
HomeostasisAffect on no Homeostasis
Physical Integrity Serenity, Joy Annoyance, Fear, Anger
Flow Joy Fear
Speed Happy Fear (too fast)Annoyance (too slow)
Relationship Serenity, Joy, Trust Fear, Sad
SEB, the bike
NeedMin.
ValueMax. Value
Optimal Value
Physical Integrity 0 10 7
Flow 0 4 2.5
Speed 0 40 15
Relationship 0 10 5.5
Variable Action Effect No action
Maintenance Press the button + 2 -0.00001
Contact-Attention
Touch the stroke sensor
+ 0.25 -0.0001
Locked Lock the bike + 2 -0.001
Light/Darkness
light of the environment (outside/inside)
+ 0.0001 -0.001
For example: Need of Relationship
Ppi + Pf + Ps + Pr = PApi + Af + As + Ar = ADpi + Df + Ds + Dr = D
Abstract Expression
SEB, the bike
• Based on the previous research by (de Rooij, Broekens et al. 2013)
FactorFactorFactor
FeatureFeature P A D
ContourContour + + + - - - *
Asymmetry - - - -Asymmetry
Rot. + + +
SizeSize + + +
* rounded contour(pleasure) and angular contour (displeasure)
Abstract Expression
Tests and ResultsStatic evaluation
• Two experts assessed 20 images generated by the system. They defined the values of Pleasure, Arousal and Dominance in a scale of 1 - 5
Dimension Expert1 - System
Expert2 - System
Expert1 - Expert2
P 0.75** 0.80** 0.72**
A 0.76** 0.12 0.47*
D 0.12 0.26 0.71**
‘**’ denote a significance of p<0.005 and ‘*’ denote a significance of p<0.05
Correlations
Tests and ResultsDynamic evaluation
• Users: n=6 (3 females, 3 males)
• Ages: 20 - 31
• Different nationalities
• Users had the bike for 24h while performing their normal activities
• Actual time of riding between 20mins - 1h
• Users filled a Pre-questionnaire, a Post-questionnaire and a form for events, comments after the test were also noted How did the users viewed SEB, its emotions
and the personality traits attributed to him?How connected did they feel with SEB?
Tests and ResultsDynamic evaluation
Personality traits
with its correspondent error bar with 95% CI, 1 means that participants did not link the bike with the theme at all. 5 means that participants completely link the bike with the theme.
Users’ impression of the bicycle
Box-plots of personalities identified by the users with a 95% Confidence interval for mean. Utility Appearance
Symbolic meaning Users’ experience
Test and Results
• Users found SEB interesting, enjoyable, pleasant and fascinating
Users’ responses to Q8: “It sometimes felt as if SEB was really communicating with me” vs. Q14: “I have a bond with SEB”
User’s responses to Q4: “I find SEB enjoyable”, Q5: “I find SEB fascinating”, Q6*:”I find SEB annoying”, Q7*: “I find SEB boring”. The scores for the statements with ‘*’ have been inverted to change keep all results in the same direction. Error bars with 95% CI.
Test and Results
• Time of testing too small
• Complexity of the emotional space. What triggered what?
Affective word/phrase
Amount of testers
Petting 4
Take care 2
Worried about it's feelings
2
Make SEB happy 3
Tamagochi 1
I liked it 5
SEB 3
“SEB was not happy and I don’t know why...”
During 5-10mins conversation after the test.
Conclusions• More users and a longer amount of
interaction with the bicycle could have provided a deeper understanding of the system
• These results show that it is feasible to enhance an emotional bond with an object by interacting with it
• The use of abstract expressions of affect can be a viable way to communicate the emotions of an object
• Although a representations model based on Pleasure and Arousal can represent simple emotions an improved version including Dominance could contribute further in the analysis of abstract expression of affect.
Utility
Appearance
Users’ experience
Symbolic meaning
Future Work
• Are there benefits of feeling emotionally connected to your bicycle or any other given object? ✤ better care
✤ incentive to exercise more (exergaming)
✤ incentive to increase the amount of users in other countries
• Would this method be more efficient than other types of expression of affect? ✤ use of animated visual motifs
✤ use of emoticons