1. Analysis Investigation Information Sources Feasibility Requirements2. System Design / Development3. Implementation4. Maintenance and Support

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it determines whether or not there is a need to establish the system

its most important output is to determine and document the existing business process using various information sources, that gives you an idea on how business processes can be improved

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serve as a basis for analysis of the systems Interviews – interviewing the personnel working

in the system to know about the problems or difficulties they encounter, the managers to determine the requirements of the system, and the supposed users to determine their membership in the existing system.

Documentation – for existing systems, it gives information as to what data people use, how it serves the organization and how information is manipulated.

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Observation – to determine closely how a system operates, an analyst should go to the site or the workplace and observe it for a certain period. The analyst can use DFD or ERD to aid in the analysis. These diagrams show the flow of information in the different subsystems of the organization, which then reveals the problem areas or sources.

Questionnaires – these are used to gather information when an interview is impractical like in dispersed areas of operations. However, questions should be made in such a way that reliable information could be gathered from the respondents.

Benchmarking – is making other organizations using the same system as the point of reference by thoroughly analyzing their systems to gather insights and features that are effective or not.

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determining the feasibility is the analyst’s objective in studying the systems before implementation.

Technical feasibility – refers to the availability of the needed hardware, software and telecommunications equipment. Inavailability of equipment means additional cost to the organization

Economic feasibility – means that the benefits would outweight the costs in establishing and maintaining the system

Operational feasibility – means that the system, at least theoretically, would work in the organization

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these are the essential features and functions that the system is expected to fulfill

these are what the system should be able to do and the means by which it will fulfill its stated goals

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its primary purpose is to ascertain the means to meet the system requirements identified in the list of requirements

the design phase entails assessment of the supposed solutions to a problem and the identification of the hardware, software and telecommunications equipment necessary to bring about these solutions. It has four steps:

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1. Logical Design2. Physical Design3. Development or

Construction4. Testing

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the user requirements in the analysis phase are converted into detailed functions of the system. Designers should determine the following during this phase:

▪ Input files – the files that will be used to capture the input data▪ Procedures – the logical algorithms used to

process the input. The procedures will later be transformed into code written in a programming language.

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Designers should determine the following during this phase:

▪ User dialog – the manner in which the user will interact with the system: windows, menu, icons, and/or provisions for query by example. Usually, there is heavy emphasis on creating an intuitive, easy to use GUI

▪ Interfaces – how the system will interact with other systems. This includes provisions for input of data and information from the files of other systems, retrieval of data from other systems and output of data to other systems.

 Graphical presentations or analysis and design tools are used to illustrate the logical operations and document the specifications of the system. These includes: flowcharts, DFDs, data dictionaries, decision tables, decision trees, process specification and structured English (pseudocode)

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refers to the process of specifying the hardware and software necessary to support the system. The project team may opt for commercial application software (pre-developed software that are available for purchase) or customized software (the team will develop their own software).

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Programming – to develop the software required by the system that includes five steps which are: (1) reviewing the program specification, (2) designing the program, (3) coding the program, (4) testing the program, and (5) finalizing the program documentation

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Equipment acquisition – can be done simultaneously with programming. It is when final decisions regarding acquisition are done like additional specifications. The purchase of equipment should be based on the list specified by the systems analyst during the analysis phase.

Documentation can also be done concurrently with the system development phase. Program documentation refers to the compilation of transcribed materials or data and diagrams that are sometimes already stored in the computer like the procedure manuals.

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to ensure that the program operates together to accomplish the desired function.

it is done by feeding similar data to be processed in the system to evaluate the current system against the requirements specified in the analysis phase

this is to make sure that the requirements are met and the goals are achieved

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after testing the system and errors, if any, are corrected, it will then be put into operation so the people will start using the new system. This phase has two parts Training – to teach people how they will

use the new system Conversion – the process of switching from

the old system to the new one.

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SDLC does not end with the implementation of the system

maintenance is also a part of the responsibility of the IS professional

maintenance may involve monitoring the performance of the system to check performance measures with those indicated in the system requirements so that necessary changes may be employed

error correction is also part of support to users for it calls for post implementation debugging or correcting “bugs” in programs which may cause problems to users.

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