Tra Trieste e Nova Gorica per lo studio dei

fenomeni ultraveloci

Between Trieste and Nova Gorica for the

study of ultra-fast phenomena

Cesare Grazioli

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Project U TRST-NoMa

Talents for an International House

(TALENTS)

Grant Agreement number: 245574

Ultrafast Time Resolved SpecTroscopy on Novel Materials

• What is Spectroscopy?

• Ultrafast Technology

• The Origin Institution

• The Host Institution

• Working between Trieste and Nova Gorica

(and Europe)

• Research on Novel Materials

What is spectroscopy? The study of the interaction of matter with light

Specifically, looking at how energy is stored in a molecule, how it gains or loses energy, and how energy

moves around inside the molecule.

The electromagnetic spectrum is BROAD MANY techniques: Absorption spectroscopy Fluorescence spectroscopy X-ray spectroscopy Visible spectroscopy Ultraviolet spectroscopy Infrared spectroscopy

Near Infrared (NIR) spectroscopy Raman spectroscopy CARS spectroscopy Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Photoemission spectroscopy Mössbauer spectroscopy (…….)

An example of our capabilities:

Scientists at IBM Research have made “the world's smallest movie” by moving individual atoms with a scanning tunneling microscope.

http://www.research.ibm.com/articles/madewithatoms.shtml Cu(111)

Tip

CO

Several molecules of CO on Copper (111)

We have reached a high degree of sophistication in terms of prediction and control of the static properties at the microscopic scale

Hundreds of frames that have been assembled for a movie

A Boy and His Atom

Bet: Do all four hooves

of a trotting horse ever

simultaneously leave

the ground?

The Birth of Ultrafast “Technology”

Leland Stanford Eadweard Muybridge

Time Resolution:

1/60th of a second

The "Trotting Horse”

Controversy Palo Alto, CA 1872

Observation of the

process from birth to

death of a molecule

Developments of Ultrafast Technology

Ahmed Zewail

Nobel prize 1999

Time Resolution:

10 fs

Apparatus with an ultrafast laser to be used on a

molecular beam. The beam and the picosecond

laser system were interfaced. The goal of the

project began as wanting to directly measure the

rate of vibrational-energy redistribution for an

isolated molecule using the picosecond laser.

Why “femtoseconds”?

Photodissociation dynamics

hv

n e-

Photoionizationdynamics

Spectroscopy

+

Photodissociation dynamics

hv

n e-

Photoionizationdynamics

Spectroscopy

+ VUV Soft-X-Rays

A chemical reaction, typically, happens in some tens or hundreds of femtoseconds (fs)

1 fs = 0.000000000000001 s one millionth of a billionth of seconds

Today, thanks to the development of advanced light sources (synchrotrons, free electron lasers) we are able to follow and to study a reaction that takes place with these time scales. We are also able to understand ‘why some reactions do occur and why others do not. This and a branch of physics and chemistry which is called femtochemistry.

Advanced light sources ELETTRA

Novel Light Sources

FERMI

(Gas Phase beamline)

in Trieste (Basovizza) femtochemistry

(LDM beamline)

Advanced light sources ELETTRA

Novel Light Sources

FERMI

in Trieste (Basovizza) femtochemistry

Gas Phase beamline 1997-2013: 16y activity

Broad Photon energy range [13-900eV] high Resolving Power [E/DE>104] high Photon Flux : 1012_1010 ph s-1 (100mA ring current)

7 end stations for photoabsorption, photoelectron, fluorescenceand mass spectrometry; advanced electron, ion and photoncoincidence spectroscopies.

An external ps/fs laser for two colour pump-probe experiments.

The BL can also accomodate user owned end-stations.

Δ

LDM@FERMI Our 4th generation facility for Atoms, Moleculse and Clusters

Full range tunability (laser seeded FEL)

Fundamental phenomena: multiphoton absorption and photoemission Focus on dilute species: spectroscopy of clusters and nanodroplets Pump-probe in fs domain with VUV –X photons + optical laser

A laboratory for ultrafast spectroscopy and femtochemistry based on a state-of-the-art fs-laser HHG source in the VUV, at University of Nova Gorica (Dept. Physics, campus of Ajdovščina), and a scientific case on pump-probe experiments, in close collaboration with the LDM beamline of FERMI.

In Nova Gorica (Ajdovščina) femtochemistry

Laboratory of Quantum Optics: development and characterization of methods based on the use of innovative light sources

CITIUS Lab

funding from (FP7) Italo-Slovenian Cross – Border Cooperation Program

The CITIUS network

ELETTRA/FERMI generation of light from relativistic electrons and its use for investigation of matter structure

UNIVERSITY OF NOVA GORICA design and contruction of new generation light sources (several years of collaborations with Sincrotrone Trieste) Laboratory of organic matter physics, that will be actively involved in the exploitation of the new light source

CNR-LUXOR Design and construction of instrumentation for photon handling and spectroscopy on ultra- short femtosecond and attosecond pulses in the extreme-ultraviolet

KONTROLNI SISTEMI d.o.o.

Remote Control for

all “smart” devices

from one point.

Automatic control

User interface

UNIVERSITY OF LUBIANA

Stabilization of light mechanical constructions

CNR-ISOF

Synthesis of new products and development of innovative methodologies in organic synthesis.

The CITIUS collaborations Design and construction of instrumentation for photon handling and spectroscopy on ultra- short femtosecond and attosecond pulses in the extreme-ultraviolet

SOLEIL, the French national synchrotron facility

Uppsala University Department of Physics and Astronomy, Molecular and Condensed Matter Physics

The new lab in Ajdovščina

LASER

BEAMLINE END-STATION

Experimental

chamber

Building new lab in Ajdovščina

We broke the wall through and reinforced the whole structure

Creation of an ISOLATED concrete base, for higher stability

CITIUS specifications are mainly driven by fs-PES requirements

wavelength range: 60-20 nm, 100 – 50 fs pulses

good average power up to 10 KHz and best possible stability

107 ph/pulse @sample @ 20 eV; 5*105 ph/pulse @sample @ 70 eV

possibility to perform pump-probe experiments: OPA with delay line

tunability in the higher wavelength range under evaluation!!!???

103 ph/pulse @sample in the 100-300 eV hv range, through HHG in Helium (only XAS)

Laser systemChamber with

gas jet

/n

Mono

Light spectrometer

Experimental chamber

with electron spectrometer

Sample

MirrorDelay lineParametric

amplifier

D

the CITIUS Light Source

Coherent “Legend Elite Duo”

seed laser Micra and two amplifying

stages: Evolution 30 (Q-Switched

Nd:YLF) laser Evolution HE (Q-

Switched Nd:YLF) laser

100Hz, 1 kHz, 5 kHz and 10 kHz

repetition-rate.

3.1mJ and <40fs at 5 kHz

Two thirds of the energy is used for

HHG,

one third as a pump for OPA or IR part

in the pump-probe experiments

HHG chamber with gas jet Monochromator and recombination

chamber

Experimental chamber Path of the IR pump (or OPA) with delay

line

Assembling the beamline in Basovizza

IRMA – L.U.R.E. SOLEIL M. Sacchi et al. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 74, 2791 (2003)

- Two circle goniometer

- UHV

- Applied magnetic field up to 1500 Oe

- Temperature control (-20 120 ˚C)

- Detection: PD and CEM on the goniometer

MCP or CCD at fixed angle

S. Valencia, et al. New Journal of Physics 8 (2006) 254

Permalloy

a test: X-Ray Magnetic Scattering with IRMA

-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30-0.25

-0.20

-0.15

-0.10

-0.05

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

no

rm. sca

tte

red

in

ten

sity (

arb

. u

nits)

H (Oe)

hyst. loop for Dt < 0 ps

hyst. loop for Dt > 1.0 ps

-1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0

0.05

0.10

0.15

Data: Data9_D

Model: ExpDec1

Equation: y = A1*exp(-x/t1) + y0

Weighting:

y No weighting

Chi^2/DoF = 0.00012

R^2 = 0.91514

y0 0.02588 ±0.00423

A1 0.08695 ±0.00616

t1 0.21437 ±0.02642

pump probe delay (ps)

Data9_D

ExpDec5_B

LinearFit2_Data9DI++ I

-

I+- I

-

Hysteresis loops as a function of the delay: demagnetization WE CAN PERFORM EXPERIMENTS ON MAGNETISM

ULLA: end-station with a hemispherical electron spectrometer SES 200 (collaboration with Uppsala University) Temporal characterization of the EUV pulses

Cross correlation measurement in gas phase (side bands)

LAPE on a Kr gas jet

HH 15 (23.1 eV)

+ Ti:Sa (1.55 eV)

Δt = 35 fs !!!

characterization: photoemission with ULLA

CITIUS END-STATION Design: 1. Fast Entry 2. Conventional surface preparation stage 3. Measuring stage: SPECTROMETERS - ARPES / XPS - time and angle resolved Time of

Flight electron analyzer cryogenic manipulator (L-He) 10 K

June 2012

Experiment in MAX-LAB (Sweden)

The state-of-the-art SCIENTA SPECTROMETERS

SCIENTA ARTOF 10k Spectrometer

• New type of electron spectrometer • ARTOF 10k (Angle Resolved Time Of Flight) – Outstanding energy resolution – Excellent angular resolution – Up to 250 times

higher transmission

WHAT WILL BE POSSIBLE TO DO...

Data acquired at Artemis

Central Laser Facility

R.A.L. Didcot - Oxford (U.K.)

Bi2Se3 topological insulator

M. Bianchi et al., Nature Communications 1, Article number: 128

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

GIOVANNI DE NINNO - GROUP LEADER, UNG / ELETTRA DAVID GAUTHIER - UNG / ELETTRA ROSEN IVANOV - UNG / ELETTRA

SANDRA GARDONIO - UNG MARCELLO CORENO - C.N.R. / ELETTRA

BARBARA RESSEL - UNG CARLO SPEZZANI - ELETTRA

ALESSANDRA CIAVARDINI – UNIROMA 1 LUCA POLETTO - C.N.R. LUXOR

FABIO FRASSETTO - C.N.R. LUXOR PAOLO MIOTTI - C.N.R. LUXOR ELEONORA POLO - C.N.R. ISOF

MIRAN MERHAR - UNI. LJ. BOJAN GOSPODARIČ - UNI. LJ.

DAMJAN GOLOB - KONTROLNI SISTEMI ALJAŽ PODBORŠEK- KONTROLNI SISTEMI