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presented by
Komlan A. ABLEDEAgronomist
(Institut Togolais de Recherche Agronomique, Togo)
Identification des causes des écarts de Identification des causes des écarts de rendement dans deux zones de rendement dans deux zones de
production de riz au Togoproduction de riz au Togo
Background
Materials and methods
Results
Conclusion
OutlineOutline
BackgroundBackgroundRice = 3rd most cultivated
cereal crop in Togo after maize and sorghum.
In Togo, Rice is increasingly used in the diet of population in both urban and rural areas.
The annual average of white rice consumption per capita is about 15 kg on the national level of (DSID, 2010)
Fig. 1 : Production of the main cereal crops (2008-2010)
BackgroundBackground However, rice production in Togo does not cover the needs of
the population
Fig. 2 : Production vs importation of white rice (2000-2010)
Deficits are always compensated by massive importations in spite of the enormous potentialities of the country
BackgroundBackground In 2012, ITRA and AfricaRice survey have
been done to quantify ‘‘yield gap’’ in 2 rice production areas in Togo.
Potential yield
Yield gap =
Actual yield obtained by
farmers–
BackgroundBackground The objectives of this survey were:
to identify causes of yield gap in rice cultivation in Togo
to quantify yield gaps and their causes.
Materials and methodsMaterials and methods Survey’s areas
Hub Village/Irrigation scheme
N° of surveyed field/farmer
REGION MARITIME(irrigated lowlands)
AGOME - GLOZOU 10
ZIOWUNU 9
KOVIE 6
REGION des PLATEAUX(rainfed lowlands)
AKATA - ADAME 10
KPELE BEME 10
AGADJI 10
TOTAL - 55
Materials and methodsMaterials and methods Data collection
through sampling
Materials and methodsMaterials and methods Data collection
through direct observation
Materials and methodsMaterials and methods Data collection
through interview
Materials and methodsMaterials and methods Data collected Previous crops or length of fallow (by interview)
Variety (by interview)
Rice ecology (by interview and observation)
Land preparation method (by interview)
Crop establishment method and period (by interview)
Irrigation / drainage system (by interview and observation)
Crop density, rice canopy cover, weed infestation
Water status, iron toxicity, …
Crop management practices
Diseases and insect pests,
Yield data, etc.
Materials and methodsMaterials and methods Data have been recorded using smartphone Open Data Kit helped to
Build a data collection form or survey; Collect the data on a smartphone and send it to a
server; and Aggregate the collected data on a server and extract
it in Excel format. Average yield data have been submited to
ANOVA under GenStat and means were compared by Duncan test (5%)
ResultsResults
Maritime: irriguée Plateaux : pluviale de bas-fond
Mauvais nivelage du sol, bonne confection des diguettes
Mauvais nivelage du sol
Repiquage systématique (7 plts/pqt) Semis à la volée/grande qté semences (Akata Adamé); repiquage (Beme + Agadji)
Désherbages réguliers Mauvaise gestion des adventices (désherbages insuffisants)
Non application d’engrais organiqueEngrais minéral mal appliqué/en qté insuffisante/périodes d’apport inappropriées
Non application d’engrais organiqueEngrais minéral mal appliqué/en qté insuffisante/périodes d’apport inappropriées
Lutte contre certaines maladies/ravageurs Pas de lutte contre les maladies/ravageurs
Brûlis systématique des résidus Paillage des résidus au champ
Irrigation/drainage
Main observationso Good/bad practices
ResultsResults Main observations
o Abiotic/biotic stress
Stress Maritime: irriguée Plateaux : pluviale de bas-fond
abiotique
- Insuffisance/mauvaise répartition des pluies
Toxicité ferreuse Faible fertilité des sols
Sols pauvres; salinité Très faible fertilité des sols
biotique
Mauvaises herbes: surtout Echinocloa sp
Mauvaises herbes
piriculariose, helminthosporiose flétrissement bactérien; piriculariose,
Insectes ravageurs: foreurs, acridiens et coléoptères phyllophages
Insectes ravageurs: acridiens, foreurs et coléoptères phyllophages
ResultsResults Main observations
o Abiotic/biotic stress
Stress Maritime: irrigated Plateaux : rainfed lowlands
abiotic
- Insuffisance/mauvaise répartition des pluies
Toxicité ferreuse Faible fertilité des sols
Sols pauvres; salinité Très faible fertilité des sols
biotic
Mauvaises herbes: surtout Echinocloa sp
Mauvaises herbes
piriculariose, helminthosporiose flétrissement bactérien; piriculariose,
Insectes ravageurs: foreurs, acridiens et coléoptères phyllophages
Insectes ravageurs: acridiens, foreurs et coléoptères phyllophages
ResultsResultsRainfed lowlands Irrigated lowlands
Village Rep. Average yield (kg/ha) Village Rep. Average
yield (kg/ha)
Agadji 10 2663 b Kovié 6 3920 b
Akata Adame 10 2815 b Ziowunu 9 3314 c
Kpele Beme 10 3781 a Agome
Glozou 10 5242 a
Mean 3086 B 4159 A
ResultsResults
Rendement moyen paddy (12% Hté) vs écart par rapport au potentiel fixé à 6 t/ha
ConclusionConclusiono Many biotic and abiotic constraints have been
recordedo The highest yields/lowest gap were obtained in
irrigated lowlandso Yield gaps recorded were ranged from 40 to
60% of potential yield of the most popular variety cultivated in Togo (IR 841) which is 6t/ha.
o Yield gap survey is ongoing in the 2 hubs 2013o Introduction of Good agricultural practices
began in 2013
Thank You
Merci