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A presentation of an ongoing "re-visioning" of traditional Cultural Heritage cataloging theory in terms of significant ideas from Physics, Anthropology, and Mathematics. The Gardens of Versailles serve as an introduction to graph theory, and the utility of that theory for describing simple and complex analog & digital resources. Edwin Abbott Abbott's "Flatland" is invoked to define levels of structural constraint as applied to Cultural Heritage resource description. How to depict and reason about analog & digital resources using a diagrammatic method.
Citation preview
The Graph-Theoretic Libraryand The Role of Conceptual Data Modeling in
Cultural Heritage Institutions
Ethnomathematics
2002
1981
1991
Ethnomathematics
2002
1981
1991
Ethnomathematics
2002
1981
1991
Ethnomathematics
Ethnomathematics is the study of the mathematical practices of specific cultural groups in the course of dealing with their environmental problems and activities
• The prefix “ethno” refers to identifiable cultural groups, such as national-tribal societies, labor groups, children of a certain age bracket, professional classes, etc. and includes their ideologies, language, daily practices, and their specific ways of reasoning and inferring.
• “Mathema” here means to explain, understand and manage reality specifically by ciphering, counting, measuring, classifying, ordering, inferring and modeling patterns arising in the environment.
• The suffix “tics” means art or technique.
Apprehending Versailles
Apprehending Versailles
Apprehending Versailles
Apprehending Versailles
Apprehending Versailles
Apprehending Versailles
Apprehending Versailles
Apprehending Versailles
Representing Versailles
A Simplifying Abstraction: From Versailles to the Versailles Map of Creative Expressions• You want to create multimedia records of your
experience of Versailles by identifying various locations within the gardens, and creating and/or collecting still and motion images of that point plus the texts, musical performances, etc. that are evoked by that point.
• How do you organize these collected resources?
Representing Versailles
A Simplifying Abstraction: From Versailles to the Versailles Map of Creative Expressions
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InformationSchool groups cloakroomTelephoneCafeteria, RestaurantRefreshmentsToiletsFor disabled personsCar parksBoat hireBicyclesIce creamsSouvenirsConfectioneryPicnic area
The Estate of Versailles
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Grille de la Reine
Porte St-Antoine
Grille des Matelots
Grille d’Honneur
Grille du Dragon
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The Garden and GrovesBassin d’ApollonBosquet de l’EnceladeJardin du RoiSalle des MarronniersBosquet de la ColonnadeBosquet des DômesBassin du MiroirTapis vertBosquet de la GirandoleBosquet du DauphinBassin et parterre de LatoneSalle de BalBosquet des Bains d’ApollonParterre d’EauPièce d’Eau des SuissesBosquet des Trois FontainesBassin de NeptuneBassin du DragonOrangerie Parterre Sud Parterre NordBosquet de l’Arc de Triomphe
In townKing’s Kitchen Garden Academy of Equestrian Arts tel: 01 39 02 07 14
Tourist Office 2 bis, avenue de Paris78000 Versaillestel: 01 39 24 88 88
Baroque Music Centre (Hôtel des Menus Plaisirs)
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On footFrom the Palace of Versailles to the top of the Grand Canal (1 km) 15min. on foot
From the Palace of Versailles to the Trianon estate (1.5 km) 25min. on foot
From the Palace of Versailles to the end of the Grand Canal (3.5 km)60min. on foot
Horse-drawn carriagesFrom Tuesdays to SundaysTelephone: 01 30 97 04 40Fax: 01 30 97 04 44
Mini-trainA mini-train runs every day to the Trianon except in exceptional circumstances. Seats reserved for people with restricted mobility.Duration: 15min.
Telephone: 01 39 54 22 00Fax: 01 39 55 07 25
Electric carsSeveral visit circuits.Information: 01 39 66 97 66
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Representing VersaillesA Simplifying Abstraction: From Versailles to the Versailles Map of Creative Expressions
Map X Y PicturePlanCB_07 85 354 IMG_1084.jpgPlanCB_07 64 310 IMG_1087.jpg
... ... ... ...
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The Estate of Versailles
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Grille de la Reine
Porte St-Antoine
Grille des Matelots
Grille d’Honneur
Grille du Dragon
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The Garden and GrovesBassin d’ApollonBosquet de l’EnceladeJardin du RoiSalle des MarronniersBosquet de la ColonnadeBosquet des DômesBassin du MiroirTapis vertBosquet de la GirandoleBosquet du DauphinBassin et parterre de LatoneSalle de BalBosquet des Bains d’ApollonParterre d’EauPièce d’Eau des SuissesBosquet des Trois FontainesBassin de NeptuneBassin du DragonOrangerie Parterre Sud Parterre NordBosquet de l’Arc de Triomphe
In townKing’s Kitchen Garden Academy of Equestrian Arts tel: 01 39 02 07 14
Tourist Office 2 bis, avenue de Paris78000 Versaillestel: 01 39 24 88 88
Baroque Music Centre (Hôtel des Menus Plaisirs)
1
3 4
5 6
2
7
9 10
8
11
1312
14
15
16
171819
20 21 22
On footFrom the Palace of Versailles to the top of the Grand Canal (1 km) 15min. on foot
From the Palace of Versailles to the Trianon estate (1.5 km) 25min. on foot
From the Palace of Versailles to the end of the Grand Canal (3.5 km)60min. on foot
Horse-drawn carriagesFrom Tuesdays to SundaysTelephone: 01 30 97 04 40Fax: 01 30 97 04 44
Mini-trainA mini-train runs every day to the Trianon except in exceptional circumstances. Seats reserved for people with restricted mobility.Duration: 15min.
Telephone: 01 39 54 22 00Fax: 01 39 55 07 25
Electric carsSeveral visit circuits.Information: 01 39 66 97 66
i
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Representing VersaillesA Simplifying Abstraction: From Versailles to the Versailles Map of Creative Expressions
But Wait: What if you want to better document or to relate significant aspects
of the creative expressions to one another, and not
just to the map?
Thinking About Versailles
A Further Simplifying Abstraction: The Versailles Graph
We can create a mathematical expression of the relationships between the Versailles Gardens and the creative expressions inspired by them.
Thinking About Versailles
A Further Simplifying Abstraction: The Versailles Graph
This set of creative expressions would be called a Graph.
Thinking About Versailles
A Further Simplifying Abstraction: The Versailles Graph
We construct a set of nodes (AKA vertices) and a set of edges (AKA links) that define one or more types of relationship between the nodes.
This set of creative expressions would be called a Graph.
Thinking About Versailles
A Further Simplifying Abstraction: The Versailles Graph
We construct a set of nodes (AKA vertices) and a set of edges (AKA links) that define one or more types of relationship between the nodes.
In this example, the nodes represent locations within the gardens. The links represent a “next_to” relationship between two garden locations.
Thinking About Versailles
A Further Simplifying Abstraction: The Versailles Graph
We construct a set of nodes (AKA vertices) and a set of edges (AKA links) that define one or more types of relationship between the nodes.
A graph may be visualized as a network of dots and lines (sometimes arrowed)
Thinking About Versailles
A Further Simplifying Abstraction: The Versailles Graph
A graph diagram can be manipulated to show relationships more clearly
Thinking About Versailles
A Further Simplifying Abstraction: The Versailles Graph
Thinking About Mazes
A Simplifying Abstraction: From Maze to Maze Graph
Thinking About Mazes
A Simplifying Abstraction: From Maze to Maze Graph
Thinking About Mazes
A Simplifying Abstraction: From Maze to Maze Graph
Data Modeling in General
• Definitions• About data modeling• Data models and “Paper Tools”• Data modeling examples (many!)• What to do now
Thinking About Mazes and Formal Gardens
Abstract, Refine, Generalize, Pose Questions
Thinking About Mazes and Formal Gardens
Is the Hampton Court maze transformable into a section of the Versailles Gardens?
Thinking About Mazes and Formal Gardens
Is there a set of vertices and edges (a subgraph shape) within the Versailles graph
that matches the Hampton Court Maze?
• Um, probably
• Brute force approach (shape matching) foreclosed by old brains and unwillingless to go insane
• Did not have a representation that could be used to decide the question in a more elegant fashion
Thinking About Mazes and Formal Gardens
Data Modeling in General• Definitions– Conceptual Data Model: A description of a portion of an enterprise in terms of
the fundamental things of interest to it. They are fundamental in that most things seen by business owners are examples of these.
– Logical Data Model: The organization of data for use with a particular data management technology. For relational databases, these are tables and columns; for object-oriented databases, object classes and attributes.• The MARC bibliographic standard specifies a logical data model that uses tags and
delimiters to structure bibliographic data. In practice, the bibliographic conceptual data model is tangled up in the logical data model
– Physical Data Model: The organization of data used to place it on specific storage media. This level refers to “tablespaces” and “cylinders.”
– General Definition: The specification of a final conceptual data model and an initial logical data model that together meet business requirements, prior to any performance tuning.
About Data Modeling
• Why a Data Model is Important• What Makes a Good Data Model?• What Makes a Good Data Modeler?• What is the Description/Design Question?
About Data Modeling
• Why a Data Model is Important– Leverage: Small changes in the data model have major effects on the
system design and final implementation–Conciseness: The relatively compact data model takes less time to
review that the functional specification, and in-depth understanding easier to achieve–Data Quality: Data quality problems are often traceable to
inconsistent data definition, interpretation, and enforcement mechanisms
About Data Modeling
• Why a Data Model is Important– It serves as a necessary complement to a function and process
model• The database system design and implementation process described here can
involve three types of modeling• A data model describes the information an enterprise must have on hand to
execute its functions• A function model describes what an enterprise must do• A process model describes how an enterprise must do it.– Function and process models are regularly combined during the database
system design process
– It can function as a “Paper Tool” in service of theoretical and practical ends
About Data Modeling
• What Makes a Good Data Model?–Completeness–Nonredundancy– Enforcement of Business Rules–Data Reusability– Stability & Flexibility– Elegance–Communication– Integration
About Data Modeling
• What is the Description/Design Question?– Is data modeling best characterized as a descriptive activity, the
objective of which is to document some aspect of the real world?– Is data modeling best characterized as a design activity, the objective
of which is to create data structures to meet a set of requirements?–Does the history of the development and implementation of the FRBR
model reflect aspects of this controversy?
Portions quoted from Simsion, Graeme (2007). Data Modeling: Theory and Practice. p.3.
About Data Modeling
• How is the Description/Design Issue Manifest?– Explicit arguments among practitioners and academics, as to
whether the description or design paradigm was correct.–Clashes between practitioners who subscribed to the descriptive
paradigm, but had produced different models that were difficult to reconcile.–Disagreement over the appropriateness of data modelers
introducing new concepts and terminology rather than simply documenting an established view of business entities.
Quoted from Simsion, Graeme (2007). Data Modeling: Theory and Practice. p.10.
About Data Modeling
• How is the Description/Design Issue Manifest (cont.)?–Difficulty in teaching data modeling using texts and teaching
materials which treated it as a descriptive process. – Experienced data modeling practitioners struggling to develop
models, and observing that data modeling in practice was much more difficult than it should be if it was essentially concerned with describing data requirements.–Antipathy towards data modelers, who were frequently seen as
pursuing an ideal description of reality rather than contributing in the most productive way to an information system design.
Quoted from Simsion, Graeme (2007). Data Modeling: Theory and Practice. p.10.
About Data Modeling
• Description/Design Issue Findings–The description/design issue is considered an important
one by data modeling practitioners• Evenly divided on opinion
–Data modeling extends into the implementation-oriented Logical Data Model stage–Database design methods used in practice support the
design paradigm–Data modeling product variation supports a design
paradigm with many possible models, plus there are effects of training and personal modeling stylees
From Simsion, Graeme (2007). Data Modeling: Theory and Practice. p.326-3xxx.
About Data Modeling
• Description/Design Issue Implications for FRBR–Expect FRBR data modeling efforts to encounter similar
issues– In compensation, develop an approach that allows theory
to guide (but not dictate) FRBR design efforts• Design data structures that meet requirements• Test data models - as Paper Tools - in theory-driven scenarios,
and allow each to mutually inform and creatively correct one another–Employ multiple sources for theory–Employ data modeling conventions and patterns
From Simsion, Graeme (2007). Data Modeling: Theory and Practice. p.326-3xxx.
A Simplifying Abstraction: Resource Diagram Drawing Conventions
A Simplifying Abstraction: Resource Diagram Drawing Conventions
Vertex/Node
A Simplifying Abstraction: Resource Diagram Drawing Conventions
A Resource
A Simplifying Abstraction: Resource Diagram Drawing Conventions
A NamedResource(Resource Plus
Minimal Description: ID and Name)
A “Backbone” for Optional Resource
Descriptions
A Resource
A Simplifying Abstraction: Resource Diagram Drawing Conventions
A NamedResource(Resource Plus
Minimal Description: ID and Name)
Optional Resource Descriptions
A “Backbone” for Optional Resource
Descriptions
A Resource
A Simplifying Abstraction: Resource Diagram Drawing Conventions
A NamedResource(Resource Plus
Minimal Description: ID and Name)
Optional Resource Descriptions
A “Backbone” for Optional Resource
Descriptions
Four Different Kindsof Descriptions are
Associated With This Resource
A Resource
A Simplifying Abstraction: Resource Diagram Drawing Conventions
It’s Convenient to Group Descriptions Logically, Changing the Shape of the
Resource Holder as Needed(e.g., library vs. archive vs. museum)
Resource ModelingVia a Diagrammatic Method
• Things of interest in the world can be treated as Resources– Resources are represented by dots
• Resources must be described in order to be findable, navigable, and accessible– Resource descriptions (in attribute form, apart from the minimum) are
represented by color-coded boxes
• Different types of Resource descriptions can be defined for the same Resource–Co-occurring Resource description boxes are attached to a backbone
Resource ModelingVia a Diagrammatic Method
• Relationships can be defined between Resources– Labeled lines can be drawn between related Resource descriptions
• Diagram drawing and manipulation rules reflect relevant attributes of real world Resources and their relationships–Only certain entities and relationships can be defined and described
• Extension and/or modification of the drawing rules can reveal Resource attributes and relationships that are not apparent or impossible using the usual approaches–Memory or legacy record-keeping system overload/failure is
eliminated by changes in representation and/or record-keeping systems
FRBR-Centric Resource ModelingUsing a Diagrammatic Method
(A FRBR “Paper Tool”)
• What is a paper tool?• Who uses a diagrammatic method like this?• Why use a paper tool to reason about bibliographic
(etc.) relationships among resources?• How do we use it?
The Precedent From PhysicsFeynman Diagrams & Diagramming Rules†
† http://www2.slac.stanford.edu/vvc/theory/feynman.html. Kaiser, David. Drawing Theories Apart: The Dispersion of Feynman Diagrams in Postwar Physics. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. 2005.
• Paper Tool† - A collection of symbolic elements (diagrams, characters, etc.), whose construction and manipulation follow rules and constraints of one or more guiding theories– Paper tool manipulation permits rapid, flexible, and creative exploration of
phenomena of interest– Paper tool/user dialogs can generate unprecedented manipulations, and
change the interests and goals of a modeling effort– One can work theoretically as well as practically with a paper tool• Examples abound in the Sciences• We can use a paper tool as a bookkeeping device during resource
description (cataloging) and for FRBR theory formation and testing• Proper paper tool design aids in specification of appropriate data
structures that meet user requirements for discovery and access
† Klein, Ursula (2001) ‘Paper Tools in Experimental Cultures’, Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 32: 265–302.
Working With A Paper Tool
Working With Paper Tools
• Why use a paper tool for reasoning about bibliographic (or any other) relationships among resources?– Efficient presentation of entities, attributes, relationships, and business
rules– Diagram construction can be heavily constrained by (FRBR) theory• What levels of descriptions are appropriate?• What relationships exist between Resources and/or descriptions?• What emergent structural properties emerge from a given Resource/
description?– Can validate obvious and non-obvious aspects of resource descriptions ahd
relationships by creating and validating simple and complex model diagrams
Representing Bibliographic Information: Prior Art
Author:
Title:
Content type:
Provenance:
Subject:
Lee, T. B.
Cataloguing has a future
Spoken word
Audio disc
Metadata
Donated by the author
Carrier type:
From flat-file record ...
Author:
Title:
Content type:
Provenance:
Subject:
Lee, T. B.Cataloguing has a future
Spoken word
Audio disc
MetadataDonated by the author
Carrier type:
... to relational record
Name:Biography:...
Name authority
Term:Definition:...
Subject authority
Bibliographic description
Title:
Provenance:
Lee, T. B.
Cataloguing has a futureAudio disc
Metadata
Donated by the author
Carrier type:
... to FRBR record
Name:Biography:...
Name authority
Term:Definition:...
Subject authority
Item
Manifestation
Author:
Content type:
Subject:
Spoken wordExpression
Work
Representing Bibliographic Information: Prior Art
• Simplifying abstractions center on the catalog card–The text-bearing card becomes the information-
bearing record•Card text becomes Resource attributes•Card text becomes Resource relationships
–Catalog record evolution reflects theoretical & pragmatic concerns•More diverse record types (Name & Subject
Authorities)•Assumption of hierarchical Resource structure•Related Term (RT) cross-referencing employed as a
pragmatic access strategy
Representing Bibliographic Information
2
Provenance: Donated by the authorItem Information
Title:Carrier type: Audiodisc
Cataloguing has a futureManifestation Information
Content type:Expression Information
Spoken Word
Author:Subject:
Work InformationLee. T. B.Cataloging -- Philosophy
All four kinds of FRBR data are nested in a standard information carrier that is “attached” to the Resource
W
E
M
I
A catalog card
Representing Bibliographic Information
2
Provenance: Donated by the authorItem Information
Title:Carrier type: Audiodisc
Cataloguing has a futureManifestation Information
Content type:Expression Information
Spoken Word
Author:Subject:
Work InformationLee. T. B.Cataloging -- Philosophy
All four kinds of FRBR data are nested in a standard information carrier that is “attached” to the Resource
W
E
M
I
A catalog card
Representing Bibliographic Information
2
Provenance: Donated by the authorItem Information
Title:Carrier type: Audiodisc
Cataloguing has a futureManifestation Information
Content type:Expression Information
Spoken Word
Author:Subject:
Work InformationLee. T. B.Cataloging -- Philosophy
All four kinds of FRBR data are nested in a standard information carrier that is “attached” to the Resource
W
E
M
I
A catalog card
Expression
Manifestation
Item
Work
FRBR Paper Tool Primer & Example
The basic diagram element represents a resource and the overall description of that resource
Expression
Manifestation
Item
Work
FRBR Paper Tool Primer & Example
A black-filled circle means that a resource and a resource description are both present. A clear circle means that no resource is present
Expression
Manifestation
Item
Work
FRBR Paper Tool Primer & Example
The color squares designate different descriptions of the resource. In this case, they reflect FRBR rules for resource description.
Expression
Manifestation
Item
Work
FRBR Paper Tool Primer & Example
Connections between descriptions are made according to the rules for the point of view being represented.
Expression
Manifestation
Item
Work
FRBR Paper Tool Primer & Example
Squares placed next to one another are linked together by the appropriate relationship. No lines are visible.
Expression
Manifestation
Item
Work
FRBR Paper Tool Primer & Example
If a color square is solid, that means that a full resource description is present.
Expression
Manifestation
Item
Work
FRBR Paper Tool Primer & Example
If a color square is hollow, that means that this description points to one or more descriptions of the same type. It acts as a container.
Expression
Manifestation
Item
Work
FRBR Paper Tool Primer & Example
Has Part
Has Part
A container description must be linked to one or more descriptions of the same Type. (This is a Business Rule at work.)
In this example, an Item (acting as a container) is composed of two other Items.
Expression
Manifestation
Item
Work
FRBR Paper Tool Primer & Example
Has Part
Has Part
In Item can act as a container because it is a type of Resource. In our modeling of bibliographic information, a Resource can be composed of other Resources.
Resource subtypes like Item may inherit this ability, depending on business rules.
Expression
Manifestation
Item
Work
FRBR Paper Tool Primer & Example
A Mildly Complex Example
A serial publication consists of a number of articles (one is two-part) gathered into issues under a single journal title. Some author, publisher, and other role-based information is known. Only two subject headings have been assigned so far.
In addition to routine issue publication, a number of articles have been selected by the editors for a special issue on Cosmology, as well as for an ongoing “Best Of” collection of articles.
Found on your bookshelf or your hard drive
Some Resources are not described as completely as others
Same as before, but with a serial number/ID and your own name for the Resource of interest assigned
What publishers can do: group their publications by date
What publishers can do: group & order publications by editorial choice
What publishers can do: group their publications by date
What libraries can do: group related but editorially distinct publications by publisher and date
What libraries can do: supply a subject term for an article
What libraries can do: supply a controlled name for a person, corporation, etc. mentioned in or having to do with an article
What libraries can do: supply a subject term for an article
The subject portion of this network of bibliographic entities and relationships may seem hierarchical when viewed in isolation,(but anomalies begin to appear).
Less hierarchical appearing are the naming sections of the network of bibliographic entities and relationships
When the entities and relationships are taken all together, the network structure of this mildly complex conceptual data model of a serial publication is readily apparent.
The ability to represent this serial publication diagrammatically is dependent on FRBR theory’s ability to prescribe diagram elements and construction rules in a conceptually valid fashion.
If significant aspects of the publication’s structure and content cannot be expressed in the diagram, it is an indication that the theory needs work.
Just as in architectural or engineering design, management of complex data model diagrams may require computerized assistance.
The ability to accept and use diagrammatic representations of FRBR theoretical elements may be dependent on that party’s position on the Description/Design Issue.
Catalogers may already be accustomed to a descriptive stance due to personal inclination reinforced by professional training. Software developers must take a design stance towards their work, and are already conversant with diagrammatic representation.
Whether either group will be able to reason theoretically using diagrams (á la Feynman) is an open question.
• Exemplars† - A set of “typical” Resource and content description scenarios, solutions to which encourage (a.) selection of the best Paper Tool from available choices, (b.) the refinement of Resource description skills, and (c.) the creation of conceptual and logical data models that reflect Paper Tool capabilities– A manuscript (individual and related multiples, published but host to history,
imaginary)– A monograph in one edition (individual and related multiples)– A monograph in multiple editions (individual and related multiples)– A publication in multiple media– A continuing publication (individual and related multiples publications, special
editions) network– A library multimedia resource and resource description network– A World Wide Web page and its underlying multimedia resource network
Working With Paper Tools:Exemplars
†Kuhn’s The Structure of Scientific Revolutions & Kaiser’s Drawing Theories Apart: The Dispersion of Feynman Diagrams in Postwar Physics
Archiveland, Libraryland, Webland and Beyond: A Modern Mathematical Tale
•It is possible to adopt an Ethnomathematically informed perspective on Cultural Heritage Resource description:
• Resource description in general and cataloging in particular involves the construction of descriptive structures - entities with attributes - and the definition of relationships between entities
• These descriptive structures can be represented in graph form - as sets of nodes and links that represent Resources and Resource relationships
• Resource description graphs display varying degrees of complexity in terms of node and link quantities and types
- Graph-theoretical expressions of complexity can be given meaning from a Resource description and cataloging theory point of view
We All Speak Prose Here: Graph Structures In Resource Description And Access
• Define increasingly complex graph structures that could represent bibliographic Resource descriptions
•Indicate which combinations of graph structures characterize different Cultural Heritage institutions
•Identify a number of graph characteristics that could support a dimensional view on Resource description graphs
We All Speak Prose Here: Graph Structures In Resource Description And Access
AB
D
C
E F
E
C
F
B
A
D
E
C
F
B
A
D
E
C
F
B
A
D
E
C
F
B
A
D
Graph Type Graph Diagram Comments
Null
A null graph consists of a set of nodes without relationships: {{A B C D E F}, {Ø}}.
* Retrieval sets from Online Public Access Catalogs can be represented as null graphs, accept Boolean operations - and be ordered temporarily for display purposes.
Tree(AKA A Connected
Acyclic Graph)
* Nontrivial trees have at least two end nodes.* The deletion of any tree link disconnects the tree.* There is only one travel path between any two nodes in a tree.* Trees are minimally - most economically - connected structures.* A forest is a graph whose components are treesFrom Buckley & Lewinter (2003)
Directed Tree(Hierarchy)
Hierarchies are represented by tree graphs with arrowed links that specify the direction of a relationship.* A polyhierarchy is a forest of hierarchies(?)
We All Speak Prose Here: Graph Structures In Resource Description And Access
S3S6
S2 S1
S4 S5
S4 S4E
C
F
B
A
D
NK
H I
G J
L ME
C
F
B
A
D
Graph Type Graph Diagram Comments
k-Partite
The graph is separable into k non-overlapping sets, based on a specified relationship.
This example illustrates a library graph separated into a bipartite graph by “subject_of” relationships (dashed links in diagram) that link Subject Heading Resource nodes (“S1”) and Managed Named Resource nodes (“A”).
Network
Multiple relationships (directional or nondirectional) can exist between nodes.
One or more travel paths can exist between any two nodes.
Networks can be richly connected
Shelfland Binland, Libraryland, & Beyond:A Cautionary Tale About Resource Description & Access Subcultures
• Shelfland - Resources aggregated without any attempt at organization by Resource characterstic.
• Binland - Resources aggregated by one or more Resource characteristics. Bins may be nested in other bins.
• Archiveland - A Binland operated by a responsible party, following established Resource collection, binning, and preservation procedures.
Shelfland Binland, Libraryland, & Beyond:A Cautionary Tale About Resource Description & Access Subcultures
• Libraryland - Resources organized into bins, hierarchies, and de-facto networks following one or more “authoritative” set of cataloging rules. Structured or unstructured reference Resources are used to support access
• Webland - Resources organized into bins, hierarchies, de-facto and explicit networks. Organization is variable, because a Webland can contain one or more of all of the other lands
We All Speak Prose Here: Graph Structures In Support of Resource Description And Access
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De-Facto & Explicit Network
Binland, Libraryland, Webland, & Beyond:Levels of Graph-Friendly Resource
Description
• Weblanders, who are the most free in defining Resource graphs do not view Libraryland as a highly informative but graph-constrained Resource space
• Confusion in attribute and relationship definitions while data modeling combine with institutional hierarchical assumptions
• Librarylanders do not view Archiveland as a highly informative but graph-constrained Resource space
Binland, Libraryland, Webland, & Beyond:Levels of Graph-Friendly Resource
Description• Librarylanders do not view Webland as a graph-enhanced
Resource space
• Institutional missions and systems available for representation strongly shape reflect different institutional assumptions and governance
• Authoritative control and user direction vs. distributed creation, ownership, dissemination, and discovery
• Permitted nodes, attributes, relationships, and parties
• Archivelanders, Librarylanders and Weblanders all have trouble viewing Binland as an informative but most strongly graph-constrained space!
• Resource descriptions with few attributes
Archiveland, Libraryland, Webland and Beyond: A Modern Mathematical Tale
•Resource description graphs in Cultural Heritage institutions can be related to institutional and other factors that have guided the creation, etc. of those structures
•As in Abbott’s Flatland, lack of awareness of a common underlying structure threatens understanding and action
• It endangers efforts to make Resource descriptions created at one level accessible to other levels.
• It reduces opportunities for parties working at one level of Resource description to share experience and tools across levels
• It denies end-users improved and varied access to Resources
• Enlightenment becomes the ability to engage in Resource-oriented, graph-theoretical thinking independently of institutional level
Placing The FRBR Data Model In A Widening Context
• What kinds of “things of interest” are FRBR entities?–Of what types or subtypes are they?
• Who else is out there creating information about things that are of interest to us–Where do our paths cross?
• Design Decisions–Model FRBR entities as subtypes of a larger, more familiar
type of entity, as Resources–Descriptions of resources can themselves be resources–Business Rules constrain a more flexible data structure
• Model Presentation–Data model to be presented from FRBR “up”–Model elements are introduced one at a time, in an
order that promotes assimilation of new element function and relationship to existing elements–Statements about the model should take the form of
“Business Assertions” that employ:• Entity Names• Entity Attributes• Relationships• Business Rules - Constraints applied to the model
The Conceptual Data Model
Institutionally
Managed Named
Resource
Expressed AsExpression Of
Exemplified ByExample Of
Work Expression Manifestation ItemManifestation Of
Manifest As
The Conceptual Data Model
Institutionally
Managed Named
Resource
Expressed AsExpression Of
Manifest AsManifestation Of
Exemplified ByExample Of
Work Expression Manifestation Item
C D C D C D C D
The Conceptual Data Model
Institutionally
Managed Named
Resource
Expressed AsExpression Of
Manifest AsManifestation Of
Exemplified ByExample Of
Work Expression Manifestation Item
C D C D C D C D
The Conceptual Data Model
IFLA’s FRBR theory asserts that a Resource may be viewed and described from one up to to four levels of abstraction: Work, Expression, Manifestation, or Item.
The FRBR specification indicates which Institutionally Managed Named Resource attributes and relationships (plus others specific to that level of abstraction) constitute each of these levels of description of a given Resource.
Institutionally
Managed Named
Resource
Expressed AsExpression Of
Manifest AsManifestation Of
Exemplified ByExample Of
Work Expression Manifestation Item
C D C D C D C D
The Conceptual Data Model
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Expressed AsExpression Of
Manifest AsManifestation Of
Exemplified ByExample Of
Work Expression Manifestation Item
Describes
Described ByInstitutionally
Managed Named
Resource
C D C D C D C D
Institutionally Managed Named Resource Description
The Conceptual Data Model
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Viewed As Viewed As Viewed As Viewed As
Expressed AsExpression Of
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Exemplified ByExample Of
Work Expression Manifestation Item
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Described ByInstitutionally
Managed Named
Resource
C D C D C D C D
Institutionally Managed Named Resource Description
The Conceptual Data Model
An Institutionally Managed Named Resource Description is (ultimately) a Type of Resource. This entity makes it possible to describe an Institutionally Managed Named Resource by associating it with one or more of an institution’s customary views of that Resource.
No customary view has a privileged or compulsory relationship with the Institutionally Managed Named Resource. Incremental or incomplete resource (set) descriptions can be created.
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The Conceptual Data Model
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Institutionally Managed Named Resource Description
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The Conceptual Data Model
While the more abstract combinations of attributes and relationships that define an institution’s customary view on a Resource may not be shareable with another institution’s, overlaps at less abstract levels are possible.
A set of ISAD(G) archival Resource views has been added to the bibliographic views in the model, along with a general Annotation view, and an Other View.
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The Conceptual Data Model
One of these Other Views could be one or more Physical Preservation views: combinations of (a.) physical measurements of one or more Resources, (b.) statistical analyses of those measurements, and (c) observations and judgments made on the Resource by a Conservator, Archivist, Curator, etc.
Question: Physical Preservation views would co-occur with which of the FRBR/
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Institutionally Managed Find & Navigate Named Resource Description
Identifying Authority Resource Description
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Resource Aboutness Resource Description
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Identifier
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Description
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Institutionally Managed Named Resource Description
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The Conceptual Data Model
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Annotation
Institutionally Managed Find & Navigate Named Resource Description
Identifying Authority Resource Description
Identification
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Rule
Describes
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Preferred
Variant
Resource Aboutness Resource Description
basis for/basis of
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Organization
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Description
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The Conceptual Data Model
Institutionally Managed Find & Navigate Resource Descriptions aid in Resource discovery by providing identifiers, assigning standardized names, subjects, and resource relationships.
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Institutionally Managed Find & Navigate Named Resource Description
Identifying Authority Resource Description
Identification
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Preferred
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Resource Aboutness Resource Description
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Concept
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Rule
Object
Place
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Agency
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Organization
Person
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Resource
Other Relationship Resource Description
Rule
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Assignment
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Find & Navigate
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Description
C D C D C D C D
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The Conceptual Data Model
An Identifying Authority Resource Description consists of a name or an identifier. One or more of these must be assigned to a Named Resource.
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Rule
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Resource Aboutness Resource Description
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Subject
Concept
Event
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Rule
Object
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Responsible Party Resource Description
Organization
Person
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Resource
Other Relationship Resource Description
Rule
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Relationship
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basis for/basis of
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Name
Identifier
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Find & Navigate
Named Resource
Description
C D C D C D C D
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Institutionally Managed Named Resource Description
File
The Conceptual Data Model
A Resource Aboutness Resource Description provides a subject term for a Named Resource. The term must be a Concept, an Event, an Object, a Place, or another Resource.
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basis for/basis of
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Organization
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Resource
Other Relationship Resource Description
Rule
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"Name""Identifier"
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Assignment
basis for/basis of
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Name
Identifier
Other Managed
Find & Navigate
Named Resource
Description
C D C D C D C D
View In
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View In
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Institutionally Managed Named Resource Description
File
The Conceptual Data Model
A Responsible Party Resource Description identifies parties (Persons, Families, Corporate Bodies, etc.) who may (a.) play one or more roles with respect to a Named Resource, or be the subject of a Named Resource.
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Institutionally Managed Find & Navigate Named Resource Description
Identifying Authority Resource Description
Identification
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Resource Aboutness Resource Description
basis for/basis of
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Concept
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Rule
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Place
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Organization
Person
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Resource
Other Relationship Resource Description
Rule
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Relationship
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Assignment
basis for/basis of
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Name
Identifier
Other Managed
Find & Navigate
Named Resource
Description
C D C D C D C D
View In
Viewed As
View In
Viewed As
Institutionally Managed Named Resource Description
File
The Conceptual Data Model
An Other Relationship Resource Description consists of any “other” Type of relationship that one Named Resource may have with another Named Resource. At least one relationship (“Creator”) is required for a Named Resource.
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Expressed AsExpression Of
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Institutionally Managed Find & Navigate Named Resource Description
Identifying Authority Resource Description
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Resource Aboutness Resource Description
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Organization
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Name
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Description
C D C D C D C D
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Institutionally Managed Named Resource Description
File
The Conceptual Data Model
Managed Named Resource
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The Conceptual Data Model
Managed Named Resource
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Other Managed
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The Conceptual Data Model
A Managed Named Resource is a Named Resource that is managed (ID’d, named, described, etc.) by one or more Responsible Parties playing one or more Roles such as “Creator,” “Cataloger,” “Curator,” “Repository,” etc.
Managed Named Resource
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Name
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The Conceptual Data ModelThis Resource assignment grouping collects all of the link information made possible by institutionally managed reference data.
Managed Named Resource
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Institutionally Managed Named Resource Description
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The Conceptual Data ModelGrouping Resource assignments like this makes it possible to refer to (i.e., create, update and delete) ID’s, names, parties-in-roles, and relationships without changing the content of any Resource.
Managed Named Resource
View In View In View In View In
Viewed As Viewed As Viewed As Viewed As
ContainsContained In
Expressed AsExpression Of
Manifest AsManifestation Of
Exemplified ByExample Of
ContainsContained In
Contained In
Contains Contains
Contained In
View In
Viewed As
View In
Viewed As
Work Expression Manifestation Item Other ViewFonds Series
View In
Viewed As
Annotation
Institutionally Managed Find & Navigate Named Resource Description
Identifying Authority Resource Description
Identification
Controlled Access Point
Rule
HasRelationship
The Subject Of
Describes
Described By
Known By
Preferred
Variant
Resource Aboutness Resource Description
basis for/basis of
governed by/governor of
Subject
Concept
Event
Controlled Subject
Rule
Object
Place
Resource
Agency
Corporate Body
Responsible Party Resource Description
Organization
Person
Corporate Body
Other Corporate
Body
Agency
Family
Other Organization
Computation
Other Responsible Party
Other Managed
Named Resource
Institutionally
Managed Named
Resource
Other Relationship Resource Description
Rule
Formal Rule
Informal Rule
Relationship
"Name""Identifier"
Relationship/Rule
Assignment
basis for/basis of
basis for/basis of
basis for/basis of
governed by/governor of
Institutionally Managed Find & Navigate Named Resource Assignment
Name
Identifier
Institutionally Managed
Named Resource
Relationship Assignment
Institutionally Managed
Named Resource Identifier
& Name Assignment
Identifying
As Subject
Naming
RelationshipFrom
RelationshipTo
InRelationship
Assigned
Institutionally Managed
Named Resource Subject
Assignment
Other Managed
Find & Navigate
Named Resource
Description
Other Managed
Named Resource
Assignment
C D C D C D C D
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View In
Viewed As
Institutionally Managed Named Resource Description
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The Conceptual Data ModelNotice that two of these Institutionally Managed Named Resource Assignments are applied to an even simpler type of resource than the Managed Named Resource.
Managed Named Resource
View In View In View In View In
Viewed As Viewed As Viewed As Viewed As
ContainsContained In
Expressed AsExpression Of
Manifest AsManifestation Of
Exemplified ByExample Of
ContainsContained In
Contained In
Contains Contains
Contained In
View In
Viewed As
View In
Viewed As
Work Expression Manifestation Item Other ViewFonds Series
View In
Viewed As
Annotation
Institutionally Managed Find & Navigate Named Resource Description
Identifying Authority Resource Description
Identification
Controlled Access Point
Rule
HasRelationship
The Subject Of
Describes
Described By
Known By
Preferred
Variant
Resource Aboutness Resource Description
basis for/basis of
governed by/governor of
Subject
Concept
Event
Controlled Subject
Rule
Object
Place
Resource
Agency
Corporate Body
Responsible Party Resource Description
Organization
Person
Corporate Body
Other Corporate
Body
Agency
Family
Other Organization
Computation
Other Responsible Party
Other Managed
Named Resource
Institutionally
Managed Named
Resource
Other Relationship Resource Description
Rule
Formal Rule
Informal Rule
Relationship
"Name""Identifier"
Relationship/Rule
Assignment
basis for/basis of
basis for/basis of
basis for/basis of
governed by/governor of
Institutionally Managed Find & Navigate Named Resource Assignment
Name
Identifier
Institutionally Managed
Named Resource
Relationship Assignment
Institutionally Managed
Named Resource Identifier
& Name Assignment
Identifying
As Subject
Naming
RelationshipFrom
RelationshipTo
InRelationship
Assigned
Institutionally Managed
Named Resource Subject
Assignment
Other Managed
Find & Navigate
Named Resource
Description
Other Managed
Named Resource
Assignment
C D C D C D C D
View In
Viewed As
View In
Viewed As
Institutionally Managed Named Resource Description
File
The Conceptual Data ModelThis indicates that identifier, subject heading, responsible party, and relationship lists are created and maintained by institutions but are useable by any non-institutional party.
Managed Named Resource
View In View In View In View In
Viewed As Viewed As Viewed As Viewed As
ContainsContained In
Expressed AsExpression Of
Manifest AsManifestation Of
Exemplified ByExample Of
ContainsContained In
Contained In
Contains Contains
Contained In
View In
Viewed As
View In
Viewed As
Work Expression Manifestation Item Other ViewFonds Series
View In
Viewed As
Annotation
Institutionally Managed Find & Navigate Named Resource Description
Identifying Authority Resource Description
Identification
Controlled Access Point
Rule
HasRelationship
The Subject Of
Describes
Described By
Known By
Preferred
Variant
Resource Aboutness Resource Description
basis for/basis of
governed by/governor of
Subject
Concept
Event
Controlled Subject
Rule
Object
Place
Resource
Agency
Corporate Body
Responsible Party Resource Description
Organization
Person
Corporate Body
Other Corporate
Body
Agency
Family
Other Organization
Computation
Other Responsible Party
Other Managed
Named Resource
Institutionally
Managed Named
Resource
Other Relationship Resource Description
Rule
Formal Rule
Informal Rule
Relationship
"Name""Identifier"
Relationship/Rule
Assignment
basis for/basis of
basis for/basis of
basis for/basis of
governed by/governor of
Institutionally Managed Find & Navigate Named Resource Assignment
Name
Identifier
Institutionally Managed
Named Resource
Relationship Assignment
Institutionally Managed
Named Resource Identifier
& Name Assignment
Identifying
As Subject
Naming
RelationshipFrom
RelationshipTo
InRelationship
Assigned
Institutionally Managed
Named Resource Subject
Assignment
Other Managed
Find & Navigate
Named Resource
Description
Other Managed
Named Resource
Assignment
C D C D C D C D
View In
Viewed As
View In
Viewed As
Institutionally Managed Named Resource Description
File
The Conceptual Data Model
Type Of
Has Part
Named Resource
Managed Named Resource
View In View In View In View In
Viewed As Viewed As Viewed As Viewed As
ContainsContained In
Expressed AsExpression Of
Manifest AsManifestation Of
Exemplified ByExample Of
ContainsContained In
Contained In
Contains Contains
Contained In
View In
Viewed As
View In
Viewed As
Work Expression Manifestation Item Other ViewFonds Series
View In
Viewed As
Annotation
Institutionally Managed Find & Navigate Named Resource Description
Identifying Authority Resource Description
Identification
Controlled Access Point
Rule
HasRelationship
The Subject Of
Describes
Described By
Part Of
Known By
Preferred
Variant
Resource Aboutness Resource Description
basis for/basis of
governed by/governor of
Subject
Concept
Event
Controlled Subject
Rule
Object
Place
Resource
Agency
Corporate Body
Responsible Party Resource Description
Organization
Person
Corporate Body
Other Corporate
Body
Agency
Family
Other Organization
Computation
Other Responsible Party
Other Named
Resource
Other Managed
Named Resource
Institutionally
Managed Named
Resource
Other Relationship Resource Description
Rule
Formal Rule
Informal Rule
Relationship
"Name""Identifier"
Relationship/Rule
Assignment
basis for/basis of
basis for/basis of
basis for/basis of
governed by/governor of
IdentifiesOr Names
Institutionally Managed Find & Navigate Named Resource Assignment
Name
Identifier
Institutionally Managed
Named Resource
Relationship Assignment
Type
Of TypeHas Subtype
Subtype
Of
Other Type
Relationship Type
Role Other
Relationship Relationship Rule Type
Subject
Institutionally Managed
Named Resource Identifier
& Name Assignment
Identifying
As Subject
Naming
RelatingFrom
RelationshipFromAssigned
RelationshipTo
InRelationship
RelatingTo
Assigned
Institutionally Managed
Named Resource Subject
Assignment
Other Managed
Find & Navigate
Named Resource
Description
Other Managed
Named Resource
Assignment
C D C D C D C D
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View In
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Institutionally Managed Named Resource Description
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Type Of
Has Part
Named Resource
Managed Named Resource
View In View In View In View In
Viewed As Viewed As Viewed As Viewed As
ContainsContained In
Expressed AsExpression Of
Manifest AsManifestation Of
Exemplified ByExample Of
ContainsContained In
Contained In
Contains Contains
Contained In
View In
Viewed As
View In
Viewed As
Work Expression Manifestation Item Other ViewFonds Series
View In
Viewed As
Annotation
Institutionally Managed Find & Navigate Named Resource Description
Identifying Authority Resource Description
Identification
Controlled Access Point
Rule
HasRelationship
The Subject Of
Describes
Described By
Part Of
Known By
Preferred
Variant
Resource Aboutness Resource Description
basis for/basis of
governed by/governor of
Subject
Concept
Event
Controlled Subject
Rule
Object
Place
Resource
Agency
Corporate Body
Responsible Party Resource Description
Organization
Person
Corporate Body
Other Corporate
Body
Agency
Family
Other Organization
Computation
Other Responsible Party
Other Named
Resource
Other Managed
Named Resource
Institutionally
Managed Named
Resource
Other Relationship Resource Description
Rule
Formal Rule
Informal Rule
Relationship
"Name""Identifier"
Relationship/Rule
Assignment
basis for/basis of
basis for/basis of
basis for/basis of
governed by/governor of
IdentifiesOr Names
Institutionally Managed Find & Navigate Named Resource Assignment
Name
Identifier
Institutionally Managed
Named Resource
Relationship Assignment
Type
Of TypeHas Subtype
Subtype
Of
Other Type
Relationship Type
Role Other
Relationship Relationship Rule Type
Subject
Institutionally Managed
Named Resource Identifier
& Name Assignment
Identifying
As Subject
Naming
RelatingFrom
RelationshipFromAssigned
RelationshipTo
InRelationship
RelatingTo
Assigned
Institutionally Managed
Named Resource Subject
Assignment
Other Managed
Find & Navigate
Named Resource
Description
Other Managed
Named Resource
Assignment
C D C D C D C D
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Viewed As
View In
Viewed As
Institutionally Managed Named Resource Description
File
Types of Types are here
A Named Resource is a Resource that must be of one or more Types.
A Named Resource may be composed of one or more other Named Resources.
A Type may be differentiated into one or more Subtypes.
Type Of
Has Part
Named Resource
Managed Named Resource
View In View In View In View In
Viewed As Viewed As Viewed As Viewed As
ContainsContained In
Expressed AsExpression Of
Manifest AsManifestation Of
Exemplified ByExample Of
ContainsContained In
Contained In
Contains Contains
Contained In
View In
Viewed As
View In
Viewed As
Work Expression Manifestation Item Other ViewFonds Series
View In
Viewed As
Annotation
Institutionally Managed Find & Navigate Named Resource Description
Identifying Authority Resource Description
Identification
Controlled Access Point
Rule
HasRelationship
The Subject Of
Describes
Described By
Part Of
Known By
Preferred
Variant
Resource Aboutness Resource Description
basis for/basis of
governed by/governor of
Subject
Concept
Event
Controlled Subject
Rule
Object
Place
Resource
Agency
Corporate Body
Responsible Party Resource Description
Organization
Person
Corporate Body
Other Corporate
Body
Agency
Family
Other Organization
Computation
Other Responsible Party
Other Named
Resource
Other Managed
Named Resource
Institutionally
Managed Named
Resource
Other Relationship Resource Description
Rule
Formal Rule
Informal Rule
Relationship
"Name""Identifier"
Relationship/Rule
Assignment
basis for/basis of
basis for/basis of
basis for/basis of
governed by/governor of
IdentifiesOr Names
Institutionally Managed Find & Navigate Named Resource Assignment
Name
Identifier
Institutionally Managed
Named Resource
Relationship Assignment
Type
Of TypeHas Subtype
Subtype
Of
Other Type
Relationship Type
Role Other
Relationship Relationship Rule Type
Subject
Institutionally Managed
Named Resource Identifier
& Name Assignment
Identifying
As Subject
Naming
RelatingFrom
RelationshipFromAssigned
RelationshipTo
InRelationship
RelatingTo
Assigned
Institutionally Managed
Named Resource Subject
Assignment
Other Managed
Find & Navigate
Named Resource
Description
Other Managed
Named Resource
Assignment
C D C D C D C D
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Viewed As
View In
Viewed As
Institutionally Managed Named Resource Description
File
Identifier, names and creator information are the most basic Resource characteristics that can be assigned, and appear at this very general level.
Assigning an identifier to a Resource makes it uniquely distinguishable from other Resources. Assigning an name to a Resource renders it discoverable (but not necessarily uniquely) with a text-based search.
Business Rules for this data model deliberately limit Responsible Party-in-role assignments for a Named Resource to a “Creator” role only. This follows from a design assertion that “someone” who assigns more than a “Creator” role to a Resource is either managing that Resource or knows someone who is.
Additional roles can be assigned, from the Managed Named Resources level on down.
Type Of
Has Part
Named Resource
Managed Named Resource
View In View In View In View In
Viewed As Viewed As Viewed As Viewed As
ContainsContained In
Expressed AsExpression Of
Manifest AsManifestation Of
Exemplified ByExample Of
ContainsContained In
Contained In
Contains Contains
Contained In
View In
Viewed As
View In
Viewed As
Work Expression Manifestation Item Other ViewFonds Series
View In
Viewed As
Annotation
Institutionally Managed Find & Navigate Named Resource Description
Identifying Authority Resource Description
Identification
Controlled Access Point
Rule
HasRelationship
The Subject Of
Describes
Described By
Part Of
Known By
Preferred
Variant
Resource Aboutness Resource Description
basis for/basis of
governed by/governor of
Subject
Concept
Event
Controlled Subject
Rule
Object
Place
Resource
Agency
Corporate Body
Responsible Party Resource Description
Organization
Person
Corporate Body
Other Corporate
Body
Agency
Family
Other Organization
Computation
Other Responsible Party
Other Named
Resource
Other Managed
Named Resource
Institutionally
Managed Named
Resource
Other Relationship Resource Description
Rule
Formal Rule
Informal Rule
Relationship
"Name""Identifier"
Relationship/Rule
Assignment
basis for/basis of
basis for/basis of
basis for/basis of
governed by/governor of
IdentifiesOr Names
Institutionally Managed Find & Navigate Named Resource Assignment
Name
Identifier
Institutionally Managed
Named Resource
Relationship Assignment
Type
Of TypeHas Subtype
Subtype
Of
Other Type
Relationship Type
Role Other
Relationship Relationship Rule Type
Subject
Institutionally Managed
Named Resource Identifier
& Name Assignment
Identifying
As Subject
Naming
RelatingFrom
RelationshipFromAssigned
RelationshipTo
InRelationship
RelatingTo
Assigned
Institutionally Managed
Named Resource Subject
Assignment
Other Managed
Find & Navigate
Named Resource
Description
Other Managed
Named Resource
Assignment
C D C D C D C D
View In
Viewed As
View In
Viewed As
Institutionally Managed Named Resource Description
File
Finally(!), allowing a Named Resource to be composed of one or more Named Resources follows a conceptual data modeling convention for entities that may be composed of parts (that may be composed of parts...). Business Rules limit its use to theoretically relevant situations.
Type Of
Has Part
Named Resource
Managed Named Resource
View In View In View In View In
Viewed As Viewed As Viewed As Viewed As
ContainsContained In
Expressed AsExpression Of
Manifest AsManifestation Of
Exemplified ByExample Of
ContainsContained In
Contained In
Contains Contains
Contained In
View In
Viewed As
View In
Viewed As
Work Expression Manifestation Item Other ViewFonds Series
View In
Viewed As
Annotation
Institutionally Managed Find & Navigate Named Resource Description
Identifying Authority Resource Description
Identification
Controlled Access Point
Rule
HasRelationship
The Subject Of
Describes
Described By
Part Of
Known By
Preferred
Variant
Resource Aboutness Resource Description
basis for/basis of
governed by/governor of
Subject
Concept
Event
Controlled Subject
Rule
Object
Place
Resource
Agency
Corporate Body
Responsible Party Resource Description
Organization
Person
Corporate Body
Other Corporate
Body
Agency
Family
Other Organization
Computation
Other Responsible Party
Other Named
Resource
Other Managed
Named Resource
Institutionally
Managed Named
Resource
Other Relationship Resource Description
Rule
Formal Rule
Informal Rule
Relationship
"Name""Identifier"
Relationship/Rule
Assignment
basis for/basis of
basis for/basis of
basis for/basis of
governed by/governor of
IdentifiesOr Names
Institutionally Managed Find & Navigate Named Resource Assignment
Name
Identifier
Institutionally Managed
Named Resource
Relationship Assignment
Type
Of TypeHas Subtype
Subtype
Of
Other Type
Relationship Type
Role Other
Relationship Relationship Rule Type
Subject
Institutionally Managed
Named Resource Identifier
& Name Assignment
Identifying
As Subject
Naming
RelatingFrom
RelationshipFromAssigned
RelationshipTo
InRelationship
RelatingTo
Assigned
Institutionally Managed
Named Resource Subject
Assignment
Other Managed
Find & Navigate
Named Resource
Description
Other Managed
Named Resource
Assignment
C D C D C D C D
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Institutionally Managed Named Resource Description
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The Role of Conceptual Data Modeling In Cultural Heritage Institutions
• Definitions–Conceptual, Logical, Physical, General
• About data modeling–Modeling process, model, modeler
• Data models as “Paper Tools”–Efficient reasoning about simple and complex models
• Data modeling examples–FRBR entities are defined in the context of a Resource
• What to do now–Revisit current modeling efforts; secure professional
involvement in the modeling process; build, lease, buy modeling tools, training, education, taking leadership