The green and gold roads to open access

The Green and the Gold Roads to Open Access

Stevan HarnadCanada Research Chair in Cognitive Sciences

Université du Québec à Montréal&

University of Southampton UK

IATUL Warsaw 30 May 2011

Open Access is:

o Free,o Immediateo Permanento Full-Texto On-Lineo Access


Open Access to What?

~2.5 million articles yearly

~25,000 peer-reviewed journals

1. Books2. Textbooks

3. Magazine articles4. Newspaper articles

5. Music6. Video

7. Software8. “Knowledge”

1. Data2. Theses

3. Unrefereed Preprints4. Courseware


There are two ways to provide OA:

Green OA Self-Archiving:

Authors self-archive the articles they publish in the 25,000 peer-reviewed journals

Gold OA Publishing:

Authors publish in one of the c. 7000 OA journals (some still recovering costs through institutional subscriptions, others through author/institutional publication charges) http://www.doaj.org/


http://www.doaj.org/

Refereed “Post-Print” Accepted, Certified, Published by Journal

Impact cycle begins:Research is done

Researchers write pre-refereeing

“Pre-Print”

Submitted to Journal

Pre-Print reviewed by Peer Experts – “Peer-Review”

Pre-Print revised by article’s Authors

Researchers can access the Post-Print if their university has a subscription to the Journal

12-1

8 M

on

ths

New impact cycles: New research builds on existing research


New impact cycles: New research builds on existing research

Researchers can access the Post-Print if their university has a subscription to the Journal

Refereed “Post-Print” Accepted, Certified, Published by Journal

Impact cycle begins:Research is done

Researchers write pre-refereeing

“Pre-Print”

Submitted to Journal

Pre-Print reviewed by Peer Experts – “Peer-Review”

Pre-Print revised by article’s Authors

12-1

8 M

on

ths

More impact cycles:


There are plenty of repositories


Percentage of OA articles by year weighted by their number of documents published in 2007


Author Surveys (Alma Swan)


But almost all of them are almost-empty of OA’s target content (5-25%)


Open Access: How?


Optimal OA Mandate

ID/OA: The Immediate Deposit, Optional Access-setting (ID/OA) Mandate

ID/IA: The Immediate Deposit/Immediate Access Mandate (too strong)

ID/DA: The Immediate Deposit/Delayed Access Mandate (too vague)

DD/DA: Delayed Deposit/Delayed Access Mandate (too weak)

Author Licensing Mandate ("author addendum") (too strong and too vague)


Optimal OA Mandate“I wish to remind you that, as announced a year ago in March 2007, starting

October 1st, 2009, only those references introduced in ORBi will be taken into consideration as the official list of publications accompanying any curriculum vitae for all evaluation procedures 'in house' (designations, promotions, grant applications, etc.). “

– Bernard Rentier, Recteur, Université de Liège


Open Access: Why?



OA citation advantagefor pre-refreeing pre-prints

in physics arXiv


Earlier download metrics correlated with later citation metrics

Brody, T., Harnad, S. and Carr, L. (2006) Earlier Web Usage Statistics as Predictors of Later Citation Impact. Journal of the American Association for Information Science and Technology (JASIST) 57(8): 1060-1072. http://eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/10713/

Data from arXiv

Downloads (“hits”) in the first 6 months correlate with citations 2 years later

Most articles are not cited at all


Average cumulative number of citations per article as a function of article age for articles published in 1998-2009

Average cumulative number of citations per article as a function of article age by field for articles published in 2000

Cumulative number of citations per article for Mandated and Self-Selected articles (articles published in 2002)

OM N = 897

ØM N = 493OS N = 1,098ØS N = 3,269

Separate proportions for OA vs NOA articles at each citation count

Negative Binomial Regression

Exp(B)-1 values of Negative Binomial Regression for the four institutions (with and without CERN/South)

(* p>0.05)

Benefit/Cost comparisons for the UK(GBP millions over 20 years and benefit/cost ratio)

Centre for Strategic Economic Studies

Note: Compares Open Access alternatives against subscription publishing of national outputs, with costs, savings and increased returns expressed in Net Present Value over 20 years (GBP millions). Returns are to public sector and higher education R&D spending. HE = Higher Education.

Transitional Model Benefits Benefit

/ Cost

Costs Savings Increased

returns Ratio

Scenario (UK Unilateral OA)

OA Publishing in HE 1,787 2,990 615 2.0

OA Repositories in HE (Green OA) 189 67 615 3.6

OA Repositories in HE (Overlay Services) 1,558 2,990 615 2.3

OA Publishing Nationally 2,079 3,479 850 2.1

OA Repositories Nationally (Green OA) 237 96 850 4.0

OA Repositories Nationally (Overlay Services) 1,831 3,479 850 2.4

Scenario (Worldwide OA)

OA Publishing in HE 1,787 5,198 615 3.3

OA Repositories in HE (Green OA) 189 786 615 7.4

OA Repositories in HE (Overlay Services) 1,558 5,198 615 3.7

OA Publishing Nationally 2,079 6,054 850 3.3

OA Repositories Nationally (Green OA) 237 1,132 850 8.3

OA Repositories Nationally (Overlay Services) 1,831 6,054 850 3.8


Leveraged Transition to Gold

1. Universal Green OA Mandates from universities and funders worldwide

2. Universal Green OA3. Institutions cancel journal subscriptions4. Journals cut costs, drop print and online edition and

provide peer review service only – convert to Gold OA

5. Institutions pay peer review costs out of fraction of windfall cancelation savings


Optimal OA Mandate

ID/OA: The Immediate Deposit, Optional Access-setting (ID/OA) Mandate

ID/IA: The Immediate Deposit/Immediate Access Mandate (too strong)

ID/DA: The Immediate Deposit/Delayed Access Mandate (too vague)

DD/DA: Delayed Deposit/Delayed Access Mandate (too weak)

Author Licensing Mandate ("author addendum") (too strong and too vague)


Author’s URLs (UQAM & Southampton):http://users.ecs.soton.ac.uk/harnad/

BIBLIOGRAPHY ON OA IMPACT ADVANTAGEhttp://opcit.eprints.org/oacitation-biblio.html

BOAI Self-Archiving FAQ: http://www.eprints.org/self-faq/

CITEBASE (scientometric engine): http://citebase.eprints.org/

EPRINTS: http://www.eprints.org/

OA ARCHIVANGELISM: http://openaccess.eprints.org/

ROAR (Registry of OA Repositories): http://roar.eprints.org/

ROARMAP (Registry of OA Repository Mandates): http://www.eprints.org/openaccess/policysignup/

ROMEO/EPRINTS (Directory of Journal Policies on author OA Self-Archiving):

http://romeo.eprints.org/

EnablingOpenScholarship (EOS) http://www.openscholarship.org

Copenhagen Sep 3

http://www.openscholarship.org