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Toward a Civiliza-on of Collec-ve Intelligence
Prof. Pierre Lévy (Twi;er: @plevy) Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada
Canada Research Chair in Collec-ve Intelligence University of O;awa
Evolu-on of Media
(From 2000) Ubiquity, interconnection and animation of cultural signs (software). Social Computing. New sign systems. Knowledge economy.
(From 1500) massive technical self-reproduction and diffusion of the alphabet and other cultural signs. New languages (animated images, etc.) Scientific notation progress. Industrial economy.
(From - 1000) Digitization and universalization of writing reduced to thirty phonetic signs. Notation of numbers by position, zero. Commercial economy.
(From - 3000) Autonomous technical memory of language. Ideographic Signs. Numerals, measurement units. Agricultural economy. (From - 300 000) myths, rites, oral transmission, memory inscribed in matter. Icons. Arts of memory. Hunting-gathering economy.
Social Media / Social Compu-ng Features
• Global sharing : photo (Flickr), video (Youtube), music / P2P (Bi;orrent), bookmarks (Delicious), knowledge (Wikipedia, Freebase)
• Distributed crea3on : user‐generated content, blogs (Wordpress), podcasts, ci-zen journalism
• Social networking : social networks (Facebook, Myspace, Linkedin, Xing, Pulse, NING...), virtual worlds (Second life), instant micro‐blogging (Twi;er)
• Streaming (Twi;er, Facebook, Friendfeed, Atom or RSS Feeds)
• Mass collabora3on : wikis, opensourcing, crowdsourcing
• Collabora3ve assessment : forums, ra-ngs, reviews (Bazaarvoice)
• Social bookmarking / tagging / categoriza3on (Digg, Delicious, Twine, Diigo, Stumbleupon, Flickr, YouTube...)
• Cloud compu3ng : data and applica-ons are on‐line in huge distributed data‐centers (Google, Yahoo, Facebook, Twi;er, Amazon...). SoZware as a service. Scalability.
Yes, the digital conversa-on ! But what about seman-c interoperability: different languages, folksonomies, classifica-ons, ontologies...?
Web n.0, Social Compu-ng, Crowdsourcing : A Global Conversa-on ?
Cyberspace Evolution
Computer Interconnec-on between transistors. Computer memory = bit address. "Operating systems, programming languages Augmentation of arithmetical and logical processing.
Internet Interconnec-on between computers. Internet Protocol = server address. Routers, user-friendly PC applications Personal computing. Virtual communities. "Digital media convergence.
Interconnec-on between documents (+ data) Uniform Resource Locator = h;p:// page address. Centralized search engines, browsers. Global multimedia public sphere.
Web
Semantic Space Interconnec-on between ideas (via seman-c tags). "
Uniform Seman-c Locator = IEML * concept address ** Collaborative societies of semantic agents, subject-centric computation. Collective intelligence growth. Augmentation of sense-making.
1950
1980
1995
2015
Computational Collective Intelligence
Compu-ng
Internet
WWW
Seman-c Space
global meta‐computer
global meta‐database
global meta‐language
symbolic manipula-on automata
society of automata
linked data
group of concepts
pervasive comp. (mobiles, things,
robots...)
TCP / IP
HTTP / URLs
IEML / USLs
Chips / OS Bits addresses
Addressing system
Augmenta-on of CI
Objects in rela-on
Toward a CI Science
Cyberspace scien-fic observatory / digital mirror of CI
Reflexive Collec-ve Intelligence driver of human development
Human Development prosperity, health, educa-on, security, peace,
environment, cultural heritages, research, innova-on...
Intelligence
collective
creation creation
creation creation
Collec-ve Intelligence Dynamics
aspiration
aspiration
Finance�Competence�
Power networks
Governance / values Rights / duties Will networks
Arts�Sciences�
Knowledge networks
Messages�Medias�
Documentary networks
Trust�Social roles�
Personal networks
Equipment / technology�Health / environment �
Bodily networks
Collective�Intelligence
CULTURAL CAPITAL BIOPHYSICAL
CAPITAL
ETHICAL CAPITAL
EPISTEMIC CAPITAL
PRACTICAL CAPITAL
SOCIAL CAPITAL
Collective�Intelligence
PEOPLE
WILL
COLLECTIVE INTELLIGENCE
Layers of Seman-c Processing
Flows: circula-on of seman-c energyn in circuits, following the rules of informa-on economy games
Texts (USLs with a meaning): Gramma-cal rules for the genera-on of texts automa-cally transl. into nat. languages
Terms: dic-onary = correspondence points/natural language + network of seman-c rela-ons between terms
Perspec-ves: series, matrices, trees
Points (USLs): 6 primi-ves, sequences of 3L primi-ves (0⩽L⩽6), categories, catsets, USLs
Circuits: networks of texts
FORM (syntax)
COLOR (seman-cs)
LUMINOSITY (pragma-cs)
The Bodies of Collec-ve Intelligence
SEMANTIC BODY
ENERGY BODY
DATA BODY
Forms: Sets of USLs and perspec-ves Colors: Meaning of the USLs
Circuits: graphs of USLs Flows: economic, electric, neural,... models
Data 3D+t. Addresses
Mul-‐Media Rep of VB User‐controlled
automatable func-ons
The Nature of Collec-ve Intelligence
group of transforma-on
symbolic bodies
material bodies
group of transforma-on
seman-c space
color : actual essence
data : actual existence
objec-vity : actual presence techno‐biological environment
unified field
CI GAMES
DIGITAL MEDIA ECOSYSTEM
(self‐observa-on)
3D MATERIAL ECOSYSTEM (phenomena)
SYMBOLIC COGNITION (observer)
subjec-ve experience : virtual presence
molecular machines par-cles / waves
luminosity : virtual existence
form : virtual essence
IEML and the « Seman-c Web »
Differences of nature between IEML and XML / RDF / OWL
• OWL has no seman3c content in itself: no verbs, nouns, adjec-ves, adverbs, preposi-ons, inflec-ons, etc. OWL is rather a file format for descrip-on logics.
• IEML has a seman3c content in itself. Users can generate proposi-ons, complex phrases with several proposi-ons and « texts » from the syntax and dic-onary of IEML.
• IEML can be expressed in any file format, including XML, RDF and OWL. There is currently an automa-c translator from a cursive nota-on of IEML (called STAR), to binary and XML nota-ons of IEML. IEML is not a data format!
• It is indeed possible to use IEML to describe OWL ontologies (and so to decompartmentalize dis-nct ontologies), or to describe in OWL the complex network of concepts of the IEML dic-onary (like wordnet has – almost ‐ done for the english language).
Differences of goals between IEML and XML / RDF / OWL
• 1) Seman-c interoperability – Standardizing data formats is already done by the W3C and other standardiza-on
ins-tu-ons. – But diversity of data formats is not the only obstacle to seman-c interoperability :
diversity of ontologies, folksonomies, classifica-on systems, natural languages... – IEML can be used in the context of ontologies with very different hierarchies of
concepts – Once expressed in IEML, a complex concept ‐ the meaning of a *tag ‐ can be
automa-cally translated to any natural language supported by the IEML dic3onary.
• 2) Transparency of seman-c addressing system
• 3) Empowerment of wri-ng / reading
• 4) Symbolic tool for self‐observa-on and self‐reference of collec-ve intelligence
These goals have to be addressed by humani-es and social sciences, but these sciences need the help of soZware engineering.
Toward a transparent seman-c addressing system (1)
• Opacity by design of the URIs – h;p://www.w3.org/TR/webarch/#uri‐opacity
• By contrast, IEML expressions form a group of transforma3ons. Automatable algebraic transforma-ons on IEML symbols correspond to automatable algebraic transforma-ons on significa-ons (on “seman-cs”).
• The IEML seman-c space (the immense set of IEML « texts », called USLs ) is in principle independent of the URI address space just as it is independent of any physical or telecommunica-on addressing system.
Toward a transparent seman-c addressing system (2)
• IEML can bring to the system of URIs a general seman3c interconnec3on and a full group of transforma3on on seman3cs. IEML‐URIs can be directly used as concepts in RDF or OWL. The IEML research program can offer an alterna-ve grounding to the en--es of the Web of data, mapping URIs to such IEML‐URIs.
• The power of IEML can be leveraged by the exis-ng standards of the Web of data. Symmetrically, the expressive and algebraic proper-es of IEML can leverage the current Web of data by providing it with a novel grounding that can make it more "seman-c".