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E-Learning content must be inter- operable, accessible, semantically sound. This universal e-learning has technical and business benefits.
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Toward Universal E-Learning 1/27
Toward Universal e-Learning
June 17, 2004
Greg Shin ( 신승식 )
http://ituniv.or.kr
http://gregshin.pe.kr/blog
e-Learning 센터 , 정보통신사이버대학
Toward Universal E-Learning 2/27
Table of Contents
I. E-learning features Unique features
E-Learning outreach
II. Universal design Universality of the Web
Self-checkpoints
III. Principles of universal e-learning
Universal e-learning content Interoperability Accessibility Semantics Separate structure from
presentation
IV. Benefits of universal e-learning
V. Problems to be solved
Toward Universal E-Learning 3/27
I. Features of E-Learning
1. Unique features of e-learning
2. E-learning outreach
Toward Universal E-Learning 4/27
1. Unique Features of e-learning E-learning is the only window to the knowledge
world for some people. People with disability People alienated People not affordable for classroom training of high
quality Only e-learning can accommodate for the
individual learner. Learner control Learner preference Sustainable (human) contact with learners
I. Features of E-Learning
Toward Universal E-Learning 5/27
What SCORM does for!
2. E-Learning Outreach
e-learning content
e-learning service
Machine ReadableMachine Searchable
Automatically Organized Knowledge
Quality Learning for All
Different People
OldInexperiencedCognitive DisabledBlindLow visionColor BlindDeafMobility ImpairedPhotoSensitive EpilepsyTemporally DisabledDifferent CultureDifferent Language
Different System
Different ServersDifferent ClientsDifferent OS’sDifferent BrowsersDifferent VersionsBlack&White DisplayPrintedVoiced
Different LMS
Different VendorsDifferent Server Environments
Environmental Difference
Noisy EnvironmentPublic LibrarySlow ConnectionLow ResolutionOn the goUnaffordable
I. Features of E-Learning
Accessibility
Interoperability
Semantic Richness
Toward Universal E-Learning 6/27
II. Universal Design
1. Universality Web
2. Non-normative Checkpoints
Toward Universal E-Learning 7/27
1. Universality of the Web
independence of Hardware platform Software platform - OS Application Software Network access Public, Group, or Personal scope Scribbled idea to polished publication Language and culture Disability Data for machines or Documents for people
Source: The future of the World Wide Web, Tim Berners-Lee
II. Universal Design
Toward Universal E-Learning 8/27
2. Is your learning content…?
valid with HTML 4 and CSS2, DOM spec? acceptable on Mac/Linux, Mozilla/Opera? flexible enough for small screens? easily understandable for novice learners? operable via keyboard? readable through screen readers? ready for i18n, or l10n? excluding some learners intentionally? reachable by general search robot?
II. Universal Design
Toward Universal E-Learning 9/27
III. Principles of Universal E-Learning
1. Universal e-learning content
2. Interoperability
3. Accessibility
4. Semantics
5. Separate structure from presentation
Toward Universal E-Learning 10/27
1. Universal e-learning content
Traditional learning objects
withindomain
acrossdomains
withindomain
acrossdomains
Universal learning objects
SCORM 1.2
SCORM 2004
III. Principles of Universal e-Learning
Toward Universal E-Learning 11/27
Human Involvement• Collaboration• Mentoring• Guiding• Discussion• Interaction
Universal e-Learning Model
UniversalE-
Learning
III. Principles of Universal e-Learning
Self-Expanding Learning
Self-Organizing Learning Material Universal Web
AccessibleRegardless of
Learner Difference
AccessibleRegardless of
Learner Difference
InteroperableRegardless of
Machine Difference
InteroperableRegardless of
Machine Difference
SemanticRegardless ofVocabularies
SemanticRegardless ofVocabularies
RobustRegardless of
Presentation Mode
RobustRegardless of
Presentation Mode
Toward Universal E-Learning 12/27
1. Interoperability
Standard Compliance HTML 4 (XHTML 1, XML 1) CSS 2 ECMA-262 DOM
Robustness of Structure Browser Compatibility Utilizing CSS Scalability
Avoidance of Proprietary Technologies ActiveX Extended tags(element, attributes), objects Non-standard scripts, applets Deprecated technologies
III. Principles of Universal e-Learning
Toward Universal E-Learning 13/27
1. Interoperability: Example
Viewport Independence
III. Principles of Universal e-Learning > 1. Interoperability
Toward Universal E-Learning 14/27
2. Accessibility: Norms
World wide W3C(1999), Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 1.0 US(1998), Section 508 of Rehabilitation Act UK(1995), Disability Discrimination Act Australia(1992), Disability Discrimination Act IMS(2002), Guidelines for Developing Accessible
Learning Applications IMS(2003), Learner Information Package Accessibility
Domestic 정통부 (2002), 장애인 노인 등의 정보통신 접근성 향상을
위한 권장지침 K-WCAG 1.0 (in processing)
III. Principles of Universal e-Learning > 2. Accessibility
Toward Universal E-Learning 15/27
Assistive Technologies
For input and output
III. Principles of Universal e-Learning > 2. Accessibility
Braille Display
Screen Reader
Screen Magnifier
Speech Recognition
One Hand Keyboard
Foot Mouse
Joystick
Eye Gaze System
Toward Universal E-Learning 16/27
Design guidelines for the disabled
Examples of design requirements for people with different kinds of disabilities include:
Visual: described graphics or video; well marked-up tables or frames; keyboard support, screen reader compatibility;
Hearing: captioning for audio, supplemental illustration;
Physical, Speech: keyboard or single-switch support; alternatives for speech input on voice portals;
Cognitive, Neurological: consistent navigation, appropriate language level; illustration; no flickering designs.
Source: http://www.w3.org/Talks/WAI-Intro/slide6-0.html
III. Principles of Universal e-Learning > 2. Accessibility
Toward Universal E-Learning 17/27
Accessibility: General Principles
Provide alternate access route. Provide multi-modality. Use gracefully transforming technology. Think device independence. Organize robust structure. (not necessarily
same as “robust design”) Think forward & backward compatibility. Maximize user control.
III. Principles of Universal e-Learning > 2. Accessibility
Toward Universal E-Learning 18/27
Accessible Learning Products
Content Thomson NETg
Web Conference Horizon Live, …
Learning Management System Black Board, THINQ, Pathlore, ATutor
Authoring(Developing) Tools Macromedia Flash MX Trivantis Lectora
III. Principles of Universal e-Learning > 2. Accessibility
Toward Universal E-Learning 19/27
Accessible Products: Example 1
Horizon Live
III. Principles of Universal e-Learning > 2. Accessibility
Toward Universal E-Learning 20/27
Accessible Products: Example 2
Thomson NETg: Learning Studio
III. Principles of Universal e-Learning > 2. Accessibility
Toward Universal E-Learning 21/27
3. Semantic Web
Semantic Web provides a common framework that allows data to be shared and
reused across application, enterprise, and community boundaries. is an extension of the current web in which information is given well-
defined meaning, better enabling computers and people to work in cooperation.
III. Principles of Universal e-Learning > 3. Semantics
Toward Universal E-Learning 22/27
Semantic e-Learning
HTML has already limited semantic features! Link types
• Alternate, Stylesheet, Next, Prev, Contents, Index, Glossary, Copyright, Chapter, Section, Subsection, Appendix, Help, Bookmark
Structural Markup• <h1>, <h2>, <q>, <dl>, <ol>, <acronym>, <title>, title,
… URI, Unicode, UTC Correction history: <del>, <ins> Metadata (DC)
III. Principles of Universal e-Learning > 3. Semantics
Toward Universal E-Learning 23/27
Semantic (Learning) Material: Example Semantic Presentation Slides
III. Principles of Universal e-Learning > 3. Semantics
OverviewOverview
Slide1Slide1
slide14slide14Slide12Slide12
Slide20Slide20
OverviewOverview
Screen.cssScreen.cssLeeLee
Copyright DocCopyright DocKorean TranslationsKorean Translations Printer.cssPrinter.css
First
Prev
Top TOC
Next
Last
Author
CopyrightAlternate
Style
PrimaryStyle
Alternate Version
Toward Universal E-Learning 24/27
4. Separation of Presentation
Content-Form Separation Content creator needs to focus on content! Designer needs to focus on how it shows!
How? Use standard compliant, structural markups! Utilize CSS and XML(including SVG, SMIL, Math
ML)!
III. Principles of Universal e-Learning > 4. Separate Structure from Presentation
Toward Universal E-Learning 25/27
Separation of Presentation: Example CSS Zen Garden
III. Principles of Universal e-Learning > 4. Separate Structure from Presentation
Toward Universal E-Learning 26/27
IV. Benefits of Universal E-Learning
Technical efficiency Increase usability. Reduce maintenance cost. Become search engine friendly. Repurpose content for multiple formats. Forward compatibility (semantic web, device inde
pendence…) Business benefits
Increase market/audience reach. Be ready for internationalization. (eg. caption, alt
text, Section 508)
IV. Benefits of Universal E-Learning
Toward Universal E-Learning 27/27
V. Yet to be Solved
Complex interaction (including simulation) Traditional design practice Universal learning environment
Authoring tool accessibility Accessible application, OS Assistive technologies
Individual preference smart card?
Collaboration, Integrated learning Learning goals and result (effectiveness)
V. Problems to be Solved