Towards Digitizing Scholarly Communication
Towards Digitizing Scholarly CommunicationSren AuerUniversity of
Bonn & Fraunhofer IAIS
Publishing 6600 BCEJiahu symbols 16 distinct markings on
prehistoric artifacts found in Jiahu, a neolithic Peiligang culture
site found in Henan, China
Researchers discuss wether Jiahu symbols already represent some
form of systematic writingLater these symbols evolved into oracle
bone scripts, the oldest known member and ancestor of theChinese
family of scripts2
Publishing 2000 BCECursive hieroglyphs from the Papyrus of Ani
(1250 BCE)
ThePapyrus of Aniis apapyrusmanuscript withcursive
hieroglyphsand color illustrations created c. 1250 BCE, in the19th
dynastyof theNew Kingdomofancient Egypt. Egyptians compiled an
individualized book for certain people upon their death, called
theBook of Going Forth by Day, more commonly known as theBook of
the Dead, typically containingdeclarations and spellsto help the
deceased in their afterlife. ThePapyrus of Aniis the manuscript
compiled for theThebanscribeAni.
orientation of cursive hieroglyphs is not constant, reading
right to left or left to right depending on the context3
Publishing 380 BCEPapirus Oxyrhynchus, with fragment of Plato's
Republic
TheRepublic(Greek:,Politeia;Latin:De Re Publica[1]) is aSocratic
dialogue, written byPlatoaround 380 BC, concerning the definition
ofjustice(), the order and character of the justcity-stateand the
just man[2]for this reason, ancient readers used the nameOn
Justiceas an alternative title
Plato's best-known work, it has proven to be one of the world's
most influential works ofphilosophyandpolitical theory, both
intellectually and historically.[5][6]In it,Socratesalong with
various Athenians and foreigners discuss the meaning of justice and
examine whether or not the just man is happier than the unjust man
by considering a series of different cities coming into existence
"in speech"4
12th century publishingCodex Gigas (largest extant medieval
manuscript) was created in the Benedictine monastery of Podlaice in
Bohemia (now Czech Republic).
It is also known as theDevil's Biblebecause of a large
illustration ofthe devilon the inside and the legend surrounding
its creation.
includes a unique picture of the devil, about 50cm tall.
Directly opposite the devil is a full page depiction of the kingdom
of heaven, thus juxtaposing contrasting images ofGood and
Evil.5
Scientific publishing in the 17th centuryOne of the
earliestresearch journals:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal
Society
CC BY Henry Oldenburg
Scientific publishing todayMainly based on PDF Is only partially
machine-readableDoes not preserve structureDoes not allow embedding
of semanticsDoes not facilitate interactivity/dynamicity/
repurposing
Has it changed much?In terms of distribution: YESAlmost zero
cost of copying and distribution(whole history of publishing is
mainly a history of the reduction of marginal costs of
publishing)
In terms of method/representation: NOArticles are fixed
sucessions of characters and wordsstatic in terms of presentation,
content, granularity
Researchers spend (most of)their time on:Encoding their findings
in articles
Decoding other reserchers findings from articlesFinding related
workGetting an overview over the state-of-the-art
We need to develop means to make scholarly communication more
efficient and effective.
New possibilities in a Digital WorldMachine-readabilitySemantic
representationDynamic content, interactive examplesIntegration of
multimedia contentRich interlinking with context (related work,
calls, reviews, comments/ discussions)Integration of rich metadata
(provenance, licensing)Interactive collaboration
Machine-readability
In PDFs the structure of the documents is lostHeadings,
paragraphs, tables, references etc. are not recognizable
anymoreSemantics can only be added as metadata on a per document
level
Semantic RepresentationIn addition to 5-star data
(http://5stardata.info) we need 5-star
documents:Machine-readableSemantics-awareInterlinked
David Shotton: The Five Stars of Online Journal Articles, D-Lib
Magazine
(2012),http://www.dlib.org/dlib/january12/shotton/01shotton.html
limes-paper describes appr1 .appr1 a approach .appr1 for
Link_Discovery .appr1 hasProp looseless ....
limes-paper describes impl1 .impl1 a implementationimpl1
implements appr1 .impl1 language Java ....
limes-paper describes eval1 .eval1 a evaluation .eval1 evaluates
impl1 .eval1 uses Dbpedia ....Internal: Semantic Description of
Scientific ContentFacilitates querying for all link discovery
approaches having certain properties or implementations thereof in
a certain language using a certain dataset.
External: Rich Interlinking with Related Work, Calls, Reviews,
Discussions,
Three approaches for digitizing scholarly communication
Linked Research enabling semantic authoring, publishing,
discovery
SlideWiki courseware authoring and translation
OpenResearch Collaborative Management of Scholarly Communication
Metadata
Dokie.li: clientside editor for decentralised article
publishing, annotations and social interactions
http://Dokie.li
Sarven Capadisli
A holistic view on scientific publishing
Sparklines Adding small interactive inline charts
Linked Research & dokie.li FeaturesDocuments are human and
machine-friendly.Using theplain old semantic HTMLmarking process,
with further semantic annotations using microformats and RDF.All
kinds of interactive content can be embedded into the HTML5
documents e.g. Javascript apps, code, videos, audio, interactive
visualizationsDifferent views e.g., ACM, LNCS, W3C-ED, Slideshow,
NativeBuilds on Linked Data Platform, Solid and Linked Data
Notifications to realize truly decentralized authoring &
publishing workflows
Interlinking a research article, call for contributions and
workshops, and proceedings@prefix sioc: .@prefix schema: .@prefix
bibo: .
sioc:reply_of ; schema:hasPart .
sioc:reply_of ; bibo:citedBy .
schema:hasPart .
bibo:uri .
Comparison of scientific authoring and publishing approachesACaA
Access control and attributionAtA Adaptation to audiencesCaF
Commentary and feedbackDAaP Decentralised authoring and
publishingDI Data integrationDVaM Different views and mediaEI
Entity identifiersFaI Feedback and interactionsHaMR Human and
machine-readabilityIAaPW Integrated authoring and publication
workflowIC Interactive contentIM Impact metricsIoS Integration of
semanticsM MultimediaPaA Provenance and accountabilityPaP
Persistence and preservationSaSI Sharing and social
interactions
OpenResearch a Semantic Wiki for Scientific Event Metadata (RIS
for Events)We need Research Information Systems not only for
organizations but also for communities or specific types of
content
Events are a crucial element of scholarly communication
Information about events is difficult to obtain:Quality (e.g.
acceptance rate, PC members)Logistics (locations, fees)Dates
(submission, registration etc.)Co-located events
CC BY 3.0 Wiki4desatEnglish Wikipedia
Structured event meta dataSemantic (typed) links inside call
text
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Interactive Queries (can be also created by users)
OpenResearch.org Architecture
SlideWiki A collaborative OpenCourseWare Authoring
PlatformCollaborative creation and maintenance of high-quality,
multilingual OpenCourseWare is still a major challenge
SlideWiki is a platform for OpenCourseWare creation employing
crowdsourcing, full versioning, WYSIWIG
Facilitates translations to many languagesHelps to keep track of
authors, translators and sources
SlideWiki: Self-assessment questions can be attached to every
single slide
Learners can test their knowledge an be pointed exactly to the
content they need to revisit
How is SlideWiki different?SlideWiki differs from other online
tools for presentations, such as Google Docs Presentations, Prezi,
SlideShare due to its focus on:E-learning- you can add questions to
slides and thus compose comprehensive self-assessment tests for
learnersCollaboration- SlideWiki aims at empowering whole
communities to create presentations collaborativelyTranslation-
with SlideWiki content can be easily translated in more than 50
languages
Semantic Web Layer Cake 2001
http://www.w3.org/2001/10/03-sww-1/slide7-0.html
Monolithic based on XMLFocus on heavyweight Semantic
(Ontologies, Logic, Reasoning)
The Semantic Web Layer Cake 2015 Bridging between Big &
Smart
DataUnicodeURIsXMLJSONCSVRDBHTMLRDFRDF/XMLJSON-LDCSV2RDFR2RMLRDFaRDF
Data ShapesRDF-SchemaVocabulariesOntologiesSKOS ThesauriLogicSWRL
RulesSPARQL(Access control), Signatur, Encryption
(HTTPS/CERT/DANE),Lingua Franca of Data integration with many
technology interfaces (XML, HTML, JSON, CSV, RDB,)Focus on
lightweight vocabularies, rules,thesauri etc.Less invasive
Fraunhofer
Towards an Ecosystem of Open Scholarly Communication
InfrastructureWe need to invest more into techniques tailored for
digital knowledge exchange instead of techniques mimicking
work-arounds of the past.From document-centricity to
knowledge-centricity
Thanks for your attentionSren
Auerhttp://eis.iai.uni-bonn.de/SoerenAuer.html
[email protected]
http://OpenResearch.orghttp://SlideWiki.orghttps://dokie.li
Sarven Capadislihttp://csarven.ca Christoph
Langehttps://langec.wordpress.com
