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ESX Server System Management IIModule 4
ESX Server from theCommand LineThe command-line environment
Working with disks
Working with virtual machines
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For ESX Server 2.0.1 2003-11-17Copyright © 2003 VMware, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Tips for command-line use
• Install an ssh (Secure Shell) client on your desktop• Windows: PuTTY (freeware), SecureCRT (commercial)
• Know the features of the bash shell• Use arrow keys to navigate command history
• Use TAB to complete file names and commands
• Useful keystrokes:
•ctrl-A: beginning of line ctrl-E: end of line
•ctrl-W: erase previous word ctrl-U: blank this line
•ctrl-Z: suspend this job
•bg command puts suspended job in background
• Caution! ctrl-S freezes the screen; use ctrl-Q to unfreeze
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For ESX Server 2.0.1 2003-11-17Copyright © 2003 VMware, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Useful Service Console add-on packages
•nano: a simple text editor• An alternative to vi
• Always invoke as nano –w filename to turn off word-wrap
•lynx: a text-only Web browser• Especially useful for downloading files from Web sites to
Service Console
•ncftp: an enhanced text-only FTP client• Contains ncftpget, useful for unattended FTP downloads
•lsof: list open files• Shows what processes are using what files and ports
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For ESX Server 2.0.1 2003-11-17Copyright © 2003 VMware, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Working with Service Console packages•rpm –qa: list installed packages
•rpm –qi packagename : get more information about a package
•rpm –ql packagename : list files composing a package
•rpm –Uvh filename(s) : install a package• You may need to satisfy a package’s dependencies; list multiple
package filenames on command line
•rpm –e packagename : uninstalls a package• Warning: do not uninstall VMware packages!
Or use –p packagefilename in place of packagename
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For ESX Server 2.0.1 2003-11-17Copyright © 2003 VMware, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Partitioning disks with fdisk
• fdisk requires a device file pointing at desired diskfdisk /dev/sdb
• Enter p to print the present partition table
• Enter n to create a new partition
•Specify partition number if primary
•Specify starting cylinder
•Specify size: +1024M gives a 1 GB partition
• Enter t to change the partition type: FB for VMFS
• Enter w to save partition table to disk
• Warning: Changing partition table of a disk with mounted Linux file systems may require reboot
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For ESX Server 2.0.1 2003-11-17Copyright © 2003 VMware, Inc. All rights reserved.
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vmkfstools Syntax
• The option flag governs the action of the command• Either a single letter with one hyphen or a word with two
• The last argument is always a path using the VMkernel’s device space• Either a VMFS name (physical or friendly)vmhba0:1:0:5 /vmfs/vmhba0:1:0:5myvmfs /vmfs/myvmfs
• Or a VMFS name followed by a virtual disk file namevmhba0:1:0:5:a.dsk /vmfs/vmhba0:1:0:5/a.dskmyvmfs:a.dsk /vmfs/myvmfs/a.dsk
vmkfstools -? [ otherarg otherarg … ] VMkernel-path
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For ESX Server 2.0.1 2003-11-17Copyright © 2003 VMware, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Creating a new VMFS volume
1. Use vmkfstools –N to map from VMkernel disk to a Linux device file /dev/vsdn# vmkfstools –N vmhba0:8:0:0/dev/vsd0
2. fdisk /dev/vsd0Make a partition number 1 with type FB
•Make new VMFS volumes using MUI or command line
Whole disk
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For ESX Server 2.0.1 2003-11-17Copyright © 2003 VMware, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Creating a new VMFS volume (cont’d)
3. Use vmkfstools –C to build a new VMFSvmkfstools –C vmfs2 vmhba0:8:0:1
4. Use vmkfstools –S to set the volume labelvmkfstools –S VOL3 vmhba0:8:0:1
•Use vmkfstools –l to list contentsvmkfstools –l VOL3orls –l /vmfs/VOL3
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For ESX Server 2.0.1 2003-11-17Copyright © 2003 VMware, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Basic VMFS virtual-disk operations
• To create a new virtual disk:vmkfstools –c 4096m VOL3:webserver.dsk
• To set access rights:chown ted:finance /vmfs/VOL3/webserver.dskchmod u=rw,go= /vmfs/VOL3/webserver.dsk
• To rename a virtual diskmv /vmfs/VOL3/ws.dsk /vmfs/VOL3/webserver.dsk
• To remove a virtual diskrm /vmfs/VOL3/ws.dsk
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For ESX Server 2.0.1 2003-11-17Copyright © 2003 VMware, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Copying a virtual disk
• It’s safe to use the Service Console’s cp command on > 2 GB virtual disks
• Not all Service Console utilities have been customized
• Other environments may contain unsafe tools too
• Safest to handle virtual disks in their exported (“COW”) format• To export:vmkfstools –e /vmimages/ws.vmdk vmfs3:ws.dsk
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For ESX Server 2.0.1 2003-11-17Copyright © 2003 VMware, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Copying a virtual disk from one ESX Server to another
• Use scp to copy securelyscp /vmfs/VOL3/ws.dsk user@esx2:/vmfs/myvmfs/ws.dsk
• Always check for integrity# sum /vmfs/myvmfs/ws.dsk39678 489473 /vmfs/myvmfs/ws.dsk
# md5sum /vmfs/myvmfs/router-2.1.dsk77dfc2ba10c75b6ad0a1812805887e28 router-2.1.dsk
16-bit checksum
size in 1 KB blocks
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For ESX Server 2.0.1 2003-11-17Copyright © 2003 VMware, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Extending a virtual disk
• Make a backup first!
• Extend the virtual diskvmkfstools –X 4096M VOL3:windata.dsk
• Now the file system inside the virtual disk does not fill the medium
• Use Partition Magic or the equivalent inside the VM to extend the file system
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For ESX Server 2.0.1 2003-11-17Copyright © 2003 VMware, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Inspecting virtual disks from Service Console
• To identify a virtual disk:# head mydisk.dsk | file –
• To import:vmkfstools –i /vmimages/otherdisk.dsk VOL3:other.dsk
• GSX Server 2.x virtual disks can also be imported
ESX Server x86 boot sector
Workstation 4 ASCII English text
Workstation 3.xGSX Server 2.x
{nothing}
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For ESX Server 2.0.1 2003-11-17Copyright © 2003 VMware, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Opening virtual disks from Service Console
• To display the partition table inside a virtual disk:# vmware-mount.pl –p /vmfs/VOL3/w2k.dsk Nr Start Size Type Id System-- ----- ------- ---- --- ---------------1 63 4176837 BIOS 7 HPFS/NTFS# vmware-mount.pl –p /vmfs/VOL3/linux.dsk Nr Start Size Type Id System-- ----- ------- ---- --- ---------------1 32 81888 BIOS 83 Linux2 81920 262144 BIOS 82 Linux swap3 344064 972800 BIOS 83 Linux• Virtual disk must be in ESX format, reside in a VMFS, not powered on
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For ESX Server 2.0.1 2003-11-17Copyright © 2003 VMware, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Opening virtual disks from Service Console (cont’d)
• You may mount file systems from within a virtual disk onto the Service Console• Virtual disk must not be powered on
• NTFS file systems are read-only!
•vfat and ext3 file systems may be mounted read-write
• Press ctrl-C to kill vmware-mount.pl when done
# mkdir /myntfs# vmware-mount.pl /vmfs/ted/w2k.dsk 1 -t ntfs -o ro /myntfsIn another window:# ls /myntfsAUTOEXEC.BAT CONFIG.SYS IO.SYSboot.ini Documents and Settings MSDOS.SYS
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For ESX Server 2.0.1 2003-11-17Copyright © 2003 VMware, Inc. All rights reserved.
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VM Configuration File Syntax
• Comments begin with a # character• Blank lines are allowed
• Each other line is of the formattribute = value orclass.attribute = value
• Class can be:• A family of related items
• A device controller
• A device on a device controller
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For ESX Server 2.0.1 2003-11-17Copyright © 2003 VMware, Inc. All rights reserved.
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A sample configuration fileconfig.version = "6"virtualHW.version = "3"memSize = "192"numvcpus = "2"displayName = "Controller for domain TEXAS.ORG"guestOS = "win2000Serv"
ide1:0.present = "TRUE"ide1:0.startConnected = "TRUE"ide1:0.deviceType = "atapi-cdrom"ide1:0.fileName = "/dev/cdrom"
floppy0.present = "TRUE"floppy0.startConnected = "FALSE"floppy0.fileName = "/dev/fd0"
scsi0.present = "TRUE"scsi0.virtualDev = "vmxbuslogic"scsi0.sharedBus = "none"scsi0:0.present = "TRUE"scsi0:0.fileName = “VOL3:winnt.dsk"scsi0:0.mode = "persistent"
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For ESX Server 2.0.1 2003-11-17Copyright © 2003 VMware, Inc. All rights reserved.
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A sample configuration file (cont’d)
ethernet0.present = "TRUE"ethernet0.virtualDev = "vlance"ethernet0.connectionType = "monitor_dev"ethernet0.devName = "vmnic0"
suspend.directory = "/vmfs/VOL3"remotedisplay.depth = "8"checkpoint.cptconfigname = "rn2-52ff1bdc"
uuid.location = "56 4d 7c 66 1f 23 b5 c3-2f 50 a9 29 7f 53 72 b5"
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For ESX Server 2.0.1 2003-11-17Copyright © 2003 VMware, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Configuring for Terminal Services
• Windows Terminal Services and Citrix Metaframe systems run with many processes
• Windows 2000 systems benefit from a performance tweak
• Add to configuration fileworkload = "TerminalServices"
• If Citrix Metaframe XP, install Citrix hotfix XE102W014 in guest OS
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For ESX Server 2.0.1 2003-11-17Copyright © 2003 VMware, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Time sync for graphicsless VMs
• Normally need GUI VMware Tools agent to enable time synchronization between guest OS and Service Console
• But Linux servers often run without graphics
• To enable time sync without GUI:tools.syncTime = "TRUE"
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For ESX Server 2.0.1 2003-11-17Copyright © 2003 VMware, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Adjusting Remote Console keyboard repeat
• By default, virtual keyboard device in VM starts autorepeat if a physical key is not released within less than a second
• Network latency or congestion may trigger autorepeat
• Add to config file:keyboard.typematicMinDelay = 2000000
• Value in microseconds (2 million sec = 2 sec)
• Choose a value that results in satisfactory performance
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For ESX Server 2.0.1 2003-11-17Copyright © 2003 VMware, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Specifying autostart and autostop behavior
• Config files may contain autostart = "poweron"autostart.delay = "2" Seconds to pauseautostop = "poweroff" or…autostop = "suspend"autostop.delay = "2" Seconds to pause
• Caution! Memory page sharing is not active when suspended VMs are resumed
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For ESX Server 2.0.1 2003-11-17Copyright © 2003 VMware, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Starting and stopping VMs from the command line
• To stop a VM:vmware-cmd /home/ted/vmware/a/a.vmx stop mode
• To start a VM:vmware-cmd /home/ted/vmware/a/a.vmx start mode
softRun normal scripts in guest OS before shutdown or after resume;
trysoft
Try to run scripts in guest OS; use hard mechanism if VMware Tools is not accessible
hardAbrupt power-off; resume without running normal scripts
ESX Server System Management IIModule 4
Questions?