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statue Grand Canyon
Sand Pile
What do These 3 Things Have in
Common??
They have all been
subjected to the process of
WEATHERING
WEATHERING: is
THE CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROCESS THAT CHANGES ROCK
For weathering to occur the rocks must be
exposed to:
WATER (hydrosphere) AIR (atmosphere)
ACTION OF HUMANS & OTHER LIVING ORGANISMS
Evidence of Weathering:
the end product of the weathering of rock is
SEDIMENT
Sediment Name Diameter range(cm) Boulder Cobble
Pebble Sand Silt (colloid-suspended) Clay (colloid-suspended)
Sediments are classified by size: use the reference tables
page 6 to complete the chart
Dissolved particles (ions) Not visible
25.6 or larger 6.4-25.5
0.2-6.3 0.006-0.1 0.0004-0.005
Less than 0.0004
Examples:salt,calcite
PHYSICAL WEATHERING:
ROCKS ARE BROKEN INTO SMALLER PIECES WITHOUT CHANGING THE CHEMICAL NATURE OF THE ROCK
Explain how water and wind can can cause
physical weathering
in the following ways:
The alternate freezing and thawing of
water
WATER EXPANDS WHEN IT FREEZES
This is called…….
Ice Wedging or Frost Action
a weathered sidewalk
Half Dome in Yosemite California
*ABRASION
RUNNING WATER AND
WIND CAN RUB OR WEAR DOWN ROCKS
RUNNING WATER AND WIND CAN CAUSE ROCKS TO RUB AGAINST EACH OTHER AND WEAR THEM DOWN
* BIOLOGIC ACTIVITY
My sidewalk being lifted by the tree roots!!
PLANT ROOTS EXPOSES NEW SURFACES TO WEATHERING
*Humans can influence the rate of weathering by the use of powerful
equipment
If you increase the surface area you will ___________ the
rate of weathering increase
Surface area
rate of
weathering
CHEMICAL WEATHERING:
Rocks are broken and the chemical composition is also ___________ CHANGED
• OXIDATION OCCURS WHEN __________ FROM AIR COMBINES WITH ___________ TO FORM OXIDES
OXYGEN
MINERALS
RUST
This was washed up on a beach!!
A rusty gate……
• CARBONATION
OCCURS WHEN __________ CONTAINING
__________ ACID
DISSOLVES MINERALS
WATER
CARBONIC
EX.
LIMESTONE CAVES
* POLLUTANTS can speed up the rate of
chemical weathering OXIDES OF SULFER AND NITROGEN MAKE RAINWATER UNNATURALLY ACIDIC
ACID RAIN
• HYDRATION OCCURS WHEN _______ SUCH AS MICA AND FELDSPAR ABSORB ________ AND WEAKEN AND FORM ________
MINERALS
WATER CLAY
If: temperature = 5 precipitation = 100
Moderate physical and
chemical weathering
temperature = 20 precipitation = 100
Faster rate of chemical weathering
If: temperature = -10 precipitation = 50
Faster physical
weathering
CLIMATIC EFFECTS ON WEATHERING:
PHYSICAL WEATHERING DOMINATES IN
COLD, MOIST
CLIMATES
CLIMATIC EFFECTS ON WEATHERING:
CHEMICAL WEATHERING DOMINATES IN
WARM, MOIST
CLIMATES
IN GENERAL WHEN THERE IS MORE
THERE IS MORE WEATHERING
MOISTURE
CLEOPATRA’S NEEDLE Central
Park
RATE OF WEATHERING ALSO
DEPENDS ON:
MINERAL COMPOSITION ROCK RESISTANCE
(HARDNESS)
SHALE SANDSTONE
SHALE SANDSTONE LIMESTONE
SHALE DOLOSTONE WHICH ROCK
IS THE MOST
RESISTANT TO
WEATHERING?
WATER
SHALE SANDSTONE
SHALE SANDSTONE LIMESTONE
SHALE DOLOSTONE WHICH ROCK
IS THE MOST
RESISTANT TO
WEATHERING?
SHALE SANDSTONE
SHALE SANDSTONE LIMESTONE
SHALE WHICH ROCK
IS THE LEAST
RESISTANT TO
WEATHERING?
DOLOSTONE
SHALE SANDSTONE
SHALE SANDSTONE LIMESTONE
SHALE WHICH ROCK
IS THE LEAST
RESISTANT TO
WEATHERING?
DOLOSTONE
SOIL FORMATION: SOIL IS THE
COMBINATION OF:
ROCK PARTICLES MINERALS ORGANIC MATTER
THE END RESULT OF
WEATHERING AND BIOLOGIC ACTIVITY IS:
Adding to a compost pile
SOIL FORMATION:
Breakdown of rock
Addition of organic material ( from decomposition )
(biological activity)
A B
C
Soil Horizons
SOIL HORIZONS (LAYERS) A (TOP SOIL) rich in organic material B little organic material
rich in minerals leeched from horizon A
C partly weathered broken up bedrock sits on top of solid bedrock
The two types of sediment (soil) are:
Transported Residual
TRANSPORTED SOILS:
CARRIED FROM LOCATION OF PARENT ROCK
MOST OF NEW YORK SOIL IS TRANSPORTED
3 WAYS THAT SOIL CAN DIFFER IN VARIOUS
LOCATIONS:
SOIL ASSOCIATIONS (CHARACTERISTICS
1. 2. 3.
COMPOSITION
MOISTURE ORGANIC MATERIAL
(MINERALS)
HOW CAN WE IMPROVE THE SOIL’S ABILITY TO SUSTAIN LIFE?
Terrace planting
Wind breaks like trees Planted
To Stop
Wind erosion
