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Environmentally FriendlyEnvironmentally Friendly Management Management
Dr. Michael L. WestendorfExtension SpecialistRutgers University
World Population = 7 Billion
Source: U.S. Census Bureau population projections
Bill
ion
peop
le
Growth Rate
The number of people added to the world population yearly appears likely to follow downward trend.
Ave
rage
ann
ual
incr
ease
s in
wor
ld
popu
latio
n, in
mill
ions
Continent PercentageNorth America 2%Latin and South America 9%Europe 4%Africa 27%Asia 58%*Projected by the World Bank
Distribution of world populationIn 2002*
85%
}
Food Group Calories (%) Protein (%)Cereals 49 43Roots, tubers, pulses 10 10Nuts, oils, vegetable fats 8 4Sugar and sugar products 9 2Vegetables and fruits 8 7Meat 7 15Eggs 1 2Fish 1 5Milk 5 11Other 2 1
Contributions of Various Food Groupsto the World Food Supply
Sourced: Adapted from several FAO world food surveys
84%
16%
66%
34%
Plant
Animal
}}
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China’s demand foranimal protein expected
to double by 2050
Feedstuffs Magazine
Farmers aregetting older
Background Summary
• Increasing world population• Increasing demand for animal products• Decreasing availability of farmland• Changing demographics of farms and
farmers• Political pressures
Nutrients in Manure
•Nitrogen (N)
•Phosphorus (P)
•Potassium (K)
Major nutrients found in manure that are needed for both plant and animal growth
Nitrogen_Cycle.jpg: Environmental Protection Agency
Sources of Nitrogen – Pre 1920
• Legume Nitrogen• Manure Fertilizer• Other
Legume Nitrogen
Soybeans, Beans, Alfalfa, Clovers
Manure as Fertilizer
http://www.sopacs.com/bags-by-application/a-b-categories/bat-guano.html
http://www.idsia.ch/~juergen/haberbosch.html
Synthetic Nitrogen
Synthetic Nitrogen
Copyright © 2011 Science Time.
Animal Waste Management Dilemma
Increasing animal concentrations Decreasing land base Encroaching suburbia New waste management techniques are needed,
these new techniques may require more management and expense
Environmental Benefitsof Manure
• Nitrogen leaching potential
• Soil erosion & runoff
• Soil carbon/organic matter
• Crop productivity
• Replaces energy intensive nitrogen fertilizer & limited resource phosphorous fertilizer - $$$
Review of Historical Soil Conservation Experiment Data
• Manure reduced total runoff by 1% to 68%.
• Manure reduced soil erosion by 13% to 77%.
(((Risse and Gilley, 2000)
Erosion is still the number one source of nonpoint source
pollution in the United States.
Environmental Benefitsof Manure
• Manure contains organic carbon• Organic carbon is key to soil health &
structure
ManureCommercial fertilizer vs.
Animal Manure and Water Quality
1) Nitrate-N Health
2) Ammonia-N Fish Kills
3) Phosphorus Eutrophication
4) Pathogens/bacteria Health
5) Organic Matter Oxygen Depletion
PollutantPollutant RiskRisk
FarmBoundary
Outputs
Feed Manure
Losses or Soil Losses or Soil
StorageStorage
Recycling of Nutrients
Inputs
Prevention: Planning for the “Impossible”
North Carolina swine farm flooded after Hurricanes Dennis and Floyd, September 1999
(7,040-head swine feeder-to-finish farm)
Prevention: Responding to Tragedy
Non-Point Source Pollution
Groundwater
Surface water
Manure Management toImprove Water Quality
• Spreading and disposal
• Manure Storage
• Manage storm-water
• Control animal access to streams and waterways.
• Control farm erosion.
• Neighbors, feed, odors, emergency management.
• Each farm should have a plan for
managing manure spreading and disposal.
– Off-farm disposal is a good option for
some locations or bedding types.
Manure Management toImprove Water Quality
• Each farm should have a plan for managing manure spreading and disposal.
– Off-farm disposal is a good option for some locations or bedding types.
– Where and how often should manure be spread?
Manure Management toImprove Water Quality
Where to Spread Manure?
Geological Investigation• Streams • Lakes• Aquifers/water tablesSlope • Apply manure to sites with
the gentlest slopes possible• Avoid slopes >10%Neighbors• Odors• Nuisances• Common CourtesySeek Technical Assistance
Export litter/manure when total N exceeds capacity.
Which Manure Where?
• Each farm should have a plan for managing manure spreading and disposal.
– Off-farm disposal is a good option for some locations or bedding types.
– Where and how often should manure be spread?
– Nutrient management plans.
Manure Management toImprove Water Quality
FarmBoundary
Outputs
Feed Manure
Losses or Soil Losses or Soil
StorageStorage
Recycling of Nutrients
Inputs
• Each farm should have a plan for managing manure
spreading and disposal.
• Store manure in a dry, level, impermeable location
free from storm-water runoff.
Manure Management toImprove Water Quality
Where to Store Manure?
Geological Investigation• Streams • Lakes• Aquifers/water tablesSlope • Apply manure to sites with
the gentlest slopes possible
• Avoid slopes >10%Neighbors• Odors• Nuisances• Common Courtesy
Facility Siting
• Consider topography and flood patterns when developing new facilities/pasture.
– Not near streams
– Not in flood-prone areas
– Not on steep hillsides
– Flat, impermeable,
deep watertable
– Keep covered if possible
Solid Manure Storage
• Covered facilities
• Tarp may provide cover with less cost and more labor
• Stack or stockpile in a well-drained area for later hauling
• Regulations may require runoff control
Liquid Manure Storage Lagoons
• Commonly used when some treatment needed for handling or reduced odors
• Contain a permanent treatment volume for bacteria
• Earthen structures larger than slurry facilities
• Each farm should have a plan for managing manure spreading and disposal.
• Store manure in a dry, level, impermeable location free from storm-water runoff.
• Manage storm-water to prevent manure contamination of water bodies and eliminate runoff.
Manure Management toImprove Water Quality
Stormwater Runoff Management
• Divert all clean water away from “manure areas.”
• Maintain roof gutters to flow away from buildings
• Add drains, ditches, berms where needed
• Divert polluted waters into vegetative buffer areas.
• Any “manure storage” areas should be separated from “clean water” areas with vegetative buffer strips.
Vegetative Buffer Strips
• Inexpensive to install
• Removes some solids from liquids
• Maintenance is not easy
• Needs to be long and flat
• Channel flow reduces effectiveness
Horse Farm Manure Management
• Each farm should have a plan for managing manure spreading and disposal.
• Store manure in a dry, level, impermeable location free from storm-water runoff.
• Manage storm-water to prevent manure contamination of water bodies and eliminate runoff.
• Control animal access to streams and waterways.
Animals with access to surface water can be a direct source of pollution.
• Each farm should have a plan for managing manure spreading and disposal.
• Store manure in a dry, level, impermeable location free from storm-water runoff.
• Manage storm-water to prevent manure contamination of water bodies and eliminate runoff.
• Control animal access to streams and waterways.
• Control farm erosion.
Manure Management toImprove Water Quality
Soil Erosion
Erosion is still the number one source of nonpoint source
pollution in the United States.
• Each farm should have a plan for managing manure spreading and disposal.
• Store manure in a dry, level, impermeable location free from storm-water runoff.
• Manage storm-water to prevent manure contamination of water bodies and eliminate runoff.
• Control animal access to streams and waterways.
• Control farm erosion. • Neighbors, feed, odors, emergency
management.
Manure Management toImprove Water Quality
Feed Storage Should be Clean and Dry
Most Complaints Arisefrom Land Application
Get Along With Neighbors
• ReduceOdors
Traffic
Noise
Flies
• IncreaseCommunications
Manure Management toImprove Water Quality
• Spreading and disposal
• Manure Storage
• Manage storm-water
• Control animal access to streams and waterways.
• Control farm erosion.
• Neighbors, feed, odors, emergency management.
Air Emissions--Odor
• Multiple gases contribute to odor
– Volatile fatty acids
– Carbon dioxide and methane (global warming gas)
– Nitrogen containing compounds (ammonia, amines, nitrogen heterocycles, nitrous oxide)
– Phenols & cresols• Sulfur-containing compounds• Other emissions
– Dust– Pathogens– Flies
Environmental Impacts of Odors
• Community nuisance
• Psychological impact on neighbors (anger,
depression, etc.)
• Physiological impact on neighbors (respiratory
problems, nausea, etc.)
Environmentally FriendlyEnvironmentally Friendly Management Management
Dr. Michael L. WestendorfExtension SpecialistRutgers University
CompostingComposting
• Natural aerobic process for stabilizing Natural aerobic process for stabilizing organic matter, production of a more organic matter, production of a more homogeneous, drier end producthomogeneous, drier end product
• Well composted manure has humus Well composted manure has humus smell, 25-50% volume reduction, and smell, 25-50% volume reduction, and destruction of pathogens and weed destruction of pathogens and weed seeds due to heat of composting. seeds due to heat of composting.
• May have marketability (mushroom compost, organic compost ??)
Composting Principles
Composted Horse Manure
Vermicomposting
• Earthworms and microorganisms convert organic materials into nutrient rich humus called vermicompost.
• Worms separated from the castings or compost have high value as animal and aquaculture feed.
• Techniques range from boxed and outdoor windrows to automatic systems.
Cow Manure for Energy?
Smells like a good idea
Anaerobic Digestion
http://www.epa.gov/agstar/pdf/manage.pdf
About Anaerobic Digestion
Biogas recovery systems are sometimes known as anaerobic digesters, because they use a process called anaerobic digestion. During anaerobic digestion, bacteria break down manure in an oxygen-free environment. One of the natural products of anaerobic digestion is biogas, which typically contains between 60 to 70 percent methane, 30 to 40 percent carbon dioxide, and trace amounts of other gases.
When biogas is captured, it can be used to generate heat, hot water, or electricity - significantly reducing the cost of electricity and other farm fuels such as natural gas, propane, and fuel oil. Biogas is a renewable source of energy with much lower environmental impacts than conventional fossil fuel.