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I-KNOW 2007 (part of Triple-I 2007), Graz, September 5, 2007, Special Track on Integrating Working and Learning
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1© FZI Research Center for Information Technologies Karlsruhe, Germany | Information Process Engineering | www.fzi.de/ipe
Wikis as a Technology Fostering Knowledge Maturing:
What we can learn from Wikipedia
FZI Research Center for Information TechnologiesDept. Information Process Engineering
Karlsruhe, GERMANY
{braun|aschmidt}@fzi.dehttp://www.fzi.de/ipe
Simone BraunAndreas Schmidt
2FZI Research for Information Technologies | Information Process Engineering | www.fzi.de/ipe
Outline
Overview of Knowledge Maturing theory
Goals of study
Qualitative study
Quantitative study
Transferability to enterprise context
Conclusions
3
Motivation
New paradigm of work-integrated learning• learning and working are interwoven• beyond one-way training• learning is an active and creative process
The Knowledge Maturing theoryviews individual learning processes as interlinked• at the heart: co-creation of artefacts
4
Knowledge Maturing Process
Criteria (from Maier & Schmidt 2007)• teachability• legitimation & commitment• explicit linkage/implicit contextualization• hardness
5
Workplace learningsupport byrecommending learningopportunities in theform of microcontent
Appropriateness can bedecided based on competencies and maturity level
One Vision: Maturity Awareness
from: Schmidt (2007): Microlearning and the knowledgematuring process, Microlearning 2007
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The Study
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Goals of our study
Knowledge Maturing theory so far is based only on anecdotal evidence
Why Wikipedia• largest social experiment related to knowledge maturing
where we have all the data (artefacts, history)
Hypotheses qualitative study• knowledge maturing actually takes place in wikis
(including criteria from Maier & Schmidt 2007 make sense)• socio-technical wiki systems have brought forth instruments overcoming
barriers in the maturing processes
Hypotheses quantitative study• criteria like teachability, and explicit linkage increase along the maturing
process• maturity of articles can be measured in an automated way
8
Qualitative Study (1)
Artefact Layer (= wiki pages)• predicates representing the legitimation by the Wikipedia community
o good article (“lesenswert”), featured article (“exzellente Artikel”), but also “stub” and “needs review”
• definitions for the level of quality• candidate lists implementing a limited and very loose form of transition
workflowo also encouraging maturing
Knowledge Layer• use of categories to organize articles• links among articles that are not directly tied to the occurrence of the
article name• disambiguation pages.
=> contribute to improving the decontextualization process
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Qualitative Study (2)
Social Layer• “Wikiquette”• discussion pages • changes are visible in a global as well as in a local change log• user identity, watchlists• limit of activities by technical means (edit wars, write-protected
articles)
10
Quantitative Study
Basis:German Wikipedia, full XML dump with history (Jan 24, 2007)
Operationalization of criteria• teachability: readability score, structuredness (words per headline etc.), images• linkage: (unique) link count, (unique) link per words
Two types of study• snapshot study:
o all articles at a certain point in timeo significant differences among different maturity levels
• longitudinal studyo article history over their lifetime, estricted to featured and excellent articleso developments of criteria over time
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Snapshot studyStub Normal Good Featured
#articles 19852 28763 612 343
#words p. article 43 (4) 60 1196 (753) 1359
5386 (4580) 3428
6689 (5952) 3561
readability p. article
35 (41) 32 50 (53) 35 55 (55) 7 54 (54) 6
#headlines p. art. 0 (0) 1 7 (5) 8 21 (18) 13 24 (22) 14
#images p. article
0 (0) 0 2 (0) 6 8 (6) 10 11 (8) 13
#words p. headline
105 (96) 50 198 (157) 198 391 (229) 880 438 (249) 883
#words p. image 132 (138) 45
747 (493) 827 1289 (722) 1897 1181 (647) 1633
#(unique) internal links
6 (1) 9 6 (1) 9
75 (55) 71 82 (58) 87
212 (170) 144 238 (188) 171
240 (213) 137 272 (233) 169
#words p. int. link
5 (3) 5 16 (13) 17 29 (21) 25 31 (24) 26
link density (%) 31 (33) 16 9 (8) 4 5 (5) 2 4 (4) 2
(mean (median) σ)
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Longitudinal Study (1)
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Longitudinal Study (2)
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Longitudinal Study (3)
15
Transferability and Conclusions
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Wikipedia vs. Enterprise Wikis
Wikipedia Enterprise wikis
Size of community
large numbers limited to (parts of) the organization
Goal general public encyclopaedia
persistence and exchange of experiences
Type of knowledge
rather mature knowledge (at least ad-hoc training)
immature knowledge (mostly distribution in communities and formalization, up to ad-hoc-training)
Maturing focus
artefact level (knowledge is considered to be sufficiently mature)
knowledge level (artefacts are considered to be facilitating the collaboration and exchange)
Motivation idealism and identification with Wikipedia goals, quest for social esteem
work process needs, professional esteem, organizational goals
17
Conclusions
Knowledge maturing theory confirmed by qualitative and quantitative study• several instruments at artefact, knowledge and social level identified
Quantitative study confirmed criteria on average• but: high standard deviation
=> no automated computation of maturity
Limited transferability to enterprise wikis• but problem of automation becomes even harder (less homogeneous)• additional problem: maturing on knowledge layer
Future steps:• explore additional information like creation/usage context• large-scale empirical study (together with University of Innsbruck) in
enterprise context
18FZI Research for Information Technologies | Information Process Engineering | www.fzi.de/ipe
Contact
Andreas Schmidt
Department Manager
FZI Research Center for Information Technologies
Information Process Engineering
http://andreas.schmidt.name
Upcoming FP7 Integrating Project:
http://mature-ip.eu
http://www.im-wissensnetz.de