Wireless Network Wireless Network AndAnd

Wireless ConnectivityWireless Connectivity

Presentation OutcomePresentation Outcome

Introduction to Wireless Network

Types of Wireless Network

Wireless Network Standards

Wireless Network Security

Applications

PRESENTED BY :

PRESENTED BY :

HINA ISHTIAQ

HINA ISHTIAQ

What is wireless?What is wireless?

Anything without wires!!Anything without wires!!

In wireless network, data are carried by In wireless network, data are carried by electrical wave electrical wave (e.g., (e.g., radio waveradio wave) from one ) from one

node to another. node to another.

There is There is no physical cable/wire no physical cable/wire connecting connecting one computer to anotherone computer to another

WIRELESS NETWORKWIRELESS NETWORK

HistoryHistory Vic HavesVic Haves has been called the "father of has been called the "father of WiFi". WiFi".

The term The term WiFiWiFi, first used commercially in , first used commercially in August 1999,August 1999,]] was coined by a brand- was coined by a brand-consulting firm called Inter band Corporation .consulting firm called Inter band Corporation .

This technology has its origins in a 1985 This technology has its origins in a 1985 ruling by the US Federal Communications ruling by the US Federal Communications Commission that released the ISM Band for Commission that released the ISM Band for unlicensed use.unlicensed use.

Basic Components of Wireless NetworkBasic Components of Wireless Network

Wireless network hardwaresWireless network hardwares

Wired networkWired network

Network interface cards (NIC)Network interface cards (NIC)

Wireless access point /wireless routerWireless access point /wireless router

HubsHubs

Client BridgesClient Bridges

RepeatersRepeaters

SwitchesSwitches

Wireless PC cardsWireless PC cards

Wireless adapterWireless adapter

ModemsModems

AntennaAntenna

Signal boosterSignal booster

Wired networkWired network

The Wired NetworkThe Wired Network

Internet connectivityInternet connectivity

Connection to a server Connection to a server

Connection to other network devicesConnection to other network devices

Wireless antennaWireless antenna

Wireless network adapters, access points, and routers Wireless network adapters, access points, and routers all utilize an antenna to assist in receiving signals on all utilize an antenna to assist in receiving signals on the WLAN.the WLAN.

Some wireless antennas, like those on adapters, are Some wireless antennas, like those on adapters, are internal to the unit. Other antennas, like those on many internal to the unit. Other antennas, like those on many access points, are externally visible. access points, are externally visible.

Wireless Signal BoostersWireless Signal Boosters

Some manufacturers of wireless access points and Some manufacturers of wireless access points and routers also sell a small piece of equipment called a routers also sell a small piece of equipment called a signal booster. signal booster.

Signal booster serves to increase the strength of the Signal booster serves to increase the strength of the base station transmitter.base station transmitter.

It improve both wireless network transmission and It improve both wireless network transmission and reception simultaneously. reception simultaneously.

Network interface cardsNetwork interface cards

A hardware component to control the flow of data is A hardware component to control the flow of data is known as network interface card.known as network interface card.

Also known as adapter card, network card, network Also known as adapter card, network card, network interface card.interface card.

A light will indicate that an internal antenna is A light will indicate that an internal antenna is activated.activated.

WirelessWireless (( Bluetooth NIC) must be installed in each Bluetooth NIC) must be installed in each computer.computer.

Major functions of wireless NIC:Major functions of wireless NIC:Sender NIC: Sender NIC:

Take data from Layer 3 (Network Take data from Layer 3 (Network Layer).Layer).

Encapsulate the data into frame.Encapsulate the data into frame.

Load the frame to electrical wave.Load the frame to electrical wave.

Transmit the electrical wave.Transmit the electrical wave.

Receiver NICReceiver NIC

performs the reverse activitiesperforms the reverse activities

HubHub

, A device that distributes packets, or blocks of data, in , A device that distributes packets, or blocks of data, in order to connect more than two computers together, is order to connect more than two computers together, is known as hub.known as hub.

SwitchSwitch

A switch is a device that learns which machine is A switch is a device that learns which machine is connected to its port by using the PC or other devices connected to its port by using the PC or other devices IP,s addressIP,s address

FunctionFunction

A switch can send a packet directly to a specific A switch can send a packet directly to a specific destination, instead of sending it to every computer in a destination, instead of sending it to every computer in a network.network.

Reduces the amount of broadcast traffic.Reduces the amount of broadcast traffic.

MODEMMODEM A wireless modem is a type of modulator which A wireless modem is a type of modulator which

connects to a wireless network instead of using connects to a wireless network instead of using telephone or cable television lines.telephone or cable television lines.

Wireless modems are used with computers to connect Wireless modems are used with computers to connect to the Internet. to the Internet.

Connecting a wireless modem to the computer will Connecting a wireless modem to the computer will directly connect to your wireless ISP (Internet Service directly connect to your wireless ISP (Internet Service Provider).Provider).

WIRELESS ROUTERWIRELESS ROUTER

– A wireless router is commonly A wireless router is commonly used to provide access to the used to provide access to the Internet or to some other computer Internet or to some other computer networknetwork

Controls the speedControls the speed

security requirementssecurity requirements

“ “Center” of your WiFi network.Center” of your WiFi network.

Wireless Access PointWireless Access Point

– Central “wiring” deviceCentral “wiring” device to connect wireless nodes to to connect wireless nodes to wireless/wired networkwireless/wired network

– If a network uses WAP, all computers must If a network uses WAP, all computers must communicate via the WAPcommunicate via the WAP

PC ADAPTERPC ADAPTER A PC Card adapter joins a A PC Card adapter joins a

notebook computer to the notebook computer to the network. network.

The PC Card is a device The PC Card is a device approximately the width and approximately the width and height of a credit card height of a credit card compatible with the PCMCIA compatible with the PCMCIA

hardware interfacehardware interface standard.standard.

TYPES OF WIRELESS NETWORK

Wireless LAN

Wireless PAN

Wireless MAN

Wireless WAN

Wireless Mesh Network

Mobile Devices Network

 Wireless Personal Area Network  (WPANs) interconnect devices within a relatively small area, that is generally within a person's reach.

Used to link PDA to computer without hard wire.

Wireless Personal Area Network

WPAN Technology

Bluetooth is major technology of WPANs. Well suited to use in small devices. Range of 30 meters.

Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN)

A wireless local area network (WLAN) links two or more devices over a short distance using a wireless distribution method, usually providing a connection through an access point for INTERNET ACCESS

WANWide Area Network(National/Global)

LANLocal Area Network(Campus/Building)

WLAN..

Work unethered

Improve productivity by saving time (use idle time, minimize meeting prep time)

Have real-time access for urgent messages and key information

You

Wireless Access Point

LAN

Lab/Conference Room

YourOffice

26

Local Area Networks (LAN)

Function – wireless equivalent to Ethernet Local Area Network

Based on IEEE standard 802.11 series

802.11 – 1997, data rates to 2 Mb/s (outdated) 802.11b - 1999, data rates to 11 Mb/s (available now) 802.11g - 2000, data rates to 22 Mb/s (available 2002) 802.11a - emerging, data rates to 54 Mb/s (available late 2001)

802.11b is dominant technology being implemented.

Part of the specification is the Wired Equivalent Protocol (WEP)designed to protect link layer (over-the-air) traffic attacks

WLANs Technology

WiFi is best technology of WLAN;

Range – several 100 meters

WLAN is often used in cities to connect networks in two or more buildings without installing a wired link.

Wireless Mesh Network

A wireless mesh network is a wireless network made up of radio waves organized in a mesh topology.

Each node forwards messages on behalf of the other nodes.

Mesh networks can "self heal", automatically re-routing around a node that has lost power.

WMN Applications

US military forces use it to connect computers in field operation.

Students use wireless mesh network to exchange files although they lack wired connection.

Wireless Metropolitan Area Network

Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks are a type of wireless network that connects several

wireless local area networks.

WiMAX is a type of Wireless MAN and is described by the IEEE 802.16 standard

WMANs..

Wireless Metropolitan Area Network is also known as Wireless Local Loop (WLL)

Wireless local loop can reach effective transfer speeds of 1 to 10 Mbps within a

range of 4 to 10 kilometres, which makes it useful mainly for telecommunications

companies.

Wireless Wide Area Network

Wireless Wide Area Networks are wireless networks that typically cover large areas, such as between neighboring

towns and cities, or city and suburb.

Most common - all mobile phones are connected to a wireless wide area network.

Started with cell phones – many technologies & standards

Progressed through multiple generations Analog voice phones

Digital voice phones

Web-enabled phones

Despite multiple generations, technology is still immature and

changing dynamically (e.g., web access from a cell phone)

WANWide Area Network(National/Global)

Main Technologies

GSM (Global system for Mobile Communication)

GPRS (General Packet Radio Service)

UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication system)

Global System for Mobile Communication Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM)(GSM) -- a digital mobile telephone system -- a digital mobile telephone system used in Europe and other parts of the used in Europe and other parts of the worldworld

General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) -- a -- a packet-based wireless communication packet-based wireless communication service that provides continuous service that provides continuous connection to the Internet for mobile connection to the Internet for mobile phone and computer usersphone and computer users

Continued...........Continued...........

Universal Mobile Universal Mobile Telecommunications Telecommunications System (UMTS)System (UMTS) -- a -- a broadband, packet-based broadband, packet-based system offering a system offering a consistent set of services consistent set of services to mobile computer and to mobile computer and phone users no matter phone users no matter where they are located in where they are located in the worldthe world

Mobile Devices Network

With the development of smart phones , cellular telephone networks routinely carry data in addition to telephone

conversations Global system of communication Personal communication Services

Digital Advanced Mobile Phone Service

Wireless network Speed And RangeWireless network Speed And Range

Wireless network Wireless network speedspeed depends on:depends on:

– The wireless network technology The wireless network technology standardstandard

– The The distancedistance between sender and receiver, or between sender and receiver, or between a node and a Wireless Access Point between a node and a Wireless Access Point

– InterferenceInterference from other wireless devices or from other wireless devices or electronic devices (e.g., wireless phone)electronic devices (e.g., wireless phone)

– The The presence of solid objectpresence of solid object (especially metal (especially metal object, electronic appliance) between the sender and object, electronic appliance) between the sender and receiver, or between a node and a Wireless Access receiver, or between a node and a Wireless Access PointPoint

Wireless Network Range

To increase the wireless network range:To increase the wireless network range:

UsingUsing “signal booster” “signal booster”

Using Using Wireless Access Point Wireless Access Point instead of using instead of using ad-hoc mode, use infrastructure mode ad-hoc mode, use infrastructure mode

Using MULTIPLE Using MULTIPLE Wireless Access PointsWireless Access Points

Wireless Network StandardsWireless Network Standards

Two major wireless network technology Two major wireless network technology standards: standards:

IEEE 802.11IEEE 802.11

Wireless Fidelity (WiFi)Wireless Fidelity (WiFi) IEEE 802.15IEEE 802.15

BluetoothBluetooth

WiFi.....

WiFi is a popular technology that allows an electronic device to exchange data wirelessly using Radio signals over computer network

including internet connection.

Wireless Network StandardsWireless Network Standards

IEEE 802.11IEEE 802.11

– Wi-FiWi-Fi

Most popularMost popular All Wi-Fi standards (802.11, a, b, g) have the All Wi-Fi standards (802.11, a, b, g) have the following features:following features: Communication mode: supporting Communication mode: supporting Ad-hoc and Ad-hoc and

InfrastructureInfrastructure SSIDSSID

Wireless Network StandardsWireless Network Standards

Wi-Fi:Wi-Fi:

– Includes:Includes:

802.11802.11–The oldestThe oldest–Maximum throughput:Maximum throughput: 2 Mbps 2 Mbps–Maximum distance between sender and Maximum distance between sender and receiver (node and WAP): receiver (node and WAP): 150 feet150 feet

802.11 b802.11 b–Maximum throughput: Maximum throughput: 11 Mbps11 Mbps–Maximum distance between sender and Maximum distance between sender and receiver (node and WAP):receiver (node and WAP): 300 feet 300 feet

Wireless Network StandardsWireless Network Standards Wi-Fi:Wi-Fi:

802.11 a802.11 a

Developed Developed after after 802.11 b802.11 b

Maximum throughput: Maximum throughput: 54 Mbps54 Mbps

Problem: NOT compatible with the “popular” Problem: NOT compatible with the “popular” 802.11 b802.11 b

Maximum distance between sender and receiver Maximum distance between sender and receiver (node and WAP): (node and WAP): 150 feet150 feet

802.11g802.11g

Maximum throughput: Maximum throughput: 54 Mbps54 Mbps

Maximum distance between sender and receiver Maximum distance between sender and receiver (node and WAP): (node and WAP): 300 feet300 feet

RANGE

Wi-Fi networks have limited range.

A typical wireless access point using 802.11b or 802.11g with a stock antenna might have a range of 32 m (120 ft) indoors and 95 m (300 ft) outdoors.

USES

All stations share a single radio frequency communication channel

Transmissions on this channel are received by all stations within range.

The hardware does not signal the user that the transmission was delivered and is therefore called a

best effort security mechanism

BLUETOOTH

Bluetooth is an open standard for short-Bluetooth is an open standard for short-distance of digital voice & datadistance of digital voice & data

Wireless Network Standards: BluetoothWireless Network Standards: Bluetooth

Bluetooth:Bluetooth:

Technology of WPANTechnology of WPAN

Short-range network Short-range network

Its speed is 4 MbpsIts speed is 4 Mbps

RANGE

Maximum distance between sender and Maximum distance between sender and receiver: receiver:

33 feet (10 meters)33 feet (10 meters)

2.4 GHz frequency2.4 GHz frequency

Wireless Network SecurityWireless Network Security

Three basic wireless network security methods: Three basic wireless network security methods:

– SSIDSSID (Service Set IDentification)(Service Set IDentification)

– MACMAC Address FilteringAddress Filtering

– EncryptionEncryption

Controlling Access to a WLANControlling Access to a WLAN

Access is controlled by limiting a device’s Access is controlled by limiting a device’s access to the access point (AP)access to the access point (AP)

Only devices that are authorized can Only devices that are authorized can connect to the APconnect to the APOne way: Media Access Control (MAC) address One way: Media Access Control (MAC) address filteringfiltering

MAC Address FilteringMAC Address Filtering

Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP)Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP)

Designed to ensure that only authorized Designed to ensure that only authorized parties can view transmitted wireless parties can view transmitted wireless informationinformation

Uses encryption to protect trafficUses encryption to protect traffic

WEP was designed to be:WEP was designed to be:Efficient and reasonably strongEfficient and reasonably strong

58

WEP KeysWEP Keys

WEP secret keys can be 64 or 128 bits longWEP secret keys can be 64 or 128 bits long

The AP and devices can hold up to four The AP and devices can hold up to four shared secret keysshared secret keysOne of which must be designated as the default One of which must be designated as the default keykey

Device AuthenticationDevice Authentication

Before a computer can connect to a WLAN, Before a computer can connect to a WLAN, it must be it must be authenticatedauthenticated

Types of authentication in 802.11Types of authentication in 802.11Open system authenticationOpen system authentication

• Lets everyone inLets everyone in

Shared key authenticationShared key authentication• Only lets computers in if they know the Only lets computers in if they know the shared keyshared key

Personal Wireless Personal Wireless SecuritySecurity

WPA Personal SecurityWPA Personal Security

WPA2 Personal SecurityWPA2 Personal Security

WPA Personal SecurityWPA Personal Security

In 2002, the WECA organization changed its name In 2002, the WECA organization changed its name to to Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity) AllianceWi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity) Alliance

In October 2003 the Wi-Fi Alliance introduced In October 2003 the Wi-Fi Alliance introduced Wi-Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA)Fi Protected Access (WPA)WPA had the design goal to protect both present and future WPA had the design goal to protect both present and future wireless devices, addresses both wireless authentication wireless devices, addresses both wireless authentication and encryptionand encryption

PSK addresses authentication and TKIP PSK addresses authentication and TKIP addresses encryptionaddresses encryption

WPA2 Personal SecurityWPA2 Personal Security

Wi-Fi Protected Access 2 (WPA2)Wi-Fi Protected Access 2 (WPA2)Introduced by the Wi-Fi Alliance in September Introduced by the Wi-Fi Alliance in September 20042004

The second generation of WPA securityThe second generation of WPA security

Still uses PSK (Pre-Shared Key) authenticationStill uses PSK (Pre-Shared Key) authentication

But instead of TKIP encryption it uses a stronger But instead of TKIP encryption it uses a stronger data encryption method called AES-CCMPdata encryption method called AES-CCMP

Web-based WAP Configuration UtilityWeb-based WAP Configuration Utility

Wired (Cabled) Network versus Wireless Wired (Cabled) Network versus Wireless NetworkNetwork

Advantages of Wireless Network over Wired (Cabled) Advantages of Wireless Network over Wired (Cabled) NetworkNetwork

Mobility:Mobility: Users can roam around the network Users can roam around the network without being disconnectedwithout being disconnected

Installation speed and cost:Installation speed and cost: Building wireless Building wireless medium to large network is usually faster and medium to large network is usually faster and cheaper than building wired (cabled) medium to cheaper than building wired (cabled) medium to large network because large network because there is no need to pull there is no need to pull cable through walls and ceilingscable through walls and ceilings

Reach of network:Reach of network: Wireless network can be Wireless network can be extended to places where wire/cable cannot reachextended to places where wire/cable cannot reach

Flexibility/scalability:Flexibility/scalability: New computers can be added New computers can be added easily without having to pull cable into the easily without having to pull cable into the computers computers

Disadvantages of Wireless NetworkDisadvantages of Wireless Network

Speed:Speed: In general, wireless network In general, wireless network technology is slower than wired network technology is slower than wired network

technologytechnology

Security: Security: In general, wireless network is less In general, wireless network is less secured than wired networksecured than wired network

Applications of Wireless Network

Cellular phones and pagers Cellular phones and pagers -- provide -- provide connectivity for portable and mobile connectivity for portable and mobile applications, both personal and businessapplications, both personal and business

Global Positioning System (GPS) Global Positioning System (GPS) -- allows -- allows drivers of cars and trucks, captains of drivers of cars and trucks, captains of boats and ships, and pilots of aircraft to boats and ships, and pilots of aircraft to ascertain their location anywhere on earthascertain their location anywhere on earth

Cordless computer peripheralsCordless computer peripherals -- the -- the cordless mouse is a common example; cordless mouse is a common example; keyboards and printers can also be linked keyboards and printers can also be linked to a computer via wirelessto a computer via wireless

Cordless telephone setsCordless telephone sets -- these are -- these are limited-range devices, not to be confused limited-range devices, not to be confused with cell phoneswith cell phones

Home-entertainment-system control boxesHome-entertainment-system control boxes -- the VCR control and the TV channel -- the VCR control and the TV channel control are the most common examples; control are the most common examples; some hi-fi sound systems and FM some hi-fi sound systems and FM broadcast receivers also use this broadcast receivers also use this technologytechnology

Remote garage-door openersRemote garage-door openers -- one of the -- one of the oldest wireless devices in common use by oldest wireless devices in common use by consumers; usually operates at radio consumers; usually operates at radio frequenciesfrequencies

Two-way radios Two-way radios -- this includes Amateur -- this includes Amateur and Citizens Radio Service, as well as and Citizens Radio Service, as well as business, marine, and military business, marine, and military communicationscommunications

Baby monitorsBaby monitors -- these devices are -- these devices are simplified radio transmitter/receiver units simplified radio transmitter/receiver units with limited rangewith limited range

Satellite television Satellite television -- allows viewers in -- allows viewers in almost any location to select from almost any location to select from hundreds of channelshundreds of channels

Wireless LANs or local area networksWireless LANs or local area networks -- -- provide flexibility and reliability for provide flexibility and reliability for business computer users business computer users

Portable wirelessPortable wireless -- the operation of -- the operation of autonomous, battery-powered wireless autonomous, battery-powered wireless devices or systems outside the office, devices or systems outside the office, home, or vehicle; examples include home, or vehicle; examples include handheld cell phones and PCS units handheld cell phones and PCS units

IR wirelessIR wireless -- the use of devices that -- the use of devices that convey data via IR (infrared) radiation; convey data via IR (infrared) radiation; employed in certain limited-range employed in certain limited-range communications and control systems communications and control systems

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